Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Body Piercing Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537336/

  A national survey found that of the respondents, approximately 35%, reported having some form of body piercings with 14% endorsing piercings at sites other than the soft earlobe. Women, in general, are more likely than men to have body piercings. Women additionally have more piercings to sites other than the soft earlobe when compared with males. Individuals between the ages of 24 to 34 have the highest prevalence of body piercings. Of those individuals with piercings at sites other than the soft earlobe, 23% reported experiencing a medical complication. One-third of those with body piercings report having received piercings outside of a specified body art studio which raises the concern for increased infection transmission. […] Concerns over non-sterilized and improper cleaning techniques of piercing equipment, as well as, an individual patient’s overall hygiene habits and poor piercing aftercare attribute to the increased risk of infection with associated body piercings.

• #2 Body Piercing Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK537336/

  A national survey found that of the respondents, approximately 35%, reported having some form of body piercings with 14% endorsing piercings at sites other than the soft earlobe. Women, in general, are more likely than men to have body piercings. Women additionally have more piercings to sites other than the soft earlobe when compared with males. […] Individuals between the ages of 24 to 34 have the highest prevalence of body piercings. Of those individuals with piercings at sites other than the soft earlobe, 23% reported experiencing a medical complication. One-third of those with body piercings report having received piercings outside of a specified body art studio which raises the concern for increased infection transmission.

• #3 Body Piercing Infections | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/38402

  Localized cellulitis is the most common infectious complication resulting from body piercings. […] If not identified and treated accordingly these localized infections, though rare, can lead to more serious systemic complications such as Ludwig angina, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, and Fournier gangrene as detailed in case reports. […] A national survey found that of the respondents, approximately 35%, reported having some form of body piercings with 14% endorsing piercings at sites other than the soft earlobe. […] Individuals between the ages of 24 to 34 have the highest prevalence of body piercings. […] Of those individuals with piercings at sites other than the soft earlobe, 23% reported experiencing a medical complication. […] One-third of those with body piercings report having received piercings outside of a specified body art studio which raises the concern for increased infection transmission.

• #4 Body piercing in adolescents and young adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/body-piercing-in-adolescents-and-young-adults

  Body piercing is increasingly common among adolescents and young adults. Surveys of adolescents and young adults (13 to 29 years of age) suggest that 25 to 35 percent have a body piercing at a site other than the ear lobe. […] A consistent proportion of adolescents and young adults (13 to 18 percent) report long-term removal of their jewelry (though the piercing tract may remain patent); the reasons that they cite for removal include dissatisfaction, infection, and disinterest. […] Surveys evaluating the association between body piercing and high-risk behaviors (eg, tobacco use, drug use, sexual activity) in adolescents and young adults have inconsistent results. Some suggest that the rate of high-risk behaviors is increased in those with multiple piercings or intimate (ie, nipple, genital) piercings.

• #5

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/teen/Pages/body-piercings.aspx

  Among people who get a piercing other than the earlobe, about 1 in 3 end up having a complication. […] Infection at the pierced site. Whenever the skin’s protective barrier is broken, local skin infections from staph or strep bacteria are a risk. […] Bloodstream infections. With any piercing, there is the danger of this type of infection, including the hepatitis B or C viruses and tetanus. […] Teens with a chronic medical condition or those who take daily medication (e.g., those with diabetes mellitus or taking corticosteroids) may be at a greater risk of complications from body piercings and should check with their pediatrician before getting pierced.

• #6 How to Treat Ear Piercing Infections at Home

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/what-to-know-about-ear-piercing-infections

  While getting your ears pierced is pretty safe, there’s still a chance that your piercings could become infected. […] Even with proper care, about 20% of earlobe piercings become infected and 30% of cartilage piercings become infected. […] Most ear piercing infections aren’t serious and can be cared for at home. […] Without proper treatment, ear piercing infections can spread to the rest of your body. This is called a systemic infection.

• #7

  https://journals.lww.com/jnsm/fulltext/2022/05020/cartilage_ear_piercing_probable_infections_among.14.aspx

  The prevalence of ear piercings is 8%32%. Complications can be due to the factors such as the amount of tissue blood supply, the location of the piercing, the extent of hygiene techniques, and much more. […] The prevalence of a probable ear piercing-related infection for ear cartilage piercings was found to be significantly higher than for earlobe piercings (41.4% vs. 29.6%) (P = 0.0004) (confidence interval [CI] = 0.4430.795). […] Probable external ear infections were more common among those with cartilage ear piercings than those with earlobe piercings. […] The most common pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus and Group A Streptococcus for lobular ear piercings and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for cartilage ear piercings. […] The prevalence of probable piercing-related infections in Zone A (29.6%) and B (41.4%) differed with statistical significance (P = 0.0004) (CI = 0.4430.795), and so, the prevalence of probable piercing-related infection in Zone B was higher than Zone A.

• #8 Complications of Body Piercing | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/1115/p2029.html

  The trend of body piercing at sites other than the earlobe has grown in popularity in the past decade. Complications of body piercing include local and systemic infections, poor cosmesis, and foreign body rejection. Family physicians should be prepared to address complications of body piercing and provide accurate information to patients. […] No reliable estimates are available for the number of persons who have experienced complications related to body piercing. […] The ear is the most common site for body piercing. In one study, up to 35 percent of persons with pierced ears had one or more complications (e.g., minor infection, allergic reaction, keloid formation, and traumatic tearing). […] Multiple ear piercings have gained popularity, especially high piercing through the cartilage of the pinna. These piercings are associated with poor healing and more serious infection because of the avascular nature of auricular cartilage.

• #9 Eurosurveillance | National outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with an aftercare solution following piercings, July to September 2016, England

  https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.37.1700795

  We report a national Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak from a common source following piercings between July and September 2016 in England. […] Overall, 162 outbreak cases (29 confirmed, 14 probable and 119 possible) and 14 non-outbreak cases were identified; all confirmed cases had ear piercings (93% cartilage). […] Outbreak cases were predominantly female (95%) and had a median age of 18 years (interquartile range: 1356 years). […] The same outbreak VNTR type (11,3,5,3,3,3,6,4,7) was isolated from bottles of an aftercare solution from a single manufacturer and in specimens from confirmed cases who attended eight different piercing studios supplied with this product. […] In the cohort study, use of aftercare solution was associated with becoming a case (aOR: 4.60, 95% confidence interval: 1.6512.90).

• #9 Eurosurveillance | National outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with an aftercare solution following piercings, July to September 2016, England

  https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.37.1700795

  Environmental, microbiological and epidemiological investigations confirmed that contamination during production of aftercare solution was the source of this national outbreak; highlighting challenges in the regulation of a cosmetic products used in the piercing industry and that guidance on piercing aftercare may need to be reviewed.

• #10 Piercing Your Ears? Stick to the Lobes Only

  https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/piercing-your-ears-stick-lobes-only

  It’s important that people not take infected ear piercings lightly, said Keene. Patients with such infections should be cultured. Pseudomonas infections can be difficult to treat, and aggressive therapy often is needed, he said. […] „We really don’t know how common these kinds of infections are,” said Keene. „They are virtually never reported to the public health agencies that investigate outbreaks.”

• #11 Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa perichondritis associated with ear piercings and a contaminated water system | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/outbreak-of-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-perichondritis-associated-with-ear-piercings-and-a-contaminated-water-system/85079F4345457210FF9E5186E4B60788

  In September 2023, the UK Health Security Agency’s (UKHSA) South West Health Protection Team received notification of patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa perichondritis. […] P. aeruginosa is a recognised cause of sporadic piercing-related infections, generally occurring 24 weeks after the piercing has taken place. […] There are few reports of outbreaks of P. aeruginosa associated with piercings. […] As Pseudomonas species is not a notifiable causative agent under the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010, the burden of infections related to ear piercing is difficult to determine. […] This investigation found strong environmental, microbiological and descriptive epidemiological evidence that an outbreak of P. aeruginosa infections following ear piercings carried out in the South West was associated with a single venue.

• #12 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230904/Outbreak-of-piercing-infections-in-Australia-traced-to-contaminated-aftercare-solution.aspx

  In a recent study published in the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases, a group of researchers investigated and controlled the outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infections linked to a specific batch of piercing aftercare solutions in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, using genomic sequencing and reviewing associated manufacturing standards. […] Nonmedical body piercings, like ear piercings, often lead to bacterial infections, with 10%-30% of new sites developing infections. […] More research is required to understand and prevent piercing-related P. aeruginosa outbreaks, thus ensuring safer piercing practices and product standards. […] Through the NSW Public Health Rapid Emergency, Disease, and Syndromic Surveillance System (PHREDSS), they monitored patients at most public hospitals and identified potential infection cases by analyzing patient codes and conducting keyword searches.

• #13 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230904/Outbreak-of-piercing-infections-in-Australia-traced-to-contaminated-aftercare-solution.aspx

  From April 30, 2021, weekly updates on emergency department visits related to piercing infections were shared with other public health units across NSW. […] The researchers reported that a sudden upsurge of piercing-related infections in New South Wales, Australia, was noticed in April 2021. […] As infections proliferated, data drawn from the PHREDSS indicated a stark increase in infections associated with piercings. […] To summarize, in 2021, a NSW outbreak linked a P. aeruginosa piercing infection to a specific aftercare solution batch using whole-genome sequencing. […] Repeated global outbreaks emphasize the need for enhanced manufacturing standards for aftercare products, with the NSW incident underscoring the importance of rigorous production quality control, contamination detection, quality assurance, and effective testing.

• #14 Piercing Your Ears? Stick to the Lobes Only

  https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/piercing-your-ears-stick-lobes-only

  „Kids don’t seem to realize that ear piercing is, in its own small way, an invasive procedure, and until it heals, any pierced body part is at risk for infection,” said William E. Keene, Ph.D., an epidemiologist at the Oregon Department of Human Services Acute and Communicable Disease Program in Portland. Keene headed the investigation into an outbreak of ear-piercing related infections that occurred in Klamath Falls, Ore. in the summer of 2000. […] Health department investigators contacted local physicians to find additional cases and, using customer lists that the shop was required to maintain, surveyed customers going back over six weeks. In total, 7 of 53 people (13 percent) who had their upper ear cartilage pierced during that period were found to have Pseudomonas infections that were confirmed by cultures.

• #15 Community Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections Associated with Contaminated Piercing Aftercare Solution, Australia, 2021 – Volume 29, Number 10—October 2023 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/10/23-0560_article

  In April 2021, the South Eastern Sydney Local Health District Public Health Unit (Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) was notified of 3 patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections secondary to skin piercings performed at the same salon. […] We identified 13 confirmed and 40 probable case-patients and linked clinical isolates by genomic sequencing. […] Early outbreak detection and source attribution via genomic sequencing are crucial for controlling outbreaks linked to contaminated products. […] Sporadic bacterial infections are a relatively common occurrence after nonmedical body piercing procedures, such as ear piercing. […] Complications of piercing-related infections can range from minor superficial skin infections to abscess formation and necrosis requiring surgical intervention.

• #16 Community Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections Associated with Contaminated Piercing Aftercare Solution, Australia, 2021 – Volume 29, Number 10—October 2023 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/10/23-0560_article

  P. aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacterium commonly found in natural and built wet environments and is a well-established cause of sporadic piercing-related infections. […] However, limited reports exist on P. aeruginosa infection outbreaks related to piercing. […] We found microbiological, environmental, and epidemiologic evidence linking a single batch of aftercare solution to a piercing-related P. aeruginosa infection outbreak across NSW during April-June 2021. […] Therefore, we successfully used WGS to establish a causative link between an aftercare product and a piercing-related P. aeruginosa infection outbreak. […] Multiple outbreaks of P. aeruginosa infections from at least 2 continents have been caused by piercing aftercare products, suggesting that higher manufacturing standards might be required for such solutions. […] Management of this outbreak has shown the importance of quality control and sterility assurance in manufacturing such solutions. […] Early detection of pathogen clusters linked to contaminated products and source attribution via genomic sequencing are pivotal in controlling outbreaks.

• #17 Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa perichondritis associated with ear piercings and a contaminated water system | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/outbreak-of-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-perichondritis-associated-with-ear-piercings-and-a-contaminated-water-system/85079F4345457210FF9E5186E4B60788

  Environmental swabs and water samples from the venue recovered isolates of P. aeruginosa that were indistinguishable by VNTR typing from the seven confirmed human cases. […] However, there are no similar requirements for monitoring and control of hot and cold water supplies outside of the hospital environment. […] It is evident that the invasive nature of ear-piercing provides a portal of entry for this pathogen and that it would be advantageous to update the existing toolkit to facilitate risk reduction strategies. […] Rapid public health action was likely to have prevented further cases as no additional cases were seen after controls and remediation were put in place.

• #18 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: Tattoo and Body Piercings – Section A

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/sanitary-operations-for-cosmetic-services/tattoo-and-body-piercings/tattoo-and-body-piercings-section-a/

  In 1999, Senate Bill No. 38 was passed. […] This bill addressed body piercing in Indiana. The following are highlights of this legislation: […] The law required that the IDOH adopt rules to regulate the sanitary operation of body piercing facilities. […] The IDOH developed a rule governing the sanitary operation of tattoo parlors in 1998 and revised this rule in 2000 to include the sanitary operation of body piercing facilities. […] The rule does not require that tattoo artists or body piercers register with the IDOH and IDOH does not routinely inspect these facilities. […] Operators of tattoo parlors and body piercing facilities who are not covered by the OSHA Standard must observe only the requirements of the IDOH rule and are encouraged to be familiar with the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard, since it is referenced in this rule.

• #19 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: Tattoo and Body Piercings – Section A

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/sanitary-operations-for-cosmetic-services/tattoo-and-body-piercings/tattoo-and-body-piercings-section-a/

  All tattoo artists and body piercers should consider vaccination against the hepatitis B virus. […] Both the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be spread by direct contact with blood or OPIM. […] The OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard requires that employees be offered a medical evaluation when an exposure to someone else’s blood occurs. […] Yearly training on bloodborne pathogen disease transmission for tattoo artist, body piercers, and anyone who has contact with blood at the facility is a requirement of this rule.

• #20 Warning over infection that may be linked to piercing product – GOV.UK

  https://www.gov.uk/government/news/warning-over-infection-linked-to-an-aftercare-spray-for-piercings

  Public Health England (PHE) is warning people who have recently had body piercings about an unsafe cleansing spray provided by piercing studios across the country for aftercare use, which may cause severe infection. […] The spray may be linked to 26 cases of a severe infection, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, across England. Investigations are ongoing and PHE continue to monitor for further cases. […] Infection is not uncommon following piercings, but the particular type of bacteria linked to this outbreak can cause severe infection. […] It is important that people take extra care in ensuring any piercing is properly cleansed and to follow professional advice available from local environmental health teams. If people are concerned about possible infection they are strongly advised to seek medical attention urgently. […] PHE is continuing to investigate, and is liaising with the appropriate authorities in the devolved administrations, to ensure that the contaminated product is removed from piercing studios and wherever possible clients are contacted by their studio and advised to stop using the product.

• #21 Body Piercing Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537336/

  Patients need to be counseled on the risks of associated infection when undergoing body piercings. Importance should be placed on infection prevention and the need for utilization of a trusted and certified piercing parlor as these locations have requirements for proper hygiene and sterilization techniques.

• #22 Body Piercing Infections | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/38402

  Concerns over non-sterilized and improper cleaning techniques of piercing equipment, as well as, an individual patient’s overall hygiene habits and poor piercing aftercare attribute to the increased risk of infection with associated body piercings. […] An additional concern arises with genital piercings that can compromise the integrity of barrier contraception and increase the risk for sexually transmitted infections. […] Complications arising from body piercing infections are rare, and antibiotic treatment along with incision and drainage of an abscess is the cornerstone of therapy. […] Potential complications of piercing infections are relatively minor when identified early and treated with appropriate antimicrobials. […] For these reasons, it is necessary to identify and treat the localized infections to prevent severe and life-threatening complications.

• #23

• #24 Pierced ear infection

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/pierced-ear-infection

  Earrings should be removed from your child’s ears if the infection persists or spreads despite regular cleaning. […] Make sure the piercer is qualified and experienced, uses proper equipment and is wearing protective gloves for each piercing. […] When to seek medical help: Make an appointment with your child’s health-care provider if the infection involves the cartilage of the ear.

• #25 Is Your Nose Piercing Infected? A Comprehensive Guide to Recognize, Treat, and Prevent Infections

  https://pierced.co/blogs/all/is-your-nose-piercing-infected

  Like any other body piercing, nose piercings carry the risk of infection. Recognizing the signs of an infected nose piercing is crucial to prevent complications and ensure proper healing. […] An infected nose piercing may exhibit symptoms such as pain, redness, swelling, discharge, and unusual odour. […] Most infections originate due to bacteria invading in places it doesnt belong. […] Using unsterilized piercing equipment or low-quality jewelry can introduce harmful bacteria to the piercing site. […] Neglecting proper aftercare practices, such as failure to clean the piercing regularly or touching it with dirty hands, can introduce bacteria and increase the risk of infection. […] Adhere to the aftercare instructions provided by your piercer, which typically include cleaning the piercing twice daily with a saline solution and avoiding touching it with dirty hands.

• #26 Is Your Nose Piercing Infected? A Comprehensive Guide to Recognize, Treat, and Prevent Infections

  https://pierced.co/blogs/all/is-your-nose-piercing-infected

  If you suspect your nose piercing is infected, seek advice from a professional piercer or a healthcare provider with experience in body piercings. […] Soaking the piercing in a saline solution (a mixture of non-iodized sea salt and warm distilled water) can help cleanse the area and promote healing. […] Avoid using alcohol-based solutions, hydrogen peroxide, or strong antiseptics, as they can irritate the piercing further and delay the healing process. […] By understanding the causes, recognizing the signs and symptoms of an infected nose piercing, and following the treatment and preventive measures discussed in this comprehensive guide, you can ensure a safe and successful piercing experience.

• #27 Infected Ear Piercing: Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21503-infected-ear-piercing

  Redness and swelling around your piercing are signs of an ear piercing infection. Signs of an ear piercing infection include redness and swelling around the piercing. […] Millions of people get their ears pierced every year, and most of them have no serious complications. Mild irritation and infections are common, however, for new piercings. In most cases, infections aren’t serious and clear up quickly. […] Leaving an infected piercing untreated can result in a more severe infection or an abscess (a swollen area filled with pus). […] Upper ear piercings are more likely to get infected. Left untreated, these infections can lead to a condition known as perichondritis. An infection can also spread into your body (systemic infection). […] With good care, most infections clear up within a few days. If your infected ear piercing isn’t improving, you should see a healthcare provider.

• #28 Infected Ear Piercings: 6 Ways It Can Happen | Ochsner Health

  https://blog.ochsner.org/articles/ear-infection-from-piercings

  If you believe your ear piercing is infected, you may experience: Redness, Swelling, Tenderness at the site, Yellow or green discharge from the piercing site, Itching or burning. […] If symptoms do not go away after home treatment or if you develop an abscess (painful bump within the piercing), spreading infection, fever, chills or swollen lymph nodes, notify your physician for evaluation and treatment. Antibiotics may be needed to treat more advanced infections. Serious infections can lead to tissue damage.

• #29 Infected piercings

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/infected-piercings/

  An infected piercing can be serious if it’s not treated quickly. Get immediate medical help if you think your piercing is infected. […] Your piercing might be infected if: the area around it is swollen, painful, hot, very red or dark (depending on your skin colour); there’s blood or pus coming out of it pus can be white, green or yellow; you feel hot or shivery or generally unwell. […] You may need antibiotics if your piercing is infected. This can be a cream, ointment, or tablets. […] There are things you can do to reduce the risk of a piercing getting infected.

• #30 Signs of an Ear Piercing Infection & How to Treat an Infected Cartilage or Ear Bump in Draper, UT: ENT Specialists: ENTs

  https://www.entslc.com/blog/signs-of-an-ear-piercing-infection-how-to-treat-an-infected-cartilage-or-ear-bump-in-draper-ut

  Essentially, a piercing is essentially an open wound. […] Your ear piercing can get infected several ways. Today, we at the ENT Specialists would like to elaborate on ear piercing infections. […] Developing into an infection, any bacteria left to fester is a detriment. […] To identify an infected ear piercing, its fairly easy to notice the symptoms that include yellow, pus-like discharge; swelling; redness; ongoing pain or tenderness; and itching and burning. […] However, seek medical treatment if youve had a cartilage piercing and it seems infected. Oral antibiotics may be required as these infections can be difficult to treat. […] Make an appointment with an ENT specialist. […] Remember, with proper care and cleaning, you can reduce the risk of ear piercing infections.

• #31 How to Treat an Infected Ear Piercing

  https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/how-to-treat-an-infected-ear-piercing

  You can clean your infected ear piercing with a saltwater rinse. […] But if the protocol isnt followed, or if you dont carefully follow the post-piercing care instructions, an infection can occur. […] An infection can also occur if unsterile instruments were used, if the person piercing your ears didnt use gloves, or if the posts themselves werent sterile. […] Usually, a minor infection of an ear piercing can be treated successfully at home. […] To avoid infection, have your ears pierced by a professional. […] When an infection strikes, treating it promptly ensures faster healing with fewer complications.

• #32 Have an infected ear piercing?

  https://pacificskin.com/blog/have-an-infected-ear-piercing

  Will an infected ear piercing heal on its own, or does it always require some sort of intervention to help it heal? There’s always a chance that an infection will heal on its own. If an area is painful, such as the back of your ear, it would need to be evaluated by a healthcare provider. […] Any area of the skin can become infected. Sometimes there is a cyst or an opening in the skin in which bacteria gets into whether that’s an old or new piercing it is possible. It is more common for a new piercing to become infected. […] Skin infections are treated based on severity. Sometimes we can do local interventions such as cleaning the area with peroxide and water or hibaclens soap. Other times we need to do oral antibiotics if the infection is more severe. […] We use topical antibiotics such as mupirocin or Polysporin in addition to cleaning the area three times a day with soap and water. If it is severely infected, we need to use oral antibiotics. […] To treat an infection the best way is soap and water, topical antibiotics and/or oral antibiotics. Keep the area clean with saline. If there’s no infection it is fine, but we always recommend soap and water to remove bacteria.

• #33 Infected Belly Button Piercing: Cleaning Tips & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/what-to-do-with-an-infected-belly-button-piercing

  Belly button piercings are popular and generally safe with proper precautions. However, incorrect aftercare or unsanitary conditions can lead to bacterial infections. […] Bacterial infections arise when bacteria from dirt or foreign objects get into the open piercing while its still healing. Remember, piercings are open wounds that need to be kept clean. […] Contact your doctor immediately if you experience any significant signs of infection, especially a fever or nausea. Even minor infections can get worse without treatment. […] Your doctor may need to prescribe an antibiotic cream like mupirocin (Bactroban). They may also prescribe an oral antibiotic.

• #34 Student Health Services Acute Care Information on Body Piercing Infections | Salisbury University

  https://www.salisbury.edu/administration/student-affairs/student-health-services/services/piercing-infections.aspx

  Pierced areas, especially sensitive areas like the navel, can get infected months and even years after they were pierced, though infections most often occur very shortly after the time of piercing, as that is when the portal door is wide open. […] In the case of infection, it may be best to leave the jewelry in to ensure proper drainage and to prevent the formation of an abscess. It is essential that you see a clinician right away, especially if you are additionally experiencing fevers or abdominal pain.

• #35 ER or Not: Infected Ear Piercing | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/the-scope/health-library/all/2020/06/er-or-not-infected-ear-piercing

  Your recent ear piercing is red and swollen and you suspect it might be infected should you go to the emergency room? […] On this ER or Not, emergency room physician Dr. Troy Madsen discusses the potential serious complications that can come from an infection of the ear, including hearing loss and hospitalization. […] If you get enough swelling in there and enough long term issues, you could have some sort of, at least, hearing impairment or hearing issues. […] If that infection spreads, if it’s deep or if it’s into the bone absolutely come to the ER. Probably IV antibiotics, hospital admission for that.

• #36 Infected Nose Piercing Treatment

  https://health.clevelandclinic.org/infected-nose-piercing

  Infected piercings are common. Nearly 1 in 4 people with body piercings (except in their earlobes) have had an infection or other medical issue. […] You may have a higher risk of infection after getting your nose pierced if you have certain health conditions, such as: […] Take extra caution to keep the area around your nose piercing clean. Your healthcare provider may also recommend an over-the-counter antibiotic ointment to prevent an infection. […] Talk to your healthcare provider if your symptoms dont get better with at-home treatment or they worsen. Getting seen sooner is better since severe infections are harder to treat, states Dr. Krajcik. […] The possible complications of an infected nose piercing include: […] To clear up an infection, your provider may recommend a nonprescription antibiotic ointment or prescribe an oral antibiotic. Your provider can also figure out if your symptoms are due to an infection or an allergy.

• #37

  https://journals.lww.com/jnsm/fulltext/2022/05020/cartilage_ear_piercing_probable_infections_among.14.aspx

  The most important risk factors of ear piercing infections are those that affect the healing time, the adequacy of blood supply, and the integrity of the tissue. […] The findings of this study have to be considered in light of some limitations. […] In conclusion, probable external ear infection was found more among individuals with cartilage ear piercings than those with lobular ear piercings.

• #38 Infected Ear Piercings: 6 Ways It Can Happen | Ochsner Health

  https://blog.ochsner.org/articles/ear-infection-from-piercings

  Getting your ears pierced can be a fun way to add some personality to your ear. Generally, ear piercings are a simple and safe procedure. However, a piercing is an open wound, and with any opening of the skin, you need to ensure you are properly taking care of it so it does not get infected. […] Depending on the piercing site, it can take anywhere from four months to over a year to heal. During that healing time, bacteria or irritants can get in the opening and cause an infection. This can happen due to a variety of reasons: […] Most people do not have serious issues after an ear piercing. Mild irritations and infections are common as the hole begins to heal, but these infections often clear up quickly. With good care, most infections clear up within a few days. […] Cartilage piercings generally take longer to heal and are more prone to infection because this part of the ear is stiff and has a lower blood supply. Infections in the upper ear can often be more serious because cartilage piercings are harder to treat.

• #39 5 Signs of Ear Piercing Infection In Children: Here’s What To Do – Roswell, Alpharetta, Milton | Omega Pediatrics

  https://www.omegapediatrics.com/signs-ear-piercing-infection-in-children/

  Ear piercing in children is a widespread cultural norm in many countries and has been around for ages. […] One of the most common risks associated with ear piercings is infection. […] Ear-piercing infections in children could be very painful and uncomfortable, leading to more stress for you! […] The signs and symptoms of an ear-piercing infection must be understood since the procedure has become increasingly prevalent among children. […] If you suspect your child has an ear-piercing infection, act quickly. […] Choosing a reputable and professional piercer is one of the most important steps in preventing ear-piercing infections in children. […] The risk of ear-piercing infections in children occurs due to many factors. […] If symptoms persist or worsen, its important to consult a healthcare professional for proper advice and treatment.

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