Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease across the Ages in the Era of Advanced Therapies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11522978/

  The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] has risen over the past decade to become a global issue. […] Annual incidence rates varied by geographical region with IBD estimates ranging from 10.5 to 46.14 per 100 000 in Europe, 1.37 to 1.5 per 100 000 in Asia and the Middle East, 23.67 to 39.8 per 100 000 in Oceania, 0.21 to 3.67 per 100 000 in South America, and 7.3 to 30.2 per 100 000 in North America. […] The burden of IBD among children and adolescents, and older people is rising globally. […] The epidemiology of IBD has undergone considerable change in recent decades, with an increase in the burden of disease worldwide. […] The Global Burden of Disease [GBD] data describe the state of IBD in children and adolescents, from 1990 to 2019, in 204 countries and territories. […] The age at which children are being diagnosed with IBD is decreasing.

• #2 The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: balance between East and West? A narrative review – Hammer – Digestive Medicine Research

  https://dmr.amegroups.org/article/view/6855/html

  Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohns disease (CD) are two different disorders that constitute inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The prevalence of IBD is increasing worldwide, affecting millions of individuals. The objective of this review is to present the evolving changes in the epidemiology when looking at disease occurrence in the East compared to the West based on the most recent data. The highest incidences and prevalences are found in Northern Europe and Northern America. The incidence and prevalence in Asia are rapidly increasing, however still at a low level compared to the West. […] IBD is presently a global phenomenon due to an increasing incidence over the last decades. This increase has traditionally been confined to western industrialised countries, but these nations are currently experiencing a stabilising incidence resulting in high prevalence rates. On the other hand, newly industrialised countries, e.g., in Eastern Europe and Asia, have reported a drastically rising incidence forewarning an altering epidemiology of IBD.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12664-023-01453-6

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has become a significant global health concern affecting 0.3% of the world population. While the disease prevalence in India may be lower compared to western countries, the country’s vast population of over 1.428 billion translates into a large number of individuals affected by IBD. […] The GBD study estimated the number of IBD patients to be 2.7 lakhs (0.27 million), which increased from 1.3 lakhs in 1990. Age-standardized incidence rate increased but age-standardized prevalence rate decreased (which is surprising). Total number of deaths increased from 2770 in 1990 to 4214 in 2019 but age-standardized death rate decreased. […] An important aspect of this article is the data on Indian patients with epidemiological trends of IBD in India. The GBD 2019 Study collected data from censuses, household, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, satellite imaging, disease notifications and other sources. Many of these sources are not available in India. So, it is likely that there may be a role for assumptions or model inputting, while estimating the low disease burden in India. It also undermines the need for studies from this country. […] With the significant disease burden of IBD in India, we need to gear up to face the challenges of managing large number of patients. This can be done on two fronts: tackling the explosion of the disease and taking definitive steps to prevent the disease.

• #4 Global, regional and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/3/e065186

  Objectives We aimed to provide the most updated estimates on the global burden of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to improve management strategies. […] In 2019, there were approximately 4.9 million cases of IBD worldwide, with China and the USA having the highest number of cases (911405 and 762890 (66.9 and 245.3 cases per 100 000 people, respectively)). […] A total of 147 out of 204 countries or territories experienced an increase in the age-standardised prevalence rate. […] IBD will continue to be a major public health burden due to increasing numbers of prevalent cases, deaths and DALYs. […] The epidemiological trends and disease burden of IBD have changed dramatically at the regional and national levels, so understanding these changes would be beneficial for policy makers to tackle IBD.

• #5 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Prevalence: Surveillance data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37223580/

  Determining the overall US prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is essential to national level prevention programs and population risk assessment; however currently US IBD prevalence remains uncertain. […] The NHANES 2009-10 US IBD diagnosed prevalence was 1.2% (95% CI 0.8,1.6%), or an estimated 2.3 million persons. […] UC prevalence was 1.0% (95% CI 0.5,1.4%; 1.9 million persons) and CD prevalence was 0.3% (95% CI 0.1,0.4%; 578,000 persons). […] The NHANES data are consistent with IBD prevalences reported in previous US nationally representative surveys, indicating that diagnosed IBD may affect approximately 1% of the US adult population.

• #6 IBD Facts and Stats | IBD | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/inflammatory-bowel-disease/php/facts-stats/index.html

  U.S. prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is estimated between 2.4 and 3.1 million, with differing burden across groups. […] IBD prevalence and health care costs are rising. […] In 2018, the total annual U.S. health care costs for IBD were about $8.5 billion. […] The prevalence of IBD is rising in the United States. […] IBD prevalence differs across groups. […] Prevalence rates for IBD are consistently highest in non-Hispanic White populations. […] The difference between racial and ethnic groups may be narrowing, as some studies find prevalence increasing among minority groups. […] IBD prevalence increases with increasing age. […] The cost of IBD care is rising in the United States. […] A recent study estimated the 2018 total overall costs for IBD-related care were $8.5 billion, with the largest distributions by type of service. […] Effective but highly priced biologic medication have improved outcomes and rates of remission. They have also affected health care costs and changed the frequency different types of services are used.

• #7 U.S. IBD Prevalence Is One of the Highest in the World

  https://www.gastroendonews.com/Inflammatory-Bowel-Disease/Article/10-23/U-S-IBD-Prevalence-Is-One-of-the-Highest-in-the-World/71691

  Nearly one in 100 people in the United States have a form of inflammatory bowel disease, according to a new study led by the Crohns Colitis Foundation. This number touted by researchers as the clearest depiction to date of IBD in the United States is one of the highest national rates in the world, according to researchers. […] The INPUT (INcidence, Prevalence, Treatment, and OUTcomes in Patients with IBD) study found that IBD affects more than 0.7% of Americans, translating to approximately 721 cases per 100,000 people. […] The prevalence of IBD in the U.S. has been gradually increasing over the last decade, and thus the burden of caring for IBD is likely to increase as life expectancy increases, said Andrs Hurtado-Lorenzo, PhD, the senior vice president of translational research and IBD ventures at the Crohns Colitis Foundation, and a co-principal investigator of the INPUT study.

• #8 U.S. IBD Prevalence Is One of the Highest in the World

  https://www.gastroendonews.com/Inflammatory-Bowel-Disease/Article/10-23/U-S-IBD-Prevalence-Is-One-of-the-Highest-in-the-World/71691

  Nearly one in 100 people in the United States have a form of inflammatory bowel disease, according to a new study led by the Crohns Colitis Foundation. This number touted by researchers as the clearest depiction to date of IBD in the United States is one of the highest national rates in the world, according to researchers. […] The INPUT (INcidence, Prevalence, Treatment, and OUTcomes in Patients with IBD) study found that IBD affects more than 0.7% of Americans, translating to approximately 721 cases per 100,000 people. […] The prevalence of IBD in the U.S. has been gradually increasing over the last decade, and thus the burden of caring for IBD is likely to increase as life expectancy increases, said Andrs Hurtado-Lorenzo, PhD, the senior vice president of translational research and IBD ventures at the Crohns Colitis Foundation, and a co-principal investigator of the INPUT study.

• #9 The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: balance between East and West? A narrative review – Hammer – Digestive Medicine Research

  https://dmr.amegroups.org/article/view/6855/html

  The global incidence pattern of IBD is dominated by geographical variation in and between regions with the highest incidence rates reported in Europe, Oceania and North America. However, this reflects the fact that these high-incidence parts of the world have published the majority of studies. It is now evident that the traditional incidence pattern is shifting with a steep increasing incidence reported by recent population-based studies from e.g., Eastern Europe, Asia and South America, as these become industrialised and experience socioeconomic growth and demographic changes, e.g., increasing urbanisation. […] The prevalence of IBD has a varying geographical distribution like the incidence pattern of IBD. IBD is inherently associated with increasing prevalence over time due to chronicity with a lack of cure, the young age of onset, and low mortality and it may rise exponentially due to increasing incidence and population ageing.

• #10 Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/179037-overview

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic disease caused by a dysregulated immune response to host intestinal microflora. The two major types of inflammatory bowel disease are ulcerative colitis (UC), which is limited to the colonic mucosa, and Crohn disease (CD), which can affect any segment of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus, involves „skip lesions,” and is transmural. […] There is a genetic predisposition for IBD, and patients with this condition are more prone to the development of malignancy. […] Annually, an estimated 700,000 physician visits and 100,000 hospitalizations are due to IBD. Approximately 1-2 million people in the United States have ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease, with an incidence of 70-150 cases per 100,000 individuals. […] The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) among Americans of African descent is estimated to be the same as the prevalence among Americans of European descent, with the highest rates in the Jewish populations of middle European extraction.

• #11 Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Epidemiology | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/51581

  The annual incidence rates of CD are comparable across most of the developed world. It is estimated to be 20.2 per 100,000 person-years, 12.7 per 100,000 person-years, 29.3 per 100,000 person-years and 16.5 per 100,000 person-years in North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, respectively. In contrast, Asia has a low incidence rate of approximately 0.54 per 100,000 person-years. Similarly, the incidence rates for UC in North America, Europe and Asia range from 7.6 to 19.5 per 100,000 person-years, 1.7 to 13.6 per 100,000 person-years and 0.3 to 5.8 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. Overall, both the incidence and prevalence of CD and UC are increasing with time. This can be attributed to a number of factors including improved sanitation, diet and medication exposures, increased IBD awareness among patients and clinicians, use of improved endoscopic and radiologic diagnostic modalities and widened health care access.

• #12 Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease across the Ages in the Era of Advanced Therapies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11522978/

  Older patients now represent the largest growing patient population with IBD. […] The burden of IBD among children and adolescents is rising globally. […] Comparison of population-based data reveals that the incidence of IBD has risen rapidly in the East while plateauing in the West. […] However, the compounding prevalence of IBD in the West is increasing and is driven by the incidence of IBD exceeding mortality rates. […] The clinical presentation and disease course of IBD differ between East and West with more patients in the East presenting with complicated disease. […] The increasing incidence of IBD in newly industrialized countries indicates a potential influence of a Western lifestyle, urbanization, and industrialization on risk. […] The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease has changed significantly, with rising incidence rates in various regions worldwide.

• #13

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00384-024-04711-x

  The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is on the rise worldwide. […] Detailed information on IBD was gathered from 204 countries and territories spanning 1990 to 2021, sourced from the GBD 2021. […] The global age-standardised incident rate (ASIR) of IBD increased from 4.22 per 100000 in 1990 to 4.45 per 100000 in 2021. […] Global incidence rate of IBD have been increasing from 1990 to 2021, while the DALYs and mortality have been decreasing. […] IBD has traditionally been more prevalent in high-income countries, however, a shift in the epidemiological landscape has been observed, with incidence rates plateauing in high-income nations and escalating in newly industrialized countries across South America, Eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa. […] According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, there was a notable increase of 175904 individuals diagnosed with IBD from 1990 to 2021.

• #14 The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: balance between East and West? A narrative review – Hammer – Digestive Medicine Research

  https://dmr.amegroups.org/article/view/6855/html

  In Asia, recent studies have shown an increasing incidence of IBD. In Korea, the incidence of CD rose from nearly 0 to 1.3 per 100,000 in the period 1986 to 2005, and UC rose from 0.3 to 3.1 per 100,000. […] The spread of IBD to newly industrialised countries is likely due to these environmental influences, such as changing diet, better hygiene practices and westernised lifestyle. However, we need to examine whether the environmental factors prevalent in the West are the same as in the East. […] The pattern of IBD in the East resembles that of the West, though 50 years ago, indicating that a balance between East and West is approaching.

• #15 Update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: where are we now?

  https://www.irjournal.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.5217/ir.2021.00115

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has become a global disease. As IBD is a chronic disease that can result in remarkable morbidity and disability, estimation and understanding the disease burden of IBD is imperative to prepare adequate health care systems. However, variations in IBD incidence or prevalence may reflect differences in the distribution, and there are regional disparities in Asia with a large population of approximately 4.6 billion in 2020, which is equivalent to 60% of the total world population. […] Understanding the epidemiology and disease burden of this incurable, lifelong disease is crucial for better management of patients and allocation of health care resources. Traditionally, IBD has been known as a disease of Caucasians in the industrialized regions of the Western world. However, the incidence of IBD has increased in the newly industrialized regions such as Asia, while industrialization has increased in these areas since the late 20th century.

• #16 Resources & Publications

  https://crohnsandcolitis.ca/About-Us/Resources-Publications/Impact-of-IBD-Report

  The number of people in Canada with IBD is increasing rapidly: 322,600 people in 2023 (0.8% of the population) to 470,000 in 2035 (1.1% of the population) […] 11,000 people will be diagnosed in 2023 (1 every 48 minutes) and 14,000 in 2035 (1 every 38 minutes) […] The number of new diagnoses is rising most rapidly in children under the age of 6 years old. They and their families face particular challenges as they age. […] Seniors are the most rapidly growing group since people with IBD are living longer due to better therapies, and our population is aging […] Those with low socioeconomic status, who live in rural, remote and Northern communities and Indigenous peoples face additional barriers to care […] The number of people in Canada living with IBD is growing rapidly. Healthcare needs to evolve to include multidisciplinary care, including access to specialist physicians and nurses, mental health professionals, dietitians and others to improve quality of life. […] Canada has among the highest incidence rates of Crohn’s and colitis in the world. […] 1 in 140 Canadians lives with Crohns or colitis. […] Incidence of Crohns in Canadian kids under 10 has doubled since 1995. […] People are most commonly diagnosed before age 30.

• #17

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2024/08000/forecasting_the_incidence_and_prevalence_of.21.aspx

  Canada has a high burden of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Historical trends of IBD incidence and prevalence were analyzed to forecast the Canadian burden over the next decade. The national incidence of IBD is estimated to be 29.9 per 100,000 (95% PI 28.3-31.5) in 2023. With a stable AAPC of 0.36% (95% CI 0.05 to 0.72), the incidence of IBD is forecasted to be 31.2 per 100,000 (95% PI 28.1-34.3) in 2035. The prevalence of IBD in Canada was 843 per 100,000 (95% PI 716-735) in 2023 and is expected to steadily climb (AAPC 2.43%; 95% CI 2.32-2.54) to 1,098 per 100,000 (95% PI 1,068-1,127) by 2035. The highest prevalence is in seniors with IBD (1,174 per 100,000 in 2023; AAPC 2.78%; 95% CI 2.75-2.81). Over the next decade, the Canadian health care systems will contend with the juxtaposition of rising incidence of pediatric IBD and a rising prevalence of overall IBD driven by the aging population.

• #18

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/

  Ulcerative colitis is thought to be an autoimmune condition. […] The UK Crohn’s Colitis UK charity reports at least 1 in every 227 people in the UK has been diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. This amounts to around 296,000 people. […] The condition can develop at any age, but is most often diagnosed in people between 15 and 25 years old. […] It’s more common in white people of European descent, especially those descended from Ashkenazi Jewish communities, and black people. […] Both men and women seem to be equally affected by ulcerative colitis.

• #19 Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/179037-overview

  The age distribution of newly diagnosed IBD cases is bell-shaped; the peak incidence occurs in people in the early part of the second decade of life, with the vast majority of new diagnoses made in people aged 15-40 years. […] The highest rates of IBD are assumed to be in developed countries, and the lowest are considered to be in developing regions; colder-climate regions and urban areas have a greater rate of IBD than those of warmer climates and rural areas. […] Time-trend analyses showed statistically significant increases in the incidence of IBD over time.

• #20

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/ulcerative-colitis/epidemiology-overview

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consists of two closely related, and possibly overlapping, disease processes: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohns disease (CD). The hallmark of IBD is chronic uncontrolled inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. In contrast to CD, which can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, the inflammation of UC is limited to the colon. A recent study that analyzed the 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) estimated that 3.1 million US adults (1.3%) have received a diagnosis of IBD. The study found that IBD was more prevalent among certain population subgroups, including adults aged 45 years, Hispanics, non-Hispanic whites and adults with less than a high school level of education, not currently employed, born in the US, living in poverty, or living in suburban areas. In North America, the incidence of IBD increased during the latter half of the 20th century. Since the 1990s, most studies find that the incidence of both UC and CD has stabilized or even decreased. The incidence and prevalence of IBD are greatest in more industrialized regions, such as North America, the United Kingdom, Northern Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In developing countries, such as those in Latin America, Asia and Eastern Europe, incidence rates vary greatly between nations, ranging from 0.5 to 31.5 cases per 100,000 person-years, depending on the study population. As developing nations become more industrialized, the incidence of IBD increases, a pattern mirroring the experience in the west more than 50 years ago.

• #21 The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: balance between East and West? A narrative review – Hammer – Digestive Medicine Research

  https://dmr.amegroups.org/article/view/6855/html

  The global incidence pattern of IBD is dominated by geographical variation in and between regions with the highest incidence rates reported in Europe, Oceania and North America. However, this reflects the fact that these high-incidence parts of the world have published the majority of studies. It is now evident that the traditional incidence pattern is shifting with a steep increasing incidence reported by recent population-based studies from e.g., Eastern Europe, Asia and South America, as these become industrialised and experience socioeconomic growth and demographic changes, e.g., increasing urbanisation. […] The prevalence of IBD has a varying geographical distribution like the incidence pattern of IBD. IBD is inherently associated with increasing prevalence over time due to chronicity with a lack of cure, the young age of onset, and low mortality and it may rise exponentially due to increasing incidence and population ageing.

• #22 Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years — United States, 2015 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6542a3.htm

  Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis, collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease, are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Inflammatory bowel disease has been associated with decreased quality of life and extensive morbidity and often results in complications requiring hospitalizations and surgical procedures. In 1999, an estimated 1.8 million (0.9%) U.S. adults had inflammatory bowel disease. […] In 2015, an estimated 3.1 million (1.3%) of U.S. adults had ever received a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, and prevalence differed significantly among a number of sociodemographic characteristics, including age, race/ethnicity, education level, employment status, nativity, poverty status, and urbanicity. This study is one of the few times that inflammatory bowel disease prevalence estimates among U.S. adults have been assessed for a wide range of respondent characteristics using a large, nationally representative data source.

• #23 Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Population Study in a Healthcare District of North-West Italy

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/2/641

  The burden of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is increasing worldwide. […] IBD prevalence was 321.2 per 100,000 population in 2021 and, compared with 2006 (200 per 100,000 population), the prevalence has increased at a rate of +46%. Similarly, the average incidence has increased from the period 2001–2006 (6.7 per 100,000 population/year) to the period 2016–2021 (18.0 per 100,000 population/year) at a rate of +169%; such an increase was greater for CD than UC. […] The epidemiology of IBD is rapidly changing worldwide; the estimated prevalence (>0.3%) continues to rise in Western countries, with a high burden of IBD in North America, Oceania, and Europe. […] In Italy, the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) estimated an IBD prevalence of 80.9 per 100,000 population in 1990 (56,469 cases) that increased to 93.8 per 100,000 population in 2017 (76,581 cases) (age-standardized percentage change: 16.0%).

• #24 Global, regional and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/3/e065186

  Objectives We aimed to provide the most updated estimates on the global burden of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to improve management strategies. […] In 2019, there were approximately 4.9 million cases of IBD worldwide, with China and the USA having the highest number of cases (911405 and 762890 (66.9 and 245.3 cases per 100 000 people, respectively)). […] A total of 147 out of 204 countries or territories experienced an increase in the age-standardised prevalence rate. […] IBD will continue to be a major public health burden due to increasing numbers of prevalent cases, deaths and DALYs. […] The epidemiological trends and disease burden of IBD have changed dramatically at the regional and national levels, so understanding these changes would be beneficial for policy makers to tackle IBD.

• #25

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00384-024-04711-x

  The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is on the rise worldwide. […] Detailed information on IBD was gathered from 204 countries and territories spanning 1990 to 2021, sourced from the GBD 2021. […] The global age-standardised incident rate (ASIR) of IBD increased from 4.22 per 100000 in 1990 to 4.45 per 100000 in 2021. […] Global incidence rate of IBD have been increasing from 1990 to 2021, while the DALYs and mortality have been decreasing. […] IBD has traditionally been more prevalent in high-income countries, however, a shift in the epidemiological landscape has been observed, with incidence rates plateauing in high-income nations and escalating in newly industrialized countries across South America, Eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa. […] According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, there was a notable increase of 175904 individuals diagnosed with IBD from 1990 to 2021.

• #26 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  During the twentieth century, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was considered a disease of early industrialized regions in North America, Europe and Oceania. At the turn of the twenty-first century, IBD incidence increased in newly industrialized and emerging regions in Africa, Asia and Latin America, while the prevalence in early industrialized regions continued to grow steadily. Changes in the incidence and prevalence denote the evolution of IBD across four epidemiologic stages: stage 1 (emergence), characterized by low incidence and prevalence; stage 2 (acceleration in incidence), marked by rapidly rising incidence and low prevalence; and stage 3 (compounding prevalence), where the incidence decelerates, plateaus or declines while the prevalence steadily increases. A fourth stage (prevalence equilibrium) has been proposed in which the prevalence slope plateaus due to demographic shifts in an ageing IBD population, but it has not yet been evidenced. To date, these stages have remained theoretical, lacking specific numerical indicators to define transition points. Here, using real-world data from 522 population-based studies encompassing 82 global regions and spanning more than a century (1920-2024), we show spatiotemporal transitions across stages 1-3 and model stage 4 progression. Understanding the evolution of IBD across epidemiologic stages enables healthcare systems to better anticipate the future worldwide burden of IBD.

• #27 University of Calgary – Research collaboration charts global four-stage evolution of inflammatory bowel disease

  https://educationnewscanada.com/article/education/level/university/1/1138520/research-collaboration-charts-global-four-stage-evolution-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease.html

  Researchers with the University of Calgary and the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) led an international collaboration that found inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) progresses through four predictable epidemiological stages as it spreads globally. […] The study forecasts a major rise in IBD prevalence in Canada by 2045. […] „Our GIVES-21 consortia is conducting epidemiologic surveillance studies in low- and middle-income countries as the disease is evolving in these regions,” says Dr. Siew Ng, FRCP, PhD, professor at CUHK’s Faculty of Medicine, and co-principal investigator on the study. […] The combination of rising incidence in newly industrialized countries and steadily increasing prevalence in early industrialized Western countries has made IBD a global health concern. […] „Developing regions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America in Stage 1 (emergence) transition to Stage 2 (acceleration in incidence) following economic growth, industrialization, urbanization, and changes in lifestyle and diet,” says Kaplan.

• #28 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  We identified real-world data of 522 population-based studies reporting the incidence (n=463) and/or prevalence (n=243) of CD and/or UC, encompassing 82 countries, nations or territories (henceforth referred to as regions) and spanning the years 1920-2024. Over the past century, the epidemiologic trends in the incidence and prevalence of IBD follow distinct geographical and temporal patterns. […] Negative binomial regression models with post hoc comparisons of estimated marginal means with Tukey adjustment revealed significant differences between all stages for the incidence and prevalence of CD and UC (all values, P<0.001). The clear distinctions across stages define the coalescing ranges (CRs) for the incidence and prevalence of IBD: stage 1: CR-I=0.1-1.2, CR-P=1.2-10.5; stage 2: CR-I=3.3-10.6, CR-P=31.2-100.5; stage 3: CR-I=18.1-34.1, CR-P=362.9-660.1. Values that fall between CRs indicate regions transitioning between stages.

• #29 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  Our findings demonstrate regional transitions across stages and highlight the increasing number of regions included in population-based studies over time. For example, data spanning a century from the United States display a transition from stage 1 to stage 2 in the 1950s, followed by a shift to stage 3 in the 1970s. Today, most early industrialized regions in Europe, North America and Oceania are classified as stage 3, while many newly industrialized regions in Latin America, East Asia and the Middle East are in stage 2. Data from emerging regions in stage 1 (such as many regions in Africa) remain limited, as data scarcity is a typical characteristic of this stage. […] The underlying drivers of transition across stages remain unclear. The shift from stage 1 to 2 can be partially attributed to the unmasking of incidence. As IBD begins to emerge in a region, the local medical infrastructure (such as access to colonoscopy) must be sufficient to diagnose CD. In low-income regions where access to colonoscopy is more limited than sigmoidoscopy, cases of CD may be misdiagnosed as UC or missed entirely. […] Our models underscore that interventions aimed at reducing IBD incidence have the potential to stabilize and possibly decrease IBD prevalence.

• #30 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  Our findings demonstrate regional transitions across stages and highlight the increasing number of regions included in population-based studies over time. For example, data spanning a century from the United States display a transition from stage 1 to stage 2 in the 1950s, followed by a shift to stage 3 in the 1970s. Today, most early industrialized regions in Europe, North America and Oceania are classified as stage 3, while many newly industrialized regions in Latin America, East Asia and the Middle East are in stage 2. Data from emerging regions in stage 1 (such as many regions in Africa) remain limited, as data scarcity is a typical characteristic of this stage. […] The underlying drivers of transition across stages remain unclear. The shift from stage 1 to 2 can be partially attributed to the unmasking of incidence. As IBD begins to emerge in a region, the local medical infrastructure (such as access to colonoscopy) must be sufficient to diagnose CD. In low-income regions where access to colonoscopy is more limited than sigmoidoscopy, cases of CD may be misdiagnosed as UC or missed entirely. […] Our models underscore that interventions aimed at reducing IBD incidence have the potential to stabilize and possibly decrease IBD prevalence.

• #31 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  The globalization of IBD has invalidated the historical notion that IBD is specific to the Western world. Here, we advance the theory that IBD evolves temporally and spatially across four distinct epidemiologic stages. Stage 1 (emergence) is characterized by low incidence and prevalence; stage 2 (acceleration in incidence) involves rapidly rising incidence year-over-year, while the prevalence remains low; stage 3 (compounding prevalence) is marked by the slowing, stabilization or decrease in the incidence, with the prevalence continuing to accumulate due to decades of rising incidence outpacing mortality; and stage 4 (prevalence equilibrium) occurs when the prevalence plateaus due to mortality approximating incidence as the IBD population advances in age. By clearly defining these epidemiologic strata with specific benchmarks for transition across stages, regions can better prepare their healthcare systems to manage the stage-specific burden of IBD.

• #32 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  We identified real-world data of 522 population-based studies reporting the incidence (n=463) and/or prevalence (n=243) of CD and/or UC, encompassing 82 countries, nations or territories (henceforth referred to as regions) and spanning the years 1920-2024. Over the past century, the epidemiologic trends in the incidence and prevalence of IBD follow distinct geographical and temporal patterns. […] Negative binomial regression models with post hoc comparisons of estimated marginal means with Tukey adjustment revealed significant differences between all stages for the incidence and prevalence of CD and UC (all values, P<0.001). The clear distinctions across stages define the coalescing ranges (CRs) for the incidence and prevalence of IBD: stage 1: CR-I=0.1-1.2, CR-P=1.2-10.5; stage 2: CR-I=3.3-10.6, CR-P=31.2-100.5; stage 3: CR-I=18.1-34.1, CR-P=362.9-660.1. Values that fall between CRs indicate regions transitioning between stages.

• #33 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  Our findings demonstrate regional transitions across stages and highlight the increasing number of regions included in population-based studies over time. For example, data spanning a century from the United States display a transition from stage 1 to stage 2 in the 1950s, followed by a shift to stage 3 in the 1970s. Today, most early industrialized regions in Europe, North America and Oceania are classified as stage 3, while many newly industrialized regions in Latin America, East Asia and the Middle East are in stage 2. Data from emerging regions in stage 1 (such as many regions in Africa) remain limited, as data scarcity is a typical characteristic of this stage. […] The underlying drivers of transition across stages remain unclear. The shift from stage 1 to 2 can be partially attributed to the unmasking of incidence. As IBD begins to emerge in a region, the local medical infrastructure (such as access to colonoscopy) must be sufficient to diagnose CD. In low-income regions where access to colonoscopy is more limited than sigmoidoscopy, cases of CD may be misdiagnosed as UC or missed entirely. […] Our models underscore that interventions aimed at reducing IBD incidence have the potential to stabilize and possibly decrease IBD prevalence.

• #34 Update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: where are we now?

  https://www.irjournal.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.5217/ir.2021.00115

  In Asian countries, data on the longitudinal analyses of population-based studies on the incidence and prevalence of IBD have been insufficient. […] According to the multinational epidemiological study from Asia, the Asia-Pacific Crohns and Colitis Epidemiologic Study (ACCESS), the incidence of IBD had an increasing trend in Asian countries including Brunei, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Macau, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and the Philippines. […] Based on this stratification, most Asian countries experiencing a rising incidence with a low prevalence of IBD are embedded in the second epidemiological stage (acceleration in incidence). Considering the huge population in Asian countries, including China and India, Asia alone might have a greater disease burden with IBD than that of the Western world in the near future.

• #35 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  The globalization of IBD has invalidated the historical notion that IBD is specific to the Western world. Here, we advance the theory that IBD evolves temporally and spatially across four distinct epidemiologic stages. Stage 1 (emergence) is characterized by low incidence and prevalence; stage 2 (acceleration in incidence) involves rapidly rising incidence year-over-year, while the prevalence remains low; stage 3 (compounding prevalence) is marked by the slowing, stabilization or decrease in the incidence, with the prevalence continuing to accumulate due to decades of rising incidence outpacing mortality; and stage 4 (prevalence equilibrium) occurs when the prevalence plateaus due to mortality approximating incidence as the IBD population advances in age. By clearly defining these epidemiologic strata with specific benchmarks for transition across stages, regions can better prepare their healthcare systems to manage the stage-specific burden of IBD.

• #36 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  We identified real-world data of 522 population-based studies reporting the incidence (n=463) and/or prevalence (n=243) of CD and/or UC, encompassing 82 countries, nations or territories (henceforth referred to as regions) and spanning the years 1920-2024. Over the past century, the epidemiologic trends in the incidence and prevalence of IBD follow distinct geographical and temporal patterns. […] Negative binomial regression models with post hoc comparisons of estimated marginal means with Tukey adjustment revealed significant differences between all stages for the incidence and prevalence of CD and UC (all values, P<0.001). The clear distinctions across stages define the coalescing ranges (CRs) for the incidence and prevalence of IBD: stage 1: CR-I=0.1-1.2, CR-P=1.2-10.5; stage 2: CR-I=3.3-10.6, CR-P=31.2-100.5; stage 3: CR-I=18.1-34.1, CR-P=362.9-660.1. Values that fall between CRs indicate regions transitioning between stages.

• #37 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  Our findings demonstrate regional transitions across stages and highlight the increasing number of regions included in population-based studies over time. For example, data spanning a century from the United States display a transition from stage 1 to stage 2 in the 1950s, followed by a shift to stage 3 in the 1970s. Today, most early industrialized regions in Europe, North America and Oceania are classified as stage 3, while many newly industrialized regions in Latin America, East Asia and the Middle East are in stage 2. Data from emerging regions in stage 1 (such as many regions in Africa) remain limited, as data scarcity is a typical characteristic of this stage. […] The underlying drivers of transition across stages remain unclear. The shift from stage 1 to 2 can be partially attributed to the unmasking of incidence. As IBD begins to emerge in a region, the local medical infrastructure (such as access to colonoscopy) must be sufficient to diagnose CD. In low-income regions where access to colonoscopy is more limited than sigmoidoscopy, cases of CD may be misdiagnosed as UC or missed entirely. […] Our models underscore that interventions aimed at reducing IBD incidence have the potential to stabilize and possibly decrease IBD prevalence.

• #38

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2024/08000/forecasting_the_incidence_and_prevalence_of.21.aspx

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), consisting of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a global disease. Over the past several decades, the prevalence of IBD has steadily climbed due to the incidence of IBD greatly exceeding the mortality rate among persons with IBD. The compounding prevalence of IBD has been demonstrated in several early industrialized regions including the United States, Canada, Scotland, and Denmark. A general increase in life expectancy is contributing to the increasing prevalence of older adults with IBD. Forecasting the change in epidemiologic trends of IBD over the next decade allows health care systems to prepare for the rising burden of IBD. […] This study demonstrates that Canada is entrenched in the third epidemiologic stage of IBD evolution: compounding prevalence, where incidence stabilizes while prevalence steadily climbs. The incidence of IBD is estimated to remain at approximately 30 per 100,000 over the next decade. The prevalence of IBD in 2023 was estimated to be 843 per 100,000 and, with the forecasted rise in prevalence of 2.4% per year, it is anticipated to climb to 1.1% of the population by 2035. Today roughly 330,000 individuals are living with IBD in Canada, and this number will grow to nearly half a million Canadians by 2035. Regions throughout the early industrialized world need to prepare their health care systems to care for the rising burden of IBD. […] Overall incidence of IBD in Canada is projected to remain stable over the next decade. Incidence of IBD in children is increasing by 1.27% per year. Prevalence of IBD is estimated to rise to 1.1% of the Canadian population by 2035. Seniors represent the fastest growing demographic living with IBD.

• #39 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  The globalization of IBD has invalidated the historical notion that IBD is specific to the Western world. Here, we advance the theory that IBD evolves temporally and spatially across four distinct epidemiologic stages. Stage 1 (emergence) is characterized by low incidence and prevalence; stage 2 (acceleration in incidence) involves rapidly rising incidence year-over-year, while the prevalence remains low; stage 3 (compounding prevalence) is marked by the slowing, stabilization or decrease in the incidence, with the prevalence continuing to accumulate due to decades of rising incidence outpacing mortality; and stage 4 (prevalence equilibrium) occurs when the prevalence plateaus due to mortality approximating incidence as the IBD population advances in age. By clearly defining these epidemiologic strata with specific benchmarks for transition across stages, regions can better prepare their healthcare systems to manage the stage-specific burden of IBD.

• #40 University of Calgary – Research collaboration charts global four-stage evolution of inflammatory bowel disease

  https://educationnewscanada.com/article/education/level/university/1/1138520/research-collaboration-charts-global-four-stage-evolution-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease.html

  „Countries in North America, Europe, and Oceania are in Stage 3 (compounding prevalence). They are seeing a growing number of people living with IBD, including an increasing proportion of seniors.” […] Kaplan adds prevalence of IBD will continue to rise as people live longer with the disease. However, he says as the IBD population ages, the rate of growth is expected to slow moving toward Stage 4 (prevalence equilibrium), where new diagnoses are gradually balanced by age-related deaths. […] The four epidemiological stages of IBD offer a powerful case study for understanding the global rise of chronic inflammatory diseases shaped by industrialization and modern living.

• #41 A global study led by CUHK and the University of Calgary charts four-stage evolution of Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Plataforma Media

  https://www.plataformamedia.com/en/2025/05/01/a-global-study-led-by-cuhk-and-the-university-of-calgary-charts-four-stage-evolution-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease/

  A global study led by CUHK and the University of Calgary charts four-stage evolution of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. […] An international consortium led by The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)’s Faculty of Medicine (CU Medicine) and the University of Calgary in Canada has conducted a global epidemiological study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). […] The Global IBD Visualization of Epidemiology Studies in the 21st Century (GIVES‑21) consortium, led by Professor Gilaad Kaplan of University of Calgary and Professor Siew Ng of CU Medicine, synthesised data from 522 population-based studies across 82 geographical regions over the past century. […] To further explore the trends and characterise the epidemiology of IBD independent of geography and time, researchers developed a machine-learning model that classifies regions by epidemiologic stage, maps spatiotemporal transitions across stages and models a theoretical prevalence stage for the next two decades.

• #42 University of Calgary – Research collaboration charts global four-stage evolution of inflammatory bowel disease

  https://educationnewscanada.com/article/education/level/university/1/1138520/research-collaboration-charts-global-four-stage-evolution-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease.html

  „Countries in North America, Europe, and Oceania are in Stage 3 (compounding prevalence). They are seeing a growing number of people living with IBD, including an increasing proportion of seniors.” […] Kaplan adds prevalence of IBD will continue to rise as people live longer with the disease. However, he says as the IBD population ages, the rate of growth is expected to slow moving toward Stage 4 (prevalence equilibrium), where new diagnoses are gradually balanced by age-related deaths. […] The four epidemiological stages of IBD offer a powerful case study for understanding the global rise of chronic inflammatory diseases shaped by industrialization and modern living.

• #43 Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/179037-overview

  The age distribution of newly diagnosed IBD cases is bell-shaped; the peak incidence occurs in people in the early part of the second decade of life, with the vast majority of new diagnoses made in people aged 15-40 years. […] The highest rates of IBD are assumed to be in developed countries, and the lowest are considered to be in developing regions; colder-climate regions and urban areas have a greater rate of IBD than those of warmer climates and rural areas. […] Time-trend analyses showed statistically significant increases in the incidence of IBD over time.

• #44 Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd/overview-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects people of all ages but usually begins before age 30, with peak incidence from 14 to 24 (1). IBD may have a second smaller peak between ages 50 and 70; however, this later peak may include some cases of ischemic colitis. […] IBD is most common among people of Northern European and Anglo-Saxon origin. It is 2 to 4 times more common among people of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry (those from Central or Eastern Europe) than among non-Jewish White people from the same geographic location (2). The incidence is lower in central and southern Europe and lower still in South America, Asia, and Africa. However, the incidence is increasing among Black and Latin American people living in North America. […] First-degree relatives of patients with IBD have a 4- to 20-fold increased risk; their absolute risk may be as high as 7%. Familial tendency is much higher in Crohn disease than in ulcerative colitis.

• #45 Advances in the Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/553569

  Why should we care about the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)? Is it just an esoteric description with little importance to the clinician? Epidemiology is the study of the distribution of a disease in a population and the factors that affect that distribution. Its definition has expanded to include not only the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors associated with a given disease, but also the natural history and prognosis of disease. Traditional epidemiology has provided important observations that have aided in our understanding of IBD in populations. IBD tends to be a disease of young adulthood, with those suffering from ulcerative colitis being diagnosed up to 10 years later than those with Crohn’s disease. There may be a second „peak” later in life, but this has been debated. There are slightly more women affected with Crohn’s disease than men, whereas in ulcerative colitis, the distribution is more even.

• #46 Pathology Outlines – Ulcerative colitis

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/colonuc.html

  Higher incidence (9 – 20/100,000 person years) and prevalence (156 – 291/100,000 people) in populations of North American and Northern European descent (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Incidence increased in industrialized countries and urban versus rural locations, suggestive of environmental triggers, such as improved sanitation, reduced exposure to childhood enteric infections and mucosal immune system maturation (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Bimodal age distribution with peaks at 15 – 30 years and 50 – 70 years (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Family history of inflammatory bowel disease, particularly that of a first degree relative (5.7 – 15.5%) and Ashkenazi Jewish descent (3 – 5x) show higher risk of disease development (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Gastrointestinal infections with Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and Campylobacter spp have twice the risk of developing ulcerative colitis postinfection (Lancet 2012;380:1606)

• #47 Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years — United States, 2015 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6542a3.htm

  In 2015, an estimated 1.3% (1.2% age-adjusted) of U.S. adults (3.1 million) had ever received a diagnosis of IBD. A higher percentage of adults aged 4564 (1.5%) and 65 (1.7%) years had IBD compared with adults aged 1824 (0.5%) and 2544 (1.0%) years. Hispanics (1.2%) and non-Hispanic whites (1.4%) had a higher prevalence of IBD than did non-Hispanic blacks (0.5%). Adults with less than a high school level of education had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.7%) than did those with a bachelors degree or higher (1.1%). Among adults not currently employed, 1.6% had ever received a diagnosis of IBD, compared with 1.2% of adults who were currently employed. Adults who were born in the United States had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.4%) than did adults who were not born in the United States (0.8%). Adults living in poverty (from families with incomes 100% of the federal poverty level) had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.8%) than did adults from families with incomes 400% of the federal poverty level (1.1%). Finally, adults living outside the central city of a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.4%) than did adults living in the central or principal city of an MSA (1.0%). The prevalence of IBD did not differ by sex, current marital status, health insurance coverage type, or region of residence.

• #48 Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease across the Ages in the Era of Advanced Therapies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11522978/

  The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] has risen over the past decade to become a global issue. […] Annual incidence rates varied by geographical region with IBD estimates ranging from 10.5 to 46.14 per 100 000 in Europe, 1.37 to 1.5 per 100 000 in Asia and the Middle East, 23.67 to 39.8 per 100 000 in Oceania, 0.21 to 3.67 per 100 000 in South America, and 7.3 to 30.2 per 100 000 in North America. […] The burden of IBD among children and adolescents, and older people is rising globally. […] The epidemiology of IBD has undergone considerable change in recent decades, with an increase in the burden of disease worldwide. […] The Global Burden of Disease [GBD] data describe the state of IBD in children and adolescents, from 1990 to 2019, in 204 countries and territories. […] The age at which children are being diagnosed with IBD is decreasing.

• #49 Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease across the Ages in the Era of Advanced Therapies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11522978/

  The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] has risen over the past decade to become a global issue. […] Annual incidence rates varied by geographical region with IBD estimates ranging from 10.5 to 46.14 per 100 000 in Europe, 1.37 to 1.5 per 100 000 in Asia and the Middle East, 23.67 to 39.8 per 100 000 in Oceania, 0.21 to 3.67 per 100 000 in South America, and 7.3 to 30.2 per 100 000 in North America. […] The burden of IBD among children and adolescents, and older people is rising globally. […] The epidemiology of IBD has undergone considerable change in recent decades, with an increase in the burden of disease worldwide. […] The Global Burden of Disease [GBD] data describe the state of IBD in children and adolescents, from 1990 to 2019, in 204 countries and territories. […] The age at which children are being diagnosed with IBD is decreasing.

• #50 Resources & Publications

  https://crohnsandcolitis.ca/About-Us/Resources-Publications/Impact-of-IBD-Report

  The number of people in Canada with IBD is increasing rapidly: 322,600 people in 2023 (0.8% of the population) to 470,000 in 2035 (1.1% of the population) […] 11,000 people will be diagnosed in 2023 (1 every 48 minutes) and 14,000 in 2035 (1 every 38 minutes) […] The number of new diagnoses is rising most rapidly in children under the age of 6 years old. They and their families face particular challenges as they age. […] Seniors are the most rapidly growing group since people with IBD are living longer due to better therapies, and our population is aging […] Those with low socioeconomic status, who live in rural, remote and Northern communities and Indigenous peoples face additional barriers to care […] The number of people in Canada living with IBD is growing rapidly. Healthcare needs to evolve to include multidisciplinary care, including access to specialist physicians and nurses, mental health professionals, dietitians and others to improve quality of life. […] Canada has among the highest incidence rates of Crohn’s and colitis in the world. […] 1 in 140 Canadians lives with Crohns or colitis. […] Incidence of Crohns in Canadian kids under 10 has doubled since 1995. […] People are most commonly diagnosed before age 30.

• #51 Resources & Publications

  https://crohnsandcolitis.ca/About-Us/Resources-Publications/Impact-of-IBD-Report

  The number of people in Canada with IBD is increasing rapidly: 322,600 people in 2023 (0.8% of the population) to 470,000 in 2035 (1.1% of the population) […] 11,000 people will be diagnosed in 2023 (1 every 48 minutes) and 14,000 in 2035 (1 every 38 minutes) […] The number of new diagnoses is rising most rapidly in children under the age of 6 years old. They and their families face particular challenges as they age. […] Seniors are the most rapidly growing group since people with IBD are living longer due to better therapies, and our population is aging […] Those with low socioeconomic status, who live in rural, remote and Northern communities and Indigenous peoples face additional barriers to care […] The number of people in Canada living with IBD is growing rapidly. Healthcare needs to evolve to include multidisciplinary care, including access to specialist physicians and nurses, mental health professionals, dietitians and others to improve quality of life. […] Canada has among the highest incidence rates of Crohn’s and colitis in the world. […] 1 in 140 Canadians lives with Crohns or colitis. […] Incidence of Crohns in Canadian kids under 10 has doubled since 1995. […] People are most commonly diagnosed before age 30.

• #52 Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease across the Ages in the Era of Advanced Therapies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11522978/

  Older patients now represent the largest growing patient population with IBD. […] The burden of IBD among children and adolescents is rising globally. […] Comparison of population-based data reveals that the incidence of IBD has risen rapidly in the East while plateauing in the West. […] However, the compounding prevalence of IBD in the West is increasing and is driven by the incidence of IBD exceeding mortality rates. […] The clinical presentation and disease course of IBD differ between East and West with more patients in the East presenting with complicated disease. […] The increasing incidence of IBD in newly industrialized countries indicates a potential influence of a Western lifestyle, urbanization, and industrialization on risk. […] The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease has changed significantly, with rising incidence rates in various regions worldwide.

• #53 Resources & Publications

  https://crohnsandcolitis.ca/About-Us/Resources-Publications/Impact-of-IBD-Report

  The number of people in Canada with IBD is increasing rapidly: 322,600 people in 2023 (0.8% of the population) to 470,000 in 2035 (1.1% of the population) […] 11,000 people will be diagnosed in 2023 (1 every 48 minutes) and 14,000 in 2035 (1 every 38 minutes) […] The number of new diagnoses is rising most rapidly in children under the age of 6 years old. They and their families face particular challenges as they age. […] Seniors are the most rapidly growing group since people with IBD are living longer due to better therapies, and our population is aging […] Those with low socioeconomic status, who live in rural, remote and Northern communities and Indigenous peoples face additional barriers to care […] The number of people in Canada living with IBD is growing rapidly. Healthcare needs to evolve to include multidisciplinary care, including access to specialist physicians and nurses, mental health professionals, dietitians and others to improve quality of life. […] Canada has among the highest incidence rates of Crohn’s and colitis in the world. […] 1 in 140 Canadians lives with Crohns or colitis. […] Incidence of Crohns in Canadian kids under 10 has doubled since 1995. […] People are most commonly diagnosed before age 30.

• #54 Advances in the Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/553569

  Why should we care about the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)? Is it just an esoteric description with little importance to the clinician? Epidemiology is the study of the distribution of a disease in a population and the factors that affect that distribution. Its definition has expanded to include not only the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors associated with a given disease, but also the natural history and prognosis of disease. Traditional epidemiology has provided important observations that have aided in our understanding of IBD in populations. IBD tends to be a disease of young adulthood, with those suffering from ulcerative colitis being diagnosed up to 10 years later than those with Crohn’s disease. There may be a second „peak” later in life, but this has been debated. There are slightly more women affected with Crohn’s disease than men, whereas in ulcerative colitis, the distribution is more even.

• #55 Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Epidemiology | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/51581

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by two partially distinct alimentary disease processes, namely Crohns disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), affecting genetically predisposed individuals. It is estimated that 1.5 million in North America and 2.5 million persons in Europe have IBD. The peak incidence of CD and UC is between 2030 years and 3040 years of age, respectively. Both incidence and prevalence of CD and UC are similar across males and females. However, several studies suggest a female predominance in CD and a male predominance in UC. Epidemiological studies continue to expand our understanding of the distribution, determinants and mechanisms of IBD. […] The incidence and prevalence of CD and UC have stabilized in the aforementioned regions; however, it is still higher than in the rest of the world. Further, the incidence and prevalence of IBD, predominantly CD, have increased in the developing world particularly in the Middle East, Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific Region.

• #56 Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd/overview-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects people of all ages but usually begins before age 30, with peak incidence from 14 to 24 (1). IBD may have a second smaller peak between ages 50 and 70; however, this later peak may include some cases of ischemic colitis. […] IBD is most common among people of Northern European and Anglo-Saxon origin. It is 2 to 4 times more common among people of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry (those from Central or Eastern Europe) than among non-Jewish White people from the same geographic location (2). The incidence is lower in central and southern Europe and lower still in South America, Asia, and Africa. However, the incidence is increasing among Black and Latin American people living in North America. […] First-degree relatives of patients with IBD have a 4- to 20-fold increased risk; their absolute risk may be as high as 7%. Familial tendency is much higher in Crohn disease than in ulcerative colitis.

• #57 Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd/overview-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects people of all ages but usually begins before age 30, with peak incidence from 14 to 24 (1). IBD may have a second smaller peak between ages 50 and 70; however, this later peak may include some cases of ischemic colitis. […] IBD is most common among people of Northern European and Anglo-Saxon origin. It is 2 to 4 times more common among people of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry (those from Central or Eastern Europe) than among non-Jewish White people from the same geographic location (2). The incidence is lower in central and southern Europe and lower still in South America, Asia, and Africa. However, the incidence is increasing among Black and Latin American people living in North America. […] First-degree relatives of patients with IBD have a 4- to 20-fold increased risk; their absolute risk may be as high as 7%. Familial tendency is much higher in Crohn disease than in ulcerative colitis.

• #58 IBD Facts and Stats | IBD | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/inflammatory-bowel-disease/php/facts-stats/index.html

  U.S. prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is estimated between 2.4 and 3.1 million, with differing burden across groups. […] IBD prevalence and health care costs are rising. […] In 2018, the total annual U.S. health care costs for IBD were about $8.5 billion. […] The prevalence of IBD is rising in the United States. […] IBD prevalence differs across groups. […] Prevalence rates for IBD are consistently highest in non-Hispanic White populations. […] The difference between racial and ethnic groups may be narrowing, as some studies find prevalence increasing among minority groups. […] IBD prevalence increases with increasing age. […] The cost of IBD care is rising in the United States. […] A recent study estimated the 2018 total overall costs for IBD-related care were $8.5 billion, with the largest distributions by type of service. […] Effective but highly priced biologic medication have improved outcomes and rates of remission. They have also affected health care costs and changed the frequency different types of services are used.

• #59 Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years — United States, 2015 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6542a3.htm

  In 2015, an estimated 1.3% (1.2% age-adjusted) of U.S. adults (3.1 million) had ever received a diagnosis of IBD. A higher percentage of adults aged 4564 (1.5%) and 65 (1.7%) years had IBD compared with adults aged 1824 (0.5%) and 2544 (1.0%) years. Hispanics (1.2%) and non-Hispanic whites (1.4%) had a higher prevalence of IBD than did non-Hispanic blacks (0.5%). Adults with less than a high school level of education had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.7%) than did those with a bachelors degree or higher (1.1%). Among adults not currently employed, 1.6% had ever received a diagnosis of IBD, compared with 1.2% of adults who were currently employed. Adults who were born in the United States had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.4%) than did adults who were not born in the United States (0.8%). Adults living in poverty (from families with incomes 100% of the federal poverty level) had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.8%) than did adults from families with incomes 400% of the federal poverty level (1.1%). Finally, adults living outside the central city of a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.4%) than did adults living in the central or principal city of an MSA (1.0%). The prevalence of IBD did not differ by sex, current marital status, health insurance coverage type, or region of residence.

• #60 Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd/overview-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease

  Several gene mutations conferring a higher risk of Crohn disease (and some possibly related to ulcerative colitis) have been identified. […] Cigarette smoking seems to contribute to development or exacerbation of Crohn disease but decreases risk of ulcerative colitis. Appendectomy done to treat appendicitis also appears to lower the risk of ulcerative colitis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may exacerbate IBD. Oral contraceptives may increase the risk of Crohn disease. Some data suggest that perinatal illness and the use of antibiotics in childhood may be associated with an increased risk of IBD. […] For unclear reasons, people who have a higher socioeconomic status may have an increased risk of Crohn disease.

• #61 Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd/overview-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects people of all ages but usually begins before age 30, with peak incidence from 14 to 24 (1). IBD may have a second smaller peak between ages 50 and 70; however, this later peak may include some cases of ischemic colitis. […] IBD is most common among people of Northern European and Anglo-Saxon origin. It is 2 to 4 times more common among people of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry (those from Central or Eastern Europe) than among non-Jewish White people from the same geographic location (2). The incidence is lower in central and southern Europe and lower still in South America, Asia, and Africa. However, the incidence is increasing among Black and Latin American people living in North America. […] First-degree relatives of patients with IBD have a 4- to 20-fold increased risk; their absolute risk may be as high as 7%. Familial tendency is much higher in Crohn disease than in ulcerative colitis.

• #62 Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years — United States, 2015 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6542a3.htm

  In 2015, an estimated 1.3% (1.2% age-adjusted) of U.S. adults (3.1 million) had ever received a diagnosis of IBD. A higher percentage of adults aged 4564 (1.5%) and 65 (1.7%) years had IBD compared with adults aged 1824 (0.5%) and 2544 (1.0%) years. Hispanics (1.2%) and non-Hispanic whites (1.4%) had a higher prevalence of IBD than did non-Hispanic blacks (0.5%). Adults with less than a high school level of education had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.7%) than did those with a bachelors degree or higher (1.1%). Among adults not currently employed, 1.6% had ever received a diagnosis of IBD, compared with 1.2% of adults who were currently employed. Adults who were born in the United States had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.4%) than did adults who were not born in the United States (0.8%). Adults living in poverty (from families with incomes 100% of the federal poverty level) had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.8%) than did adults from families with incomes 400% of the federal poverty level (1.1%). Finally, adults living outside the central city of a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.4%) than did adults living in the central or principal city of an MSA (1.0%). The prevalence of IBD did not differ by sex, current marital status, health insurance coverage type, or region of residence.

• #63 Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years — United States, 2015 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6542a3.htm

  In 2015, an estimated 1.3% (1.2% age-adjusted) of U.S. adults (3.1 million) had ever received a diagnosis of IBD. A higher percentage of adults aged 4564 (1.5%) and 65 (1.7%) years had IBD compared with adults aged 1824 (0.5%) and 2544 (1.0%) years. Hispanics (1.2%) and non-Hispanic whites (1.4%) had a higher prevalence of IBD than did non-Hispanic blacks (0.5%). Adults with less than a high school level of education had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.7%) than did those with a bachelors degree or higher (1.1%). Among adults not currently employed, 1.6% had ever received a diagnosis of IBD, compared with 1.2% of adults who were currently employed. Adults who were born in the United States had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.4%) than did adults who were not born in the United States (0.8%). Adults living in poverty (from families with incomes 100% of the federal poverty level) had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.8%) than did adults from families with incomes 400% of the federal poverty level (1.1%). Finally, adults living outside the central city of a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.4%) than did adults living in the central or principal city of an MSA (1.0%). The prevalence of IBD did not differ by sex, current marital status, health insurance coverage type, or region of residence.

• #64 Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years — United States, 2015 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6542a3.htm

  In 2015, an estimated 1.3% (1.2% age-adjusted) of U.S. adults (3.1 million) had ever received a diagnosis of IBD. A higher percentage of adults aged 4564 (1.5%) and 65 (1.7%) years had IBD compared with adults aged 1824 (0.5%) and 2544 (1.0%) years. Hispanics (1.2%) and non-Hispanic whites (1.4%) had a higher prevalence of IBD than did non-Hispanic blacks (0.5%). Adults with less than a high school level of education had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.7%) than did those with a bachelors degree or higher (1.1%). Among adults not currently employed, 1.6% had ever received a diagnosis of IBD, compared with 1.2% of adults who were currently employed. Adults who were born in the United States had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.4%) than did adults who were not born in the United States (0.8%). Adults living in poverty (from families with incomes 100% of the federal poverty level) had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.8%) than did adults from families with incomes 400% of the federal poverty level (1.1%). Finally, adults living outside the central city of a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.4%) than did adults living in the central or principal city of an MSA (1.0%). The prevalence of IBD did not differ by sex, current marital status, health insurance coverage type, or region of residence.

• #65 Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years — United States, 2015 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6542a3.htm

  In 2015, an estimated 1.3% (1.2% age-adjusted) of U.S. adults (3.1 million) had ever received a diagnosis of IBD. A higher percentage of adults aged 4564 (1.5%) and 65 (1.7%) years had IBD compared with adults aged 1824 (0.5%) and 2544 (1.0%) years. Hispanics (1.2%) and non-Hispanic whites (1.4%) had a higher prevalence of IBD than did non-Hispanic blacks (0.5%). Adults with less than a high school level of education had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.7%) than did those with a bachelors degree or higher (1.1%). Among adults not currently employed, 1.6% had ever received a diagnosis of IBD, compared with 1.2% of adults who were currently employed. Adults who were born in the United States had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.4%) than did adults who were not born in the United States (0.8%). Adults living in poverty (from families with incomes 100% of the federal poverty level) had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.8%) than did adults from families with incomes 400% of the federal poverty level (1.1%). Finally, adults living outside the central city of a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.4%) than did adults living in the central or principal city of an MSA (1.0%). The prevalence of IBD did not differ by sex, current marital status, health insurance coverage type, or region of residence.

• #66 Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/179037-overview

  The age distribution of newly diagnosed IBD cases is bell-shaped; the peak incidence occurs in people in the early part of the second decade of life, with the vast majority of new diagnoses made in people aged 15-40 years. […] The highest rates of IBD are assumed to be in developed countries, and the lowest are considered to be in developing regions; colder-climate regions and urban areas have a greater rate of IBD than those of warmer climates and rural areas. […] Time-trend analyses showed statistically significant increases in the incidence of IBD over time.

• #67 Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Among Adults Aged ≥18 Years — United States, 2015 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6542a3.htm

  In 2015, an estimated 1.3% (1.2% age-adjusted) of U.S. adults (3.1 million) had ever received a diagnosis of IBD. A higher percentage of adults aged 4564 (1.5%) and 65 (1.7%) years had IBD compared with adults aged 1824 (0.5%) and 2544 (1.0%) years. Hispanics (1.2%) and non-Hispanic whites (1.4%) had a higher prevalence of IBD than did non-Hispanic blacks (0.5%). Adults with less than a high school level of education had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.7%) than did those with a bachelors degree or higher (1.1%). Among adults not currently employed, 1.6% had ever received a diagnosis of IBD, compared with 1.2% of adults who were currently employed. Adults who were born in the United States had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.4%) than did adults who were not born in the United States (0.8%). Adults living in poverty (from families with incomes 100% of the federal poverty level) had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.8%) than did adults from families with incomes 400% of the federal poverty level (1.1%). Finally, adults living outside the central city of a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) had a higher prevalence of IBD (1.4%) than did adults living in the central or principal city of an MSA (1.0%). The prevalence of IBD did not differ by sex, current marital status, health insurance coverage type, or region of residence.

• #68 Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease across the Ages in the Era of Advanced Therapies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11522978/

  Older patients now represent the largest growing patient population with IBD. […] The burden of IBD among children and adolescents is rising globally. […] Comparison of population-based data reveals that the incidence of IBD has risen rapidly in the East while plateauing in the West. […] However, the compounding prevalence of IBD in the West is increasing and is driven by the incidence of IBD exceeding mortality rates. […] The clinical presentation and disease course of IBD differ between East and West with more patients in the East presenting with complicated disease. […] The increasing incidence of IBD in newly industrialized countries indicates a potential influence of a Western lifestyle, urbanization, and industrialization on risk. […] The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease has changed significantly, with rising incidence rates in various regions worldwide.

• #69 :: YMJ :: Yonsei Medical Journal

  https://www.eymj.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3349/ymj.2021.62.2.99

  Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract caused by interactions between genetic, environmental, immunological, and microbial factors. While the incidence and prevalence of IBD in Asian populations were relatively lower than those in Western countries, they appear to be gradually increasing. […] The increased disease burden of IBD in Asia could be associated with changes in environmental factors, such as improvement in hygiene, socioeconomic status changes, and Westernized diets. […] Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated rising disease burden for IBD in developing countries, including Asia countries. […] The incidence and prevalence of IBD in Asia have increased over time. Asia, as a continent, has the most IBD patients in the world, and the observed increase in IBD among Asian countries is likely associated with environmental factors related to IBD pathogenesis, since genetic factors would not change over only a few decades.

• #70 Inflammatory bowel disease – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine, with Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis (UC) being the principal types. […] IBD resulted in a global total of 51,000 deaths in 2013 and 55,000 deaths in 1990. […] The increased incidence of IBD since World War II has been correlated to the increase in meat consumption worldwide, supporting the claim that animal protein intake is associated with IBD. […] However, there are many environmental risk factors that have been linked to the increased and decreased risk of IBD, such as smoking, air pollution and greenspace, urbanization and Westernization. […] Inflammatory bowel diseases are increasing in Europe. […] Incidence and prevalence of IBD has risen steadily for the last decades in Asia, which could be related changes in diet and other environmental factors. […] Around 0.8% of people in the UK have IBD. […] Similarly, around 270,000 (0.7%) of people in Canada have IBD, with that number expected to rise to 400,000 (1%) by 2030.

• #71 Update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: where are we now?

  https://www.irjournal.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.5217/ir.2021.00115

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has become a global disease. As IBD is a chronic disease that can result in remarkable morbidity and disability, estimation and understanding the disease burden of IBD is imperative to prepare adequate health care systems. However, variations in IBD incidence or prevalence may reflect differences in the distribution, and there are regional disparities in Asia with a large population of approximately 4.6 billion in 2020, which is equivalent to 60% of the total world population. […] Understanding the epidemiology and disease burden of this incurable, lifelong disease is crucial for better management of patients and allocation of health care resources. Traditionally, IBD has been known as a disease of Caucasians in the industrialized regions of the Western world. However, the incidence of IBD has increased in the newly industrialized regions such as Asia, while industrialization has increased in these areas since the late 20th century.

• #72 Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd/overview-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease

  Several gene mutations conferring a higher risk of Crohn disease (and some possibly related to ulcerative colitis) have been identified. […] Cigarette smoking seems to contribute to development or exacerbation of Crohn disease but decreases risk of ulcerative colitis. Appendectomy done to treat appendicitis also appears to lower the risk of ulcerative colitis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may exacerbate IBD. Oral contraceptives may increase the risk of Crohn disease. Some data suggest that perinatal illness and the use of antibiotics in childhood may be associated with an increased risk of IBD. […] For unclear reasons, people who have a higher socioeconomic status may have an increased risk of Crohn disease.

• #73 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353315

  Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are both forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Crohn’s disease most commonly affects the last part of the small intestine, called the ileum, and parts of the colon. Ulcerative colitis affects only the colon. […] Inflammatory bowel disease, also called IBD, is an umbrella term for a group of conditions that cause swelling and inflammation of the tissues in the digestive tract. […] The exact cause of inflammatory bowel disease remains unknown. […] Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease include: […] Most people who get IBD are diagnosed before they’re 30 years old. But some people don’t get the disease until their 50s or 60s. […] IBD is more common in white people, but it can occur in anyone. The number of people with IBD also is increasing in other races and ethnicities. […] You’re at higher risk if you have a blood relative such as a parent, sibling or child with the disease. […] Cigarette smoking is the most important controllable risk factor for getting Crohn’s disease. […] Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) care at Mayo Clinic.

• #74 Pathology Outlines – Ulcerative colitis

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/colonuc.html

  Former cigarette smoking is strong risk factor (Lancet 2017;389:1756) […] Colorectal carcinoma surveillance at 8 – 10 years after the onset of symptoms and fixed interval surveillance every 1 – 2 years afterward (Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2017;13:357) […] Surgery will eventually be required in 20 – 30% of patients with ulcerative colitis that has become refractory to medical management or who have developed dysplasia or colorectal carcinoma (Lancet 2012;380:1606).

• #75 Pathology Outlines – Ulcerative colitis

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/colonuc.html

  Higher incidence (9 – 20/100,000 person years) and prevalence (156 – 291/100,000 people) in populations of North American and Northern European descent (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Incidence increased in industrialized countries and urban versus rural locations, suggestive of environmental triggers, such as improved sanitation, reduced exposure to childhood enteric infections and mucosal immune system maturation (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Bimodal age distribution with peaks at 15 – 30 years and 50 – 70 years (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Family history of inflammatory bowel disease, particularly that of a first degree relative (5.7 – 15.5%) and Ashkenazi Jewish descent (3 – 5x) show higher risk of disease development (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Gastrointestinal infections with Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and Campylobacter spp have twice the risk of developing ulcerative colitis postinfection (Lancet 2012;380:1606)

• #76 University of Calgary – Research collaboration charts global four-stage evolution of inflammatory bowel disease

  https://educationnewscanada.com/article/education/level/university/1/1138520/research-collaboration-charts-global-four-stage-evolution-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease.html

  „Countries in North America, Europe, and Oceania are in Stage 3 (compounding prevalence). They are seeing a growing number of people living with IBD, including an increasing proportion of seniors.” […] Kaplan adds prevalence of IBD will continue to rise as people live longer with the disease. However, he says as the IBD population ages, the rate of growth is expected to slow moving toward Stage 4 (prevalence equilibrium), where new diagnoses are gradually balanced by age-related deaths. […] The four epidemiological stages of IBD offer a powerful case study for understanding the global rise of chronic inflammatory diseases shaped by industrialization and modern living.

• #77 Pathology Outlines – Ulcerative colitis

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/colonuc.html

  Higher incidence (9 – 20/100,000 person years) and prevalence (156 – 291/100,000 people) in populations of North American and Northern European descent (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Incidence increased in industrialized countries and urban versus rural locations, suggestive of environmental triggers, such as improved sanitation, reduced exposure to childhood enteric infections and mucosal immune system maturation (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Bimodal age distribution with peaks at 15 – 30 years and 50 – 70 years (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Family history of inflammatory bowel disease, particularly that of a first degree relative (5.7 – 15.5%) and Ashkenazi Jewish descent (3 – 5x) show higher risk of disease development (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Gastrointestinal infections with Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and Campylobacter spp have twice the risk of developing ulcerative colitis postinfection (Lancet 2012;380:1606)

• #78 Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd/overview-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease

  Several gene mutations conferring a higher risk of Crohn disease (and some possibly related to ulcerative colitis) have been identified. […] Cigarette smoking seems to contribute to development or exacerbation of Crohn disease but decreases risk of ulcerative colitis. Appendectomy done to treat appendicitis also appears to lower the risk of ulcerative colitis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may exacerbate IBD. Oral contraceptives may increase the risk of Crohn disease. Some data suggest that perinatal illness and the use of antibiotics in childhood may be associated with an increased risk of IBD. […] For unclear reasons, people who have a higher socioeconomic status may have an increased risk of Crohn disease.

• #79 Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd/overview-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease

  Several gene mutations conferring a higher risk of Crohn disease (and some possibly related to ulcerative colitis) have been identified. […] Cigarette smoking seems to contribute to development or exacerbation of Crohn disease but decreases risk of ulcerative colitis. Appendectomy done to treat appendicitis also appears to lower the risk of ulcerative colitis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may exacerbate IBD. Oral contraceptives may increase the risk of Crohn disease. Some data suggest that perinatal illness and the use of antibiotics in childhood may be associated with an increased risk of IBD. […] For unclear reasons, people who have a higher socioeconomic status may have an increased risk of Crohn disease.

• #80 Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Gastrointestinal Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/inflammatory-bowel-disease-ibd/overview-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease

  Several gene mutations conferring a higher risk of Crohn disease (and some possibly related to ulcerative colitis) have been identified. […] Cigarette smoking seems to contribute to development or exacerbation of Crohn disease but decreases risk of ulcerative colitis. Appendectomy done to treat appendicitis also appears to lower the risk of ulcerative colitis. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may exacerbate IBD. Oral contraceptives may increase the risk of Crohn disease. Some data suggest that perinatal illness and the use of antibiotics in childhood may be associated with an increased risk of IBD. […] For unclear reasons, people who have a higher socioeconomic status may have an increased risk of Crohn disease.

• #81 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on colorectal surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2025/04/29/gutjnl-2025-335023

  Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain at increased risk for colorectal cancer and death from colorectal cancer compared with the general population despite improvements in inflammation control with advanced therapies, colonoscopic surveillance and reductions in environmental risk factors. […] The risk of CRC and of death remain elevated at 1.41.7 times that of the non-IBD population. […] Colonoscopic surveillance reduces the risk of developing and of dying from CRC, primarily by detecting CRC at an earlier stage. […] Post-colonoscopy CRC rates are sixfold higher than for sporadic CRC, which may reflect difficulties in detection and faster biology; however, some of this difference is due to methodology. […] Concordance with appropriate surveillance intervals is low, and IBD surveillance services need to implement systems to improve this, including patient education.

• #82 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on colorectal surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2025/04/29/gutjnl-2025-335023

  Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain at increased risk for colorectal cancer and death from colorectal cancer compared with the general population despite improvements in inflammation control with advanced therapies, colonoscopic surveillance and reductions in environmental risk factors. […] The risk of CRC and of death remain elevated at 1.41.7 times that of the non-IBD population. […] Colonoscopic surveillance reduces the risk of developing and of dying from CRC, primarily by detecting CRC at an earlier stage. […] Post-colonoscopy CRC rates are sixfold higher than for sporadic CRC, which may reflect difficulties in detection and faster biology; however, some of this difference is due to methodology. […] Concordance with appropriate surveillance intervals is low, and IBD surveillance services need to implement systems to improve this, including patient education.

• #83 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on colorectal surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2025/04/29/gutjnl-2025-335023

  The relative risk of CRC incidence in people living with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohns disease affecting the colon is, on average, higher than that of the background population. […] This higher incidence is despite observations of CRC diagnoses in IBD declining with time, which might reflect better endoscopic surveillance and improved control of inflammation with effective advanced treatments. […] The mortality risk from CRC is higher in those with IBD than the general population when adjusting for tumour stage with a HR of approximately 1.41.5. […] Overall, the cumulative risk of CRC in IBD increases with duration of disease, at 0.8% within the first 10 years, 2.2% between 10 and 20 years and 4.5% at 20 years. […] The incidence of CRC in patients with IBD has fallen significantly over time, which might reflect the introduction of drugs that control inflammation more effectively, implementation of surveillance strategies, reduction in modifiable risk factors, such as smoking, or the changing approach to maintenance therapy or colectomy.

• #84 Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, Surveillance, and Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/16/4154

  Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). […] Although advancements in endoscopic imaging techniques, integrated surveillance programs, and improved medical therapies have contributed to a decreased incidence of CRC in patients with IBD, the rate of CRC remains higher in patients with IBD than in individuals without chronic colitis. […] The risk of CRC is significantly increased (by as much as two–three-fold) in patients with a long-standing history of UC and CD; however, the exact risk value may vary according to studies, time periods, and individual risk factors. […] As mentioned above, the incidence of IBD-CRC seems to decrease over time, likely due to improved medical therapies for inflammation management and endoscopic screening and surveillance.

• #85 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on colorectal surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2025/04/29/gutjnl-2025-335023

  The relative risk of CRC incidence in people living with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohns disease affecting the colon is, on average, higher than that of the background population. […] This higher incidence is despite observations of CRC diagnoses in IBD declining with time, which might reflect better endoscopic surveillance and improved control of inflammation with effective advanced treatments. […] The mortality risk from CRC is higher in those with IBD than the general population when adjusting for tumour stage with a HR of approximately 1.41.5. […] Overall, the cumulative risk of CRC in IBD increases with duration of disease, at 0.8% within the first 10 years, 2.2% between 10 and 20 years and 4.5% at 20 years. […] The incidence of CRC in patients with IBD has fallen significantly over time, which might reflect the introduction of drugs that control inflammation more effectively, implementation of surveillance strategies, reduction in modifiable risk factors, such as smoking, or the changing approach to maintenance therapy or colectomy.

• #86 Ulcerative colitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ulcerative-colitis?lang=us

  Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the colon and has extraintestinal manifestations. […] Typically ulcerative colitis manifests in young adults (15-40 years of age) and is more prevalent in males but the onset of disease after the age of 50 is also common. […] Ulcerative colitis is less prevalent in smokers than in non-smokers. […] Due to close surveillance patients with ulcerative colitis have a normal or even slightly improved survival compared to the normal population. This is clearly not the case if the disease is not diagnosed or treatment is not available. […] Chronic disease is associated with a significantly elevated malignancy risk, of up to 0.5-1.0% per year after 10 years of the disease.

• #87 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on colorectal surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2025/04/29/gutjnl-2025-335023

  Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain at increased risk for colorectal cancer and death from colorectal cancer compared with the general population despite improvements in inflammation control with advanced therapies, colonoscopic surveillance and reductions in environmental risk factors. […] The risk of CRC and of death remain elevated at 1.41.7 times that of the non-IBD population. […] Colonoscopic surveillance reduces the risk of developing and of dying from CRC, primarily by detecting CRC at an earlier stage. […] Post-colonoscopy CRC rates are sixfold higher than for sporadic CRC, which may reflect difficulties in detection and faster biology; however, some of this difference is due to methodology. […] Concordance with appropriate surveillance intervals is low, and IBD surveillance services need to implement systems to improve this, including patient education.

• #88 New guidelines published for monitoring IBD patients to prevent bowel cancer — OxCODE

  https://www.oxcode.ox.ac.uk/news/new-guidelines-published-for-monitoring-ibd-patients-to-prevent-bowel-cancer

  Researchers and clinicians the Universities of Oxford, Newcastle and Central Lancashire and others have developed major new guidelines for the monitoring of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to prevent them going on to develop bowel cancer. […] Despite improved treatments and regular check-ups, people with IBD which includes Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis still have a higher risk of developing and dying from bowel, or colorectal, cancer compared to the general population. […] Among the recommendations in the new guidelines, developed for the British Society of Gastroenterology and published in the UK journal Gut, are that all IBD patients have a colonoscopy around eight years after their symptoms start, and that any patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis a rare condition that causes inflammation of the bile ducts and sometimes liver damage should have a colonoscopy at diagnosis. […] These guidelines provide accurate, up-to-date advice for clinicians working with IBD patients, to give them the tools they need to give the best possible care and treatment for their patients.

• #89 Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, Surveillance, and Management

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/16/4154

  Several international guidelines recommend active surveillance of patients with IBD to detect and resect dysplastic lesions before they progress to HGD or CRC. […] Colonoscopy is considered the fundamental tool for CRC surveillance in patients with IBD. […] A recent meta-analysis, conducted in 2018, highlighted the importance of appropriate surveillance. […] The American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) clinical guidelines advocate endoscopic surveillance with HD-WLE using narrow-band imaging (NBI) or DCE to identify dysplasia in patients with UC. […] Overall, mesalamine has solely been accepted as an effective chemopreventive agent, supported with strong recommendations by the current guidelines worldwide.

• #90 Best Practices for Dysplasia Detection, Surveillance and Management in IBD – Practical Gastro

  https://practicalgastro.com/2024/08/05/best-practices-for-dysplasia-detection-surveillance-and-management-in-ibd/

  The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) related colorectal cancer (CRC) has changed significantly since publication of the first case report nearly a century ago. […] Despite advances in reducing colorectal cancer risk in IBD, IBD-specific CRC screening strategies are still needed. […] While the strategies for describing, screening for, and managing dysplasia in IBD are much closer to the general population than in prior years, discerning precancerous lesions, and removing them in an inflamed, ulcerated, or scarred colon can be challenging and thus some differences remain compared to general population screening.

• #91 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on colorectal surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2025/04/29/gutjnl-2025-335023

  Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain at increased risk for colorectal cancer and death from colorectal cancer compared with the general population despite improvements in inflammation control with advanced therapies, colonoscopic surveillance and reductions in environmental risk factors. […] The risk of CRC and of death remain elevated at 1.41.7 times that of the non-IBD population. […] Colonoscopic surveillance reduces the risk of developing and of dying from CRC, primarily by detecting CRC at an earlier stage. […] Post-colonoscopy CRC rates are sixfold higher than for sporadic CRC, which may reflect difficulties in detection and faster biology; however, some of this difference is due to methodology. […] Concordance with appropriate surveillance intervals is low, and IBD surveillance services need to implement systems to improve this, including patient education.

• #92 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on colorectal surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2025/04/29/gutjnl-2025-335023

  Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain at increased risk for colorectal cancer and death from colorectal cancer compared with the general population despite improvements in inflammation control with advanced therapies, colonoscopic surveillance and reductions in environmental risk factors. […] The risk of CRC and of death remain elevated at 1.41.7 times that of the non-IBD population. […] Colonoscopic surveillance reduces the risk of developing and of dying from CRC, primarily by detecting CRC at an earlier stage. […] Post-colonoscopy CRC rates are sixfold higher than for sporadic CRC, which may reflect difficulties in detection and faster biology; however, some of this difference is due to methodology. […] Concordance with appropriate surveillance intervals is low, and IBD surveillance services need to implement systems to improve this, including patient education.

• #93

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2022/11000/inflammatory_bowel_disease_associated_colorectal.28.aspx

  Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) of the colon are at an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study investigates the epidemiology of IBD-CRC and its outcomes. […] IBD-related CRC (IBD-CRC) has distinct tumor and patient-related factors when compared with sporadic CRC. IBD-CRC often develops along an inflammation-dysplasia-CRC pathway rather than an adenomatous polyp-CRC pathway. […] There is a higher rate of emergency surgery for CRC among patients with IBD-CRC than is seen among sporadic cases, which may reflect rapidly growing, aggressive tumors or missed opportunities for earlier diagnosis. […] This study aimed to examine the characteristics, surgical treatment, and outcomes for Patients with IBD-CRC within the English National Health Service (NHS). […] IBD-associated CRCs occur in younger patients and have worse outcomes than sporadic CRCs. There is an urgent need to find reasons for these differences to inform screening, surveillance, and treatment strategies for CRC and its precursors in this high-risk group.

• #94

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2022/11000/inflammatory_bowel_disease_associated_colorectal.28.aspx

  There is no dedicated national CRC screening and surveillance programme for those with IBD and people may be deterred from participating as the symptoms of IBD are similar to CRC, and active inflammation may cause a falsely elevated stool screening test. […] This study is potentially limited because the data are from routinely collected clinical codes and as such are subject to data quality and ascertainment bias. […] There is a need to perform detailed case reviews of these cancers to find the reasons for the poorer outcomes.

• #95 IBD Facts and Stats | IBD | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/inflammatory-bowel-disease/php/facts-stats/index.html

  U.S. prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is estimated between 2.4 and 3.1 million, with differing burden across groups. […] IBD prevalence and health care costs are rising. […] In 2018, the total annual U.S. health care costs for IBD were about $8.5 billion. […] The prevalence of IBD is rising in the United States. […] IBD prevalence differs across groups. […] Prevalence rates for IBD are consistently highest in non-Hispanic White populations. […] The difference between racial and ethnic groups may be narrowing, as some studies find prevalence increasing among minority groups. […] IBD prevalence increases with increasing age. […] The cost of IBD care is rising in the United States. […] A recent study estimated the 2018 total overall costs for IBD-related care were $8.5 billion, with the largest distributions by type of service. […] Effective but highly priced biologic medication have improved outcomes and rates of remission. They have also affected health care costs and changed the frequency different types of services are used.

• #96 Crohn’s Disease: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1201/p661.html

  Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of Crohn’s disease is increasing in adults and children. In the United States, the prevalence is estimated at 58 per 100,000 children and 119 to 241 per 100,000 adults, and is increasing for both groups. White race and higher education levels are associated with increased prevalence. The estimated annual economic burden to U.S. health care is $6.3 billion. […] Current data suggest an interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors in the development of Crohn’s disease. Genetic loci have been identified that increase risk. For example, homozygosity for the NOD2 gene has shown a 20- to 40-fold increased risk of developing Crohn’s disease. Environmental factors associated with increased risk include smoking, oral contraceptive use, antibiotic use, regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and urban environment. […] Patients with Crohn’s disease are at increased risk of cancer, osteoporosis, anemia, nutritional deficiencies, depression, infection, and thrombotic events. Maximizing prevention measures is essential in caring for these patients.

• #97 Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/179037-overview

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic disease caused by a dysregulated immune response to host intestinal microflora. The two major types of inflammatory bowel disease are ulcerative colitis (UC), which is limited to the colonic mucosa, and Crohn disease (CD), which can affect any segment of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus, involves „skip lesions,” and is transmural. […] There is a genetic predisposition for IBD, and patients with this condition are more prone to the development of malignancy. […] Annually, an estimated 700,000 physician visits and 100,000 hospitalizations are due to IBD. Approximately 1-2 million people in the United States have ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease, with an incidence of 70-150 cases per 100,000 individuals. […] The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) among Americans of African descent is estimated to be the same as the prevalence among Americans of European descent, with the highest rates in the Jewish populations of middle European extraction.

• #98 IBD Facts and Stats | IBD | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/inflammatory-bowel-disease/php/facts-stats/index.html

  U.S. prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is estimated between 2.4 and 3.1 million, with differing burden across groups. […] IBD prevalence and health care costs are rising. […] In 2018, the total annual U.S. health care costs for IBD were about $8.5 billion. […] The prevalence of IBD is rising in the United States. […] IBD prevalence differs across groups. […] Prevalence rates for IBD are consistently highest in non-Hispanic White populations. […] The difference between racial and ethnic groups may be narrowing, as some studies find prevalence increasing among minority groups. […] IBD prevalence increases with increasing age. […] The cost of IBD care is rising in the United States. […] A recent study estimated the 2018 total overall costs for IBD-related care were $8.5 billion, with the largest distributions by type of service. […] Effective but highly priced biologic medication have improved outcomes and rates of remission. They have also affected health care costs and changed the frequency different types of services are used.

• #99

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2024/08000/forecasting_the_incidence_and_prevalence_of.21.aspx

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), consisting of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a global disease. Over the past several decades, the prevalence of IBD has steadily climbed due to the incidence of IBD greatly exceeding the mortality rate among persons with IBD. The compounding prevalence of IBD has been demonstrated in several early industrialized regions including the United States, Canada, Scotland, and Denmark. A general increase in life expectancy is contributing to the increasing prevalence of older adults with IBD. Forecasting the change in epidemiologic trends of IBD over the next decade allows health care systems to prepare for the rising burden of IBD. […] This study demonstrates that Canada is entrenched in the third epidemiologic stage of IBD evolution: compounding prevalence, where incidence stabilizes while prevalence steadily climbs. The incidence of IBD is estimated to remain at approximately 30 per 100,000 over the next decade. The prevalence of IBD in 2023 was estimated to be 843 per 100,000 and, with the forecasted rise in prevalence of 2.4% per year, it is anticipated to climb to 1.1% of the population by 2035. Today roughly 330,000 individuals are living with IBD in Canada, and this number will grow to nearly half a million Canadians by 2035. Regions throughout the early industrialized world need to prepare their health care systems to care for the rising burden of IBD. […] Overall incidence of IBD in Canada is projected to remain stable over the next decade. Incidence of IBD in children is increasing by 1.27% per year. Prevalence of IBD is estimated to rise to 1.1% of the Canadian population by 2035. Seniors represent the fastest growing demographic living with IBD.

• #100 Resources & Publications

  https://crohnsandcolitis.ca/About-Us/Resources-Publications/Impact-of-IBD-Report

  The number of people in Canada with IBD is increasing rapidly: 322,600 people in 2023 (0.8% of the population) to 470,000 in 2035 (1.1% of the population) […] 11,000 people will be diagnosed in 2023 (1 every 48 minutes) and 14,000 in 2035 (1 every 38 minutes) […] The number of new diagnoses is rising most rapidly in children under the age of 6 years old. They and their families face particular challenges as they age. […] Seniors are the most rapidly growing group since people with IBD are living longer due to better therapies, and our population is aging […] Those with low socioeconomic status, who live in rural, remote and Northern communities and Indigenous peoples face additional barriers to care […] The number of people in Canada living with IBD is growing rapidly. Healthcare needs to evolve to include multidisciplinary care, including access to specialist physicians and nurses, mental health professionals, dietitians and others to improve quality of life. […] Canada has among the highest incidence rates of Crohn’s and colitis in the world. […] 1 in 140 Canadians lives with Crohns or colitis. […] Incidence of Crohns in Canadian kids under 10 has doubled since 1995. […] People are most commonly diagnosed before age 30.

• #101 Global, regional and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/3/e065186

  The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019, a systematic worldwide epidemiological study, assessed the prevalence, morbidity, mortality and disability of 369 diseases by location, sex, age and year, which provides a unique opportunity to understand the state of IBD. […] The highest age-standardised prevalence rates were observed in high-income North America, Western Europe and the high-income Asia Pacific region. […] Despite increasing numbers of prevalent cases, the global age-standardised prevalence rate showed a downward trend. […] The greatest upward trend was observed in East Asia. […] The age-standardised DALY and mortality rates showed a downward trend globally, especially in East Asia, likely resulting from improved treatment strategies, such as the early use of biological agents and patient support programmes. […] More systematic epidemiological monitoring strategies, especially in low-SDI countries, and the integration of risk factors into the estimate model of the GBD Study would further facilitate IBD management.

• #102 A global study led by CUHK and the University of Calgary charts four-stage evolution of Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Plataforma Media

  https://www.plataformamedia.com/en/2025/05/01/a-global-study-led-by-cuhk-and-the-university-of-calgary-charts-four-stage-evolution-of-inflammatory-bowel-disease/

  Professor Siew Ng, Croucher Professor in Medical Sciences at CU Medicine, Director of the Microbiota I-Center (MagIC) and New Cornerstone Investigator, said: „Our GIVES‑21 consortium is conducting epidemiologic surveillance studies in low- and middle-income countries, as the disease is evolving in these regions.”

• #103 Development of the global inflammatory bowel disease visualization of epidemiology studies in the 21st century (GIVES-21) | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text

  https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-023-01944-2

  It is of paramount importance to understand the epidemiology of IBD in these regions where data remained scanty in order to quantify the magnitude of the problem globally, to appreciate the public health burden of IBD and to allow appropriate allocation of resources. […] The second aim of GIVES-21 was to develop a research platform for defining environmental exposure including dietary factors. […] The GIVES-EN questionnaire aimed to incorporate different aspects of the environmental risk factors for IBD in different parts of the world whereby lifestyle and globally may differ. […] The success of this initiative relied on the development of a global network of gastroenterologists, surgeons and primary care physicians who have clinical and/or epidemiological interest in IBD. […] The unique outcome of the GIVES-21 consortium would include an updated incidence of IBD in knowledge-gap areas, understanding the geographical effect on disease activity, differences in disease phenotype and understanding the association of food additives with the development of IBD in newly industrialized regions. […] Understanding these geographical differences is crucial for formulating effective strategies for preventing and treating IBD.

• #104 U.S. IBD Prevalence Is One of the Highest in the World

  https://www.gastroendonews.com/Inflammatory-Bowel-Disease/Article/10-23/U-S-IBD-Prevalence-Is-One-of-the-Highest-in-the-World/71691

  According to the study team, it remains uncertain whether this difference is due to biased diagnosis or underlying biological variances; therefore, more research is needed to understand the reasons for these racial and ethnic differences in IBD prevalence. […] The researchers maintained that these data establish the United States as having one of the highest prevalence rates of IBD in the world. […] Similar to our analysis, these countries have reported increasing prevalence of IBD over the past decade, Dr. Hurtado-Lorenzo noted. […] However, epidemiological evidence suggests that the incidence of IBD in these regions has been increasing gradually since 1990, he added, possibly due to changing environmental factors and Westernization of lifestyle. […] The gradual increase in the prevalence of IBD in the U.S. calls for a comprehensive and patient-centered approach in clinical practice. This includes increased awareness, early diagnosis, personalized treatment, multidisciplinary care, cultural competence, and targeted efforts to improve awareness, diagnosis and treatment in diverse populations. […] To Dr. Ananthakrishnan, the research also demonstrates the need for dynamically estimating the prevalence, incidence, and racial and ethnic distribution of IBD on a more real-time basis, perhaps at least once a decade.

• #105 Development of the global inflammatory bowel disease visualization of epidemiology studies in the 21st century (GIVES-21) | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text

  https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-023-01944-2

  It is of paramount importance to understand the epidemiology of IBD in these regions where data remained scanty in order to quantify the magnitude of the problem globally, to appreciate the public health burden of IBD and to allow appropriate allocation of resources. […] The second aim of GIVES-21 was to develop a research platform for defining environmental exposure including dietary factors. […] The GIVES-EN questionnaire aimed to incorporate different aspects of the environmental risk factors for IBD in different parts of the world whereby lifestyle and globally may differ. […] The success of this initiative relied on the development of a global network of gastroenterologists, surgeons and primary care physicians who have clinical and/or epidemiological interest in IBD. […] The unique outcome of the GIVES-21 consortium would include an updated incidence of IBD in knowledge-gap areas, understanding the geographical effect on disease activity, differences in disease phenotype and understanding the association of food additives with the development of IBD in newly industrialized regions. […] Understanding these geographical differences is crucial for formulating effective strategies for preventing and treating IBD.

• #106 Development of the global inflammatory bowel disease visualization of epidemiology studies in the 21st century (GIVES-21) | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text

  https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-023-01944-2

  It is of paramount importance to understand the epidemiology of IBD in these regions where data remained scanty in order to quantify the magnitude of the problem globally, to appreciate the public health burden of IBD and to allow appropriate allocation of resources. […] The second aim of GIVES-21 was to develop a research platform for defining environmental exposure including dietary factors. […] The GIVES-EN questionnaire aimed to incorporate different aspects of the environmental risk factors for IBD in different parts of the world whereby lifestyle and globally may differ. […] The success of this initiative relied on the development of a global network of gastroenterologists, surgeons and primary care physicians who have clinical and/or epidemiological interest in IBD. […] The unique outcome of the GIVES-21 consortium would include an updated incidence of IBD in knowledge-gap areas, understanding the geographical effect on disease activity, differences in disease phenotype and understanding the association of food additives with the development of IBD in newly industrialized regions. […] Understanding these geographical differences is crucial for formulating effective strategies for preventing and treating IBD.

• #107 Development of the global inflammatory bowel disease visualization of epidemiology studies in the 21st century (GIVES-21) | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text

  https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-023-01944-2

  It is of paramount importance to understand the epidemiology of IBD in these regions where data remained scanty in order to quantify the magnitude of the problem globally, to appreciate the public health burden of IBD and to allow appropriate allocation of resources. […] The second aim of GIVES-21 was to develop a research platform for defining environmental exposure including dietary factors. […] The GIVES-EN questionnaire aimed to incorporate different aspects of the environmental risk factors for IBD in different parts of the world whereby lifestyle and globally may differ. […] The success of this initiative relied on the development of a global network of gastroenterologists, surgeons and primary care physicians who have clinical and/or epidemiological interest in IBD. […] The unique outcome of the GIVES-21 consortium would include an updated incidence of IBD in knowledge-gap areas, understanding the geographical effect on disease activity, differences in disease phenotype and understanding the association of food additives with the development of IBD in newly industrialized regions. […] Understanding these geographical differences is crucial for formulating effective strategies for preventing and treating IBD.

• #108 Development of the global inflammatory bowel disease visualization of epidemiology studies in the 21st century (GIVES-21) | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text

  https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-023-01944-2

  It is of paramount importance to understand the epidemiology of IBD in these regions where data remained scanty in order to quantify the magnitude of the problem globally, to appreciate the public health burden of IBD and to allow appropriate allocation of resources. […] The second aim of GIVES-21 was to develop a research platform for defining environmental exposure including dietary factors. […] The GIVES-EN questionnaire aimed to incorporate different aspects of the environmental risk factors for IBD in different parts of the world whereby lifestyle and globally may differ. […] The success of this initiative relied on the development of a global network of gastroenterologists, surgeons and primary care physicians who have clinical and/or epidemiological interest in IBD. […] The unique outcome of the GIVES-21 consortium would include an updated incidence of IBD in knowledge-gap areas, understanding the geographical effect on disease activity, differences in disease phenotype and understanding the association of food additives with the development of IBD in newly industrialized regions. […] Understanding these geographical differences is crucial for formulating effective strategies for preventing and treating IBD.

• #109 OUH – Inflammatory Bowel Disease

  https://www.ous-research.no/ibd/

  The Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) research group is primarily focused on clinical epidemiology, prognostic research, and patient-reported outcomes research within IBD, covering both Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. […] We leverage on access to nationwide patient registries for epidemiological studies and have built large IBD biobanks which form the basis of extensive translational collaboration projects. […] The IBD research group has a strong clinical affiliation and maintains an expansive network of collaborators across several sectors and various research disciplines. […] In recent years, our special emphasis has been on studying novel IBD treatment algorithms including personalized treatment approaches and shifts in IBD treatment patterns.

• #110 OUH – Inflammatory Bowel Disease

  https://www.ous-research.no/ibd/

  The Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) research group is primarily focused on clinical epidemiology, prognostic research, and patient-reported outcomes research within IBD, covering both Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. […] We leverage on access to nationwide patient registries for epidemiological studies and have built large IBD biobanks which form the basis of extensive translational collaboration projects. […] The IBD research group has a strong clinical affiliation and maintains an expansive network of collaborators across several sectors and various research disciplines. […] In recent years, our special emphasis has been on studying novel IBD treatment algorithms including personalized treatment approaches and shifts in IBD treatment patterns.

• #111 GUIDE-IBD: Biomarker-Informed Therapy Decisions Improve Outcomes with Anti-TNF

  https://www.hcplive.com/view/guide-ibd-biomarker-informed-therapy-decisions-improve-outcomes-with-anti-tnf

  GUIDE-IBD trial demonstrated improved outcomes with biomarker-informed molecular guidance in IBD patients on anti-TNF therapy. […] Findings from the GUIDE-IBD trial are shedding light on the value of biomarker-informed molecular guidance for improving therapy outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). […] Biomarker-informed molecular guidance significantly improved therapy outcomes, with a higher proportion of patients achieving disease control compared to standard best care in the context of anti-TNF therapy, investigators concluded. […] These findings support the integration of molecular medicine approaches in therapy boards to optimize treatment strategies in IBD.

• #112 New guidelines published for monitoring IBD patients to prevent bowel cancer | NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre

  https://oxfordbrc.nihr.ac.uk/new-guidelines-published-for-monitoring-ibd-patients-to-prevent-bowel-cancer/

  These guidelines provide accurate, up-to-date advice for clinicians working with IBD patients, to give them the tools they need to give the best possible care and treatment for their patients. […] This will help to provide shared decision-making tailored to the individual for personalised risk prediction and treatment. […] These guidelines represent a significant shift in approach and employ the best available methods to support the guideline group in identifying, appraising, using and describing evidence that underpin their decision-making. […] Having this clear set of guidelines to facilitate the early detection of cancer in people with Crohns and Colitis is a huge step forward.

• #113 OUH – Inflammatory Bowel Disease

  https://www.ous-research.no/ibd/

  The Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) research group is primarily focused on clinical epidemiology, prognostic research, and patient-reported outcomes research within IBD, covering both Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. […] We leverage on access to nationwide patient registries for epidemiological studies and have built large IBD biobanks which form the basis of extensive translational collaboration projects. […] The IBD research group has a strong clinical affiliation and maintains an expansive network of collaborators across several sectors and various research disciplines. […] In recent years, our special emphasis has been on studying novel IBD treatment algorithms including personalized treatment approaches and shifts in IBD treatment patterns.

• #114 Paediatric IBD BioResource opens to support vital research – Oxford University Hospitals

  https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/news/articles/1760/

  A new National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) BioResource aimed at investigating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children has opened, with the NIHR Oxford BRC playing a key role. […] The PIBD BioResource research network provides the scientific research community with a resource of data and samples to study mechanisms of paediatric onset IBD required to develop better diagnostics and medicines. […] The investigators are specialists in the field of PIBD and lead research projects on the epidemiology and causes of IBD in children. […] Accelerating research into the causes of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis in children and adolescents is essential since paediatric patients have several specific features and the disease can affect their growth and development. […] Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term used to describe two main conditions, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, which together affect around 500,000 people in the UK.

• #115 Paediatric IBD BioResource opens to support vital research – Oxford University Hospitals

  https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/news/articles/1760/

  A new National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) BioResource aimed at investigating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children has opened, with the NIHR Oxford BRC playing a key role. […] The PIBD BioResource research network provides the scientific research community with a resource of data and samples to study mechanisms of paediatric onset IBD required to develop better diagnostics and medicines. […] The investigators are specialists in the field of PIBD and lead research projects on the epidemiology and causes of IBD in children. […] Accelerating research into the causes of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis in children and adolescents is essential since paediatric patients have several specific features and the disease can affect their growth and development. […] Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term used to describe two main conditions, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, which together affect around 500,000 people in the UK.

• #116 Development of the global inflammatory bowel disease visualization of epidemiology studies in the 21st century (GIVES-21) | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text

  https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-023-01944-2

  It is of paramount importance to understand the epidemiology of IBD in these regions where data remained scanty in order to quantify the magnitude of the problem globally, to appreciate the public health burden of IBD and to allow appropriate allocation of resources. […] The second aim of GIVES-21 was to develop a research platform for defining environmental exposure including dietary factors. […] The GIVES-EN questionnaire aimed to incorporate different aspects of the environmental risk factors for IBD in different parts of the world whereby lifestyle and globally may differ. […] The success of this initiative relied on the development of a global network of gastroenterologists, surgeons and primary care physicians who have clinical and/or epidemiological interest in IBD. […] The unique outcome of the GIVES-21 consortium would include an updated incidence of IBD in knowledge-gap areas, understanding the geographical effect on disease activity, differences in disease phenotype and understanding the association of food additives with the development of IBD in newly industrialized regions. […] Understanding these geographical differences is crucial for formulating effective strategies for preventing and treating IBD.

• #117

  https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2024/08000/forecasting_the_incidence_and_prevalence_of.21.aspx

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), consisting of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a global disease. Over the past several decades, the prevalence of IBD has steadily climbed due to the incidence of IBD greatly exceeding the mortality rate among persons with IBD. The compounding prevalence of IBD has been demonstrated in several early industrialized regions including the United States, Canada, Scotland, and Denmark. A general increase in life expectancy is contributing to the increasing prevalence of older adults with IBD. Forecasting the change in epidemiologic trends of IBD over the next decade allows health care systems to prepare for the rising burden of IBD. […] This study demonstrates that Canada is entrenched in the third epidemiologic stage of IBD evolution: compounding prevalence, where incidence stabilizes while prevalence steadily climbs. The incidence of IBD is estimated to remain at approximately 30 per 100,000 over the next decade. The prevalence of IBD in 2023 was estimated to be 843 per 100,000 and, with the forecasted rise in prevalence of 2.4% per year, it is anticipated to climb to 1.1% of the population by 2035. Today roughly 330,000 individuals are living with IBD in Canada, and this number will grow to nearly half a million Canadians by 2035. Regions throughout the early industrialized world need to prepare their health care systems to care for the rising burden of IBD. […] Overall incidence of IBD in Canada is projected to remain stable over the next decade. Incidence of IBD in children is increasing by 1.27% per year. Prevalence of IBD is estimated to rise to 1.1% of the Canadian population by 2035. Seniors represent the fastest growing demographic living with IBD.

• #118 U.S. IBD Prevalence Is One of the Highest in the World

  https://www.gastroendonews.com/Inflammatory-Bowel-Disease/Article/10-23/U-S-IBD-Prevalence-Is-One-of-the-Highest-in-the-World/71691

  Nearly one in 100 people in the United States have a form of inflammatory bowel disease, according to a new study led by the Crohns Colitis Foundation. This number touted by researchers as the clearest depiction to date of IBD in the United States is one of the highest national rates in the world, according to researchers. […] The INPUT (INcidence, Prevalence, Treatment, and OUTcomes in Patients with IBD) study found that IBD affects more than 0.7% of Americans, translating to approximately 721 cases per 100,000 people. […] The prevalence of IBD in the U.S. has been gradually increasing over the last decade, and thus the burden of caring for IBD is likely to increase as life expectancy increases, said Andrs Hurtado-Lorenzo, PhD, the senior vice president of translational research and IBD ventures at the Crohns Colitis Foundation, and a co-principal investigator of the INPUT study.

• #119 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  The globalization of IBD has invalidated the historical notion that IBD is specific to the Western world. Here, we advance the theory that IBD evolves temporally and spatially across four distinct epidemiologic stages. Stage 1 (emergence) is characterized by low incidence and prevalence; stage 2 (acceleration in incidence) involves rapidly rising incidence year-over-year, while the prevalence remains low; stage 3 (compounding prevalence) is marked by the slowing, stabilization or decrease in the incidence, with the prevalence continuing to accumulate due to decades of rising incidence outpacing mortality; and stage 4 (prevalence equilibrium) occurs when the prevalence plateaus due to mortality approximating incidence as the IBD population advances in age. By clearly defining these epidemiologic strata with specific benchmarks for transition across stages, regions can better prepare their healthcare systems to manage the stage-specific burden of IBD.

• #120 Global, regional and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/3/e065186

  The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019, a systematic worldwide epidemiological study, assessed the prevalence, morbidity, mortality and disability of 369 diseases by location, sex, age and year, which provides a unique opportunity to understand the state of IBD. […] The highest age-standardised prevalence rates were observed in high-income North America, Western Europe and the high-income Asia Pacific region. […] Despite increasing numbers of prevalent cases, the global age-standardised prevalence rate showed a downward trend. […] The greatest upward trend was observed in East Asia. […] The age-standardised DALY and mortality rates showed a downward trend globally, especially in East Asia, likely resulting from improved treatment strategies, such as the early use of biological agents and patient support programmes. […] More systematic epidemiological monitoring strategies, especially in low-SDI countries, and the integration of risk factors into the estimate model of the GBD Study would further facilitate IBD management.

• #121 Development of the global inflammatory bowel disease visualization of epidemiology studies in the 21st century (GIVES-21) | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text

  https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-023-01944-2

  It is of paramount importance to understand the epidemiology of IBD in these regions where data remained scanty in order to quantify the magnitude of the problem globally, to appreciate the public health burden of IBD and to allow appropriate allocation of resources. […] The second aim of GIVES-21 was to develop a research platform for defining environmental exposure including dietary factors. […] The GIVES-EN questionnaire aimed to incorporate different aspects of the environmental risk factors for IBD in different parts of the world whereby lifestyle and globally may differ. […] The success of this initiative relied on the development of a global network of gastroenterologists, surgeons and primary care physicians who have clinical and/or epidemiological interest in IBD. […] The unique outcome of the GIVES-21 consortium would include an updated incidence of IBD in knowledge-gap areas, understanding the geographical effect on disease activity, differences in disease phenotype and understanding the association of food additives with the development of IBD in newly industrialized regions. […] Understanding these geographical differences is crucial for formulating effective strategies for preventing and treating IBD.

• #122 Update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: where are we now?

  https://www.irjournal.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.5217/ir.2021.00115

  In conclusion, considering the current status of rapidly rising incidence and the subsequent explosive increase in the prevalence of IBD in Asia, the healthcare delivery systems, including the resource setting, should be prepared for this challenge by understanding the exact disease burden of IBD in this region.

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