Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  A newly recognized category of epilepsy caused by or associated with antibodies. […] Approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy do not achieve seizure freedom despite medical therapy, and the etiology of many epilepsies remains unknown. […] In 2017, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) recognized an epilepsy resulting directly from an immune disorder with seizures as a core symptom. […] For an epilepsy to meet this classification, evidence of autoimmune-mediated central nervous system (CNS) inflammation is required. […] Patients with autoimmune epilepsy can present with anything from a simple seizure to a limbic encephalitis presentation, and there are syndrome-specific and atypical presentations as well. […] Limbic encephalitis is characterized by subacute (3 months) rapid progression of working/short-term memory deficits, lethargy, personality changes, or psychiatric changes (eg, paranoia, depression, or hallucinations).

• #2 Autoimmune epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20576892

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a type of epilepsy where seizures are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking brain cells. […] Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy may begin after an illness with a fever. Seizures come on suddenly and are serious. The types of seizures that may occur include: […] Focal seizures. These are the most common type of seizure in autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes focal seizures cause a change or loss of awareness. […] Symptoms related to seizures include: Seizures that happen several times a day. Seizures that don’t go away with antiseizure medicines. Seizures that last more than five minutes or that occur close together without the person regaining consciousness, known as status epilepticus. […] Autoimmune epilepsy symptoms also may include: Memory loss and trouble with thinking. Personality and behavior changes. Involuntary movements or clumsy movements. Irregular eye movements. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure and other automatic functions.

• #3 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  A newly recognized category of epilepsy caused by or associated with antibodies. […] Approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy do not achieve seizure freedom despite medical therapy, and the etiology of many epilepsies remains unknown. […] In 2017, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) recognized an epilepsy resulting directly from an immune disorder with seizures as a core symptom. […] For an epilepsy to meet this classification, evidence of autoimmune-mediated central nervous system (CNS) inflammation is required. […] Patients with autoimmune epilepsy can present with anything from a simple seizure to a limbic encephalitis presentation, and there are syndrome-specific and atypical presentations as well. […] Limbic encephalitis is characterized by subacute (3 months) rapid progression of working/short-term memory deficits, lethargy, personality changes, or psychiatric changes (eg, paranoia, depression, or hallucinations).

• #4 Autoimmune Epilepsy Panel, Serum and CSF | Test Fact Sheet

  https://arupconsult.com/ati/autoimmune-epilepsy-panel

  Autoimmune epilepsy is characterized by acute to subacute onset of epilepsy that is often refractory to standard treatment with antiseizure drugs but responds to immunotherapy. […] Autoimmune epilepsy accounts for 15-20% of epilepsies previously considered to be cryptogenic. […] Factors associated with autoimmune epilepsy include autonomic dysfunction, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings suggestive of encephalitis, elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein or pleocytosis, faciobrachial dystonic seizures, history of autoimmunity, history of malignancy, neuropsychiatric changes, orofacial dyskinesias, seizures refractory to antiseizure drugs, and viral prodrome. […] It is important to note that autoimmune epilepsy may exist in the absence of detectable, known antineural antibodies, and empiric immunotherapy trials may be considered in the appropriate clinical context.

• #5 Autoimmune epilepsy, retrospective case series of clinical features, management, and outcomes | Neurosciences Journal

  https://nsj.org.sa/content/28/4/264

  Objectives: To evaluate the clinical and electrographic features of patients with autoimmune epilepsy and assess the influence of early diagnosis and treatment on reducing seizure frequency. […] Autoimmune epilepsy is recognized as a distinct condition. The clinical presentation can be complex and antibody testing may warrant repetition if initial results are negative or if specific antibodies are not detected. Early initiation of immunosuppression, coupled with prompt treatment escalation when required, is vital for achieving optimal patient outcomes. […] Autoimmune epilepsy is an underrecognized condition lacking standardized guidelines for management. It is crucial to diagnose an autoimmune cause for epilepsy, as such patients may remain refractory to conventional antiepileptic medications. Research indicates that approximately 10% of epilepsy cases are attributed to autoimmune origins. Potential clinical presentations include an acute or subacute onset, a high seizure frequency, intra-individual seizure variability or multifocality, resistance to antiepileptic drugs, personal or familial history of autoimmunity, and a record of recent or past neoplasia.

• #6 Autoimmune epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20576892

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a type of epilepsy where seizures are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking brain cells. […] Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy may begin after an illness with a fever. Seizures come on suddenly and are serious. The types of seizures that may occur include: […] Focal seizures. These are the most common type of seizure in autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes focal seizures cause a change or loss of awareness. […] Symptoms related to seizures include: Seizures that happen several times a day. Seizures that don’t go away with antiseizure medicines. Seizures that last more than five minutes or that occur close together without the person regaining consciousness, known as status epilepticus. […] Autoimmune epilepsy symptoms also may include: Memory loss and trouble with thinking. Personality and behavior changes. Involuntary movements or clumsy movements. Irregular eye movements. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure and other automatic functions.

• #7 Autoimmune epilepsy | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Autoimmune epilepsy symptoms may begin after an illness with a fever. Seizures come on suddenly and are serious. The types of seizures that may occur include: Focal seizures. These are the most common type of seizure in autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes focal seizures cause a change or loss of awareness. The seizures may cause the person to stare and not respond to the environment. Other types of focal seizures don’t cause a change in awareness. These seizures cause different symptoms depending on which part of the brain causes them. Focal seizures may cause one part of the body to shake. Or they may cause a feeling that has happened before, known as déjà vu. Focal seizures also may cause nausea or vision symptoms, such as flashing lights. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures. These seizures cause muscle contractions on one side of the face and in an arm, both on the same side of the body.

• #8 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Patients with autoimmune epilepsy typically have multifocal seizures with an unusually high (ie, daily or weekly) seizure frequency at onset and can also present in nonconvulsive status epilepticus. […] They often have antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance at onset that may be categorized as new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). […] Seizures of autoimmune epilepsy are most commonly focal temporal lobe seizures but seizure onset is often seen elsewhere. […] Flushing or pilomotor (goosebump) autonomic seizures often occur (especially when there are antibodies to LGI1, Hu, and Ma). […] Clinical presentations can vary as outlined in Table 1. […] As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation.

• #9 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/autoimmune-epilepsy/30185/

  Patients with autoimmune epilepsy can present with anything from a simple seizure to a limbic encephalitis presentation, and there are syndrome-specific and atypical presentations as well. […] Limbic encephalitis is characterized by subacute (3 months) rapid progression of working/short-term memory deficits, lethargy, personality changes, or psychiatric changes (eg, paranoia, depression, or hallucinations). […] Patients with autoimmune epilepsy typically have multifocal seizures with an unusually high (ie, daily or weekly) seizure frequency at onset and can also present in nonconvulsive status epilepticus. […] Typically, there is no history of epilepsy or seizure risk factors in the patient’s medical or family history. […] Seizures of autoimmune epilepsy are most commonly focal temporal lobe seizures but seizure onset is often seen elsewhere.

• #10 Autoimmune epilepsy | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy?content_id=CON-20573820

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a type of epilepsy where seizures are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking brain cells. […] Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy may begin after an illness with a fever. Seizures come on suddenly and are serious. The types of seizures that may occur include: Focal seizures. These are the most common type of seizure in autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes focal seizures cause a change or loss of awareness. The seizures may cause the person to stare and not respond to the environment. Other types of focal seizures don’t cause a change in awareness. These seizures cause different symptoms depending on which part of the brain causes them. Focal seizures may cause one part of the body to shake. Or they may cause a feeling that has happened before, known as déjà vu. Focal seizures also may cause nausea or vision symptoms, such as flashing lights.

• #11 Autoimmune epilepsy | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a type of epilepsy where seizures are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking brain cells. It can occur with conditions that affect the immune system, especially autoimmune encephalitis. […] Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy may begin after an illness with a fever. Seizures come on suddenly and are serious. The types of seizures that may occur include: Focal seizures. These are the most common type of seizure in autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes focal seizures cause a change or loss of awareness. The seizures may cause the person to stare and not respond to the environment. Other types of focal seizures don’t cause a change in awareness. These seizures cause different symptoms depending on which part of the brain causes them. Focal seizures may cause one part of the body to shake. Or they may cause a feeling that has happened before, known as déjà vu. Focal seizures also may cause nausea or vision symptoms, such as flashing lights.

• #12 Autoimmune epilepsy | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Autoimmune epilepsy symptoms may begin after an illness with a fever. Seizures come on suddenly and are serious. The types of seizures that may occur include: Focal seizures. These are the most common type of seizure in autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes focal seizures cause a change or loss of awareness. The seizures may cause the person to stare and not respond to the environment. Other types of focal seizures don’t cause a change in awareness. These seizures cause different symptoms depending on which part of the brain causes them. Focal seizures may cause one part of the body to shake. Or they may cause a feeling that has happened before, known as déjà vu. Focal seizures also may cause nausea or vision symptoms, such as flashing lights. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures. These seizures cause muscle contractions on one side of the face and in an arm, both on the same side of the body.

• #13 Autoimmune Epilepsy: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/epilepsy/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a newly defined group of conditions characterized by recurrent seizures associated with autoimmunity. […] Autoimmune epilepsy develops when your immune system attacks healthy brain tissue. […] Autoimmune epilepsy often causes: seizures that happen several times per day, focal seizures that only involve one side of your brain, facial brachial dystonic seizures, which affect one side of the face and an arm on the same side, seizures that do not respond well to medications, memory, mood, or behavior changes. […] Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy can develop rapidly from the onset of the condition. If not treated with immunotherapy, the seizures can become more frequent, and different seizure types can emerge. […] Additionally, epilepsy caused by autoimmune inflammation has a risk of causing seizures that progress to status epilepticus. […] An early initiation of immunotherapy is associated with a favorable outcome. It may improve your outlook and reduce serious complications. […] People with cancer-related autoimmune epilepsy generally have worse outcomes than people who develop autoimmune epilepsy with other underlying causes.

• #14 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Patients with autoimmune epilepsy typically have multifocal seizures with an unusually high (ie, daily or weekly) seizure frequency at onset and can also present in nonconvulsive status epilepticus. […] They often have antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance at onset that may be categorized as new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). […] Seizures of autoimmune epilepsy are most commonly focal temporal lobe seizures but seizure onset is often seen elsewhere. […] Flushing or pilomotor (goosebump) autonomic seizures often occur (especially when there are antibodies to LGI1, Hu, and Ma). […] Clinical presentations can vary as outlined in Table 1. […] As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation.

• #15 Autoimmune epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20576892

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a type of epilepsy where seizures are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking brain cells. […] Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy may begin after an illness with a fever. Seizures come on suddenly and are serious. The types of seizures that may occur include: […] Focal seizures. These are the most common type of seizure in autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes focal seizures cause a change or loss of awareness. […] Symptoms related to seizures include: Seizures that happen several times a day. Seizures that don’t go away with antiseizure medicines. Seizures that last more than five minutes or that occur close together without the person regaining consciousness, known as status epilepticus. […] Autoimmune epilepsy symptoms also may include: Memory loss and trouble with thinking. Personality and behavior changes. Involuntary movements or clumsy movements. Irregular eye movements. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure and other automatic functions.

• #16 Autoimmune epilepsy: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Autoimmune epilepsy refers to several types of epilepsy that occur when the immune system attacks specific areas of the brain and causes seizures with certain symptoms. […] The condition develops when certain antibodies target specific receptors in the brain. […] According to a 2020 review, most people with autoimmune epilepsy have autoimmune limbic encephalitis. […] The resulting inflammation causes symptoms, including: a disrupted sleep cycle, memory problems, rapidly changing moods, difficulty forming thought processes, seizures. […] Psychological symptoms can also develop depending on the brain region affected. […] This type of autoimmune epilepsy develops in children, leading to a decline in speech, memory, and cognition and weakness on one side of the body. Seizures often develop around 1 to 3 years before other symptoms, and the syndrome usually starts between 14 months and 14 years.

• #17 Autoimmune epilepsy – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/autoimmune-epilepsy/

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a type of epilepsy where seizures are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking brain cells. […] Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy may begin after an illness with a fever. Seizures come on suddenly and are serious. The types of seizures that may occur include: […] Symptoms related to seizures include: Seizures that happen several times a day. Seizures that don’t go away with antiseizure medicines. Seizures that last more than five minutes or that occur close together without the person regaining consciousness, known as status epilepticus. […] Autoimmune epilepsy symptoms also may include: Memory loss and trouble with thinking. Personality and behavior changes. Involuntary movements or clumsy movements. Irregular eye movements. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure and other automatic functions.

• #18 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/autoimmune-epilepsy/30185/

  Patients with autoimmune epilepsy can present with anything from a simple seizure to a limbic encephalitis presentation, and there are syndrome-specific and atypical presentations as well. […] Limbic encephalitis is characterized by subacute (3 months) rapid progression of working/short-term memory deficits, lethargy, personality changes, or psychiatric changes (eg, paranoia, depression, or hallucinations). […] Patients with autoimmune epilepsy typically have multifocal seizures with an unusually high (ie, daily or weekly) seizure frequency at onset and can also present in nonconvulsive status epilepticus. […] Typically, there is no history of epilepsy or seizure risk factors in the patient’s medical or family history. […] Seizures of autoimmune epilepsy are most commonly focal temporal lobe seizures but seizure onset is often seen elsewhere.

• #19 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  A newly recognized category of epilepsy caused by or associated with antibodies. […] Approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy do not achieve seizure freedom despite medical therapy, and the etiology of many epilepsies remains unknown. […] In 2017, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) recognized an epilepsy resulting directly from an immune disorder with seizures as a core symptom. […] For an epilepsy to meet this classification, evidence of autoimmune-mediated central nervous system (CNS) inflammation is required. […] Patients with autoimmune epilepsy can present with anything from a simple seizure to a limbic encephalitis presentation, and there are syndrome-specific and atypical presentations as well. […] Limbic encephalitis is characterized by subacute (3 months) rapid progression of working/short-term memory deficits, lethargy, personality changes, or psychiatric changes (eg, paranoia, depression, or hallucinations).

• #20 Symptoms & Phases | Diagnosis & Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis

  https://autoimmune-encephalitis.org/symptoms-phases/

  Psychiatric Symptoms may fluctuate rapidly coming on and receding in severity and length of time. […] There is a progressive decrease in the level of consciousness which can progress to coma. […] Symptoms associated with AE can include: Memory disturbance, weakness or numbness of part of the body, loss of balance, slowed or blurred speech or loss of ability to speak, ataxia, autoimmune pain, involuntary movements, distorted vision, cognitive impairment, decreased level of consciousness – to the point of unresponsiveness, catatonia or coma, seizures – (either self-evident, or smaller seizures that show up on an EEG reading), behavior change, (aggression, panic attacks, compulsive behaviors, euphoria or fear), partial or complete loss of appetite for long periods, food and drink tasting inedible or triggering nausea, excessive eating without feeling sated, agitation, inability to sleep, loss of inhibition, inappropriate sexual behaviors, rapid, pressured, or involuntary speech, psychosis, hallucinations (visual or auditory) and delirium, paranoid thoughts, severe anxiety, depression.

• #21 Autoimmune epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20576892

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a type of epilepsy where seizures are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking brain cells. […] Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy may begin after an illness with a fever. Seizures come on suddenly and are serious. The types of seizures that may occur include: […] Focal seizures. These are the most common type of seizure in autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes focal seizures cause a change or loss of awareness. […] Symptoms related to seizures include: Seizures that happen several times a day. Seizures that don’t go away with antiseizure medicines. Seizures that last more than five minutes or that occur close together without the person regaining consciousness, known as status epilepticus. […] Autoimmune epilepsy symptoms also may include: Memory loss and trouble with thinking. Personality and behavior changes. Involuntary movements or clumsy movements. Irregular eye movements. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure and other automatic functions.

• #22 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/autoimmune-epilepsy/30185/

  As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation. […] Patients may complain of unexplained falls, dropping items, and tics or twitches of the face and arm; these symptoms may precede onset of limbic encephalitis or more classic focal seizures by weeks to months. […] Seizures may respond (50% reduction or seizure freedom) within 4 weeks but cognitive or psychiatric symptoms typically recover more slowly. […] Recovery can often be gradual and protracted. Many patients are hospitalized for 3 to 4 months followed by months of rehabilitation. Relapses of the disease are also possible.

• #23 Autoimmune epilepsy | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy?content_id=CON-20573820

  Symptoms related to seizures include: Seizures that happen several times a day. Seizures that don’t go away with antiseizure medicines. Seizures that last more than five minutes or that occur close together without the person regaining consciousness, known as status epilepticus. […] Autoimmune epilepsy symptoms also may include: Memory loss and trouble with thinking. Personality and behavior changes. Involuntary movements or clumsy movements. Irregular eye movements. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure and other automatic functions. […] Sometimes autoimmune epilepsy can lead to seizures that don’t stop with treatment. […] Many people whose seizures are due to autoimmune encephalitis become seizure free after taking immunotherapy. It may take several months after the treatment for the seizures to stop. But seizures continue for some people even after immunotherapy. People with GAD65 antibodies are less likely to become seizure free.

• #24 Autoimmune epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20576892

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a type of epilepsy where seizures are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking brain cells. […] Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy may begin after an illness with a fever. Seizures come on suddenly and are serious. The types of seizures that may occur include: […] Focal seizures. These are the most common type of seizure in autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes focal seizures cause a change or loss of awareness. […] Symptoms related to seizures include: Seizures that happen several times a day. Seizures that don’t go away with antiseizure medicines. Seizures that last more than five minutes or that occur close together without the person regaining consciousness, known as status epilepticus. […] Autoimmune epilepsy symptoms also may include: Memory loss and trouble with thinking. Personality and behavior changes. Involuntary movements or clumsy movements. Irregular eye movements. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure and other automatic functions.

• #25 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Patients with autoimmune epilepsy typically have multifocal seizures with an unusually high (ie, daily or weekly) seizure frequency at onset and can also present in nonconvulsive status epilepticus. […] They often have antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance at onset that may be categorized as new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). […] Seizures of autoimmune epilepsy are most commonly focal temporal lobe seizures but seizure onset is often seen elsewhere. […] Flushing or pilomotor (goosebump) autonomic seizures often occur (especially when there are antibodies to LGI1, Hu, and Ma). […] Clinical presentations can vary as outlined in Table 1. […] As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation.

• #26 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/autoimmune-epilepsy/30185/

  Patients with autoimmune epilepsy can present with anything from a simple seizure to a limbic encephalitis presentation, and there are syndrome-specific and atypical presentations as well. […] Limbic encephalitis is characterized by subacute (3 months) rapid progression of working/short-term memory deficits, lethargy, personality changes, or psychiatric changes (eg, paranoia, depression, or hallucinations). […] Patients with autoimmune epilepsy typically have multifocal seizures with an unusually high (ie, daily or weekly) seizure frequency at onset and can also present in nonconvulsive status epilepticus. […] Typically, there is no history of epilepsy or seizure risk factors in the patient’s medical or family history. […] Seizures of autoimmune epilepsy are most commonly focal temporal lobe seizures but seizure onset is often seen elsewhere.

• #27 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2020.16.4.519

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a newly emerging area of epilepsy. Autoimmune epilepsy presents with specific clinical manifestations, and various diagnostic approaches including cerebrospinal fluid analysis, neuroimaging, and autoantibody tests are essential for its differential diagnosis. Autoimmune epilepsy often manifests as new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). The clinical course of autoimmune epilepsy has an acute-to-subacute progression. The clinical symptoms aggravate rapidly from onset to nadir during the acute amplification period of the self-reactive lymphocytes. Autoimmune epilepsy is accompanied by altered mental status, psychiatric symptoms, or memory deficits. NORSE can be the most-severe form of autoimmune epilepsy, and it is defined as a clinical presentation not a specific diagnosis in a patient with the new onset of refractory status epilepticus without a clear acute or active structural, toxic, or metabolic cause. A multicenter study found the NORSE etiology in about half of the patients (47%), with autoimmune etiologies (37%, comprising 19% nonparaneoplastic and 18% paraneoplastic) being more common than infection (8%). These results indicate that an autoimmune pathogenesis is much more likely than a viral infection in NORSE.

• #28 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2020.16.4.519

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a newly emerging area of epilepsy. Autoimmune epilepsy presents with specific clinical manifestations, and various diagnostic approaches including cerebrospinal fluid analysis, neuroimaging, and autoantibody tests are essential for its differential diagnosis. Autoimmune epilepsy often manifests as new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). The clinical course of autoimmune epilepsy has an acute-to-subacute progression. The clinical symptoms aggravate rapidly from onset to nadir during the acute amplification period of the self-reactive lymphocytes. Autoimmune epilepsy is accompanied by altered mental status, psychiatric symptoms, or memory deficits. NORSE can be the most-severe form of autoimmune epilepsy, and it is defined as a clinical presentation not a specific diagnosis in a patient with the new onset of refractory status epilepticus without a clear acute or active structural, toxic, or metabolic cause. A multicenter study found the NORSE etiology in about half of the patients (47%), with autoimmune etiologies (37%, comprising 19% nonparaneoplastic and 18% paraneoplastic) being more common than infection (8%). These results indicate that an autoimmune pathogenesis is much more likely than a viral infection in NORSE.

• #29 Autoimmune epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20576892

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a type of epilepsy where seizures are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking brain cells. […] Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy may begin after an illness with a fever. Seizures come on suddenly and are serious. The types of seizures that may occur include: […] Focal seizures. These are the most common type of seizure in autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes focal seizures cause a change or loss of awareness. […] Symptoms related to seizures include: Seizures that happen several times a day. Seizures that don’t go away with antiseizure medicines. Seizures that last more than five minutes or that occur close together without the person regaining consciousness, known as status epilepticus. […] Autoimmune epilepsy symptoms also may include: Memory loss and trouble with thinking. Personality and behavior changes. Involuntary movements or clumsy movements. Irregular eye movements. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure and other automatic functions.

• #30 Autoimmune epilepsy: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Common symptoms include frequent seizures, mood changes, memory issues, and personality changes. […] Autoimmune epilepsy disorders may develop quickly in a pattern known as new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). […] Early diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsy can help increase a person’s chances of stopping seizures long term. […] The effectiveness of treatment depends on the type of autoimmune epilepsy.

• #31 Autoimmune epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20576892

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a type of epilepsy where seizures are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking brain cells. […] Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy may begin after an illness with a fever. Seizures come on suddenly and are serious. The types of seizures that may occur include: […] Focal seizures. These are the most common type of seizure in autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes focal seizures cause a change or loss of awareness. […] Symptoms related to seizures include: Seizures that happen several times a day. Seizures that don’t go away with antiseizure medicines. Seizures that last more than five minutes or that occur close together without the person regaining consciousness, known as status epilepticus. […] Autoimmune epilepsy symptoms also may include: Memory loss and trouble with thinking. Personality and behavior changes. Involuntary movements or clumsy movements. Irregular eye movements. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure and other automatic functions.

• #32 Autoimmune Epilepsy Clinic

  https://med.uth.edu/neurology/multiple-sclerosis/autoimmune-epilepsy-clinic/

  Autoimmune epilepsy can cause seizures, by direct or indirect of immune system on brain. Often times these seizures continue as long as inflammatory process continues in the brain. Less frequently, these seizures continue even when inflammatory process has subsided, at which point it is called autoimmune Epilepsy. […] Sudden onset of frequent seizures in a person without predisposing brain lesions, personal or family history of seizures needs evaluation for immune-related seizures. These seizures tend to respond poorly to anti-seizure medicine. […] When seizures happen secondary to an autoimmune process, we need to address both seizures and the inflammatory process. Depending on etiology, seizures secondary to autoimmune process can be hard to manage and may require long-term medical treatment.

• #33 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/autoimmune-epilepsy/30185/

  Patients with autoimmune epilepsy can present with anything from a simple seizure to a limbic encephalitis presentation, and there are syndrome-specific and atypical presentations as well. […] Limbic encephalitis is characterized by subacute (3 months) rapid progression of working/short-term memory deficits, lethargy, personality changes, or psychiatric changes (eg, paranoia, depression, or hallucinations). […] Patients with autoimmune epilepsy typically have multifocal seizures with an unusually high (ie, daily or weekly) seizure frequency at onset and can also present in nonconvulsive status epilepticus. […] Typically, there is no history of epilepsy or seizure risk factors in the patient’s medical or family history. […] Seizures of autoimmune epilepsy are most commonly focal temporal lobe seizures but seizure onset is often seen elsewhere.

• #34 Autoimmune encephalitis and epilepsy: evolving definition and clinical spectrum

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7402981/

  Advances in autoimmune encephalitis studies in the past 10 years have led to the identification of new syndromes and biomarkers that have transformed the diagnostic approach to the disorder. […] This form of encephalitis can involve the multifaceted presentation of seizures and unexpected behavioral changes. […] Clinical hints include acute or subacute onset (over days to weeks), a remarkably high seizure frequency, seizure variability or multifocality, AED resistance, personal or family history of autoimmunity, and recent or past neoplasm history. […] Seizures can occur at any time but tend to strike earlier in males, being general or focal. […] Seizures and movement disorders along with psychosis, confusion, or additional behavioral changes are the most relevant initial manifestations in all age groups.

• #35 Autoimmune Epilepsy: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/epilepsy/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a newly defined group of conditions characterized by recurrent seizures associated with autoimmunity. […] Autoimmune epilepsy develops when your immune system attacks healthy brain tissue. […] Autoimmune epilepsy often causes: seizures that happen several times per day, focal seizures that only involve one side of your brain, facial brachial dystonic seizures, which affect one side of the face and an arm on the same side, seizures that do not respond well to medications, memory, mood, or behavior changes. […] Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy can develop rapidly from the onset of the condition. If not treated with immunotherapy, the seizures can become more frequent, and different seizure types can emerge. […] Additionally, epilepsy caused by autoimmune inflammation has a risk of causing seizures that progress to status epilepticus. […] An early initiation of immunotherapy is associated with a favorable outcome. It may improve your outlook and reduce serious complications. […] People with cancer-related autoimmune epilepsy generally have worse outcomes than people who develop autoimmune epilepsy with other underlying causes.

• #36 Symptoms & Phases | Diagnosis & Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis

  https://autoimmune-encephalitis.org/symptoms-phases/

  Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) can produce an extensive range of neuropsychiatric symptoms. A major challenge in diagnosis is that different symptoms may appear at different times and different levels of intensity, so the disease may mimic many other disorders. […] The signs and symptoms of most antibody-mediated neurologic diseases start suddenly and progress rapidly over several weeks or months. […] In Autoimmune Encephalitis, the prodromal symptoms, if they occur, are flu-like symptoms which include: headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or upper respiratory tract symptoms. […] Frequently the dominant feature that is seen in children following this first phase is seizure activity. […] The disease progresses in a period of days or weeks to include reduction of speech, memory deficit, orofacial and limb dyskinesias, seizures, decreased level of consciousness, and autonomic instability manifested as excess salivation, hyperthermia, fluctuations in blood pressure, tachycardia, or central hyperventilation.

• #37 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Patients with autoimmune epilepsy typically have multifocal seizures with an unusually high (ie, daily or weekly) seizure frequency at onset and can also present in nonconvulsive status epilepticus. […] They often have antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance at onset that may be categorized as new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). […] Seizures of autoimmune epilepsy are most commonly focal temporal lobe seizures but seizure onset is often seen elsewhere. […] Flushing or pilomotor (goosebump) autonomic seizures often occur (especially when there are antibodies to LGI1, Hu, and Ma). […] Clinical presentations can vary as outlined in Table 1. […] As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation.

• #38 Symptoms & Phases | Diagnosis & Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis

  https://autoimmune-encephalitis.org/symptoms-phases/

  The second phase is characterized by neurologic and psychiatric symptoms. […] During phase 3, patients often present with abnormal or fluctuating blood pressure (hemodynamic instability) and hypoventilation/hypoxia. […] When the disease progresses to this stage, almost half of these patients will require prolonged ICU stays and mechanical ventilation.

• #39 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Patients with autoimmune epilepsy typically have multifocal seizures with an unusually high (ie, daily or weekly) seizure frequency at onset and can also present in nonconvulsive status epilepticus. […] They often have antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance at onset that may be categorized as new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). […] Seizures of autoimmune epilepsy are most commonly focal temporal lobe seizures but seizure onset is often seen elsewhere. […] Flushing or pilomotor (goosebump) autonomic seizures often occur (especially when there are antibodies to LGI1, Hu, and Ma). […] Clinical presentations can vary as outlined in Table 1. […] As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation.

• #40 Autoimmune epilepsy: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Common symptoms include frequent seizures, mood changes, memory issues, and personality changes. […] Autoimmune epilepsy disorders may develop quickly in a pattern known as new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). […] Early diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsy can help increase a person’s chances of stopping seizures long term. […] The effectiveness of treatment depends on the type of autoimmune epilepsy.

• #41 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Patients with autoimmune epilepsy typically have multifocal seizures with an unusually high (ie, daily or weekly) seizure frequency at onset and can also present in nonconvulsive status epilepticus. […] They often have antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance at onset that may be categorized as new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). […] Seizures of autoimmune epilepsy are most commonly focal temporal lobe seizures but seizure onset is often seen elsewhere. […] Flushing or pilomotor (goosebump) autonomic seizures often occur (especially when there are antibodies to LGI1, Hu, and Ma). […] Clinical presentations can vary as outlined in Table 1. […] As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation.

• #42 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/autoimmune-epilepsy/30185/

  As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation. […] Patients may complain of unexplained falls, dropping items, and tics or twitches of the face and arm; these symptoms may precede onset of limbic encephalitis or more classic focal seizures by weeks to months. […] Seizures may respond (50% reduction or seizure freedom) within 4 weeks but cognitive or psychiatric symptoms typically recover more slowly. […] Recovery can often be gradual and protracted. Many patients are hospitalized for 3 to 4 months followed by months of rehabilitation. Relapses of the disease are also possible.

• #43 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Patients with autoimmune epilepsy typically have multifocal seizures with an unusually high (ie, daily or weekly) seizure frequency at onset and can also present in nonconvulsive status epilepticus. […] They often have antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance at onset that may be categorized as new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). […] Seizures of autoimmune epilepsy are most commonly focal temporal lobe seizures but seizure onset is often seen elsewhere. […] Flushing or pilomotor (goosebump) autonomic seizures often occur (especially when there are antibodies to LGI1, Hu, and Ma). […] Clinical presentations can vary as outlined in Table 1. […] As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation.

• #44 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/autoimmune-epilepsy/30185/

  As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation. […] Patients may complain of unexplained falls, dropping items, and tics or twitches of the face and arm; these symptoms may precede onset of limbic encephalitis or more classic focal seizures by weeks to months. […] Seizures may respond (50% reduction or seizure freedom) within 4 weeks but cognitive or psychiatric symptoms typically recover more slowly. […] Recovery can often be gradual and protracted. Many patients are hospitalized for 3 to 4 months followed by months of rehabilitation. Relapses of the disease are also possible.

• #45 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Patients with autoimmune epilepsy typically have multifocal seizures with an unusually high (ie, daily or weekly) seizure frequency at onset and can also present in nonconvulsive status epilepticus. […] They often have antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance at onset that may be categorized as new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). […] Seizures of autoimmune epilepsy are most commonly focal temporal lobe seizures but seizure onset is often seen elsewhere. […] Flushing or pilomotor (goosebump) autonomic seizures often occur (especially when there are antibodies to LGI1, Hu, and Ma). […] Clinical presentations can vary as outlined in Table 1. […] As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation.

• #46 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/autoimmune-epilepsy/30185/

  As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation. […] Patients may complain of unexplained falls, dropping items, and tics or twitches of the face and arm; these symptoms may precede onset of limbic encephalitis or more classic focal seizures by weeks to months. […] Seizures may respond (50% reduction or seizure freedom) within 4 weeks but cognitive or psychiatric symptoms typically recover more slowly. […] Recovery can often be gradual and protracted. Many patients are hospitalized for 3 to 4 months followed by months of rehabilitation. Relapses of the disease are also possible.

• #47 Autoimmune Epilepsy: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/epilepsy/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a newly defined group of conditions characterized by recurrent seizures associated with autoimmunity. […] Autoimmune epilepsy develops when your immune system attacks healthy brain tissue. […] Autoimmune epilepsy often causes: seizures that happen several times per day, focal seizures that only involve one side of your brain, facial brachial dystonic seizures, which affect one side of the face and an arm on the same side, seizures that do not respond well to medications, memory, mood, or behavior changes. […] Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy can develop rapidly from the onset of the condition. If not treated with immunotherapy, the seizures can become more frequent, and different seizure types can emerge. […] Additionally, epilepsy caused by autoimmune inflammation has a risk of causing seizures that progress to status epilepticus. […] An early initiation of immunotherapy is associated with a favorable outcome. It may improve your outlook and reduce serious complications. […] People with cancer-related autoimmune epilepsy generally have worse outcomes than people who develop autoimmune epilepsy with other underlying causes.

• #48 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  If there is no response to the first agent, it is reasonable to try the second. […] Seizures may respond (50% reduction or seizure freedom) within 4 weeks but cognitive or psychiatric symptoms typically recover more slowly. […] Early treatment has been shown to predict better outcomes. […] Recovery can often be gradual and protracted. Many patients are hospitalized for 3 to 4 months followed by months of rehabilitation. Relapses of the disease are also possible.

• #49 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  If there is no response to the first agent, it is reasonable to try the second. […] Seizures may respond (50% reduction or seizure freedom) within 4 weeks but cognitive or psychiatric symptoms typically recover more slowly. […] Early treatment has been shown to predict better outcomes. […] Recovery can often be gradual and protracted. Many patients are hospitalized for 3 to 4 months followed by months of rehabilitation. Relapses of the disease are also possible.

• #50 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/autoimmune-epilepsy/30185/

  As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation. […] Patients may complain of unexplained falls, dropping items, and tics or twitches of the face and arm; these symptoms may precede onset of limbic encephalitis or more classic focal seizures by weeks to months. […] Seizures may respond (50% reduction or seizure freedom) within 4 weeks but cognitive or psychiatric symptoms typically recover more slowly. […] Recovery can often be gradual and protracted. Many patients are hospitalized for 3 to 4 months followed by months of rehabilitation. Relapses of the disease are also possible.

• #51 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  If there is no response to the first agent, it is reasonable to try the second. […] Seizures may respond (50% reduction or seizure freedom) within 4 weeks but cognitive or psychiatric symptoms typically recover more slowly. […] Early treatment has been shown to predict better outcomes. […] Recovery can often be gradual and protracted. Many patients are hospitalized for 3 to 4 months followed by months of rehabilitation. Relapses of the disease are also possible.

• #52 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/autoimmune-epilepsy/30185/

  As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation. […] Patients may complain of unexplained falls, dropping items, and tics or twitches of the face and arm; these symptoms may precede onset of limbic encephalitis or more classic focal seizures by weeks to months. […] Seizures may respond (50% reduction or seizure freedom) within 4 weeks but cognitive or psychiatric symptoms typically recover more slowly. […] Recovery can often be gradual and protracted. Many patients are hospitalized for 3 to 4 months followed by months of rehabilitation. Relapses of the disease are also possible.

• #53 :: Journal of Epilepsy Research

  https://www.j-epilepsy.org/m/journal/view.php?doi=10.14581/jer.14012

  Among the 23 cases enrolled here, eight patients (35%) were positive for the anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibody and one patient (4%) was positive for the anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) antibody. […] In the anti-NMDA receptor antibody-positive group, seizure and movement disorders were the most prominent features and were present in all patients. […] As the disease progressed, various types of seizure and movement disorders appeared in all patients (100%, 8/8) at the acute stage of the disease. […] Developmental regression specifically for language skills was suggested as one of the atypical clinical features in infants and toddler onset anti-NMDA receptor antibody positive patients. […] Among the patients enrolled, 14 patients had a negative result in the anti-neuronal antibody screening.

• #54 Autoimmune epilepsy, retrospective case series of clinical features, management, and outcomes | Neurosciences Journal

  https://nsj.org.sa/content/28/4/264

  Key features of this condition include seizure resistance to antiepileptic drugs, high seizure frequency, and a possible medical or familial history of autoimmune disease or malignancy. […] In our study, we evaluated 5 patients who experienced high-frequency refractory seizures resistant to conventional antiepileptic drugs. […] Two primary antibodies were identified in our study: anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R). […] The unique electroencephalographic pattern of extreme delta brush (EDB), characterized by slow delta waves overlaid with fast activity, is most frequently associated with NMDA encephalitis. […] Upon clinical suspicion of autoimmune epilepsy, CSF analysis and comprehensive neural autoantibody screening are indicated. However, testing for selective autoantibodies is not advised, given the lack of a definitive link between any single neural antibody and seizures. Importantly, the absence of neural antibodies does not exclude a diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsy if other clinical indicators are present.

• #55 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  A newly recognized category of epilepsy caused by or associated with antibodies. […] Approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy do not achieve seizure freedom despite medical therapy, and the etiology of many epilepsies remains unknown. […] In 2017, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) recognized an epilepsy resulting directly from an immune disorder with seizures as a core symptom. […] For an epilepsy to meet this classification, evidence of autoimmune-mediated central nervous system (CNS) inflammation is required. […] Patients with autoimmune epilepsy can present with anything from a simple seizure to a limbic encephalitis presentation, and there are syndrome-specific and atypical presentations as well. […] Limbic encephalitis is characterized by subacute (3 months) rapid progression of working/short-term memory deficits, lethargy, personality changes, or psychiatric changes (eg, paranoia, depression, or hallucinations).

• #56 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/autoimmune-epilepsy/30185/

  Patients with autoimmune epilepsy can present with anything from a simple seizure to a limbic encephalitis presentation, and there are syndrome-specific and atypical presentations as well. […] Limbic encephalitis is characterized by subacute (3 months) rapid progression of working/short-term memory deficits, lethargy, personality changes, or psychiatric changes (eg, paranoia, depression, or hallucinations). […] Patients with autoimmune epilepsy typically have multifocal seizures with an unusually high (ie, daily or weekly) seizure frequency at onset and can also present in nonconvulsive status epilepticus. […] Typically, there is no history of epilepsy or seizure risk factors in the patient’s medical or family history. […] Seizures of autoimmune epilepsy are most commonly focal temporal lobe seizures but seizure onset is often seen elsewhere.

• #57 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/autoimmune-epilepsy/30185/

  As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation. […] Patients may complain of unexplained falls, dropping items, and tics or twitches of the face and arm; these symptoms may precede onset of limbic encephalitis or more classic focal seizures by weeks to months. […] Seizures may respond (50% reduction or seizure freedom) within 4 weeks but cognitive or psychiatric symptoms typically recover more slowly. […] Recovery can often be gradual and protracted. Many patients are hospitalized for 3 to 4 months followed by months of rehabilitation. Relapses of the disease are also possible.

• #58 Rasmussen’s Encephalitis: What It Is, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6092-rasmussens-encephalitis

  Rasmussens encephalitis is a very rare condition that causes frequent seizures, mental decline and weakness or paralysis on one side of your body. […] This inflammation leads to frequent seizures (epilepsy) and progressive and permanent brain damage. This leads to loss of function of the affected brain hemisphere. As the inflammation progresses, it causes worsening weakness in one side of your body and mental decline. […] The seizures usually become frequent. About half of the people with Rasmussens encephalitis have epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) when seizures happen every few seconds or minutes. The seizures are also intractable, which means that medicine cant completely control them. […] Within a few months to a couple of years of the first seizure, these symptoms typically follow: Mental decline, such as issues with thinking, intellect and memory. Progressive loss of motor (movement) skills on one side of your childs body (hemiparesis). This often leads to paralysis on one side of your childs body (hemiplegia). Progressive loss of speech and language abilities (aphasia). This happens if RE affects the side of your childs brain that controls most language functions (usually the left hemisphere). Partial loss of sight in half of your visual field (hemianopsia).

• #59 Autoimmune epilepsy – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576912

  An autoimmune epilepsy diagnosis begins with a physical exam and a review of your symptoms. […] Lab tests check for antibodies in the immune system that are attacking brain cells and causing seizures. […] For some people with autoimmune epilepsy, these tests don’t find antibodies. […] An MRI of your brain can look for signs of autoimmune epilepsy. […] An electroencephalogram is a test that measures electrical activity in the brain. This test also is called an EEG. It may show seizure activity and can help diagnose autoimmune epilepsy. […] Autoimmune epilepsy treatment differs from the treatment used for other types of epilepsy. Healthcare professionals use immunotherapy to reduce the immune system activity and treat seizures. […] Many people whose seizures are due to autoimmune encephalitis become seizure free after taking immunotherapy. It may take several months after the treatment for the seizures to stop. But seizures continue for some people even after immunotherapy. […] Rasmussen syndrome, which mainly affects children, usually doesn’t respond to medicines. Brain surgery often is needed to treat this type of autoimmune epilepsy.

• #60 Rasmussen’s Encephalitis: What It Is, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6092-rasmussens-encephalitis

  Rasmussens encephalitis is a very rare condition that causes frequent seizures, mental decline and weakness or paralysis on one side of your body. […] This inflammation leads to frequent seizures (epilepsy) and progressive and permanent brain damage. This leads to loss of function of the affected brain hemisphere. As the inflammation progresses, it causes worsening weakness in one side of your body and mental decline. […] The seizures usually become frequent. About half of the people with Rasmussens encephalitis have epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) when seizures happen every few seconds or minutes. The seizures are also intractable, which means that medicine cant completely control them. […] Within a few months to a couple of years of the first seizure, these symptoms typically follow: Mental decline, such as issues with thinking, intellect and memory. Progressive loss of motor (movement) skills on one side of your childs body (hemiparesis). This often leads to paralysis on one side of your childs body (hemiplegia). Progressive loss of speech and language abilities (aphasia). This happens if RE affects the side of your childs brain that controls most language functions (usually the left hemisphere). Partial loss of sight in half of your visual field (hemianopsia).

• #61 Autoimmune epilepsy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20576892

  Autoimmune epilepsy is caused by the immune system attacking brain cells and leading to seizures. […] Autoimmune epilepsy complications can include serious seizures that last more than five minutes or occur one after another. The person isn’t conscious in between the seizures. These serious seizures are known as status epilepticus. They need emergency medical attention. […] Sometimes autoimmune epilepsy can lead to seizures that don’t stop with treatment.

• #62 Autoimmune epilepsy – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/autoimmune-epilepsy/

  Autoimmune epilepsy complications can include serious seizures that last more than five minutes or occur one after another. The person isn’t conscious in between the seizures. These serious seizures are known as status epilepticus. They need emergency medical attention. […] Sometimes autoimmune epilepsy can lead to seizures that don’t stop with treatment. […] Many people whose seizures are due to autoimmune encephalitis become seizure free after taking immunotherapy. It may take several months after the treatment for the seizures to stop. But seizures continue for some people even after immunotherapy. People with GAD65 antibodies are less likely to become seizure free.

• #63 Autoimmune epilepsy | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Autoimmune epilepsy complications can include serious seizures that last more than five minutes or occur one after another. The person isn’t conscious in between the seizures. These serious seizures are known as status epilepticus. They need emergency medical attention. […] Sometimes autoimmune epilepsy can lead to seizures that don’t stop with treatment.

• #64 :: JCN :: Journal of Clinical Neurology

  https://thejcn.com/DOIx.php?id=10.3988/jcn.2020.16.4.519

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a newly emerging area of epilepsy. Autoimmune epilepsy presents with specific clinical manifestations, and various diagnostic approaches including cerebrospinal fluid analysis, neuroimaging, and autoantibody tests are essential for its differential diagnosis. Autoimmune epilepsy often manifests as new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). The clinical course of autoimmune epilepsy has an acute-to-subacute progression. The clinical symptoms aggravate rapidly from onset to nadir during the acute amplification period of the self-reactive lymphocytes. Autoimmune epilepsy is accompanied by altered mental status, psychiatric symptoms, or memory deficits. NORSE can be the most-severe form of autoimmune epilepsy, and it is defined as a clinical presentation not a specific diagnosis in a patient with the new onset of refractory status epilepticus without a clear acute or active structural, toxic, or metabolic cause. A multicenter study found the NORSE etiology in about half of the patients (47%), with autoimmune etiologies (37%, comprising 19% nonparaneoplastic and 18% paraneoplastic) being more common than infection (8%). These results indicate that an autoimmune pathogenesis is much more likely than a viral infection in NORSE.

• #65 Clinical Approach to Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7541993/

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a newly emerging area of epilepsy. Autoimmune epilepsy presents with specific clinical manifestations, and various diagnostic approaches including cerebrospinal fluid analysis, neuroimaging, and autoantibody tests are essential for its differential diagnosis. Autoimmune epilepsy often manifests as new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE). The clinical course of autoimmune epilepsy has an acute-to-subacute progression. The clinical symptoms aggravate rapidly from onset to nadir during the acute amplification period of the self-reactive lymphocytes. Autoimmune epilepsy, if not treated by immunotherapy, often progresses to status epilepticus refractory to conventional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Some cases of autoimmune epilepsy show spontaneous remission, but in the presence of triggers, it can recur even several years later. NORSE can be the most-severe form of autoimmune epilepsy, and it is defined as a clinical presentation not a specific diagnosis in a patient with the new onset of refractory status epilepticus without a clear acute or active structural, toxic, or metabolic cause. Autoimmune epilepsy is accompanied by altered mental status, psychiatric symptoms, or memory deficits. The presence of comorbid symptoms often indicates a diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. A multicenter study found the NORSE etiology in about half of the patients (47%), with autoimmune etiologies (37%, comprising 19% nonparaneoplastic and 18% paraneoplastic) being more common than infection (8%). These results indicate that an autoimmune pathogenesis is much more likely than a viral infection in NORSE.

• #66 Autoimmune epilepsy | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Sometimes autoimmune epilepsy can lead to seizures that don’t stop with treatment. […] Many people whose seizures are due to autoimmune encephalitis become seizure free after taking immunotherapy. It may take several months after the treatment for the seizures to stop. But seizures continue for some people even after immunotherapy. People with GAD65 antibodies are less likely to become seizure free.

• #67 Autoimmune epilepsy – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/autoimmune-epilepsy/

  Autoimmune epilepsy complications can include serious seizures that last more than five minutes or occur one after another. The person isn’t conscious in between the seizures. These serious seizures are known as status epilepticus. They need emergency medical attention. […] Sometimes autoimmune epilepsy can lead to seizures that don’t stop with treatment. […] Many people whose seizures are due to autoimmune encephalitis become seizure free after taking immunotherapy. It may take several months after the treatment for the seizures to stop. But seizures continue for some people even after immunotherapy. People with GAD65 antibodies are less likely to become seizure free.

• #68 Rasmussen’s Encephalitis: What It Is, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6092-rasmussens-encephalitis

  Rasmussens encephalitis is a very rare condition that causes frequent seizures, mental decline and weakness or paralysis on one side of your body. […] This inflammation leads to frequent seizures (epilepsy) and progressive and permanent brain damage. This leads to loss of function of the affected brain hemisphere. As the inflammation progresses, it causes worsening weakness in one side of your body and mental decline. […] The seizures usually become frequent. About half of the people with Rasmussens encephalitis have epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) when seizures happen every few seconds or minutes. The seizures are also intractable, which means that medicine cant completely control them. […] Within a few months to a couple of years of the first seizure, these symptoms typically follow: Mental decline, such as issues with thinking, intellect and memory. Progressive loss of motor (movement) skills on one side of your childs body (hemiparesis). This often leads to paralysis on one side of your childs body (hemiplegia). Progressive loss of speech and language abilities (aphasia). This happens if RE affects the side of your childs brain that controls most language functions (usually the left hemisphere). Partial loss of sight in half of your visual field (hemianopsia).

• #69 Rasmussen’s Encephalitis: What It Is, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6092-rasmussens-encephalitis

  Rasmussens encephalitis is a very rare condition that causes frequent seizures, mental decline and weakness or paralysis on one side of your body. […] This inflammation leads to frequent seizures (epilepsy) and progressive and permanent brain damage. This leads to loss of function of the affected brain hemisphere. As the inflammation progresses, it causes worsening weakness in one side of your body and mental decline. […] The seizures usually become frequent. About half of the people with Rasmussens encephalitis have epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) when seizures happen every few seconds or minutes. The seizures are also intractable, which means that medicine cant completely control them. […] Within a few months to a couple of years of the first seizure, these symptoms typically follow: Mental decline, such as issues with thinking, intellect and memory. Progressive loss of motor (movement) skills on one side of your childs body (hemiparesis). This often leads to paralysis on one side of your childs body (hemiplegia). Progressive loss of speech and language abilities (aphasia). This happens if RE affects the side of your childs brain that controls most language functions (usually the left hemisphere). Partial loss of sight in half of your visual field (hemianopsia).

• #70 Rasmussen’s Encephalitis: What It Is, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6092-rasmussens-encephalitis

  Rasmussens encephalitis is a very rare condition that causes frequent seizures, mental decline and weakness or paralysis on one side of your body. […] This inflammation leads to frequent seizures (epilepsy) and progressive and permanent brain damage. This leads to loss of function of the affected brain hemisphere. As the inflammation progresses, it causes worsening weakness in one side of your body and mental decline. […] The seizures usually become frequent. About half of the people with Rasmussens encephalitis have epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) when seizures happen every few seconds or minutes. The seizures are also intractable, which means that medicine cant completely control them. […] Within a few months to a couple of years of the first seizure, these symptoms typically follow: Mental decline, such as issues with thinking, intellect and memory. Progressive loss of motor (movement) skills on one side of your childs body (hemiparesis). This often leads to paralysis on one side of your childs body (hemiplegia). Progressive loss of speech and language abilities (aphasia). This happens if RE affects the side of your childs brain that controls most language functions (usually the left hemisphere). Partial loss of sight in half of your visual field (hemianopsia).

• #71 Rasmussen’s Encephalitis: What It Is, Causes & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6092-rasmussens-encephalitis

  Rasmussens encephalitis is a very rare condition that causes frequent seizures, mental decline and weakness or paralysis on one side of your body. […] This inflammation leads to frequent seizures (epilepsy) and progressive and permanent brain damage. This leads to loss of function of the affected brain hemisphere. As the inflammation progresses, it causes worsening weakness in one side of your body and mental decline. […] The seizures usually become frequent. About half of the people with Rasmussens encephalitis have epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) when seizures happen every few seconds or minutes. The seizures are also intractable, which means that medicine cant completely control them. […] Within a few months to a couple of years of the first seizure, these symptoms typically follow: Mental decline, such as issues with thinking, intellect and memory. Progressive loss of motor (movement) skills on one side of your childs body (hemiparesis). This often leads to paralysis on one side of your childs body (hemiplegia). Progressive loss of speech and language abilities (aphasia). This happens if RE affects the side of your childs brain that controls most language functions (usually the left hemisphere). Partial loss of sight in half of your visual field (hemianopsia).

• #72 What Is Autoimmune Epilepsy?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/neurological-health/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Autoimmune epilepsy can have the following complication: Learning difficulties. A seizure can cause aspiration pneumonia if the sufferer inhales food or saliva into their lungs. Stroke or other types of permanent brain injury. […] Epilepsy that is caused due to the immune system attacking the body is called autoimmune epilepsy. People having autoimmune epilepsy have seizures several times a day.

• #73 Autoimmune encephalitis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/6D451120-E1D2-9288-17CEEAF7E672AFCA

  The immune system’s attack on the brain during AE can lead to seizures and a condition called autoimmune epilepsy. […] Some people fully recover while others may have lasting symptoms that are mild or more serious. […] People who have recovered from certain types of autoimmune encephalitis, such as anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and anti-LGI1 encephalitis, are at risk of symptoms coming back.

• #74 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  If there is no response to the first agent, it is reasonable to try the second. […] Seizures may respond (50% reduction or seizure freedom) within 4 weeks but cognitive or psychiatric symptoms typically recover more slowly. […] Early treatment has been shown to predict better outcomes. […] Recovery can often be gradual and protracted. Many patients are hospitalized for 3 to 4 months followed by months of rehabilitation. Relapses of the disease are also possible.

• #75 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/epilepsy-seizures/autoimmune-epilepsy/30185/

  As the disease progresses, patients can develop movement disorders (eg, orofacial dyskinesias, dystonia, or chorea). […] These patients can also exhibit severe autonomic dysfunction (eg, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypersalivation, hypertension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction) followed by central hypoventilation requiring intubation. […] Patients may complain of unexplained falls, dropping items, and tics or twitches of the face and arm; these symptoms may precede onset of limbic encephalitis or more classic focal seizures by weeks to months. […] Seizures may respond (50% reduction or seizure freedom) within 4 weeks but cognitive or psychiatric symptoms typically recover more slowly. […] Recovery can often be gradual and protracted. Many patients are hospitalized for 3 to 4 months followed by months of rehabilitation. Relapses of the disease are also possible.

• #76 Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2018-oct/autoimmune-epilepsy

  If there is no response to the first agent, it is reasonable to try the second. […] Seizures may respond (50% reduction or seizure freedom) within 4 weeks but cognitive or psychiatric symptoms typically recover more slowly. […] Early treatment has been shown to predict better outcomes. […] Recovery can often be gradual and protracted. Many patients are hospitalized for 3 to 4 months followed by months of rehabilitation. Relapses of the disease are also possible.

• #77 Autoimmune epilepsy due to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies in a child: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

  https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-021-03117-5

  Literature on specifics of treatment of AEp and its long-term outcome are rare but immunotherapy, if instituted early, has shown to result in good outcomes in epilepsies associated with NSAbs. […] Initiation of immune therapy early for AEp (within 6 months of disease onset) is shown to result in favorable seizure control. […] Our case report highlights the importance of early diagnosis of AEp, early treatment with immunotherapy, long-term clinical follow-up, and timely escalation and continuation of immunotherapy in achieving a good patient outcome, retaining intellectual development, and quality of life.

• #78 Unraveling Autoimmune Epilepsy

  https://www.neurologylive.com/view/unraveling-autoimmune-epilepsy

  Once the cause is known, it makes sense to treat autoimmune epilepsy just like other autoimmune diseases by modulating the immune system. […] Many researchers are exploring IVIG a concentrate of human antibodies obtained from healthy donors as an alternative to steroids and plasmapheresis. […] A recent randomized controlled trial conducted at Mayo Clinic provided further evidence that IVIG was effective in reducing seizures in a cohort who met criteria for autoimmune epilepsy. […] Higdon clarified that the kind of antibody present could influence response to immunotherapy. […] In a retrospective study of 50 patients, researchers showed that those who had antibodies to a neural surface antigen, the voltage gated potassium channel complex antigen, were more likely to become seizure-free compared with patients who had GAD-65 antibodies.

• #79

  https://www.jci.org/articles/view/125178

  The exact frequency of neuronal antibody-mediated encephalitis is unknown. It has been estimated to constitute 10% to 15% of all cases of encephalitis (which have an annual incidence of 5 to 10 cases per 100,000 persons). […] In 2014, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) established a new definition of epilepsy requiring two unprovoked (or reflex) seizures occurring 24 hours apart, or one unprovoked (or reflex) seizure and a probability of further seizures similar to the general recurrence risk (at least 60%) after two unprovoked seizures, occurring over the next 10 years. […] In summary, the predisposition to cause enduring seizures in autoimmune encephalitis is dependent on the mechanism that drives the immune response, ranging from a high predisposition in cytotoxic T cell-mediated encephalitis (intracellular antigens) to a moderate or absent predisposition in antibody-mediated encephalitis (surface antigens). […] Among the latter, the severity of the seizures and likelihood to develop epilepsy vary according to the antigen.

• #80 Autoimmune Epilepsy: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/epilepsy/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Autoimmune epilepsy is a newly defined group of conditions characterized by recurrent seizures associated with autoimmunity. […] Autoimmune epilepsy develops when your immune system attacks healthy brain tissue. […] Autoimmune epilepsy often causes: seizures that happen several times per day, focal seizures that only involve one side of your brain, facial brachial dystonic seizures, which affect one side of the face and an arm on the same side, seizures that do not respond well to medications, memory, mood, or behavior changes. […] Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy can develop rapidly from the onset of the condition. If not treated with immunotherapy, the seizures can become more frequent, and different seizure types can emerge. […] Additionally, epilepsy caused by autoimmune inflammation has a risk of causing seizures that progress to status epilepticus. […] An early initiation of immunotherapy is associated with a favorable outcome. It may improve your outlook and reduce serious complications. […] People with cancer-related autoimmune epilepsy generally have worse outcomes than people who develop autoimmune epilepsy with other underlying causes.

• #81 Autoimmune epilepsy – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/autoimmune-epilepsy/

  Autoimmune epilepsy complications can include serious seizures that last more than five minutes or occur one after another. The person isn’t conscious in between the seizures. These serious seizures are known as status epilepticus. They need emergency medical attention. […] Sometimes autoimmune epilepsy can lead to seizures that don’t stop with treatment. […] Many people whose seizures are due to autoimmune encephalitis become seizure free after taking immunotherapy. It may take several months after the treatment for the seizures to stop. But seizures continue for some people even after immunotherapy. People with GAD65 antibodies are less likely to become seizure free.

• #82 Autoimmune epilepsy | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Sometimes autoimmune epilepsy can lead to seizures that don’t stop with treatment. […] Many people whose seizures are due to autoimmune encephalitis become seizure free after taking immunotherapy. It may take several months after the treatment for the seizures to stop. But seizures continue for some people even after immunotherapy. People with GAD65 antibodies are less likely to become seizure free.

• #83 Autoimmune epilepsy – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/autoimmune-epilepsy/

  Autoimmune epilepsy complications can include serious seizures that last more than five minutes or occur one after another. The person isn’t conscious in between the seizures. These serious seizures are known as status epilepticus. They need emergency medical attention. […] Sometimes autoimmune epilepsy can lead to seizures that don’t stop with treatment. […] Many people whose seizures are due to autoimmune encephalitis become seizure free after taking immunotherapy. It may take several months after the treatment for the seizures to stop. But seizures continue for some people even after immunotherapy. People with GAD65 antibodies are less likely to become seizure free.

• #84 Autoimmune Epilepsy Testing – Mayo Clinic LaboratoriesplayEpilepsyGABA-A receptor antibodies

  https://news.mayocliniclabs.com/neurology/autoimmune-neurology/epilepsy/

  Autoimmune epilepsy is increasingly recognized in the spectrum of immune-mediated neurological disorders, which can be characterized by detection of neural autoantibodies in serum or spinal fluid and responsiveness to immunotherapy. […] Identifying epilepsy as autoimmune-mediated is crucial because patients may benefit from immune suppression, while traditional antiepileptic therapy may not be effective. […] 67% of 27 patients with suspected autoimmune epilepsy treated with immunotherapy became seizure free. […] 81% of patients with suspected autoimmune epilepsy treated with immunotherapy experienced clinical improvement. […] GABA-A receptor antibodies are biomarkers of autoimmune encephalopathy, which may occur at any age and disproportionately affects children. […] 75% of GABA-A receptor-positive patients had a partial or complete recovery with proper treatment.

• #85 Autoimmune epilepsy – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/autoimmune-epilepsy/

  Autoimmune epilepsy complications can include serious seizures that last more than five minutes or occur one after another. The person isn’t conscious in between the seizures. These serious seizures are known as status epilepticus. They need emergency medical attention. […] Sometimes autoimmune epilepsy can lead to seizures that don’t stop with treatment. […] Many people whose seizures are due to autoimmune encephalitis become seizure free after taking immunotherapy. It may take several months after the treatment for the seizures to stop. But seizures continue for some people even after immunotherapy. People with GAD65 antibodies are less likely to become seizure free.

• #86 Autoimmune Epilepsy Testing – Mayo Clinic LaboratoriesplayEpilepsyGABA-A receptor antibodies

  https://news.mayocliniclabs.com/neurology/autoimmune-neurology/epilepsy/

  Autoimmune epilepsy is increasingly recognized in the spectrum of immune-mediated neurological disorders, which can be characterized by detection of neural autoantibodies in serum or spinal fluid and responsiveness to immunotherapy. […] Identifying epilepsy as autoimmune-mediated is crucial because patients may benefit from immune suppression, while traditional antiepileptic therapy may not be effective. […] 67% of 27 patients with suspected autoimmune epilepsy treated with immunotherapy became seizure free. […] 81% of patients with suspected autoimmune epilepsy treated with immunotherapy experienced clinical improvement. […] GABA-A receptor antibodies are biomarkers of autoimmune encephalopathy, which may occur at any age and disproportionately affects children. […] 75% of GABA-A receptor-positive patients had a partial or complete recovery with proper treatment.

• #87 Autoimmune Epilepsy Testing – Mayo Clinic LaboratoriesplayEpilepsyGABA-A receptor antibodies

  https://news.mayocliniclabs.com/neurology/autoimmune-neurology/epilepsy/

  Autoimmune epilepsy is increasingly recognized in the spectrum of immune-mediated neurological disorders, which can be characterized by detection of neural autoantibodies in serum or spinal fluid and responsiveness to immunotherapy. […] Identifying epilepsy as autoimmune-mediated is crucial because patients may benefit from immune suppression, while traditional antiepileptic therapy may not be effective. […] 67% of 27 patients with suspected autoimmune epilepsy treated with immunotherapy became seizure free. […] 81% of patients with suspected autoimmune epilepsy treated with immunotherapy experienced clinical improvement. […] GABA-A receptor antibodies are biomarkers of autoimmune encephalopathy, which may occur at any age and disproportionately affects children. […] 75% of GABA-A receptor-positive patients had a partial or complete recovery with proper treatment.

• #88 Autoimmune Epilepsy Testing – Mayo Clinic LaboratoriesplayEpilepsyGABA-A receptor antibodies

  https://news.mayocliniclabs.com/neurology/autoimmune-neurology/epilepsy/

  Autoimmune epilepsy is increasingly recognized in the spectrum of immune-mediated neurological disorders, which can be characterized by detection of neural autoantibodies in serum or spinal fluid and responsiveness to immunotherapy. […] Identifying epilepsy as autoimmune-mediated is crucial because patients may benefit from immune suppression, while traditional antiepileptic therapy may not be effective. […] 67% of 27 patients with suspected autoimmune epilepsy treated with immunotherapy became seizure free. […] 81% of patients with suspected autoimmune epilepsy treated with immunotherapy experienced clinical improvement. […] GABA-A receptor antibodies are biomarkers of autoimmune encephalopathy, which may occur at any age and disproportionately affects children. […] 75% of GABA-A receptor-positive patients had a partial or complete recovery with proper treatment.

• #89 Autoimmune epilepsy – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/autoimmune-epilepsy/

  Autoimmune epilepsy complications can include serious seizures that last more than five minutes or occur one after another. The person isn’t conscious in between the seizures. These serious seizures are known as status epilepticus. They need emergency medical attention. […] Sometimes autoimmune epilepsy can lead to seizures that don’t stop with treatment. […] Many people whose seizures are due to autoimmune encephalitis become seizure free after taking immunotherapy. It may take several months after the treatment for the seizures to stop. But seizures continue for some people even after immunotherapy. People with GAD65 antibodies are less likely to become seizure free.

• #90 Autoimmune epilepsy | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy

  Sometimes autoimmune epilepsy can lead to seizures that don’t stop with treatment. […] Many people whose seizures are due to autoimmune encephalitis become seizure free after taking immunotherapy. It may take several months after the treatment for the seizures to stop. But seizures continue for some people even after immunotherapy. People with GAD65 antibodies are less likely to become seizure free.

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