Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder

  Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (adult ADHD) refers to ADHD that persists into adulthood. It is a neurodevelopmental disorder, meaning impairing symptoms must have been present in childhood, except for when ADHD occurs after traumatic brain injury. According to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, multiple symptoms should have been present before the age of 12. Approximately two-thirds of children with ADHD continue to experience impairing symptoms into adulthood, with symptoms ranging from minor inconveniences to impairments in daily functioning, and up to one-third continue to meet the full diagnostic criteria. […] This new insight on ADHD is further reflected in the DSM-5, which lists ADHD as a lifespan neurodevelopmental condition, and has distinct requirements for children and adults. Per DSM-5 criteria, older adolescents and adults (age 17 and older) need to demonstrate at least five symptoms before the age of 12 in either domain to meet diagnostic criteria. The research on this topic continues to develop, with some of the most recent studies indicating that ADHD does not necessarily begin in childhood.

• #1 The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7916320/

  The prevalence of persistent adult ADHD (with a childhood onset) and symptomatic adult ADHD (regardless of a childhood onset) both decreased with advancing age. By adjusting for the global demographic structure in 2020, the prevalence of persistent adult ADHD was 2.58% and that of symptomatic adult ADHD was 6.76%, translating to 139.84 million and 366.33 million affected adults in 2020 globally. […] This study provides an up-to-date estimation of the global prevalence of both persistent and symptomatic adult ADHD. A well-defined strategy for diagnosing adult ADHD and large-scale investigations on the epidemiology of adult ADHD are needed. […] In 2020, the prevalence of persistent adult ADHD was 2.58%, and that of symptomatic adult ADHD was 6.76%, equivalent to 139.84 million and 366.33 million affected cases globally.

• #1 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis, Treatment, and Telehealth Use in Adults — National Center for Health Statistics Rapid Surveys System, United States, October–November 2023 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7340a1.htm

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood disorder that can continue into adulthood, but there is limited information about diagnosis and treatment in adults. […] In 2023, an estimated 15.5 million U.S. adults had an ADHD diagnosis, approximately one half of whom received their diagnosis in adulthood. Approximately one third of adults with ADHD take stimulant medication; 71.5% had difficulty filling their prescription because the medication was unavailable. Approximately one half of adults with ADHD have ever used telehealth for ADHD services. […] ADHD affects many adults. Information on diagnosis and treatment helps the development of clinical care guidelines and regulatory decision-making around medication shortages and telehealth for ADHD. […] An estimated 6.0% of adults had a current ADHD diagnosis, equivalent to one in 16, or approximately 15.5 million U.S. adults.

• #1 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis, Treatment, and Telehealth Use in Adults — National Center for Health Statistics Rapid Surveys System, United States, October–November 2023 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7340a1.htm

  More than one half of adults with ADHD (55.9%) received their diagnosis during adulthood. […] Approximately one half of adults (50.4%) with ADHD were prescribed medication to treat their ADHD during the previous 12 months. […] Almost one half of adults with ADHD (46.0%) reported ever receiving telehealth services for their condition. […] This analysis of a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults found that in 2023, an estimated 15.5 million (6.0%) had a current ADHD diagnosis, approximately one half of whom received their diagnosis during adulthood. […] Approximately one half of adults with current ADHD have ever used telehealth for ADHD services. […] The finding that 71.5% of adults who reported taking a stimulant medication had difficulty getting their ADHD prescription filled during the previous 12 months highlights the importance of ensuring an adequate supply of these medications. […] Research using health care claims data suggests that approximately one half of adults with ADHD received their ADHD care via telehealth, and that adults with ADHD use telehealth approximately twice as frequently as do those without ADHD.

• #1 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd

  Based on diagnostic interview data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), Figure 4 shows the estimated prevalence of adults aged 18 to 44 years with a current diagnosis of ADHD. The overall prevalence of current adult ADHD is 4.4%. Prevalence was higher for males (5.4%) versus females (3.2%). The non-Hispanic white group (5.4%) had a higher prevalence than all other race/ethnicity groups. […] The estimated lifetime prevalence of ADHD in U.S. adults aged 18 to 44 years was 8.1%.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12402-016-0208-3

  We previously reported on the cross-national epidemiology of ADHD from the first 10 countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. The current report expands those previous findings to the 20 nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys that have now collected data on adult ADHD. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was administered to 26,744 respondents in these surveys in high-, upper-middle-, and low-/lower-middle-income countries (68.5% mean response rate). Current DSM-IV/CIDI adult ADHD prevalence averaged 2.8% across surveys and was higher in high (3.6%)- and upper-middle (3.0%)- than low-/lower-middle (1.4%)-income countries. […] Adult ADHD was significantly related to being male, previously married, and low education. Adult ADHD was highly comorbid with DSM-IV/CIDI anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders and significantly associated with role impairments (days out of role, impaired cognition, and social interactions) when controlling for comorbidities. Treatment seeking was low in all countries and targeted largely to comorbid conditions rather than to ADHD. These results show that adult ADHD is prevalent, seriously impairing, and highly comorbid but vastly under-recognized and undertreated across countries and cultures.

• #1 Epidemiology of attention deficit hyperactive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_attention_deficit_hyperactive_disorder

  Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulty focusing attention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior. […] ADHD is estimated to affect about 6 to 7 percent of people aged 18 and under when diagnosed via the DSM-IV criteria. […] However, these estimates may be inaccurate as females tend to have fewer symptoms, as identified in the DSM-IV, and thus tend to be under-diagnosed due to these sex differences in predicting ADHD. […] The estimated prevalence of adult ADHD is 25.66% in the South-East Asia Region and 9.67% in the Western Pacific Region. […] Utilizing data from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys, it is estimated that, in China (Shenzhen), the prevalence of adult ADHD is 1.8%. […] The estimated prevalence of childhood ADHD in India is 7.1%, with individual study estimates ranging from 1.30% to 28.9%.

• #1 Epidemiology of attention deficit hyperactive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_attention_deficit_hyperactive_disorder

  The estimated prevalence of ADHD in Arab countries among schoolchildren (ages 6 to 12 years) ranges between 7.8 and 11.1%, while it was higher, at 16%, in studies that included younger children (ages 3 to 15 years). […] The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was found to be 3.4% overall in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, among primary school students between the years of 2015 and 2016. […] A systemic review of studies carried out in various Iranian cities between January 1990 and December 2018 revealed a prevalence of ADHD that ranged from 3.17% to 17.3%. […] The estimated prevalence of symptomatic adult ADHD in the Region of the Americas (North America and South America) is 6.06%. […] The estimated adult ADHD prevalences for Colombia, Peru, and Brazil are 2.5%, 1.4%, and 5.9% respectively. […] Rates of ADHD diagnosis and treatment have increased in both the United Kingdom and the United States since the 1970s. […] It is believed that the changes to the diagnostic criteria in 2013 from the DSM 4TR to the DSM 5 will increase the number of people with ADHD especially among adults.

• #1 Meta-analysis updates estimates of adult ADHD prevalence worldwide

  https://www.adhdevidence.org/blog/new-estimates-on-worldwide-prevalence-of-adhd

  For persistent adult ADHD, adjusted prevalence declined steeply from 5% among 18- to 24-year-olds to 0.8% among those 60 and older. […] For symptomatic adult ADHD, adjusted prevalence declined less steeply from 9% among 18- to 24-year-olds to 4.5% among that 60 and older. […] In each case, subgroup analyses found no significant differences based on sex, urban or rural setting, diagnostic tool, DSM version, or investigation period, although pooled prevalence estimates of persistent adult ADHD from 2010 onward were almost twice the previous pooled prevalence estimates. […] In both cases, between-study heterogeneity was very high (over 97%). The authors noted, „the age of interviewed participants in the included studies was not unified, ranging from young adults to the elderly. Given the fact that the prevalence of adult ADHD decreases with advancing age, as revealed in previous investigations and our meta-regression, it is not surprising to observe such a diversity in the reported prevalence, and the considerable heterogeneity across included studies could not be fully ruled out by a priori selected variables, including diagnostic tool, DSM version, sex, setting, investigation period, WHO region, and WB [World Bank] region.” […] In both cases, there was also evidence of publication bias. The authors stated, „we did not try to eliminate publication bias in our analyses, because we deemed that an observed prevalence of adult ADHD that substantially differed from previous estimates was likely to have been published.”

• #1 Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder

  When assessing the prevalence of persistent adult ADHD by World Bank regions, the prevalence of persistent adult ADHD is significantly lower in high-income countries than in low- and middle-income countries. Estimating the prevalence of persistent adult ADHD by age demonstrated decreasing prevalence with increasing age, which is consistent with other studies that have shown that ADHD symptoms tend to diminish with age. […] Another meta-analysis, published in 2020, specifically examined the prevalence of ADHD in older adults, defined as 45 years and older. The combined prevalence of ADHD in older adults by research diagnosis was estimated to be 2.18%, accordant with the age-dependent decline of ADHD. The combined prevalence of ADHD in older adults by clinical diagnosis was estimated to be 0.23%. The discrepancy in prevalence between research diagnosis and clinical diagnosis might be explained by either a potential overestimate by ADHD-rating scales or underdiagnosis by clinicians.

• #1 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/289350-overview

  In children, ADHD is 35 times more common in boys than in girls. Some studies report an incidence ratio of as high as 5:1. The predominantly inattentive type of ADHD is found more commonly in girls than in boys. […] In adults, the sex ratio is closer to even. […] The percentages in each group are not well established, but at least an estimated 1520% of children with ADHD maintain the full diagnosis into adulthood. As many as 65% of these children will have ADHD or some residual symptoms of ADHD as adults. […] The prevalence rate in adults has been estimated at 27%. The prevalence rate of ADHD in the adult general population is 45%.

• #1 Adult ADHD: Symptoms, Statistics, Causes, Types, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/adhd-adults

  About 4% to 5% of U.S. adults have ADHD, which stands for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. […] One large survey found that 4.4% of adults ages 18-44 in the U.S. have ADHD. About 62% are men and 38% are women, according to the survey. The ethnic group most likely to have a diagnosis of ADHD is non-Hispanic White people. The rate of ADHD among other groups is: 2.1% for Hispanic adults, 1.9% for Black adults, 3.6% for other ethnic groups. […] It can be harder for adults to be diagnosed and treated for ADHD than it is for kids. Experts once thought children outgrew the condition, so many health care providers lack training about ADHD in adults. […] One large, 10-year study found that White people, especially younger White men, were more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than those who are Black, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, or Pacific Islander. It’s not clear whether this is because some groups are more likely to have the condition or seek care for it, or whether doctors tend to diagnose it more readily in certain groups.

• #1 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, risk factors and evaluation in youth – Cabral – Translational Pediatrics

  https://tp.amegroups.org/article/view/30808/28327

  There are some gender differences to consider when diagnosing ADHD with more males being diagnosed than females (ratio 2:1). Males are more likely to manifest with hyperactive/impulsive symptoms, while females are more likely to have inattentive symptoms. With the extended age-of-onset criterion, prevalence of females with ADHD can potentially increase. Recent evidence suggests that notably increased emotional or behavioral problems must be seen in girls with ADHD before they meet criteria for the disorder. Additionally, parental perceptions of ADHD symptoms can differ based on the patients gender. […] Racial/ethnic disparities exist in children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. The prevalence observed in the 20-year period identified 12.8% of non-Hispanic black, 12% of non-Hispanic white, and 6.1% of Hispanic youth diagnosed with ADHD. These rates are similar to recent reports from the CDC. When controlling for socio-demographics, ADHD symptoms, and comorbidities, African-American and Latino children were less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD and be medicated. Future screening materials and diagnostic criteria may need to account for these gender and racial/ethnic differences. […] Most epidemiological studies to date focus on younger children with ADHD, with a lack of emphasis on studies in adolescents and adults. Further studies in these populations can help determine how often ADHD persists into adolescence and adulthood.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/ADHD-Epidemiology.aspx

  For this reason, the prevalence is higher in children and lower in adults. […] Approximately 1 in 6 children with ADHD will maintain the full diagnosis with persistent symptoms into adulthood, and most children will continue to experience residual symptoms. […] ADHD is 3-5 times more common in young boys than girls. However, the sex ratio tends to approach equilibrium in adulthood as the symptoms of more boys than girls usually improve.

• #1 Epidemiology of Treated Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) across the Lifespan in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Longitudinal Study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095014

  Epidemiology data on adult ADHD are limited, but several attempts have been made to gather this data and yielded prevalence estimates in the range of 16% […] Although an increasing number of people with ADHD sought treatment during 1999-2005 in Taiwan, the treated prevalence of ADHD was still lower than that of the community data. The treated incidence and prevalence of ADHD fell dramatically after age 13-18. However, more women than men sought treatment in adulthood. There may be under-diagnosis and under-treatment of ADHD, especially among females and adults. […] Our study is among the few that have examined healthcare-seeking ADHD patients across their lifespan, with a long observation period and a large sample of a general population, using data from Taiwan’s NHIRD. […] The unique findings of this study were that there may be an under-diagnosis and under-treatment of ADHD, especially among females and adults. Nevertheless, more women than men sought treatment in their adulthood.

• #1 Who Gets Adult ADHD?

  https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/adult-adhd-facts-statistics

  ADHD is among the most common mental disorders in children and teens, but plenty of adults have it too. Its estimated that adult ADHD affects more than 15 million adults (or up to 5% of Americans). […] Several studies suggest less than 20% of adults with ADHD are aware that they have it. And only about a fourth of those who do know are getting treatment for it. […] As we learn more about ADHD in adults, diagnoses seem to be on the rise. One study in a California hospital system found a 43% increase in the rate of adult ADHD cases over nearly 10 years. […] Research shows that the number of females getting ADHD diagnoses is growing. […] Among adults, one study found that while cases among all ethnic groups increased between 2007-2016, white people were most likely to get diagnosed. […] The study looked at more than 5 million adults in a California hospital system. It found that over that 9-year period, diagnoses rose: From 0.67% of the white adults in the study to 1.42%. […] Along with white ethnicity, the same study also linked higher odds of being diagnosed with ADHD to: Male gender, Younger age, Being employed, Being divorced, Having higher levels of education.

• #1 ADHD – adults | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/health-a-z/a/adhd-adults/

  ADHD affects about 1 in 20 adults thats about 280,000 New Zealanders. […] ADHD is usually diagnosed in childhood. Until recently it was thought that children grow out of ADHD, but it’s now known that about 7 out of 10 children with ADHD will still have symptoms as adults. […] ADHD diagnosis has become more common recently. There are lots of possible reasons for this, including better understanding of ADHD in girls and women, and more awareness of ADHD amongst the general public and healthcare providers. […] ADHD itself isnt becoming more common. People who had been living with undiagnosed ADHD are now being diagnosed. This is a good thing because undiagnosed and untreated ADHD can have serious impacts on relationships, employment, mental health and even lifespan. […] There is no simple test for ADHD. The diagnosis needs to be made by a mental health professional with experience in assessing ADHD.

• #1 The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys – SEARCH

  https://primo.qatar-weill.cornell.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_5325787/974WCMCIQ_INST:VU1

  We previously reported on the cross-national epidemiology of ADHD from the first 10 countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. The current report expands those previous findings to the 20 nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys that have now collected data on adult ADHD. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was administered to 26,744 respondents in these surveys in high-, upper-middle-, and low-/lower-middle-income countries (68.5% mean response rate). Current DSM-IV/CIDI adult ADHD prevalence averaged 2.8% across surveys and was higher in high (3.6%)- and upper-middle (3.0%)- than low-/lower-middle (1.4%)-income countries. Conditional prevalence of current ADHD averaged 57.0% among childhood cases and 41.1% among childhood subthreshold cases. Adult ADHD was significantly related to being male, previously married, and low education. Adult ADHD was highly comorbid with DSM-IV/CIDI anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders and significantly associated with role impairments (days out of role, impaired cognition, and social interactions) when controlling for comorbidities. Treatment seeking was low in all countries and targeted largely to comorbid conditions rather than to ADHD. These results show that adult ADHD is prevalent, seriously impairing, and highly comorbid but vastly under-recognized and undertreated across countries and cultures.

• #1 Burden of ADHD | ADHD Institute

  https://adhd-institute.com/burden-of-adhd

  ADHD is a diverse disorder with complex epidemiology and aetiology, which can have a significant impact on affected individuals lives. […] ADHD is known to persist across the lifespan and affects people of all ages. ADHD prevalence rates vary between children, adolescents and adults, and by gender and symptom presentation. […] The majority of adults with ADHD have a diagnosed or undiagnosed psychiatric comorbidity, which can complicate the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. […] ADHD can have a significant social impact on affected individuals lives, causing disruption at school, work, and in relationships. […] Consequently, the quality of life of individuals with ADHD may be impaired, although some positive aspects of ADHD have been reported. […] ADHD can also be associated with substantial economic burden for the individual, their family and societal healthcare services.

• #1 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: Epidemiology, clinical features, assessment, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-clinical-features-assessment-and-diagnosis/print

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood and adolescence, often persists into adulthood. Studies have found that a majority of people diagnosed with ADHD in childhood continue to meet criteria for the disorder as adults. More recent studies have found that a substantial proportion of those with adult ADHD did not have the condition in childhood. ADHD in adulthood is associated with significant impairment in occupational, academic, and social functioning. […] ADHD in adults is characterized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and restlessness, resulting in functional impairment. Impairment in executive function is common. Emotional dysregulation is often seen in these patients. […] This topic discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, assessment, and diagnosis of ADHD in adults.

• #1 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) syndrome across ages in: Developments in Health Sciences Volume 6 Issue 2 (2023)

  https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2066/6/2/article-p34.xml

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that significantly impacts various aspects of life, including school, work, family, and social relationships. The disorder has a prevalence of 67% in children and 45% in adults and commonly manifests before the age of 12. […] Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with numerous adverse outcomes, such as comorbid psychiatric disorders, academic difficulties, accidents, injuries, and increased economic burdens on society and individuals. […] Children and adults with ADHD have a high rate of psychiatric comorbidity, including learning disorders, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, tic disorders, adolescent substance abuse, and antisocial personality disorder in adulthood.

• #1 The Making of Adult ADHD: The Rapid Rise of a Novel Psychiatric Diagnosis

  https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/the-making-of-adult-adhd-the-rapid-rise-of-a-novel-psychiatric-diagnosis

  Plenty of other psychiatric disorders exist that can cause ADHD-like symptoms, and in current practice, individuals with these symptoms receive misdiagnoses of adult ADHD. For example, 84% of patients with symptoms meeting criteria for adult ADHD also have symptoms that meet criteria for mood illnesses. Using the concept of diagnostic hierarchy, poor attention is a symptom of depression, mania, and anxiety; thus, the occurrence of inattention while a patient has mood symptoms does not mean the patient has both an attention disorder and a mood disorder. […] The history of psychiatry teaches us that the field has been vulnerable to a host of diagnostic fads. Adult ADHD is the latest of such fads, and a careful review of the scientific literature reveals that the range of ADHD-like symptoms in adults is more accurately explained by other empirically validated psychiatric disorders.

• #1 Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder

  ADHD is a highly genetically influenced condition, meaning it commonly runs in families. Individuals with a first-degree relative with ADHD demonstrate a risk of ADHD 4-5 times higher than the general population rate and have prevalence rates of around 20%. The rate of inheriting the disorder is estimated to be about 76% among children and adolescents and between 70 and 80% among adults. […] Effective management of ADHD generally requires a combination of psychoeducation, behavioral interventions, pharmacotherapy, and coaching for ADHD. Psychostimulants, or simply stimulants, are considered the first-line medication for the treatment of ADHD. Particularly for adults, amphetamines are considered the most effective medication. […] While ADHD has traditionally been viewed as a childhood disorder that fades with age, growing research has shown that ADHD often persists from childhood into adulthood. Approximately 40-60% of individuals diagnosed with ADHD in childhood continue to exhibit some symptoms of it in adulthood, while approximately 15% continue to meet full diagnostic criteria. A meta-analysis of the global prevalence of ADHD in adults, published in 2021, estimated a collective prevalence of persistent adult ADHD of 2.58% globally in 2020.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00127-024-02697-z

  The epidemiology of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not well explored in India. The present study aims to systematically review the literature on the prevalence of adult ADHD in India and also estimate the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of adult ADHD among the young adults in Delhi-NCR. […] The systematic review revealed a high prevalence of adult ADHD ranging from 5.48 to 25.7% among general and specific populations of India. Further, in the cross-sectional study, 14% of participants were screened positive for ADHD. While factors like South Indian origin and higher maternal education were associated with an increased risk of adult ADHD, low socioeconomic status was found to be protective. […] Considering the high prevalence of adult ADHD in India, there is an urgent need to increase awareness regarding adult ADHD and identify vulnerable populations to facilitate informed interventions.

• #1

  http://oru.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1636523

  Somatic and occupational outcomes in adult ADHD: epidemiology studies based on real-world data. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by inattention or hyperactivityimpulsivity, or both. ADHD is a multifactorial disorder influenced by the complex interplay between genetic and environmental risk factors, but a detailed understanding of the causal status of these factors is lacking. ADHD is associated with many psychiatric disorders, but somatic comorbidity in ADHD has received less attention in the research literature. The overarching aim of this thesis is to extend previous knowledge on the early risk factors of ADHD, and to increase the awareness and the understanding on somatic and occupational outcomes of ADHD in adults. In Study III, we explored the prospective associations between ADHD and a broad range of cardiovascular diseases in 5,389,519 adults from Sweden, and found that ADHD may be a novel and independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In Study IV, based on the longitudinal cohort of 12,875 middle-aged adults with ADHD, we found the use of ADHD medications during the previous two years was associated with a 10% reduction in the risk of long-term unemployment in the following year.

• #1

  http://oru.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1758309

  This highlights the need for increased awareness of ADHD clinical diagnosis and treatment in older adults. […] Individuals with ADHD had an increased risk for dementia and MCI. […] ADHD is a potential risk factor for dementia and MCI, although the risk significantly attenuates after controlling for psychiatric disorders. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to explore underlying mechanisms of the associations. […] The developed model included eight traditional and four novel CVD risk factors. The inclusion of the novel CVD risk factors may provide a better prediction of CVDs in this population compared with traditional CVD predictors only, when the model is used with a continuous risk score.

• #1 About ADHD | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/patient-care/prevention-wellness/emotional-wellbeing/adhd-toolkit/about.html

  Research does not support the popularly held views that ADHD is caused by eating too much sugar, watching too much television, parenting, or social and environmental factors such as poverty or family chaos. […] Adult ADHD can lead to unstable relationships, poor work or school performance, low self-esteem, and other problems. […] While many adults with ADHD are able to cope with their symptoms, studies have shown that ADHD is associated with certain risks including poor academic performance (e.g., lower grade point average and increased rates of grade retention) and lower rates of high-school graduation and post-secondary education, traffic crashes and injuries, negative occupational outcomes such as unemployment or trouble keeping a job, financial problems, and poor work performance, high rates of separation and divorce, frequent changes in residence and early parenthood, increased mortality rates primarily driven by deaths from unnatural causes, especially accidents, increases in criminal behavior, and increased suicidal behavior.

• #1 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) syndrome across ages in: Developments in Health Sciences Volume 6 Issue 2 (2023)

  https://akjournals.com/view/journals/2066/6/2/article-p34.xml

  The worldwide prevalence of ADHD is estimated to be between 5% and 11% among children, and between 5% and 7.2% among adults. […] The economic burden associated with ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults is considerable. Specific studies in North America estimate that the annual costs of individuals diagnosed with ADHD, including children, adolescents, and adults, range between $1,028.06 and $18,158.09. In Europe, the estimated costs per individual for the same patient groups range from $831.83 to $20,538.95 annually. […] The goal of the present article is to emphasise that ADHD is a lifelong disorder that imposes a significant economic burden. The article underscores the importance of early diagnosis and effective treatment strategies.

• #1 BackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsMETHODSSearch strategy and selection criteriaData extraction and quality assessmentStatistical analysisOverall pooled prevalence of adult ADHDSubgroup meta-analysis of adult ADHD prevalenceMeta-regression of adult ADHD p

  https://www.jogh.org/documents/2021/jogh-11-04009.htm

  ADHD has long been conceptualised as a disorder of childhood that gradually diminishes with advancing age during adolescence and young adulthood. However, this assumption was challenged by follow-up studies that observed the persistence of ADHD from childhood into adulthood. […] Despite the prevailing assumption that adult ADHD and childhood ADHD affect the same group of people and share the same neurodevelopmental aetiology, several prospective longitudinal studies have revealed that more than two-thirds of people with adult ADHD have ever had childhood ADHD. […] Compared with childhood ADHD, adult ADHD is relatively neglected in epidemiological studies, largely due to the absence of well-established and validated diagnostic criteria. […] Until recently, many attempts have been made to estimate the prevalence of adult ADHD in the general population, either through indirect extrapolating from the prevalence of childhood ADHD with the persistence rate of childhood ADHD to adulthood ADHD, or through direct field investigations.

• #1 Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350878

  Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental health disorder that includes a combination of persistent problems, such as difficulty paying attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. […] Though it’s called adult ADHD, symptoms start in early childhood and continue into adulthood. In some cases, ADHD is not recognized or diagnosed until the person is an adult. […] Diagnosis of ADHD in adults can be difficult because certain ADHD symptoms are similar to those caused by other conditions, such as anxiety or mood disorders. […] Many adults with ADHD aren’t aware they have it they just know that everyday tasks can be a challenge. […] ADHD can make life difficult for you. ADHD has been linked to poor school or work performance, unemployment, financial problems, trouble with the law, alcohol or other substance misuse, frequent car accidents or other accidents, unstable relationships, poor physical and mental health, poor self-image, and suicide attempts. […] Although ADHD doesn’t cause other psychological or developmental problems, other disorders often occur along with ADHD and make treatment more challenging.

• #1 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults: evidence base, uncertainties and controversies – ePrints Soton

  https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/497581/

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults: evidence base, uncertainties and controversies Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was once thought to be solely a childhood condition. Now it is well established that it can persist into adulthood, with an estimated worldwide prevalence of around 2.5%. Additionally, up to 70% of individuals with childhood-onset ADHD continue to experience impairing symptoms as adults, even if they no longer meet the criteria for a formal diagnosis. […] This paper summarizes current empirical evidence, alongside uncertainties and controversies, regarding the definition, epidemiology, diagnosis, etiology, neurobiology, and management of ADHD in adults. […] Key uncertainties and controversies on adult ADHD include: a) the possibility of late-onset ADHD; b) the significance of emotional dysregulation as a core symptom; c) the definition and characterization of functional impairment; d) the persistence of psychiatric and somatic conditions after accounting for confounders; e) the relevance of executive dysfunction in the definition of the condition; f) the use of objective diagnostic measures; g) the long-term effects of treatments; and h) the role of non-pharmacological interventions. Further research on adult ADHD is urgently needed. Funding for studies on this condition lags behind that for childhood ADHD and other mental disorders in adulthood. Hopefully, efforts by clinicians, researchers and other stakeholders will ultimately help ensure that adults with ADHD are better understood, supported, and empowered to thrive.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/ADHD-Epidemiology.aspx

  For this reason, the prevalence is higher in children and lower in adults. […] Approximately 1 in 6 children with ADHD will maintain the full diagnosis with persistent symptoms into adulthood, and most children will continue to experience residual symptoms. […] ADHD is 3-5 times more common in young boys than girls. However, the sex ratio tends to approach equilibrium in adulthood as the symptoms of more boys than girls usually improve.

• #2 BackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsMETHODSSearch strategy and selection criteriaData extraction and quality assessmentStatistical analysisOverall pooled prevalence of adult ADHDSubgroup meta-analysis of adult ADHD prevalenceMeta-regression of adult ADHD p

  https://www.jogh.org/documents/2021/jogh-11-04009.htm

  Through a systematic review and meta-analysis of six studies published between 1996 and 2005, V Simon and colleagues estimated that the pooled prevalence of adult ADHD was 2.5%. […] When defining adult ADHD with the DSM-IV criteria, EG Willcutt estimated that the pooled prevalence of adult ADHD was 5.0% based on 11 studies published between 1996 and 2011. […] Our analyses show that the pooled prevalence of persistent adult ADHD was relatively higher in LMICs than in HICs and that of symptomatic adult ADHD varied across WHO regions. […] In 2020, the prevalence of persistent adult ADHD was 2.58%, and that of symptomatic adult ADHD was 6.76%, equivalent to 139.84 million and 366.33 million affected cases globally.

• #2 Meta-analysis updates estimates of adult ADHD prevalence worldwide

  https://www.adhdevidence.org/blog/new-estimates-on-worldwide-prevalence-of-adhd

  An international team of researchers conducted a comprehensive search of the peer-reviewed literature to perform a meta-analysis, with three aims: 1) assess the global prevalence of adult ADHD 2) explore possible associated factors 3) estimate the 2020 global population of persons with adult ADHD. […] The search yielded forty articles covering thirty countries. Twenty reported prevalence data on symptomatic adult ADHD, 19 on persistent adult ADHD, and one on both. […] Twenty studies covering a total of 107,282 participants reported the prevalence of persistent adult ADHD. The pooled prevalence was 4.6%. After adjustment for the global population structure, the pooled prevalence was 2.6%, equivalent to roughly 140 million cases globally. […] Twenty-one studies covering 50,098 participants reported on the prevalence of symptomatic adult ADHD. The pooled prevalence was 8.8%. After adjustment for the global population structure, the pooled prevalence was 6.7%, equivalent to roughly 366 million cases globally.

• #2

  https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/ctsi/526/

  The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. […] The current report expands those previous findings to the 20 nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys that have now collected data on adult ADHD. […] Current DSM-IV/CIDI adult ADHD prevalence averaged 2.8% across surveys and was higher in high (3.6%)- and upper-middle (3.0%)- than low-/lower-middle (1.4%)-income countries. […] Adult ADHD was significantly related to being male, previously married, and low education. […] Adult ADHD was highly comorbid with DSM-IV/CIDI anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders and significantly associated with role impairments (days out of role, impaired cognition, and social interactions) when controlling for comorbidities. […] These results show that adult ADHD is prevalent, seriously impairing, and highly comorbid but vastly under-recognized and undertreated across countries and cultures.

• #2

  http://oru.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1758309

  Overall, the findings indicate that a substantial number of older adults have increased levels of ADHD symptoms and that ADHD in adults is associated with an increased risk of age-related disorders. Further longitudinal studies, based on both community samples and epidemiological data, are needed to explore the risk of age-related disorders in ADHD, and the underlying mechanisms, until a more advanced older age. […] There is a significant knowledge gap in research on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in older adults. […] The pooled prevalence estimates differed significantly across assessment methods: 2.18 % (95 % CI = 1.51, 3.16) based on research diagnosis via validated scales, 0.23 % (0.12, 0.43) relying on clinical ADHD diagnosis, and 0.09 % (0.06, 0.15) based on ADHD treatment rates.

• #2 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/289350-overview

  In children, ADHD is 35 times more common in boys than in girls. Some studies report an incidence ratio of as high as 5:1. The predominantly inattentive type of ADHD is found more commonly in girls than in boys. […] In adults, the sex ratio is closer to even. […] The percentages in each group are not well established, but at least an estimated 1520% of children with ADHD maintain the full diagnosis into adulthood. As many as 65% of these children will have ADHD or some residual symptoms of ADHD as adults. […] The prevalence rate in adults has been estimated at 27%. The prevalence rate of ADHD in the adult general population is 45%.

• #2 Large-scale analysis reveals racial disparities in the prevalence of ADHD and conduct disorders | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-75954-5

  Our hypothesis that Black individuals are likely to have a lesser prevalence of an ADHD diagnosis and a higher prevalence of an ODD or CD diagnosis when compared to White individuals is supported by our findings. […] We demonstrate that ADHD diagnoses are overrepresented in White patients compared to Black patients and further reveal the impact of these diagnostic disparities across subtypes and sex. […] While most ADHD diagnoses take place before the age of 18 in both populations, our analysis reveals that adult ADHD is diagnosed much more prominently in White adults compared to Black adults. […] The Black population has a steady decline in ADHD diagnoses after adolescence. […] However, in White patients, there is a disproportionately higher number of patients diagnosed between 18 and 40 than in Black patients.

• #2 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis, Treatment, and Telehealth Use in Adults — National Center for Health Statistics Rapid Surveys System, United States, October–November 2023 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7340a1.htm

  More than one half of adults with ADHD (55.9%) received their diagnosis during adulthood. […] Approximately one half of adults (50.4%) with ADHD were prescribed medication to treat their ADHD during the previous 12 months. […] Almost one half of adults with ADHD (46.0%) reported ever receiving telehealth services for their condition. […] This analysis of a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults found that in 2023, an estimated 15.5 million (6.0%) had a current ADHD diagnosis, approximately one half of whom received their diagnosis during adulthood. […] Approximately one half of adults with current ADHD have ever used telehealth for ADHD services. […] The finding that 71.5% of adults who reported taking a stimulant medication had difficulty getting their ADHD prescription filled during the previous 12 months highlights the importance of ensuring an adequate supply of these medications. […] Research using health care claims data suggests that approximately one half of adults with ADHD received their ADHD care via telehealth, and that adults with ADHD use telehealth approximately twice as frequently as do those without ADHD.

• #2 The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys – SEARCH

  https://primo.qatar-weill.cornell.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_5325787/974WCMCIQ_INST:VU1

  We previously reported on the cross-national epidemiology of ADHD from the first 10 countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. The current report expands those previous findings to the 20 nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys that have now collected data on adult ADHD. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was administered to 26,744 respondents in these surveys in high-, upper-middle-, and low-/lower-middle-income countries (68.5% mean response rate). Current DSM-IV/CIDI adult ADHD prevalence averaged 2.8% across surveys and was higher in high (3.6%)- and upper-middle (3.0%)- than low-/lower-middle (1.4%)-income countries. Conditional prevalence of current ADHD averaged 57.0% among childhood cases and 41.1% among childhood subthreshold cases. Adult ADHD was significantly related to being male, previously married, and low education. Adult ADHD was highly comorbid with DSM-IV/CIDI anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders and significantly associated with role impairments (days out of role, impaired cognition, and social interactions) when controlling for comorbidities. Treatment seeking was low in all countries and targeted largely to comorbid conditions rather than to ADHD. These results show that adult ADHD is prevalent, seriously impairing, and highly comorbid but vastly under-recognized and undertreated across countries and cultures.

• #2 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis, Treatment, and Telehealth Use in Adults — National Center for Health Statistics Rapid Surveys System, United States, October–November 2023 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7340a1.htm

  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood disorder that can continue into adulthood, but there is limited information about diagnosis and treatment in adults. […] In 2023, an estimated 15.5 million U.S. adults had an ADHD diagnosis, approximately one half of whom received their diagnosis in adulthood. Approximately one third of adults with ADHD take stimulant medication; 71.5% had difficulty filling their prescription because the medication was unavailable. Approximately one half of adults with ADHD have ever used telehealth for ADHD services. […] ADHD affects many adults. Information on diagnosis and treatment helps the development of clinical care guidelines and regulatory decision-making around medication shortages and telehealth for ADHD. […] An estimated 6.0% of adults had a current ADHD diagnosis, equivalent to one in 16, or approximately 15.5 million U.S. adults.

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