Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431046/

  Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by peripheral insulin resistance, leading to hyperglycemia. Once considered a predominantly adult disease, it has become a pressing concern in the field of pediatrics due to its rising incidence, mainly attributable to lifestyle factors and childhood obesity. This condition presents unique challenges in diagnosis, management, and long-term care compared to its type 1 counterpart, emphasizing the need for specialized knowledge and a patient-centered approach. Early screening, recognition, and treatment of children with type 2 diabetes are crucial for preventing long-term complications. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends lifestyle modifications and metformin as the first-line therapy. Lifestyle changes include moderate to vigorous exercise for 60 minutes daily, limiting screen time to less than 2 hours per day, and a dietary referral.

• #2 Type 2 Diabetes in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/type-2-diabetes-in-children

  Diabetes is a condition in which the body can’t make enough insulin. Or can’t use insulin normally. Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder. […] Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. The goal of treatment is to keep blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible. Treatment will include: A healthy diet, Weight loss, if needed, Regular exercise, Good hygiene, Insulin replacement therapy (under the direction of your child’s healthcare provider), Regular checking of blood sugar levels, Medicines taken by mouth (oral), if needed. […] Type 2 diabetes is a long-term (chronic) condition. It requires lifestyle changes to keep healthy blood glucose levels. Its important to work closely with your child’s healthcare team to create an ongoing plan that works for your child. […] Regular checkups are especially important for children with diabetes.

• #3 Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431046/

  Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by peripheral insulin resistance, leading to hyperglycemia. Once considered a predominantly adult disease, it has become a pressing concern in the field of pediatrics due to its rising incidence, mainly attributable to lifestyle factors and childhood obesity. This condition presents unique challenges in diagnosis, management, and long-term care compared to its type 1 counterpart, emphasizing the need for specialized knowledge and a patient-centered approach. Early screening, recognition, and treatment of children with type 2 diabetes are crucial for preventing long-term complications. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends lifestyle modifications and metformin as the first-line therapy. Lifestyle changes include moderate to vigorous exercise for 60 minutes daily, limiting screen time to less than 2 hours per day, and a dietary referral.

• #4 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Children and Adolescents – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/hormonal-disorders-in-children/diabetes-mellitus-dm-in-children-and-adolescents

  Type 2 diabetes occurs because the cells in the body do not respond adequately to insulin (called insulin resistance). […] Among children, type 2 diabetes occurs mainly in adolescents but is becoming increasingly common among younger children with overweight (weigh more than 85% of children of similar age, sex, and height) or obesity (weigh more than 95% of children of similar age, sex, and height). […] Up until the 1990s, more than 95% of children who developed diabetes had type 1 diabetes, but now, mainly because of the increase in the number of children who have overweight or obesity, about one third of children newly diagnosed with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. […] Type 2 diabetes typically develops after puberty has begun. […] Compared to children with type 1 diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes are much more likely to have a first-degree relative (parent, sibling) or a second-degree relative (half-sibling, aunt, uncle, or grandparent) with type 2 diabetes.

• #5 Treatment options and current guidelines of care for pediatric type 2 diabetes patients: a narrative review

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jom-2020-0172/html?lang=en

  Type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus, which was once considered a disease affecting adults, is a growing problem among youths. Research now shows that T2D in youths is more progressive and associated with earlier onset of complications than adult-onset T2D. […] There are very limited treatment options available to manage pediatric T2D. Prevention of pediatric T2D is paramount, which requires a high index of suspicion, routine screening of children and adolescents, and willingness to engage in family-based interventions for those at risk for prediabetes and T2D. […] The best chance at slowing the epidemic is for physicians to become familiar at identifying at-risk youths and providing early intervention that emphasizes family-based preventive lifestyle modifications within pediatric populations.

• #6 A practical evidence-based approach to management of type 2 diabetes in children and young people (CYP): UK consensus | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03349-4

  Type 2 diabetes in young people is an aggressive disease with a greater risk of complications leading to increased morbidity and mortality during the most productive years of life. […] Young people with type 2 diabetes should be managed within a paediatric diabetes team with close working with adult diabetes specialists, primary care and other paediatric specialties. […] Lifestyle change and metformin are the mainstay of early treatment, with some needing additional basal insulin. […] This evidence-based guideline aims to provide a practical approach in managing this condition in the UK. […] These guidelines aim to improve the care of children and young people (CYP) in the UK with type 2 diabetes. […] Multi-disciplinary diabetes team structure and approach recommendations are based on observational studies and expert opinion.

• #7 Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents – Diabetes Canada

  https://www.diabetes.ca/health-care-providers/clinical-practice-guidelines/chapter-35

  Many children with type 2 diabetes will also require oral glucose-lowering medication and/or insulin for treatment. […] Type 2 diabetes in children has increased in frequency around the world over the past 2 decades. […] Children from ethnic groups at high risk for type 2 diabetes in their adult populations, namely those of African, Arab, Asian, Hispanic, Indigenous or South Asian descent, are disproportionately affected. […] A significant proportion of youth with type 2 diabetes live below the poverty line or come from low-resourced homes. […] Breastfeeding has been shown to reduce the risk of youth-onset type 2 diabetes in some populations. […] Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. […] Efforts to improve sleep quality and quantity, decrease sedentary behaviours and increase both light and vigorous physical activity can result in significant metabolic health benefits.

• #8 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Children and Adolescents – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/hormonal-disorders-in-children/diabetes-mellitus-dm-in-children-and-adolescents

  Type 2 diabetes occurs because the cells in the body do not respond adequately to insulin (called insulin resistance). […] Among children, type 2 diabetes occurs mainly in adolescents but is becoming increasingly common among younger children with overweight (weigh more than 85% of children of similar age, sex, and height) or obesity (weigh more than 95% of children of similar age, sex, and height). […] Up until the 1990s, more than 95% of children who developed diabetes had type 1 diabetes, but now, mainly because of the increase in the number of children who have overweight or obesity, about one third of children newly diagnosed with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. […] Type 2 diabetes typically develops after puberty has begun. […] Compared to children with type 1 diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes are much more likely to have a first-degree relative (parent, sibling) or a second-degree relative (half-sibling, aunt, uncle, or grandparent) with type 2 diabetes.

• #9 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Children and Adolescents – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/hormonal-disorders-in-children/diabetes-mellitus-dm-in-children-and-adolescents

  The increase in childhood type 2 diabetes has been particularly prominent among people who are Native American, Black, Hispanic, Asian American, and Pacific Islander. […] Other children at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes include those who have high blood pressure, high blood levels of lipids (fats), obstructive sleep apnea, dark and thick skinfolds on the nape of the neck (acanthosis nigricans), fatty liver, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or a small-for-gestational-age birth weight. […] Children who are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes have blood tests to determine how their liver and kidneys are functioning and urine tests. […] At diagnosis, children who have type 2 diabetes are also tested for other problems, such as high blood pressure, high blood levels of lipids (fats), and fatty liver, because these problems are common among children with type 2 diabetes.

• #10 Type 2 Diabetes | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/type-2-diabetes

  If your child is diagnosed with prediabetes, losing weight and becoming more physically active may help delay or prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. […] If your child is at risk for type 2 diabetes, they should be tested periodically, whether or not they show signs or symptoms. […] Children and adolescents who are African-American, Hispanic, and Native American, Asian, or Pacific Islander are at increased risk for the condition. […] If your child has symptoms, they may include: Constant thirst or hunger, Frequent need to urinate, Lost weight without any change in diet, Blurry vision, Exhaustion, Numb or tingling hands or feet, Sores that heal slowly, Frequent infections. […] Genetics play a role in type 2 diabetes. […] Regular exercise and a healthy diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, healthy proteins, and whole-grain foods can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.

• #11 Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents – Diabetes Canada

  https://www.diabetes.ca/health-care-providers/clinical-practice-guidelines/chapter-35

  Many children with type 2 diabetes will also require oral glucose-lowering medication and/or insulin for treatment. […] Type 2 diabetes in children has increased in frequency around the world over the past 2 decades. […] Children from ethnic groups at high risk for type 2 diabetes in their adult populations, namely those of African, Arab, Asian, Hispanic, Indigenous or South Asian descent, are disproportionately affected. […] A significant proportion of youth with type 2 diabetes live below the poverty line or come from low-resourced homes. […] Breastfeeding has been shown to reduce the risk of youth-onset type 2 diabetes in some populations. […] Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. […] Efforts to improve sleep quality and quantity, decrease sedentary behaviours and increase both light and vigorous physical activity can result in significant metabolic health benefits.

• #12 Diagnosis and Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and AdolescentsSuggested Key Questions:1. What are the benefits and harms of screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents?2. What is the accuracy of diagnostic | Effect

  https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/get-involved/nominated-topics/31698

  Diagnosis and Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents Suggested Key Questions: 1. What are the benefits and harms of screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents? 2. What is the accuracy of diagnostic thresholds for fasting and random blood glucose, glucose tolerance tests, and HbA1c for diagnosing type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents? 3. For children and adolescents who have type 2 diabetes mellitus, what are the benefits and harms of available pharmacologic interventions? 4. For children and adolescents who have type 2 diabetes mellitus, what are the benefits and harms of lifestyle and other non-pharmacologic interventions? […] Around 208,000 Americans under age 20 are estimated to have diagnosed diabetes. The incidence of type 2 diabetes increased around 4.8% from 2002 to 2012. Due to the early onset, and therefore longer duration, diabetes in children and adolescents are at risk of developing complications including cardiovascular disease later in life.

• #13 Diabetes in Children | Type 1 Diabetes | Type 2 Diabetes | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesinchildrenandteens.html

  Until recently, the common type of diabetes in children and teens was type 1. […] Now younger people are also getting type 2 diabetes. […] Children have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes if they are overweight or have obesity, have a family history of diabetes, or are not active. […] To lower the risk of type 2 diabetes in children: Have them maintain a healthy weight, Be sure they are physically active, Have them eat smaller portions of healthy foods, Limit time with the TV, computer, and video. […] Type 2 diabetes may be controlled with diet and exercise. If not, patients will need to take oral diabetes medicines or insulin.

• #14 Type 2 diabetes in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20355318

  Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic disease that affects the way your child’s body processes sugar (glucose) for fuel. Without treatment, the disorder causes sugar to build up in the bloodstream, which can lead to serious long-term consequences. […] There’s plenty you can do to help manage or prevent type 2 diabetes in your child. Encourage your child to eat healthy foods, get plenty of physical activity and maintain a healthy weight. If healthy eating and exercise aren’t enough to control type 2 diabetes, oral medication or insulin treatment may be needed. […] See your child’s health care provider if you notice any of the signs or symptoms of type 2 diabetes. Undiagnosed, the disease can cause serious damage. […] Diabetes screening is recommended for children who have started puberty or are at least 10 years old, who are overweight or obese, and who have at least one other risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

• #15 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/endocrine-disorders-in-children/diabetes-mellitus-in-children-and-adolescents

  Type 2 diabetes, once rare in children, has been increasing in frequency in parallel with the increase in childhood obesity. […] Type 2 is typically diagnosed after puberty, with the highest rate between 15 years and 19 years of age. […] Approximately 80% of children with type 2 diabetes have obesity. […] In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas produces insulin, but there are varying degrees of insulin resistance, and insulin secretion is inadequate to meet the increased demand caused by insulin resistance (ie, there is relative insulin deficiency). […] Type 2 diabetes in children is different than type 2 diabetes in adults. In children, decline in beta-cell function and development of diabetes-related complications are accelerated. […] Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include obesity, Native American, Black, Hispanic, Asian American, and Pacific Islander heritage, family history, maternal history of type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes during pregnancy, and current use of atypical antipsychotic medications.

• #16 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Children and Adolescents – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/hormonal-disorders-in-children/diabetes-mellitus-dm-in-children-and-adolescents

  Type 2 diabetes occurs because the cells in the body do not respond adequately to insulin (called insulin resistance). […] Among children, type 2 diabetes occurs mainly in adolescents but is becoming increasingly common among younger children with overweight (weigh more than 85% of children of similar age, sex, and height) or obesity (weigh more than 95% of children of similar age, sex, and height). […] Up until the 1990s, more than 95% of children who developed diabetes had type 1 diabetes, but now, mainly because of the increase in the number of children who have overweight or obesity, about one third of children newly diagnosed with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. […] Type 2 diabetes typically develops after puberty has begun. […] Compared to children with type 1 diabetes, children with type 2 diabetes are much more likely to have a first-degree relative (parent, sibling) or a second-degree relative (half-sibling, aunt, uncle, or grandparent) with type 2 diabetes.

• #17 Diabetes in Children | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/diabetes/diabetes-children

  Until recently, Type 1 diabetes was the common type of diabetes diagnosed in children and teens. However, young people increasingly are being diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes used to be called adult-onset diabetes. It is now more common in young people because of the increased rate of child obesity. When a person has Type 2 diabetes, the body does not make or use insulin well. […] Children have a higher risk of Type 2 diabetes if they are overweight or obese, have a family history of diabetes, or are inactive. Children in some groups (African American, Hispanic, Native American, Native Alaskan, Asian American, or Pacific Islander) also are at a higher risk. The good news is that Type 2 diabetes can be managed. […] Unlike many health conditions, diabetes is managed mostly by you, the patient, with support from your healthcare team.

• #18 Preventing Type 2 Diabetes in Kids | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/prevention-type-2/type-2-diabetes-in-kids.html

  Many people think that only older adults can develop type 2 diabetes, but kids and teens can get it too. […] Type 2 diabetes is increasing in kids and teens in the United States. […] Take action now to help your kids prevent or delay type 2 diabetes. […] Insulin resistance (when you can’t use insulin properly) is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes for kids and adults. […] Being physically inactive increases the risk for type 2 diabetes. […] Kids who develop type 2 diabetes are usually diagnosed in their early teens. […] If your child has any two risk factors listed above, talk to your doctor about getting their blood sugar tested. […] Help your kids take action to prevent type 2 diabetes while they’re young. […] Starting early can help kids develop a lifetime of healthy habits. […] Aim for your child to get 60 minutes of physical activity a day.

• #19 Preventing Type 2 Diabetes in Kids | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/prevention-type-2/type-2-diabetes-in-kids.html

  Many people think that only older adults can develop type 2 diabetes, but kids and teens can get it too. […] Type 2 diabetes is increasing in kids and teens in the United States. […] Take action now to help your kids prevent or delay type 2 diabetes. […] Insulin resistance (when you can’t use insulin properly) is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes for kids and adults. […] Being physically inactive increases the risk for type 2 diabetes. […] Kids who develop type 2 diabetes are usually diagnosed in their early teens. […] If your child has any two risk factors listed above, talk to your doctor about getting their blood sugar tested. […] Help your kids take action to prevent type 2 diabetes while they’re young. […] Starting early can help kids develop a lifetime of healthy habits. […] Aim for your child to get 60 minutes of physical activity a day.

• #20 Recommendation: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/prediabetes-type2-diabetes-children-adolescents-screening

  Family history of diabetes (including gestational diabetes) is also a strong risk factor. […] Type 2 diabetes is much more common in older than in younger children, often presenting at the onset of puberty. […] Twenty-two percent to 52% of children and adolescents with prediabetes return to normal glycemia or normal glucose tolerance without intervention over 6 months to 2 years. […] Potential harms of screening include labeling, overdiagnosis, and overtreatment. […] Potential harms caused by treatment of type 2 diabetes include hypoglycemia and gastrointestinal issues (eg, nausea or vomiting) related to medication use. […] The American Diabetes Association recommends risk-based screening for type 2 diabetes after onset of puberty or age 10 years in children who have overweight (defined as a BMI 85th percentile) or obesity (defined as a BMI 95th percentile) and 1 or more additional risk factors for diabetes.

• #21 Recommendation: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/prediabetes-type2-diabetes-children-adolescents-screening

  Family history of diabetes (including gestational diabetes) is also a strong risk factor. […] Type 2 diabetes is much more common in older than in younger children, often presenting at the onset of puberty. […] Twenty-two percent to 52% of children and adolescents with prediabetes return to normal glycemia or normal glucose tolerance without intervention over 6 months to 2 years. […] Potential harms of screening include labeling, overdiagnosis, and overtreatment. […] Potential harms caused by treatment of type 2 diabetes include hypoglycemia and gastrointestinal issues (eg, nausea or vomiting) related to medication use. […] The American Diabetes Association recommends risk-based screening for type 2 diabetes after onset of puberty or age 10 years in children who have overweight (defined as a BMI 85th percentile) or obesity (defined as a BMI 95th percentile) and 1 or more additional risk factors for diabetes.

• #22 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Children and Adolescents – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/hormonal-disorders-in-children/diabetes-mellitus-dm-in-children-and-adolescents

  The increase in childhood type 2 diabetes has been particularly prominent among people who are Native American, Black, Hispanic, Asian American, and Pacific Islander. […] Other children at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes include those who have high blood pressure, high blood levels of lipids (fats), obstructive sleep apnea, dark and thick skinfolds on the nape of the neck (acanthosis nigricans), fatty liver, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or a small-for-gestational-age birth weight. […] Children who are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes have blood tests to determine how their liver and kidneys are functioning and urine tests. […] At diagnosis, children who have type 2 diabetes are also tested for other problems, such as high blood pressure, high blood levels of lipids (fats), and fatty liver, because these problems are common among children with type 2 diabetes.

• #23 Type 2 Diabetes | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/type-2-diabetes

  If your child is diagnosed with prediabetes, losing weight and becoming more physically active may help delay or prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. […] If your child is at risk for type 2 diabetes, they should be tested periodically, whether or not they show signs or symptoms. […] Children and adolescents who are African-American, Hispanic, and Native American, Asian, or Pacific Islander are at increased risk for the condition. […] If your child has symptoms, they may include: Constant thirst or hunger, Frequent need to urinate, Lost weight without any change in diet, Blurry vision, Exhaustion, Numb or tingling hands or feet, Sores that heal slowly, Frequent infections. […] Genetics play a role in type 2 diabetes. […] Regular exercise and a healthy diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, healthy proteins, and whole-grain foods can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.

• #24 Distinguishing between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in children can be a challenge – Norton Healthcare Provider Louisville, Ky.

  https://nortonhealthcareprovider.com/news/distinguishing-between-type-1-and-type-2-diabetes-in-children-can-be-a-challenge/

  Distinguishing between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in children can be a challenge. […] Primary care providers play an invaluable role in the diagnosis of diabetes in children. […] The hallmark clinical symptoms of diabetes include polyuria and polydipsia. Nocturia and fatigue are also common. […] If a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes is suspected based on phenotypic features and clinical history, a child with an A1C less than 8.5% and no acidosis or ketosis reasonably can be started on metformin monotherapy while pancreatic autoantibody results are pending. […] Initial management of diabetes, no matter whether the underlying diagnosis is Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, should be targeted toward management of hyperglycemia as well as any metabolic derangements that are present, such as ketonuria or ketosis.

• #25 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1101/p590.html

  Patient information: See related handout on type 2 diabetes mellitus in children. […] The American Diabetes Association recommends screening for type 2 diabetes beginning at 10 years of age or the onset of puberty in children who are overweight or obese and have two additional risk factors. […] Management should be focused on a multidisciplinary, family-centered approach. Nutrition and exercise counseling should be started at the time of diagnosis and as a part of ongoing management. […] Metformin in combination with diet and exercise is first-line therapy in children and adolescents 10 years and older who have type 2 diabetes. […] Insulin therapy must be initiated in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes if they have signs of ketosis or ketoacidosis. […] Insulin therapy should be initiated in children and adolescents without signs of ketosis or ketoacidosis who have random plasma glucose levels of at least 250 mg per dL (13.9 mmol per L), or whose A1C level is greater than 9%.

• #26 Treatment options and current guidelines of care for pediatric type 2 diabetes patients: a narrative review

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jom-2020-0172/html?lang=en

  The purpose of this narrative review is to update practicing clinical physicians on what is presently known about pediatric patients with T2D and to educate clinicians on the current guidelines of care for these patients. […] The ADA recommends screening pediatric patients after they begin puberty or after they turn 10 years old if they have a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to the 85th percentile and at least one additional risk factor present. […] The ADA recommends initiating comprehensive lifestyle programs and diabetes education for families, with a goal of 710% decrease in body weight. […] According to ADA guidelines, newly diagnosed children with T2D and their families should be counseled on lifestyle interventions and given diabetes education. […] It is important to note a unique aspect regarding the implementation of lifestyle modifications for pediatric patients. These patients are usually not responsible for determining which foods are brought into the home or prepared, highlighting the need to engage the entire family when attempting to implement lifestyle changes.

• #27 Type 2 diabetes in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355324

  If diabetes is suspected, your child’s health care provider will likely recommend a screening test. There are several blood tests to diagnose type 2 diabetes in children. […] Treatment for type 2 diabetes is lifelong and can include: Healthy eating, Regular physical activity, Insulin or other medications, Blood sugar monitoring, Weight-loss surgery, in some cases. […] You’ll work closely with your child’s diabetes treatment team including a health care provider, certified diabetes care and education specialist, registered dietitian, and other specialists as needed. The goal of treatment is to keep your child’s blood sugar within a certain range. […] Your child’s health care provider will let you know what your child’s blood sugar target range is, and may also set an A1C target. […] Food is a big part of any diabetes treatment plan, but that doesn’t mean your child has to follow a strict „diabetes diet.”

• #28 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Children and Adolescents – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/hormonal-disorders-in-children/diabetes-mellitus-dm-in-children-and-adolescents

  The increase in childhood type 2 diabetes has been particularly prominent among people who are Native American, Black, Hispanic, Asian American, and Pacific Islander. […] Other children at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes include those who have high blood pressure, high blood levels of lipids (fats), obstructive sleep apnea, dark and thick skinfolds on the nape of the neck (acanthosis nigricans), fatty liver, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or a small-for-gestational-age birth weight. […] Children who are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes have blood tests to determine how their liver and kidneys are functioning and urine tests. […] At diagnosis, children who have type 2 diabetes are also tested for other problems, such as high blood pressure, high blood levels of lipids (fats), and fatty liver, because these problems are common among children with type 2 diabetes.

• #29 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1101/p590.html

  Management of type 2 diabetes should be focused on a multidisciplinary, family-centered, culturally appropriate approach. […] Clinicians should focus on nutritional counseling for children with type 2 diabetes at the time of diagnosis and as a part of ongoing management. […] Exercise counseling should also be addressed at the time type 2 diabetes is diagnosed and as a part of ongoing management. […] Lifestyle changes are most successful when the patient’s entire family is involved. […] Metformin and insulin are the only medications for type 2 diabetes that are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in children and adolescents. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that clinicians monitor A1C levels every three months in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes.

• #30 Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431046/

  The specialties often consulted for patients with pediatric T2DM include the following: Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatric Opthalmology, Pediatric Nephrology, Registered Dietician, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. […] Educating pediatric patients and their caregivers about T2DM is paramount. They should understand the importance of dietary choices, portion control, and the significance of regular exercise in managing the condition. […] An interprofessional team approach ensures that the patient receives well-rounded, evidence-based care and significantly improves outcomes in managing pediatric T2DM.

• #31 Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-in-children-and-adolescents

  Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents […] The management of T2DM in children and adolescents is presented here. […] Ideally, the care of an adolescent with T2DM should be managed by a multidisciplinary team, including an endocrinologist, nurse educator, dietitian, mental health professional, and sometimes an exercise physiologist. […] Family involvement is essential to initiate and support the lifestyle changes required in the management of a pediatric patient with this disorder.

• #32 Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-in-children-and-adolescents

  Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents […] The management of T2DM in children and adolescents is presented here. […] Ideally, the care of an adolescent with T2DM should be managed by a multidisciplinary team, including an endocrinologist, nurse educator, dietitian, mental health professional, and sometimes an exercise physiologist. […] Family involvement is essential to initiate and support the lifestyle changes required in the management of a pediatric patient with this disorder.

• #33 Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents – Diabetes Canada

  https://www.diabetes.ca/health-care-providers/clinical-practice-guidelines/chapter-35

  Anticipatory guidance regarding healthy eating, physical activity, limiting screen time and age-appropriate sleep duration/quality is recommended to prevent type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. […] Regular targeted screening for type 2 diabetes is recommended in children at risk. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should receive care in consultation with an interprofessional pediatric diabetes health-care team. […] Early screening, intervention and optimization of glycemic control are essential, as the onset of type 2 diabetes during childhood is associated with severe and early onset of microvascular and cardiovascular complications. […] There is plenty you can do to help manage or prevent type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Encourage your child or adolescent to eat healthy foods, limit sweet drinks (juice, pop), get plenty of physical activity, get a good night’s sleep and keep time spent on screens low.

• #34

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/the-clinical-outcomes-of-nursing-intervention-for-children-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-on-the-treatment-adherence-8143.html

  Objective: To observe the effects of treatment by nursing intervention for children with type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the cure compliance of children with type 2 diabetes mellitus through effective nursing intervention. […] The cure compliance of children with type 2 diabetes mellitus can be obviously enhanced through active and effective nursing intervention projects. Higher degree of satisfaction can be brought. Widespread use of nursing intervention is feasible. […] Regular nursing process was conducted in both control group, which involved good basic nursing, close observation of vital signs, active communication with the children and resolving their depressions according to their psychological status. […] The nursing staff should build a warm and harmonious relationship with the children and their families. It would make the service credible.

• #35 Nursing Interventions Diabetes Mellitus in Children – Pediatrics

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-diabetes-mellitus-in-children-1699259228

  – Education: Provide comprehensive education to the child and family about diabetes management, including blood glucose monitoring, insulin administration, and dietary modifications. […] – Nutritional support: Collaborate with a dietitian to develop an individualized meal plan that promotes glycemic control and meets the child’s nutritional needs. […] – Insulin administration: Teach the child and family how to administer insulin injections or use insulin pumps accurately. […] – Monitoring and management of complications: Regularly assess for complications such as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and intervene promptly. […] – Psychosocial support: Offer emotional support and refer the child and family to appropriate resources, such as support groups or counseling services.

• #36

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/the-clinical-outcomes-of-nursing-intervention-for-children-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-on-the-treatment-adherence-8143.html

  Objective: To observe the effects of treatment by nursing intervention for children with type 2 diabetes mellitus. […] Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the cure compliance of children with type 2 diabetes mellitus through effective nursing intervention. […] The cure compliance of children with type 2 diabetes mellitus can be obviously enhanced through active and effective nursing intervention projects. Higher degree of satisfaction can be brought. Widespread use of nursing intervention is feasible. […] Regular nursing process was conducted in both control group, which involved good basic nursing, close observation of vital signs, active communication with the children and resolving their depressions according to their psychological status. […] The nursing staff should build a warm and harmonious relationship with the children and their families. It would make the service credible.

• #37 Treating Type 2 Diabetes (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/treating-type2.html

  If your child or teen has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, the diabetes care team will make a personalized care plan to guide your child’s treatment. There is no one-size-fits-all treatment for type 2 diabetes. Some children do well with changes to their eating habits and physical activity. Other kids need oral medicine, and some may need injections to control their blood sugar. […] A diabetes care plan is a set of instructions for you and your child to follow. The goal is to help your child develop healthy habits and keep their blood sugar levels in a safe range. The care team will teach you how to use the plan. […] A very important part of treatment is helping your child eat well. Offer plenty of fresh vegetables, fruits, lean protein, and whole grains. The key is to eat a balanced diet with the right amounts of carbohydrates (carbs), proteins, and fats.

• #38 Type 2 Diabetes in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/type-2-diabetes-in-children

  Diabetes is a condition in which the body can’t make enough insulin. Or can’t use insulin normally. Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder. […] Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. The goal of treatment is to keep blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible. Treatment will include: A healthy diet, Weight loss, if needed, Regular exercise, Good hygiene, Insulin replacement therapy (under the direction of your child’s healthcare provider), Regular checking of blood sugar levels, Medicines taken by mouth (oral), if needed. […] Type 2 diabetes is a long-term (chronic) condition. It requires lifestyle changes to keep healthy blood glucose levels. Its important to work closely with your child’s healthcare team to create an ongoing plan that works for your child. […] Regular checkups are especially important for children with diabetes.

• #39

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2846

  Type 2 diabetes develops when your child’s body can’t make enough insulin or can’t use insulin very well. […] Treatment for type 2 diabetes focuses on diet and exercise. It may also include medicines. The goal is to keep blood sugar at a target level. This will help your child feel better and have more energy. It can also prevent or delay damage to the eyes, heart, kidneys, blood vessels, and nerves. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if your child is having problems. […] Follow your child’s treatment plan. Your child needs to: Follow their meal plan to know how much carbohydrate to eat at each meal and snack. […] Encourage your child to get at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity each day.

• #40

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2846

  Type 2 diabetes develops when your child’s body can’t make enough insulin or can’t use insulin very well. […] Treatment for type 2 diabetes focuses on diet and exercise. It may also include medicines. The goal is to keep blood sugar at a target level. This will help your child feel better and have more energy. It can also prevent or delay damage to the eyes, heart, kidneys, blood vessels, and nerves. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if your child is having problems. […] Follow your child’s treatment plan. Your child needs to: Follow their meal plan to know how much carbohydrate to eat at each meal and snack. […] Encourage your child to get at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity each day.

• #41 Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925700-overview

  Although type 2 diabetes is widely diagnosed in adults, its frequency has markedly increased in the pediatric age group since the end of the 20th century. Most pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes belong to minority communities. […] The goal of therapy is to achieve and maintain euglycemia and near-normal hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels ( 7%). More specifically, glycemic and nonglycemic goals may include the following: […] Treatments for pediatric type 2 diabetes include the following: Diabetes education and lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, weight control) […] Education is an essential component of the treatment plan in type 2 diabetes; it is a continuing process involving the child, family, and all members of the diabetes team. […] Diabetes education is an ongoing process and should address the following issues:

• #42 Nursing Interventions Diabetes Mellitus in Children – Pediatrics

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-diabetes-mellitus-in-children-1699259228

  – Education: Provide comprehensive education to the child and family about diabetes management, including blood glucose monitoring, insulin administration, and dietary modifications. […] – Nutritional support: Collaborate with a dietitian to develop an individualized meal plan that promotes glycemic control and meets the child’s nutritional needs. […] – Insulin administration: Teach the child and family how to administer insulin injections or use insulin pumps accurately. […] – Monitoring and management of complications: Regularly assess for complications such as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and intervene promptly. […] – Psychosocial support: Offer emotional support and refer the child and family to appropriate resources, such as support groups or counseling services.

• #43

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/the-clinical-outcomes-of-nursing-intervention-for-children-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-on-the-treatment-adherence-8143.html

  The nursing compliance of children can also be strengthened. […] The nursing staff should inform the families of the right time and ways to take the drugs, and how to monitor the blood sugar. […] Specific and individualized regimen for each child was designed. […] The parents were informed of the importance of eating right in the whole process of treatment. […] Scientific and rational movement scheme was formulated according to the physical conditions of the children. […] The children were provided with comfortable, clean and tidy environment in the hospital. […] The nursing staff should inform the parents frequently. […] Positive and effective nursing intervention program towards children with type 2 diabetes mellitus can promote the improvement of the children’s treatment compliance, obtaining higher nursing satisfaction, which is helpful for further enhancement of nursing quality and level.

• #44 Pediatric Diabetes | Penn State Health Children’s Hospital

  https://www.pennstatehealth.org/childrens/services-treatments/diabetes

  Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that affects insulin production in your childs body. […] At Penn State Health Childrens Hospital, we know that a diagnosis is challenging for both you and your child. Our top priority is to treat your child immediately, especially if your child is very ill. […] Type 2 diabetes can be well controlled with significant lifestyle adjustments to weight and eating habits. […] All pediatric patients and their parents or caregivers should receive proper education and support on how to manage their diabetes. […] We have dedicated diabetes nurse educators to help ease the transitions into diabetes management for you and your child. […] Education sessions will be both individual and in a small group setting. You and your child will learn about blood sugar levels, insulin therapy, nutrition and many other techniques for controlling diabetes to avoid complications. […] Our team is here to closely monitor their growth and development, and make any plan adjustments as necessary.

• #45 Type 2 diabetes in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355324

  If diabetes is suspected, your child’s health care provider will likely recommend a screening test. There are several blood tests to diagnose type 2 diabetes in children. […] Treatment for type 2 diabetes is lifelong and can include: Healthy eating, Regular physical activity, Insulin or other medications, Blood sugar monitoring, Weight-loss surgery, in some cases. […] You’ll work closely with your child’s diabetes treatment team including a health care provider, certified diabetes care and education specialist, registered dietitian, and other specialists as needed. The goal of treatment is to keep your child’s blood sugar within a certain range. […] Your child’s health care provider will let you know what your child’s blood sugar target range is, and may also set an A1C target. […] Food is a big part of any diabetes treatment plan, but that doesn’t mean your child has to follow a strict „diabetes diet.”

• #46 Type 2 diabetes in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355324

  Your child’s dietitian will likely suggest that your child and the rest of the family consume foods that are high in nutritional value and low in fat and calories. […] Everyone needs regular aerobic exercise, and children who have type 2 diabetes are no exception. Physical activity helps children control their weight, uses up sugar for energy, and makes the body use insulin more effectively. […] There are three medications that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating type 2 diabetes in children. […] Your health care provider will let you know how often you or your child need to check and record your child’s blood sugar. […] Your child will need regular appointments to ensure good diabetes management. […] Living with type 2 diabetes isn’t easy for you or for your child. Good diabetes management requires a lot of changes, especially in the beginning.

• #47 Type 2 diabetes in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20355318

  Keeping your child’s blood sugar level close to the standard range most of the time can dramatically reduce the risk of these complications. You can help your child prevent diabetes complications by: Working with your child to maintain good blood sugar control as much as possible, Teaching your child the importance of healthy eating and participating in regular physical activity, Scheduling regular visits with your child’s diabetes treatment team. […] Healthy-lifestyle choices can help prevent type 2 diabetes in children. Encourage your child to eat healthy foods. Offer your child foods low in fat and calories. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Strive for variety to prevent boredom. […] Get more physical activity. Encourage your child to become active. Sign up your child for a sports team or dance lessons.

• #48 Treating Type 2 Diabetes (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/treating-type2.html

  If your child or teen has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, the diabetes care team will make a personalized care plan to guide your child’s treatment. There is no one-size-fits-all treatment for type 2 diabetes. Some children do well with changes to their eating habits and physical activity. Other kids need oral medicine, and some may need injections to control their blood sugar. […] A diabetes care plan is a set of instructions for you and your child to follow. The goal is to help your child develop healthy habits and keep their blood sugar levels in a safe range. The care team will teach you how to use the plan. […] A very important part of treatment is helping your child eat well. Offer plenty of fresh vegetables, fruits, lean protein, and whole grains. The key is to eat a balanced diet with the right amounts of carbohydrates (carbs), proteins, and fats.

• #49 Type 2 Diabetes | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/type-2-diabetes

  Your child will need routine health care and frequent blood-sugar checks. […] Control of type 2 diabetes can be improved through healthy eating habits, losing weight, and becoming more physically active. […] Your child’s doctor may also prescribe oral or injectable medications. […] A dietitian can help determine the right amount of carbohydrates and types for your child. […] A healthy diet can mean different things to different people. […] Even with careful management, type 2 diabetes can put your child at risk of some serious complications that require prompt medical attention. […] Your child should receive medical attention right away if they have any of these symptoms: Confusion or trouble paying attention, Sweet or fruity-smelling breath, Trouble breathing, Nausea or vomiting.

• #50 Type 2 diabetes in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355324

  Your child’s dietitian will likely suggest that your child and the rest of the family consume foods that are high in nutritional value and low in fat and calories. […] Everyone needs regular aerobic exercise, and children who have type 2 diabetes are no exception. Physical activity helps children control their weight, uses up sugar for energy, and makes the body use insulin more effectively. […] There are three medications that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating type 2 diabetes in children. […] Your health care provider will let you know how often you or your child need to check and record your child’s blood sugar. […] Your child will need regular appointments to ensure good diabetes management. […] Living with type 2 diabetes isn’t easy for you or for your child. Good diabetes management requires a lot of changes, especially in the beginning.

• #51 Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431046/

  Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by peripheral insulin resistance, leading to hyperglycemia. Once considered a predominantly adult disease, it has become a pressing concern in the field of pediatrics due to its rising incidence, mainly attributable to lifestyle factors and childhood obesity. This condition presents unique challenges in diagnosis, management, and long-term care compared to its type 1 counterpart, emphasizing the need for specialized knowledge and a patient-centered approach. Early screening, recognition, and treatment of children with type 2 diabetes are crucial for preventing long-term complications. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends lifestyle modifications and metformin as the first-line therapy. Lifestyle changes include moderate to vigorous exercise for 60 minutes daily, limiting screen time to less than 2 hours per day, and a dietary referral.

• #52

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2846

  Type 2 diabetes develops when your child’s body can’t make enough insulin or can’t use insulin very well. […] Treatment for type 2 diabetes focuses on diet and exercise. It may also include medicines. The goal is to keep blood sugar at a target level. This will help your child feel better and have more energy. It can also prevent or delay damage to the eyes, heart, kidneys, blood vessels, and nerves. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line if your child is having problems. […] Follow your child’s treatment plan. Your child needs to: Follow their meal plan to know how much carbohydrate to eat at each meal and snack. […] Encourage your child to get at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity each day.

• #53 Treating Type 2 Diabetes (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/treating-type2.html

  Kids with type 2 diabetes need physical activity every day. If your child isn’t used to being active, start slowly and set clear goals. […] Many kids with type 2 diabetes have excess weight. Living a healthy lifestyle is the best way to help your child grow and develop properly. Eating well and staying active may slow weight gain and can even lead to weight loss. […] If living a healthy lifestyle doesn’t do enough to keep glucose levels in the healthy range, kids with type 2 diabetes may need one or more medicines. […] Even if your child takes medicines for diabetes, they should follow the diet and physical activity recommendations listed in their care plan. Living a healthy lifestyle may improve some kids’ glucose levels so much that the doctor could decide to cut back on some medicines.

• #54 Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431046/

  Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by peripheral insulin resistance, leading to hyperglycemia. Once considered a predominantly adult disease, it has become a pressing concern in the field of pediatrics due to its rising incidence, mainly attributable to lifestyle factors and childhood obesity. This condition presents unique challenges in diagnosis, management, and long-term care compared to its type 1 counterpart, emphasizing the need for specialized knowledge and a patient-centered approach. Early screening, recognition, and treatment of children with type 2 diabetes are crucial for preventing long-term complications. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends lifestyle modifications and metformin as the first-line therapy. Lifestyle changes include moderate to vigorous exercise for 60 minutes daily, limiting screen time to less than 2 hours per day, and a dietary referral.

• #55 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Children and Adolescents – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/hormonal-disorders-in-children/diabetes-mellitus-dm-in-children-and-adolescents

  Children with type 2 diabetes usually are not treated in the hospital unless the diabetes is severe. […] Usually they are given medications to lower blood glucose levels (antihyperglycemic medications) at a regular doctor’s office visit. […] Metformin is most commonly the first medication given by mouth (orally) for children and adolescents under 18 years of age. […] Children whose type 2 diabetes is not controlled by metformin alone are given insulin or another medication called liraglutide. […] Some children who lose weight, improve their food choices, and exercise regularly may be able to stop taking the medications.

• #56 A practical evidence-based approach to management of type 2 diabetes in children and young people (CYP): UK consensus | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03349-4

  Metformin should be started once any ketosis has resolved, starting at a low dose to minimise side-effects and titrated to a maximum of 2 g per day, or the maximum tolerated dose. […] Bariatric surgery in adolescents leads to successful weight loss in those with severe obesity (BMI35 kg/m2) and demonstrates greater weight loss outcomes when compared with lifestyle and liraglutide. […] Glycaemic control improves microvascular risk. However, the increased risk of a major cardiovascular event (MACE) in adults is not reduced by improved glycaemic control. […] We recommend referral to specialist renal/kidney care services where GFR30 ml/min/1.73 m2, consistent significant albuminuria30 mg/mmol, and significant haematuria or structural abnormalities are detected on ultrasound.

• #57 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Children and Adolescents – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/hormonal-disorders-in-children/diabetes-mellitus-dm-in-children-and-adolescents

  Children with type 2 diabetes usually are not treated in the hospital unless the diabetes is severe. […] Usually they are given medications to lower blood glucose levels (antihyperglycemic medications) at a regular doctor’s office visit. […] Metformin is most commonly the first medication given by mouth (orally) for children and adolescents under 18 years of age. […] Children whose type 2 diabetes is not controlled by metformin alone are given insulin or another medication called liraglutide. […] Some children who lose weight, improve their food choices, and exercise regularly may be able to stop taking the medications.

• #58 Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes Screening & Management Care Process Model – Topical Reviews in Pediatrics

  https://trip.utah.edu/pediatric-type-2-diabetes-screening-management-care-process-model/

  Patients with DKA should be emergently referred to a facility with pediatric resources for DKA management. […] Consider adding a GLP-1 agonist in patients with continued HgbA1c elevation and impaired glucose tolerance after starting metformin. […] If considering insulin therapy, consult or refer to pediatric endocrinology.

• #59 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1101/p590.html

  Patient information: See related handout on type 2 diabetes mellitus in children. […] The American Diabetes Association recommends screening for type 2 diabetes beginning at 10 years of age or the onset of puberty in children who are overweight or obese and have two additional risk factors. […] Management should be focused on a multidisciplinary, family-centered approach. Nutrition and exercise counseling should be started at the time of diagnosis and as a part of ongoing management. […] Metformin in combination with diet and exercise is first-line therapy in children and adolescents 10 years and older who have type 2 diabetes. […] Insulin therapy must be initiated in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes if they have signs of ketosis or ketoacidosis. […] Insulin therapy should be initiated in children and adolescents without signs of ketosis or ketoacidosis who have random plasma glucose levels of at least 250 mg per dL (13.9 mmol per L), or whose A1C level is greater than 9%.

• #60 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1101/p590.html

  Patient information: See related handout on type 2 diabetes mellitus in children. […] The American Diabetes Association recommends screening for type 2 diabetes beginning at 10 years of age or the onset of puberty in children who are overweight or obese and have two additional risk factors. […] Management should be focused on a multidisciplinary, family-centered approach. Nutrition and exercise counseling should be started at the time of diagnosis and as a part of ongoing management. […] Metformin in combination with diet and exercise is first-line therapy in children and adolescents 10 years and older who have type 2 diabetes. […] Insulin therapy must be initiated in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes if they have signs of ketosis or ketoacidosis. […] Insulin therapy should be initiated in children and adolescents without signs of ketosis or ketoacidosis who have random plasma glucose levels of at least 250 mg per dL (13.9 mmol per L), or whose A1C level is greater than 9%.

• #61 Treatment options and current guidelines of care for pediatric type 2 diabetes patients: a narrative review

  https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jom-2020-0172/html?lang=en

  Providers should begin to screen children early for the factors mentioned above. Further, when a child is found to have excessive weight, the physician should address it immediately and work with the family to treat obesity and/or prevent development of obesity-related chronic disease. […] Youth-onset T2D is more virulent and more progressive than adult-onset T2D, meaning that a gentle and progressive-intensity approach is less likely to be successful. Instead, treatment should start immediately upon diagnosis. […] All children should receive team-based family care and require close supervision and follow up. […] Metformin therapy has been used as a comparison therapy in previous trials, including TODAY and RISE. […] Initial treatment for symptomatic pediatric patients with an HbA1c greater than or equal to 8.5% or with blood glucose greater than or equal to 250 mg/dL should include metformin and basal insulin.

• #62 Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents – Diabetes Canada

  https://www.diabetes.ca/health-care-providers/clinical-practice-guidelines/chapter-35

  The target A1C for most children with type 2 diabetes should be 7.0%. […] Insulin is required in those with severe metabolic decompensation at diagnosis (e.g. DKA, A1C 9.0%, symptoms of severe hyperglycemia) but may be successfully weaned once glycemic targets are achieved. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should be screened for neuropathy at diagnosis and annually thereafter. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should be screened at diagnosis for retinopathy and yearly thereafter. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should be screened for chronic kidney disease at diagnosis and yearly thereafter. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should be screened at diagnosis for comorbid conditions associated with insulin resistance, including NAFLD, OSA, and PCOS in pubertal females, and yearly thereafter as clinically indicated. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should be screened at diagnosis for depression and disordered eating (in particular binge eating) and at every diabetes-related clinical encounter thereafter.

• #63 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Children and Adolescents – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/hormonal-disorders-in-children/diabetes-mellitus-dm-in-children-and-adolescents

  Children with type 2 diabetes usually are not treated in the hospital unless the diabetes is severe. […] Usually they are given medications to lower blood glucose levels (antihyperglycemic medications) at a regular doctor’s office visit. […] Metformin is most commonly the first medication given by mouth (orally) for children and adolescents under 18 years of age. […] Children whose type 2 diabetes is not controlled by metformin alone are given insulin or another medication called liraglutide. […] Some children who lose weight, improve their food choices, and exercise regularly may be able to stop taking the medications.

• #64 Type 2 diabetes in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355324

  If diabetes is suspected, your child’s health care provider will likely recommend a screening test. There are several blood tests to diagnose type 2 diabetes in children. […] Treatment for type 2 diabetes is lifelong and can include: Healthy eating, Regular physical activity, Insulin or other medications, Blood sugar monitoring, Weight-loss surgery, in some cases. […] You’ll work closely with your child’s diabetes treatment team including a health care provider, certified diabetes care and education specialist, registered dietitian, and other specialists as needed. The goal of treatment is to keep your child’s blood sugar within a certain range. […] Your child’s health care provider will let you know what your child’s blood sugar target range is, and may also set an A1C target. […] Food is a big part of any diabetes treatment plan, but that doesn’t mean your child has to follow a strict „diabetes diet.”

• #65 Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents – Diabetes Canada

  https://www.diabetes.ca/health-care-providers/clinical-practice-guidelines/chapter-35

  The target A1C for most children with type 2 diabetes should be 7.0%. […] Insulin is required in those with severe metabolic decompensation at diagnosis (e.g. DKA, A1C 9.0%, symptoms of severe hyperglycemia) but may be successfully weaned once glycemic targets are achieved. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should be screened for neuropathy at diagnosis and annually thereafter. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should be screened at diagnosis for retinopathy and yearly thereafter. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should be screened for chronic kidney disease at diagnosis and yearly thereafter. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should be screened at diagnosis for comorbid conditions associated with insulin resistance, including NAFLD, OSA, and PCOS in pubertal females, and yearly thereafter as clinically indicated. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should be screened at diagnosis for depression and disordered eating (in particular binge eating) and at every diabetes-related clinical encounter thereafter.

• #66 Type 2 diabetes in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20355318

  Keeping your child’s blood sugar level close to the standard range most of the time can dramatically reduce the risk of these complications. You can help your child prevent diabetes complications by: Working with your child to maintain good blood sugar control as much as possible, Teaching your child the importance of healthy eating and participating in regular physical activity, Scheduling regular visits with your child’s diabetes treatment team. […] Healthy-lifestyle choices can help prevent type 2 diabetes in children. Encourage your child to eat healthy foods. Offer your child foods low in fat and calories. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Strive for variety to prevent boredom. […] Get more physical activity. Encourage your child to become active. Sign up your child for a sports team or dance lessons.

• #67 Treating Type 2 Diabetes (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/treating-type2.html

  Daily, you and your child will check glucose levels. Kids and teens do this using a blood glucose meter or a continuous glucose monitor (CGM). If your child uses a blood glucose meter and is on insulin, they’ll check their blood sugar about four times each day. If they wear a CGM, it will automatically measure sugar levels day and night.

• #68 Type 2 diabetes in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355324

  Your child’s dietitian will likely suggest that your child and the rest of the family consume foods that are high in nutritional value and low in fat and calories. […] Everyone needs regular aerobic exercise, and children who have type 2 diabetes are no exception. Physical activity helps children control their weight, uses up sugar for energy, and makes the body use insulin more effectively. […] There are three medications that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating type 2 diabetes in children. […] Your health care provider will let you know how often you or your child need to check and record your child’s blood sugar. […] Your child will need regular appointments to ensure good diabetes management. […] Living with type 2 diabetes isn’t easy for you or for your child. Good diabetes management requires a lot of changes, especially in the beginning.

• #69 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1101/p590.html

  Management of type 2 diabetes should be focused on a multidisciplinary, family-centered, culturally appropriate approach. […] Clinicians should focus on nutritional counseling for children with type 2 diabetes at the time of diagnosis and as a part of ongoing management. […] Exercise counseling should also be addressed at the time type 2 diabetes is diagnosed and as a part of ongoing management. […] Lifestyle changes are most successful when the patient’s entire family is involved. […] Metformin and insulin are the only medications for type 2 diabetes that are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in children and adolescents. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that clinicians monitor A1C levels every three months in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes.

• #70 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1101/p590.html

  Comorbidities such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, nephropathy, and retinopathy may already be present at the time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. […] At diagnosis and annually thereafter, a lipid panel and liver function tests should be ordered, and the patient should be evaluated for microalbuminuria, retinopathy, and sleep apnea. […] The American Diabetes Association also recommends routine blood pressure checks in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes.

• #71 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1101/p590.html

  Comorbidities such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, nephropathy, and retinopathy may already be present at the time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. […] At diagnosis and annually thereafter, a lipid panel and liver function tests should be ordered, and the patient should be evaluated for microalbuminuria, retinopathy, and sleep apnea. […] The American Diabetes Association also recommends routine blood pressure checks in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes.

• #72 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1101/p590.html

  Comorbidities such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, nephropathy, and retinopathy may already be present at the time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. […] At diagnosis and annually thereafter, a lipid panel and liver function tests should be ordered, and the patient should be evaluated for microalbuminuria, retinopathy, and sleep apnea. […] The American Diabetes Association also recommends routine blood pressure checks in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes.

• #73 Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents – Diabetes Canada

  https://www.diabetes.ca/health-care-providers/clinical-practice-guidelines/chapter-35

  The target A1C for most children with type 2 diabetes should be 7.0%. […] Insulin is required in those with severe metabolic decompensation at diagnosis (e.g. DKA, A1C 9.0%, symptoms of severe hyperglycemia) but may be successfully weaned once glycemic targets are achieved. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should be screened for neuropathy at diagnosis and annually thereafter. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should be screened at diagnosis for retinopathy and yearly thereafter. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should be screened for chronic kidney disease at diagnosis and yearly thereafter. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should be screened at diagnosis for comorbid conditions associated with insulin resistance, including NAFLD, OSA, and PCOS in pubertal females, and yearly thereafter as clinically indicated. […] Children with type 2 diabetes should be screened at diagnosis for depression and disordered eating (in particular binge eating) and at every diabetes-related clinical encounter thereafter.

• #74 Type 2 Diabetes | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/type-2-diabetes

  Your child will need routine health care and frequent blood-sugar checks. […] Control of type 2 diabetes can be improved through healthy eating habits, losing weight, and becoming more physically active. […] Your child’s doctor may also prescribe oral or injectable medications. […] A dietitian can help determine the right amount of carbohydrates and types for your child. […] A healthy diet can mean different things to different people. […] Even with careful management, type 2 diabetes can put your child at risk of some serious complications that require prompt medical attention. […] Your child should receive medical attention right away if they have any of these symptoms: Confusion or trouble paying attention, Sweet or fruity-smelling breath, Trouble breathing, Nausea or vomiting.

• #75 Type 2 Diabetes | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/type-2-diabetes

  Your child will need routine health care and frequent blood-sugar checks. […] Control of type 2 diabetes can be improved through healthy eating habits, losing weight, and becoming more physically active. […] Your child’s doctor may also prescribe oral or injectable medications. […] A dietitian can help determine the right amount of carbohydrates and types for your child. […] A healthy diet can mean different things to different people. […] Even with careful management, type 2 diabetes can put your child at risk of some serious complications that require prompt medical attention. […] Your child should receive medical attention right away if they have any of these symptoms: Confusion or trouble paying attention, Sweet or fruity-smelling breath, Trouble breathing, Nausea or vomiting.

• #76 Type 2 diabetes in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355324

  You’ll need to work with your child’s school nurse and teachers to make sure they know the symptoms of high and low blood sugar levels. […] Contact your child’s health care provider, certified diabetes care and education specialist, or registered dietitian between appointments if your child’s blood sugar is consistently out of the target range your health care provider recommended.

• #77 Type 2 diabetes in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355324

  You’ll need to work with your child’s school nurse and teachers to make sure they know the symptoms of high and low blood sugar levels. […] Contact your child’s health care provider, certified diabetes care and education specialist, or registered dietitian between appointments if your child’s blood sugar is consistently out of the target range your health care provider recommended.

• #78 Diabetes – issues for children and teenagers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-issues-for-children-and-teenagers

  Emotional support offered by friends, family, and a diabetes healthcare team can be very helpful during this time and can improve the way children or teenagers cope with their diabetes. […] Many parents and carers are understandably concerned when their child starts or returns to school after being diagnosed with diabetes. […] Parents must make sure that the school is given the information and resources they need to support your child’s management of diabetes during school hours. […] A school must be provided with both a diabetes action plan and management plan developed by your child’s diabetes educator. […] The plans must clearly outline the details of your child’s diabetes management during school hours. […] Parents of young children with diabetes are usually highly involved in their child’s diabetes management.

• #79 Diabetes – issues for children and teenagers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-issues-for-children-and-teenagers

  Emotional support offered by friends, family, and a diabetes healthcare team can be very helpful during this time and can improve the way children or teenagers cope with their diabetes. […] Many parents and carers are understandably concerned when their child starts or returns to school after being diagnosed with diabetes. […] Parents must make sure that the school is given the information and resources they need to support your child’s management of diabetes during school hours. […] A school must be provided with both a diabetes action plan and management plan developed by your child’s diabetes educator. […] The plans must clearly outline the details of your child’s diabetes management during school hours. […] Parents of young children with diabetes are usually highly involved in their child’s diabetes management.

• #80 Childhood Diabetes Center | Children’s Mercy Kansas City

  https://www.childrensmercy.org/departments-and-clinics/endocrinology/childhood-diabetes-center/

  We understand that reshaping your family’s lifestyle to accommodate a child with diabetes is a big adjustment. That’s why Children’s Mercy offers new-onset diabetes education to families in a series of three outpatient visits. […] Our diabetes team and social workers offer guidance and support in helping you to establish a health plan at school. This ensures your child’s needs are met and discrimination is eliminated.

• #81 Type 2 diabetes in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355324

  Your child’s dietitian will likely suggest that your child and the rest of the family consume foods that are high in nutritional value and low in fat and calories. […] Everyone needs regular aerobic exercise, and children who have type 2 diabetes are no exception. Physical activity helps children control their weight, uses up sugar for energy, and makes the body use insulin more effectively. […] There are three medications that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating type 2 diabetes in children. […] Your health care provider will let you know how often you or your child need to check and record your child’s blood sugar. […] Your child will need regular appointments to ensure good diabetes management. […] Living with type 2 diabetes isn’t easy for you or for your child. Good diabetes management requires a lot of changes, especially in the beginning.

• #82 Diabetes – issues for children and teenagers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-issues-for-children-and-teenagers

  Emotional support offered by friends, family, and a diabetes healthcare team can be very helpful during this time and can improve the way children or teenagers cope with their diabetes. […] Many parents and carers are understandably concerned when their child starts or returns to school after being diagnosed with diabetes. […] Parents must make sure that the school is given the information and resources they need to support your child’s management of diabetes during school hours. […] A school must be provided with both a diabetes action plan and management plan developed by your child’s diabetes educator. […] The plans must clearly outline the details of your child’s diabetes management during school hours. […] Parents of young children with diabetes are usually highly involved in their child’s diabetes management.

• #83 Diabetes – issues for children and teenagers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-issues-for-children-and-teenagers

  As children get older, it is important that they develop the skills and confidence to manage their diabetes independently. […] With support and guidance, your child can learn to incorporate diabetes care into their everyday life and develop lifelong skills and confidence. […] If you think your child has an eating disorder or is overly concerned about their body image and weight, talk to their diabetes treating team or dietitian about appropriate counselling and support. […] Drinking alcohol may be a problem for teenagers with diabetes. […] It is preferable that teenagers with diabetes don’t drink, but it is important that they and their friends understand what effects they can expect if they do drink. […] Encourage your child to avoid alcohol or drink it only in moderation. […] There is no safe level of smoking, whether your child has diabetes or not.

• #84 Diabetes – issues for children and teenagers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-issues-for-children-and-teenagers

  As children get older, it is important that they develop the skills and confidence to manage their diabetes independently. […] With support and guidance, your child can learn to incorporate diabetes care into their everyday life and develop lifelong skills and confidence. […] If you think your child has an eating disorder or is overly concerned about their body image and weight, talk to their diabetes treating team or dietitian about appropriate counselling and support. […] Drinking alcohol may be a problem for teenagers with diabetes. […] It is preferable that teenagers with diabetes don’t drink, but it is important that they and their friends understand what effects they can expect if they do drink. […] Encourage your child to avoid alcohol or drink it only in moderation. […] There is no safe level of smoking, whether your child has diabetes or not.

• #85 Diabetes – issues for children and teenagers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-issues-for-children-and-teenagers

  As children get older, it is important that they develop the skills and confidence to manage their diabetes independently. […] With support and guidance, your child can learn to incorporate diabetes care into their everyday life and develop lifelong skills and confidence. […] If you think your child has an eating disorder or is overly concerned about their body image and weight, talk to their diabetes treating team or dietitian about appropriate counselling and support. […] Drinking alcohol may be a problem for teenagers with diabetes. […] It is preferable that teenagers with diabetes don’t drink, but it is important that they and their friends understand what effects they can expect if they do drink. […] Encourage your child to avoid alcohol or drink it only in moderation. […] There is no safe level of smoking, whether your child has diabetes or not.

• #86 Diabetes – issues for children and teenagers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-issues-for-children-and-teenagers

  As children get older, it is important that they develop the skills and confidence to manage their diabetes independently. […] With support and guidance, your child can learn to incorporate diabetes care into their everyday life and develop lifelong skills and confidence. […] If you think your child has an eating disorder or is overly concerned about their body image and weight, talk to their diabetes treating team or dietitian about appropriate counselling and support. […] Drinking alcohol may be a problem for teenagers with diabetes. […] It is preferable that teenagers with diabetes don’t drink, but it is important that they and their friends understand what effects they can expect if they do drink. […] Encourage your child to avoid alcohol or drink it only in moderation. […] There is no safe level of smoking, whether your child has diabetes or not.

• #87 Diabetes – issues for children and teenagers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-issues-for-children-and-teenagers

  Smoking increases the risk of serious health problems associated with diabetes. […] Illicit (illegal) drugs can significantly damage health and cause death, whether your child has diabetes or not. […] For people with diabetes, taking drugs can result in glucose levels outside of the target range, poor self-care, and an inability to recognise hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia. […] Adolescence is often a time of sexual experimentation. […] Your child should have hypoglycaemia treatment readily available. […] Diabetes can reduce the body’s ability to fight infection. […] If your child is considering a tattoo or body piercing, make sure they know about the increased risks of infection with these procedures.

• #88 Diabetes – issues for children and teenagers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-issues-for-children-and-teenagers

  Smoking increases the risk of serious health problems associated with diabetes. […] Illicit (illegal) drugs can significantly damage health and cause death, whether your child has diabetes or not. […] For people with diabetes, taking drugs can result in glucose levels outside of the target range, poor self-care, and an inability to recognise hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia. […] Adolescence is often a time of sexual experimentation. […] Your child should have hypoglycaemia treatment readily available. […] Diabetes can reduce the body’s ability to fight infection. […] If your child is considering a tattoo or body piercing, make sure they know about the increased risks of infection with these procedures.

• #89 Diabetes – issues for children and teenagers | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-issues-for-children-and-teenagers

  Smoking increases the risk of serious health problems associated with diabetes. […] Illicit (illegal) drugs can significantly damage health and cause death, whether your child has diabetes or not. […] For people with diabetes, taking drugs can result in glucose levels outside of the target range, poor self-care, and an inability to recognise hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia. […] Adolescence is often a time of sexual experimentation. […] Your child should have hypoglycaemia treatment readily available. […] Diabetes can reduce the body’s ability to fight infection. […] If your child is considering a tattoo or body piercing, make sure they know about the increased risks of infection with these procedures.

• #90 Type 2 diabetes in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355324

  Your child’s dietitian will likely suggest that your child and the rest of the family consume foods that are high in nutritional value and low in fat and calories. […] Everyone needs regular aerobic exercise, and children who have type 2 diabetes are no exception. Physical activity helps children control their weight, uses up sugar for energy, and makes the body use insulin more effectively. […] There are three medications that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating type 2 diabetes in children. […] Your health care provider will let you know how often you or your child need to check and record your child’s blood sugar. […] Your child will need regular appointments to ensure good diabetes management. […] Living with type 2 diabetes isn’t easy for you or for your child. Good diabetes management requires a lot of changes, especially in the beginning.

• #91 Type 2 Diabetes in Children

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/type-2-diabetes-in-children

  Diabetes is a condition in which the body can’t make enough insulin. Or can’t use insulin normally. Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder. […] Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. The goal of treatment is to keep blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible. Treatment will include: A healthy diet, Weight loss, if needed, Regular exercise, Good hygiene, Insulin replacement therapy (under the direction of your child’s healthcare provider), Regular checking of blood sugar levels, Medicines taken by mouth (oral), if needed. […] Type 2 diabetes is a long-term (chronic) condition. It requires lifestyle changes to keep healthy blood glucose levels. Its important to work closely with your child’s healthcare team to create an ongoing plan that works for your child. […] Regular checkups are especially important for children with diabetes.

• #92 Type 2 Diabetes in Children | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/pediatric-treatments/pediatric-endocrinology/type-2-diabetes-children

  Diabetes changes over time, so your child’s care team will adapt your child’s treatment plan as needed. […] Eating right to maintain a healthy weight and blood sugar levels is crucial for managing Type 2 diabetes. Physical activity is also an essential part of your childs treatment plan. Duke Childrens diabetes educators and dietitians can teach you and your family about nutrition, menu planning, and ways to adopt a healthy diet. […] Regular checkups ensure your child is managing the physical and psychological aspects of living with diabetes. Blood sugar levels are monitored using a blood test (A1C or glycated hemoglobin test) that measures blood sugar levels over the previous three months. Your pediatric endocrinologist will evaluate your childs kidney, thyroid, and liver function, as well as their cholesterol, blood pressure, and physical growth. They will also refer your child to a pediatric eye doctor for regular eye exams. These checkups help prevent common diabetes complications, such as vision or kidney problems.

• #93 Type 2 Diabetes in Children | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/pediatric-treatments/pediatric-endocrinology/type-2-diabetes-children

  Diabetes changes over time, so your child’s care team will adapt your child’s treatment plan as needed. […] Eating right to maintain a healthy weight and blood sugar levels is crucial for managing Type 2 diabetes. Physical activity is also an essential part of your childs treatment plan. Duke Childrens diabetes educators and dietitians can teach you and your family about nutrition, menu planning, and ways to adopt a healthy diet. […] Regular checkups ensure your child is managing the physical and psychological aspects of living with diabetes. Blood sugar levels are monitored using a blood test (A1C or glycated hemoglobin test) that measures blood sugar levels over the previous three months. Your pediatric endocrinologist will evaluate your childs kidney, thyroid, and liver function, as well as their cholesterol, blood pressure, and physical growth. They will also refer your child to a pediatric eye doctor for regular eye exams. These checkups help prevent common diabetes complications, such as vision or kidney problems.

• #94 Type 2 Diabetes in Children | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/pediatric-treatments/pediatric-endocrinology/type-2-diabetes-children

  Family-centered care helps you manage life with diabetes. Our care team will help you and your child understand and follow treatment guidelines, and incorporate good eating, drinking, and exercise habits into your familys lifestyle. Through one-on-one support from our care team as well as our comprehensive diabetes classes, we empower your child and you to take control of your childs health.

• #95 Type 2 Diabetes in Children | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/pediatric-treatments/pediatric-endocrinology/type-2-diabetes-children

  Family-centered care helps you manage life with diabetes. Our care team will help you and your child understand and follow treatment guidelines, and incorporate good eating, drinking, and exercise habits into your familys lifestyle. Through one-on-one support from our care team as well as our comprehensive diabetes classes, we empower your child and you to take control of your childs health.

• #96 What Is Type 2 Diabetes? (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/type2.html

  People who have type 2 diabetes have a hard time using glucose (sugar) from food for energy. […] Type 2 diabetes happens more often in children: […] Kids and teens with type 2 diabetes often go to a pediatric endocrinologist for treatment. This kind of doctor treats problems affecting hormones, like diabetes. […] The goal of treatment for type 2 diabetes is to keep blood sugar levels in a healthy range. Treatment usually includes: […] It can take time for your child and your family to adjust to living with type 2 diabetes. The care team will teach you and your child everything you need to know about staying healthy. Taking your child to all their medical visits and following the diabetes care plan will help keep you on track.

• #97

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2846

  Take medicines exactly as prescribed. […] Check and write down blood sugar levels as often as your doctor tells you to. […] Follow instructions to treat high blood sugar. […] Follow instructions to treat low blood sugar. […] Learn what to do when your child is sick. […] Join a support group for parents of children with diabetes. […] Have your child wear medical alert jewellery that lists diabetes and their allergies. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if your child’s blood sugar stays outside the level your doctor set.

• #98

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ut2846

  Take medicines exactly as prescribed. […] Check and write down blood sugar levels as often as your doctor tells you to. […] Follow instructions to treat high blood sugar. […] Follow instructions to treat low blood sugar. […] Learn what to do when your child is sick. […] Join a support group for parents of children with diabetes. […] Have your child wear medical alert jewellery that lists diabetes and their allergies. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if your child’s blood sugar stays outside the level your doctor set.

• #99 Type 2 diabetes in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20355318

  Keeping your child’s blood sugar level close to the standard range most of the time can dramatically reduce the risk of these complications. You can help your child prevent diabetes complications by: Working with your child to maintain good blood sugar control as much as possible, Teaching your child the importance of healthy eating and participating in regular physical activity, Scheduling regular visits with your child’s diabetes treatment team. […] Healthy-lifestyle choices can help prevent type 2 diabetes in children. Encourage your child to eat healthy foods. Offer your child foods low in fat and calories. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Strive for variety to prevent boredom. […] Get more physical activity. Encourage your child to become active. Sign up your child for a sports team or dance lessons.

• #100 Type 2 diabetes in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20355318

  Keeping your child’s blood sugar level close to the standard range most of the time can dramatically reduce the risk of these complications. You can help your child prevent diabetes complications by: Working with your child to maintain good blood sugar control as much as possible, Teaching your child the importance of healthy eating and participating in regular physical activity, Scheduling regular visits with your child’s diabetes treatment team. […] Healthy-lifestyle choices can help prevent type 2 diabetes in children. Encourage your child to eat healthy foods. Offer your child foods low in fat and calories. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Strive for variety to prevent boredom. […] Get more physical activity. Encourage your child to become active. Sign up your child for a sports team or dance lessons.

• #101 Type 2 diabetes in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20355318

  Keeping your child’s blood sugar level close to the standard range most of the time can dramatically reduce the risk of these complications. You can help your child prevent diabetes complications by: Working with your child to maintain good blood sugar control as much as possible, Teaching your child the importance of healthy eating and participating in regular physical activity, Scheduling regular visits with your child’s diabetes treatment team. […] Healthy-lifestyle choices can help prevent type 2 diabetes in children. Encourage your child to eat healthy foods. Offer your child foods low in fat and calories. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Strive for variety to prevent boredom. […] Get more physical activity. Encourage your child to become active. Sign up your child for a sports team or dance lessons.

• #102 Preventing Type 2 Diabetes in Kids | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/prevention-type-2/type-2-diabetes-in-kids.html

  Many people think that only older adults can develop type 2 diabetes, but kids and teens can get it too. […] Type 2 diabetes is increasing in kids and teens in the United States. […] Take action now to help your kids prevent or delay type 2 diabetes. […] Insulin resistance (when you can’t use insulin properly) is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes for kids and adults. […] Being physically inactive increases the risk for type 2 diabetes. […] Kids who develop type 2 diabetes are usually diagnosed in their early teens. […] If your child has any two risk factors listed above, talk to your doctor about getting their blood sugar tested. […] Help your kids take action to prevent type 2 diabetes while they’re young. […] Starting early can help kids develop a lifetime of healthy habits. […] Aim for your child to get 60 minutes of physical activity a day.

• #103 Diabetes in Children | Type 1 Diabetes | Type 2 Diabetes | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/diabetesinchildrenandteens.html

  Until recently, the common type of diabetes in children and teens was type 1. […] Now younger people are also getting type 2 diabetes. […] Children have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes if they are overweight or have obesity, have a family history of diabetes, or are not active. […] To lower the risk of type 2 diabetes in children: Have them maintain a healthy weight, Be sure they are physically active, Have them eat smaller portions of healthy foods, Limit time with the TV, computer, and video. […] Type 2 diabetes may be controlled with diet and exercise. If not, patients will need to take oral diabetes medicines or insulin.

• #104 Preventing Type 2 Diabetes in Kids | Diabetes | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/prevention-type-2/type-2-diabetes-in-kids.html

  Many people think that only older adults can develop type 2 diabetes, but kids and teens can get it too. […] Type 2 diabetes is increasing in kids and teens in the United States. […] Take action now to help your kids prevent or delay type 2 diabetes. […] Insulin resistance (when you can’t use insulin properly) is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes for kids and adults. […] Being physically inactive increases the risk for type 2 diabetes. […] Kids who develop type 2 diabetes are usually diagnosed in their early teens. […] If your child has any two risk factors listed above, talk to your doctor about getting their blood sugar tested. […] Help your kids take action to prevent type 2 diabetes while they’re young. […] Starting early can help kids develop a lifetime of healthy habits. […] Aim for your child to get 60 minutes of physical activity a day.

• #105 Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431046/

  The specialties often consulted for patients with pediatric T2DM include the following: Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatric Opthalmology, Pediatric Nephrology, Registered Dietician, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. […] Educating pediatric patients and their caregivers about T2DM is paramount. They should understand the importance of dietary choices, portion control, and the significance of regular exercise in managing the condition. […] An interprofessional team approach ensures that the patient receives well-rounded, evidence-based care and significantly improves outcomes in managing pediatric T2DM.

• #106 Diabetes: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/diabetes/?srsltid=AfmBOoplX8iQxeaYtltyZZZG7um2dVKIYRVCqrqnaU7n2gVGWsdS-dZe

  Nurses help monitor blood glucose levels, manage complications, and provide education to prevent long-term complications. […] Nurses must assess for signs of hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and monitor for complications like diabetic ketoacidosis, neuropathy, and infections. They also educate patients on medication adherence, proper diet, and lifestyle changes to manage diabetes effectively. […] The patient demonstrates an understanding of diabetes management, including diet, exercise, and medication use. […] Encourage daily inspection of feet for cuts, blisters, or sores and wearing supportive footwear to prevent injury.

• #107 Nursing Interventions Diabetes Mellitus in Children – Pediatrics

  https://www.naxlex.com/nursing/study-guides/nursing-interventions-diabetes-mellitus-in-children-1699259228

  – Education: Provide comprehensive education to the child and family about diabetes management, including blood glucose monitoring, insulin administration, and dietary modifications. […] – Nutritional support: Collaborate with a dietitian to develop an individualized meal plan that promotes glycemic control and meets the child’s nutritional needs. […] – Insulin administration: Teach the child and family how to administer insulin injections or use insulin pumps accurately. […] – Monitoring and management of complications: Regularly assess for complications such as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and intervene promptly. […] – Psychosocial support: Offer emotional support and refer the child and family to appropriate resources, such as support groups or counseling services.

• #108 Diabetes: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/diabetes/?srsltid=AfmBOoplX8iQxeaYtltyZZZG7um2dVKIYRVCqrqnaU7n2gVGWsdS-dZe

  Nurses help monitor blood glucose levels, manage complications, and provide education to prevent long-term complications. […] Nurses must assess for signs of hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and monitor for complications like diabetic ketoacidosis, neuropathy, and infections. They also educate patients on medication adherence, proper diet, and lifestyle changes to manage diabetes effectively. […] The patient demonstrates an understanding of diabetes management, including diet, exercise, and medication use. […] Encourage daily inspection of feet for cuts, blisters, or sores and wearing supportive footwear to prevent injury.

• #109

  https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/the-clinical-outcomes-of-nursing-intervention-for-children-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-on-the-treatment-adherence-8143.html

  The nursing compliance of children can also be strengthened. […] The nursing staff should inform the families of the right time and ways to take the drugs, and how to monitor the blood sugar. […] Specific and individualized regimen for each child was designed. […] The parents were informed of the importance of eating right in the whole process of treatment. […] Scientific and rational movement scheme was formulated according to the physical conditions of the children. […] The children were provided with comfortable, clean and tidy environment in the hospital. […] The nursing staff should inform the parents frequently. […] Positive and effective nursing intervention program towards children with type 2 diabetes mellitus can promote the improvement of the children’s treatment compliance, obtaining higher nursing satisfaction, which is helpful for further enhancement of nursing quality and level.

• #110 A practical guide to management of youth-onset type 2 diabetes – DiabetesontheNet

  https://diabetesonthenet.com/journal-diabetes-nursing/practical-guide-management-youth-onset-type-2-diabetes/

  Type 2 diabetes is increasingly being diagnosed in the paediatric population. Making the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in children and young people can be challenging. The majority of patients should be managed with diet modification and metformin, although insulin is sometimes required. Engaging young people with type 2 diabetes within a diabetes service is critical for positive outcomes, and this represents a challenge for all professionals working in the field. The highest rates of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents are reported in studies from the US. Children with obesity (98th percentile) and two additional risk factors, such as family history of type 2 diabetes, non-Caucasian ethnicity, clinical signs or biochemical evidence suggestive of insulin resistance or polycystic ovary syndrome, should be screened for type 2 diabetes with an oral glucose tolerance test. Typically, those with type 2 diabetes are thought to test negative for autoantibodies associated with type 1 diabetes. The evidence for treatment of type 2 diabetes in young people is limited and, therefore, much of the management options are extrapolated from adult experience. Weight loss should be the central tenet to any treatment regimen, as excess weight is the major driver of disease development. The vast majority of young people with type 2 diabetes are treated with either metformin, insulin and/or lifestyle and dietary changes. Structured education should be given to children and young people and their families about the condition. An emphasis should be made on lifestyle change and weight loss. A holistic, multidisciplinary approach is needed to care for young people with type 2 diabetes. These patients report a lower quality of life compared to those with type 1 diabetes. Treatment adherence has been shown to predict HbA1c 1 year after diagnosis. Youth-onset type 2 diabetes is often associated with complications at diagnosis, and complications become more prevalent as the condition develops. Both NICE and ISPAD have produced guidance on screening for the above complications in young people with diabetes.

• #111 A practical guide to management of youth-onset type 2 diabetes – DiabetesontheNet

  https://diabetesonthenet.com/journal-diabetes-nursing/practical-guide-management-youth-onset-type-2-diabetes/

  Type 2 diabetes is increasingly being diagnosed in the paediatric population. Making the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in children and young people can be challenging. The majority of patients should be managed with diet modification and metformin, although insulin is sometimes required. Engaging young people with type 2 diabetes within a diabetes service is critical for positive outcomes, and this represents a challenge for all professionals working in the field. The highest rates of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents are reported in studies from the US. Children with obesity (98th percentile) and two additional risk factors, such as family history of type 2 diabetes, non-Caucasian ethnicity, clinical signs or biochemical evidence suggestive of insulin resistance or polycystic ovary syndrome, should be screened for type 2 diabetes with an oral glucose tolerance test. Typically, those with type 2 diabetes are thought to test negative for autoantibodies associated with type 1 diabetes. The evidence for treatment of type 2 diabetes in young people is limited and, therefore, much of the management options are extrapolated from adult experience. Weight loss should be the central tenet to any treatment regimen, as excess weight is the major driver of disease development. The vast majority of young people with type 2 diabetes are treated with either metformin, insulin and/or lifestyle and dietary changes. Structured education should be given to children and young people and their families about the condition. An emphasis should be made on lifestyle change and weight loss. A holistic, multidisciplinary approach is needed to care for young people with type 2 diabetes. These patients report a lower quality of life compared to those with type 1 diabetes. Treatment adherence has been shown to predict HbA1c 1 year after diagnosis. Youth-onset type 2 diabetes is often associated with complications at diagnosis, and complications become more prevalent as the condition develops. Both NICE and ISPAD have produced guidance on screening for the above complications in young people with diabetes.

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