Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Social Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/

  Social anxiety disorder (SAD) includes the essential feature of marked fear or anxiety of one or more social situations during which the individual may or may not be under scrutiny by others. Exposure to such a social situation almost always provokes fear or anxiety in the affected individual, and the individual experiences concern that they will be judged negatively. […] Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by excessive fear of embarrassment, humiliation, or rejection when exposed to possible negative evaluation by others when engaged in a public performance or social interaction. It is also known as social phobia. […] Studies in the past have found that persons with performance-type SAD may have a greater response to the autonomic nervous system, including elevated heart rate. Additionally, multiple neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of SAD. […] Brain imaging of those with SAD reveals increased paralimbic and limbic circuitry activity. […] Certain temperaments of toddlers and maternal stress have also been shown to be associated with persons who develop SAD.

• #2 Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353561

  It’s normal to feel nervous in some social situations. For example, going on a date or giving a presentation may cause that feeling of butterflies in your stomach. But in social anxiety disorder, also called social phobia, everyday interactions cause significant anxiety, self-consciousness and embarrassment because you fear being scrutinized or judged negatively by others. […] In social anxiety disorder, fear and anxiety lead to avoidance that can disrupt your life. Severe stress can affect your relationships, daily routines, work, school or other activities. […] Social anxiety disorder can be a chronic mental health condition, but learning coping skills in psychotherapy and taking medications can help you gain confidence and improve your ability to interact with others. […] Like many other mental health conditions, social anxiety disorder likely arises from a complex interaction of biological and environmental factors. Possible causes include:

• #3 SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER – Social Anxiety Disorder – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK327674/

  Social anxiety disorder (previously termed social phobia) was formally recognised as a separate phobic disorder in the mid-1960s (Marks Gelder, 1965). The term social anxiety disorder reflects current understanding, including in diagnostic manuals, and is used throughout the guideline. As set out in the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) (World Health Organization, 1992) and in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) social anxiety disorder is a persistent fear of one or more social situations where embarrassment may occur and the fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual threat posed by the social situation as determined by the person’s cultural norms. […] The success of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) in treating social anxiety disorder suggests that dysregulation of the serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter system may also play a role, but studies that establish a causal relationship for such dysregulation in the development of the condition have not yet been reported. […] As with many disorders of mental health, the development of social anxiety disorder is probably best understood as an interaction between several different biopsychosocial factors (Tillfors, 2004).

• #4 Social Phobia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/290854-overview

  Social phobia, also called social anxiety disorder, is the third most common mental health disorder after depression and substance abuse, affecting as many as 10 million Americans. Social phobia is an anxiety disorder involving intense distress in response to public situations. […] The pathophysiology of social phobia is evolving as a result of research into brain connectivity and function and recent hypotheses regarding cognition. […] A functional connectivity study of 174 subjects, 78 of whom had social anxiety disorder, examined whether emotion regulation can be a transdiagnostic measure. Results showed that effectual regulation in the context of negative stimuli consisted of engagement of the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) along with reduced amygdala reactivity, and greater symptom severity correlated with less engagement of the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (DACC) and less functional connectivity between the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.

• #5 Social Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/

  Social anxiety disorder (SAD) includes the essential feature of marked fear or anxiety of one or more social situations during which the individual may or may not be under scrutiny by others. Exposure to such a social situation almost always provokes fear or anxiety in the affected individual, and the individual experiences concern that they will be judged negatively. […] Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by excessive fear of embarrassment, humiliation, or rejection when exposed to possible negative evaluation by others when engaged in a public performance or social interaction. It is also known as social phobia. […] Studies in the past have found that persons with performance-type SAD may have a greater response to the autonomic nervous system, including elevated heart rate. Additionally, multiple neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of SAD. […] Brain imaging of those with SAD reveals increased paralimbic and limbic circuitry activity. […] Certain temperaments of toddlers and maternal stress have also been shown to be associated with persons who develop SAD.

• #6 Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353561

  A structure in the brain called the amygdala may play a role in controlling the fear response. People who have an overactive amygdala may have a heightened fear response, causing increased anxiety in social situations. […] Social anxiety disorder may be a learned behavior some people may develop significant anxiety after an unpleasant or embarrassing social situation. […] Several factors can increase the risk of developing social anxiety disorder, including: […] You’re more likely to develop social anxiety disorder if your biological parents or siblings have the condition. […] Children who experience teasing, bullying, rejection, ridicule or humiliation may be more prone to social anxiety disorder. […] Left untreated, social anxiety disorder can control your life. Anxieties can interfere with work, school, relationships or enjoyment of life.

• #7 Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/social-anxiety-disorder-social-phobia

  Social anxiety disorder, formerly referred to as social phobia, is an anxiety disorder characterized by overwhelming anxiety and excessive self-consciousness in everyday social situations. […] While research to better understand the causes of social anxiety disorder is ongoing, some investigations implicate a small structure in the brain called the amygdala. The amygdala is believed to be a central site in the brain that controls fear responses. […] Social anxiety disorder is heritable. In fact, first-degree relatives have a two to six times higher chance of developing social anxiety disorder. Research supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has also identified the site of a gene in mice that affects learned fearfulness. Scientists are exploring the idea that heightened sensitivity to disapproval may be physiologically or hormonally based. Other researchers are investigating the environment’s influence on the development of social phobia. Childhood maltreatment and adversity are risk factors for social anxiety disorder.

• #8 Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353561

  A structure in the brain called the amygdala may play a role in controlling the fear response. People who have an overactive amygdala may have a heightened fear response, causing increased anxiety in social situations. […] Social anxiety disorder may be a learned behavior some people may develop significant anxiety after an unpleasant or embarrassing social situation. […] Several factors can increase the risk of developing social anxiety disorder, including: […] You’re more likely to develop social anxiety disorder if your biological parents or siblings have the condition. […] Children who experience teasing, bullying, rejection, ridicule or humiliation may be more prone to social anxiety disorder. […] Left untreated, social anxiety disorder can control your life. Anxieties can interfere with work, school, relationships or enjoyment of life.

• #9 Social Phobia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/290854-overview

  Social phobia, also called social anxiety disorder, is the third most common mental health disorder after depression and substance abuse, affecting as many as 10 million Americans. Social phobia is an anxiety disorder involving intense distress in response to public situations. […] The pathophysiology of social phobia is evolving as a result of research into brain connectivity and function and recent hypotheses regarding cognition. […] A functional connectivity study of 174 subjects, 78 of whom had social anxiety disorder, examined whether emotion regulation can be a transdiagnostic measure. Results showed that effectual regulation in the context of negative stimuli consisted of engagement of the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) along with reduced amygdala reactivity, and greater symptom severity correlated with less engagement of the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (DACC) and less functional connectivity between the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.

• #10 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Neural-Mechanisms-of-Social-Anxiety-Disorder.aspx

  Anxiety is an adaptive response that is of great benefit to all life forms. However, extreme anxiety that is inappropriate to a circumstance and is prolonged is a negative emotion, labeled as a social anxiety disorder (SAD). In SAD, negative emotions are stored longer in the memory than others that are less provoking. […] Although the precise neural mechanisms that play a role in anxiety disorders are yet to be fully determined, the limbic system is known to play a vital role in the development and type of emotions we experience and express. […] Till date, consistent hyperactivity of the amygdala and the insula (deep-brain structures) are the known triggers of SAD. […] Fear conditioning is acquired and expressed by the amygdala and involves long-term potentiation in the nuclei. […] Experiments with rats have shown that when the amygdala of the rat is removed, it totally loses its sense of fear, because it loses its memory of fear.

• #11 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Neural-Mechanisms-of-Social-Anxiety-Disorder.aspx

  Anxiety is an adaptive response that is of great benefit to all life forms. However, extreme anxiety that is inappropriate to a circumstance and is prolonged is a negative emotion, labeled as a social anxiety disorder (SAD). In SAD, negative emotions are stored longer in the memory than others that are less provoking. […] Although the precise neural mechanisms that play a role in anxiety disorders are yet to be fully determined, the limbic system is known to play a vital role in the development and type of emotions we experience and express. […] Till date, consistent hyperactivity of the amygdala and the insula (deep-brain structures) are the known triggers of SAD. […] Fear conditioning is acquired and expressed by the amygdala and involves long-term potentiation in the nuclei. […] Experiments with rats have shown that when the amygdala of the rat is removed, it totally loses its sense of fear, because it loses its memory of fear.

• #12 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Neural-Mechanisms-of-Social-Anxiety-Disorder.aspx

  Anxiety is an adaptive response that is of great benefit to all life forms. However, extreme anxiety that is inappropriate to a circumstance and is prolonged is a negative emotion, labeled as a social anxiety disorder (SAD). In SAD, negative emotions are stored longer in the memory than others that are less provoking. […] Although the precise neural mechanisms that play a role in anxiety disorders are yet to be fully determined, the limbic system is known to play a vital role in the development and type of emotions we experience and express. […] Till date, consistent hyperactivity of the amygdala and the insula (deep-brain structures) are the known triggers of SAD. […] Fear conditioning is acquired and expressed by the amygdala and involves long-term potentiation in the nuclei. […] Experiments with rats have shown that when the amygdala of the rat is removed, it totally loses its sense of fear, because it loses its memory of fear.

• #13 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Neural-Mechanisms-of-Social-Anxiety-Disorder.aspx

  Studies have shown that abnormality in the PFC in anxious individuals is due to a weak connect between the PFC and the amygdala. […] Anxiety disorders that involve fear suggest that threat from the stimuli has not been deleted because of dysfunction in the hippocampus. A decreased hippocampus volume due to damage shows abnormal avoidance learning; this increases vulnerability to avoidance behaviors, which is a risk factor for SAD. […] While encountering fear or anxiety, the hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal axis (HPA) gets activated. This axis consists of a set of interactions (among the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands) that controls stress reactions. […] The decade of the 1990s saw immense research undertakings on neurocircuitry mechanisms related to anxiety and fear, which have brought this field closer to improved treatment options for social disorders.

• #14 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Neural-Mechanisms-of-Social-Anxiety-Disorder.aspx

  Studies have shown that abnormality in the PFC in anxious individuals is due to a weak connect between the PFC and the amygdala. […] Anxiety disorders that involve fear suggest that threat from the stimuli has not been deleted because of dysfunction in the hippocampus. A decreased hippocampus volume due to damage shows abnormal avoidance learning; this increases vulnerability to avoidance behaviors, which is a risk factor for SAD. […] While encountering fear or anxiety, the hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal axis (HPA) gets activated. This axis consists of a set of interactions (among the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands) that controls stress reactions. […] The decade of the 1990s saw immense research undertakings on neurocircuitry mechanisms related to anxiety and fear, which have brought this field closer to improved treatment options for social disorders.

• #15 Social anxiety disorder: Causes, symptoms and treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/45267-social-anxiety-disorder.html

  For years, scientists have been suggesting that social anxiety disorder is caused by a dysregulation of neurotransmitters, notably serotonin. […] The recent evidence from brain imaging studies indicates that social phobia may be linked to structural changes in the brain, rather than a chemical imbalance. […] According to a 2022 review published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, social anxiety disorder may be caused by abnormalities in regions of the brain responsible for processing fear, such as the prefrontal cortex. […] Social anxiety disorder has also been linked to an abnormal activation in the cingulate gyrus, a part of the brain responsible for attention control, as reported in a 2021 meta-analysis published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.

• #16 Social anxiety disorder: Causes, symptoms and treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/45267-social-anxiety-disorder.html

  For years, scientists have been suggesting that social anxiety disorder is caused by a dysregulation of neurotransmitters, notably serotonin. […] The recent evidence from brain imaging studies indicates that social phobia may be linked to structural changes in the brain, rather than a chemical imbalance. […] According to a 2022 review published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, social anxiety disorder may be caused by abnormalities in regions of the brain responsible for processing fear, such as the prefrontal cortex. […] Social anxiety disorder has also been linked to an abnormal activation in the cingulate gyrus, a part of the brain responsible for attention control, as reported in a 2021 meta-analysis published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.

• #17 Social Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/

  Social anxiety disorder (SAD) includes the essential feature of marked fear or anxiety of one or more social situations during which the individual may or may not be under scrutiny by others. Exposure to such a social situation almost always provokes fear or anxiety in the affected individual, and the individual experiences concern that they will be judged negatively. […] Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by excessive fear of embarrassment, humiliation, or rejection when exposed to possible negative evaluation by others when engaged in a public performance or social interaction. It is also known as social phobia. […] Studies in the past have found that persons with performance-type SAD may have a greater response to the autonomic nervous system, including elevated heart rate. Additionally, multiple neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of SAD. […] Brain imaging of those with SAD reveals increased paralimbic and limbic circuitry activity. […] Certain temperaments of toddlers and maternal stress have also been shown to be associated with persons who develop SAD.

• #18 SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER – Social Anxiety Disorder – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK327674/

  Social anxiety disorder (previously termed social phobia) was formally recognised as a separate phobic disorder in the mid-1960s (Marks Gelder, 1965). The term social anxiety disorder reflects current understanding, including in diagnostic manuals, and is used throughout the guideline. As set out in the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) (World Health Organization, 1992) and in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) social anxiety disorder is a persistent fear of one or more social situations where embarrassment may occur and the fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual threat posed by the social situation as determined by the person’s cultural norms. […] The success of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) in treating social anxiety disorder suggests that dysregulation of the serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter system may also play a role, but studies that establish a causal relationship for such dysregulation in the development of the condition have not yet been reported. […] As with many disorders of mental health, the development of social anxiety disorder is probably best understood as an interaction between several different biopsychosocial factors (Tillfors, 2004).

• #19 Managing Social Anxiety Disorder

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/managing-social-anxiety-disorder

  Neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are vital to the pathophysiology of anxiety. […] Patients who have SAD are likely to present with decreased serotonin, decreased dopamine, and increased glutamate. […] Pharmacologic agents used to treat SAD have mechanisms that act to regulate these neurotransmitters.

• #20 Managing Social Anxiety Disorder

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/managing-social-anxiety-disorder

  Neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are vital to the pathophysiology of anxiety. […] Patients who have SAD are likely to present with decreased serotonin, decreased dopamine, and increased glutamate. […] Pharmacologic agents used to treat SAD have mechanisms that act to regulate these neurotransmitters.

• #21 Social anxiety disorder: Causes, symptoms and treatment | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/45267-social-anxiety-disorder.html

  For years, scientists have been suggesting that social anxiety disorder is caused by a dysregulation of neurotransmitters, notably serotonin. […] The recent evidence from brain imaging studies indicates that social phobia may be linked to structural changes in the brain, rather than a chemical imbalance. […] According to a 2022 review published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, social anxiety disorder may be caused by abnormalities in regions of the brain responsible for processing fear, such as the prefrontal cortex. […] Social anxiety disorder has also been linked to an abnormal activation in the cingulate gyrus, a part of the brain responsible for attention control, as reported in a 2021 meta-analysis published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.

• #22 Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial | Neuropsychopharmacology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2017194

  Many patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) experience inadequate symptom relief from available treatments. […] Ketamine is a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist with a potentially novel mechanism of action for the treatment of anxiety disorders. […] Converging lines of evidence from neuroimaging and pharmacological studies support the importance of glutamate abnormalities in the pathogenesis of SAD. […] Ketamine is a potent antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, a major type of glutamate receptor in the brain. […] Several clinical studies suggest that ketamine may also have significant anxiolytic effects. […] Our findings provide evidence for the potential use of ketamine-like compounds for reducing symptoms in SAD. […] The results of the study are consistent with previous work suggesting that ketamine has anxiolytic effects in patients with major depression.

• #23 Ketamine for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial | Neuropsychopharmacology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/npp2017194

  Many patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) experience inadequate symptom relief from available treatments. […] Ketamine is a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist with a potentially novel mechanism of action for the treatment of anxiety disorders. […] Converging lines of evidence from neuroimaging and pharmacological studies support the importance of glutamate abnormalities in the pathogenesis of SAD. […] Ketamine is a potent antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, a major type of glutamate receptor in the brain. […] Several clinical studies suggest that ketamine may also have significant anxiolytic effects. […] Our findings provide evidence for the potential use of ketamine-like compounds for reducing symptoms in SAD. […] The results of the study are consistent with previous work suggesting that ketamine has anxiolytic effects in patients with major depression.

• #24 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Neural-Mechanisms-of-Social-Anxiety-Disorder.aspx

  Studies have shown that abnormality in the PFC in anxious individuals is due to a weak connect between the PFC and the amygdala. […] Anxiety disorders that involve fear suggest that threat from the stimuli has not been deleted because of dysfunction in the hippocampus. A decreased hippocampus volume due to damage shows abnormal avoidance learning; this increases vulnerability to avoidance behaviors, which is a risk factor for SAD. […] While encountering fear or anxiety, the hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal axis (HPA) gets activated. This axis consists of a set of interactions (among the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands) that controls stress reactions. […] The decade of the 1990s saw immense research undertakings on neurocircuitry mechanisms related to anxiety and fear, which have brought this field closer to improved treatment options for social disorders.

• #25 Social anxiety disorder: Treatments and tips for managing this challenging condition – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/social-anxiety-disorder-treatments-and-tips-for-managing-this-challenging-condition

  Causes of SAD related to the brain and nervous system include: a hyperactive nervous system. This means even small emotional triggers can result in the release of cortisol, a stress hormone in the body. […] decreased amounts of serotonin (a hormone involved in controlling mood) in the brain […] abnormal levels of glutamate and oxytocin in the brain. These hormones control how you respond in social settings and the intensity of anxiety symptoms. […] increased sensitivity in areas of the brain that control mood and emotion. […] Psychosocial causes of SAD include early childhood trauma such as a history of abuse and neglect, and childhood teasing. Overprotective and hypercritical parenting styles have also been associated with the disorder. These events influence how you interact with others and respond in social situations.

• #26 Social anxiety disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder

  Research into the causes of social anxiety and social phobia is wide-ranging, encompassing multiple perspectives from neuroscience to sociology. […] Studies suggest that genetics can play a part in combination with environmental factors. […] It has been shown that there is a two to a threefold greater risk of having social phobia if a first-degree relative also has the disorder. […] A previous negative social experience can be a trigger to social phobia, perhaps particularly for individuals high in „interpersonal sensitivity”. […] Different parenting styles can also contribute to the development of Social Anxiety disorder. […] Cultural factors that have been related to social anxiety disorder include a society’s attitude towards shyness and avoidance, affecting the ability to form relationships or access employment or education, and shame.

• #27 Social anxiety disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder

  Research into the causes of social anxiety and social phobia is wide-ranging, encompassing multiple perspectives from neuroscience to sociology. […] Studies suggest that genetics can play a part in combination with environmental factors. […] It has been shown that there is a two to a threefold greater risk of having social phobia if a first-degree relative also has the disorder. […] A previous negative social experience can be a trigger to social phobia, perhaps particularly for individuals high in „interpersonal sensitivity”. […] Different parenting styles can also contribute to the development of Social Anxiety disorder. […] Cultural factors that have been related to social anxiety disorder include a society’s attitude towards shyness and avoidance, affecting the ability to form relationships or access employment or education, and shame.

• #28 Phobic Disorders: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288016-overview

  Several biologic theories are postulated for the pathogenesis of phobic disorders, most focusing on the dysregulation of endogenous biogenic amines. Sympathetic nervous system activation is common in phobic disorders, resulting in elevations in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as symptoms such as tremor, palpitations, sweating, dyspnea, dizziness, and paresthesias. […] Genetic factors seem to play a role in both social anxiety disorder (social phobia) and specific phobia. On the basis of family and twin studies, the risks for specific phobia and social anxiety disorder appear to be moderately heritable. […] Preliminary neuroimaging evidence indicates that while different patterns of brain activation might be associated with the different phobias, there is an overall increased activation in the prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and amygdala in phobic patients exposed to phobia-related triggers compared with healthy controls.

• #29 Social Anxiety Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555890/

  Social anxiety disorder (SAD) includes the essential feature of marked fear or anxiety of one or more social situations during which the individual may or may not be under scrutiny by others. Exposure to such a social situation almost always provokes fear or anxiety in the affected individual, and the individual experiences concern that they will be judged negatively. […] Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by excessive fear of embarrassment, humiliation, or rejection when exposed to possible negative evaluation by others when engaged in a public performance or social interaction. It is also known as social phobia. […] Studies in the past have found that persons with performance-type SAD may have a greater response to the autonomic nervous system, including elevated heart rate. Additionally, multiple neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of SAD. […] Brain imaging of those with SAD reveals increased paralimbic and limbic circuitry activity. […] Certain temperaments of toddlers and maternal stress have also been shown to be associated with persons who develop SAD.

• #30 Phobias and Social Anxiety Disorder – General Psychology

  https://pressbooks.online.ucf.edu/lumenpsychology/chapter/anxiety-disorders/

  Social anxiety disorder (formerly called social phobia) is characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others (APA, 2013). […] As with specific phobias, social anxiety disorder is common in the United States; a little over 12% of all Americans experience social anxiety disorder during their lifetime (Kessler et al., 2005). […] The heart of the fear and anxiety in social anxiety disorder is the person’s concern that he may act in a humiliating or embarrassing way, such as appearing foolish, showing symptoms of anxiety (blushing), or doing or saying something that might lead to rejection (such as offending others). […] Although many people become anxious in social situations like public speaking, the fear, anxiety, and avoidance experienced in social anxiety disorder are highly distressing and lead to serious impairments in life. […] As with specific phobias, it is highly probable that the fears inherent to social anxiety disorder can develop through conditioning experiences. […] One of the most well-established risk factors for developing social anxiety disorder is behavioral inhibition (Clauss Blackford, 2012).

• #31 Phobias and Social Anxiety Disorder | Introduction to Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymaker-psychology/chapter/anxiety-disorders/

  Social anxiety disorder (formerly called social phobia) is characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others (APA, 2013). […] The heart of the fear and anxiety in social anxiety disorder is the person’s concern that he may act in a humiliating or embarrassing way, such as appearing foolish, showing symptoms of anxiety (blushing), or doing or saying something that might lead to rejection (such as offending others). […] As with specific phobias, it is highly probable that the fears inherent to social anxiety disorder can develop through conditioning experiences. […] One of the most well-established risk factors for developing social anxiety disorder is behavioral inhibition (Clauss Blackford, 2012). Behavioral inhibition is thought to be an inherited trait, and it is characterized by a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations (Kagan, Reznick, Snidman, 1988).

• #32 Phobias and Social Anxiety Disorder | Introduction to Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymaker-psychology/chapter/anxiety-disorders/

  Social anxiety disorder (formerly called social phobia) is characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others (APA, 2013). […] The heart of the fear and anxiety in social anxiety disorder is the person’s concern that he may act in a humiliating or embarrassing way, such as appearing foolish, showing symptoms of anxiety (blushing), or doing or saying something that might lead to rejection (such as offending others). […] As with specific phobias, it is highly probable that the fears inherent to social anxiety disorder can develop through conditioning experiences. […] One of the most well-established risk factors for developing social anxiety disorder is behavioral inhibition (Clauss Blackford, 2012). Behavioral inhibition is thought to be an inherited trait, and it is characterized by a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations (Kagan, Reznick, Snidman, 1988).

• #33 6.14: Social Phobia – Social Sci LibreTexts

  https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Psychological_Disorders/Abnormal_Psychology_(Lumen)/06%3A_Case_Studies_of_Fictional_Characters/6.14%3A_Social_Phobia

  DSM-IV-TR Criteria: A marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others. The individual fears that he or she will act in a way (or show anxiety symptoms) that will be humiliating or embarrassing. […] In addition, the DSM-IV has the Generalized specifier, where the persons fear includes almost all social situations. […] Etiology: As with all the other anxiety disorders, there has been significant progress in understanding the biological, psychological, and social causes of SP over the last several decades. Biologically, multiple gene variants and neurotransmitters seem to play a role in social anxiety, with no one true pathway to the disorder. […] What is likely is that genetics and other pre- and peri-natal biological influences are responsible for the development of a behaviorally inhibited temperament, which then places an individual at a greatly increased risk for developing SP later in life. This risk factor (behavioral inhibition) then interacts with certain types of social environments to cause someone to become social anxious.

• #34 Social Phobia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/290854-overview

  Implications for treatment include the importance of not advancing treatment too quickly and triggering severe anxiety and early cessation of treatment; to enhance the ability to tolerate low levels of anxiety, the presence of a caregiver who is able to model adaptive functioning is desirable as an initial approach. […] Very low weight (6001250 g) premature babies may also be at higher risk for later development of social anxiety disorder, possibly owing to abnormalities in the uncinate fasciculus, the major white matter tract connecting the frontal cortex to the amygdala, and other limbic temporal regions.

• #35 Social Phobia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/290854-overview

  Cognitive theories helpful in the understanding of the etiology of social phobia include the „Clark and Wells cognitive model of social phobia,” which hypothesizes that self-focused attention, negative observer-perspective images of oneself, and safety behaviors maintain anxiety in subjects with social phobia and that this anxiety associates with observer-perspective imagery and safety-seeking behavior in adolescence; however, even though adolescents with clinical social phobia may report frequent negative self-focused thoughts, this may not be a clear associated symptom. […] Theories have also arisen looking at the efficacy of pharmacologic agents used to treat social phobia. Thus, serotonergic functioning might be involved, as serotonergic reuptake inhibitors help alleviate symptoms. […] Neurocircuitry involving the amygdala, a structure involved in fear, may be involved, as studies have found an exaggerated reactivity of the amygdala to aversive social stimuli in social anxiety.

• #36 Social anxiety disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder

  While alcohol initially relieves social phobia, excessive alcohol misuse can worsen social phobia symptoms and cause panic disorder to develop or worsen during alcohol intoxication and especially during alcohol withdrawal syndrome. […] Research has indicated the role of 'core’ or 'unconditional’ negative beliefs and 'conditional’ beliefs nearer to the surface. […] Studies have also highlighted the role of subtle avoidance and defensive factors, and shown how attempts to avoid feared negative evaluations or use of „safety behaviors” can make social interaction more difficult and the anxiety worse in the long run.

• #37 Social anxiety disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder

  While alcohol initially relieves social phobia, excessive alcohol misuse can worsen social phobia symptoms and cause panic disorder to develop or worsen during alcohol intoxication and especially during alcohol withdrawal syndrome. […] Research has indicated the role of 'core’ or 'unconditional’ negative beliefs and 'conditional’ beliefs nearer to the surface. […] Studies have also highlighted the role of subtle avoidance and defensive factors, and shown how attempts to avoid feared negative evaluations or use of „safety behaviors” can make social interaction more difficult and the anxiety worse in the long run.

• #38 Treatment of social phobia | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/treatment-of-social-phobia/C14381FCAF92BA6E5BD08A820AB33484

  Typical beliefs in an individual with social phobia focus on the perceived negative evaluation by others of revealing a flaw or unacceptable behaviour (for example, the person believes that her hands will shake or she will sound stupid or boring). This is also referred to in the literature as external shame. […] Such individuals tend to have high standards or rules about how they must perform in social situations. […] The emotions in social phobia are predominantly those of anxiety and shame, and sometimes self-disgust or anger (which will depend on beliefs and safety behaviours). […] Safety behaviours in social phobia include: using alcohol; avoiding eye contact; gripping a glass too tightly; excessive rehearsing of a presentation; reluctance to reveal personal information; and asking many questions.

• #39 Treatment of social phobia | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/treatment-of-social-phobia/C14381FCAF92BA6E5BD08A820AB33484

  Typical beliefs in an individual with social phobia focus on the perceived negative evaluation by others of revealing a flaw or unacceptable behaviour (for example, the person believes that her hands will shake or she will sound stupid or boring). This is also referred to in the literature as external shame. […] Such individuals tend to have high standards or rules about how they must perform in social situations. […] The emotions in social phobia are predominantly those of anxiety and shame, and sometimes self-disgust or anger (which will depend on beliefs and safety behaviours). […] Safety behaviours in social phobia include: using alcohol; avoiding eye contact; gripping a glass too tightly; excessive rehearsing of a presentation; reluctance to reveal personal information; and asking many questions.

• #40 Social Phobia | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-abnormalpsych/chapter/social-phobia/

  Comorbidity within persons diagnosed with SP is very high, over 80% in clinical settings. […] The impact of SP is wide-ranging, both in youth and adults. […] SP is the anxiety disorder where the highest percentage of cases begin in childhood, with reliable and valid cases being seen as early as age six. […] As with all the other anxiety disorders, there has been significant progress in understanding the biological, psychological, and social causes of SP over the last several decades. […] Biologically, multiple gene variants and neurotransmitters seem to play a role in social anxiety, with no one true pathway to the disorder. […] Cognitive-behavioral models emphasize the psychological and learning factors that assist in developing SP. […] When a person with SP encounters a social situation, such as having to speak in front of an audience, this activates certain negative assumptions about themselves.

• #41 Social Phobia | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-abnormalpsych/chapter/social-phobia/

  This activates the sympathetic nervous system, causing the outward, observable manifestations of anxiety. […] This will also cause the person to feel that their negative cognitions concerning social situations are accurate, making them want to avoid such things in the future. […] Only half of persons with SP ever seek treatment of any kind, and for those who do seek treatment, the average amount of time between onset of problems and seeking help is between 15-20 years. […] The first line medical treatments for SP are the SSRIs, with the exception of fluoxetine, and the SNRIs. […] Treatment for SP is longer and involves more components than for specific phobias, as the feared situations tend to be more diffuse and more anxiety-based. […] Six components are used in CBT addressing social anxiety: psychoeducation, applied relaxation, social skills training, imaginal and in-vivo exposure, video feedback, and cognitive restructuring. […] The first change is the name of the disorder. In the DSM-IV, it is referred to as Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder) while in the DSM-5 it is proposed to be renamed Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia).

• #42 Social Phobia | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-abnormalpsych/chapter/social-phobia/

  This activates the sympathetic nervous system, causing the outward, observable manifestations of anxiety. […] This will also cause the person to feel that their negative cognitions concerning social situations are accurate, making them want to avoid such things in the future. […] Only half of persons with SP ever seek treatment of any kind, and for those who do seek treatment, the average amount of time between onset of problems and seeking help is between 15-20 years. […] The first line medical treatments for SP are the SSRIs, with the exception of fluoxetine, and the SNRIs. […] Treatment for SP is longer and involves more components than for specific phobias, as the feared situations tend to be more diffuse and more anxiety-based. […] Six components are used in CBT addressing social anxiety: psychoeducation, applied relaxation, social skills training, imaginal and in-vivo exposure, video feedback, and cognitive restructuring. […] The first change is the name of the disorder. In the DSM-IV, it is referred to as Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder) while in the DSM-5 it is proposed to be renamed Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia).

• #43 The moderating role of avoidance behavior on anxiety over time: Is there a difference between social anxiety disorder and specific phobia? | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0180298

  Theories of anxiety disorders and phobias have ascribed a critical role to avoidance behavior in explaining the persistence of fear and anxiety, but knowledge about the role of avoidance behavior in the maintenance of anxiety in social anxiety disorder relative to specific phobia is lacking. […] Social anxiety disorder involves a marked and persistent fear of negative evaluation in social and/or performance situations. The individual fears that he or she will act in a way or show anxiety symptoms that will be humiliating or embarrassing. […] Several theories of phobias and anxiety disorders have assigned a critical role to avoidance behavior in explaining the persistence of fear and anxiety. […] Cognitive models of social anxiety disorder posit that socially anxious individuals engage in various in-situation or subtle safety behaviors, such as avoiding eye contact or avoiding pauses while talking.

• #44 Treatment of social phobia | Advances in Psychiatric Treatment | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/treatment-of-social-phobia/C14381FCAF92BA6E5BD08A820AB33484

  Typical beliefs in an individual with social phobia focus on the perceived negative evaluation by others of revealing a flaw or unacceptable behaviour (for example, the person believes that her hands will shake or she will sound stupid or boring). This is also referred to in the literature as external shame. […] Such individuals tend to have high standards or rules about how they must perform in social situations. […] The emotions in social phobia are predominantly those of anxiety and shame, and sometimes self-disgust or anger (which will depend on beliefs and safety behaviours). […] Safety behaviours in social phobia include: using alcohol; avoiding eye contact; gripping a glass too tightly; excessive rehearsing of a presentation; reluctance to reveal personal information; and asking many questions.

• #45 Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353561

  A structure in the brain called the amygdala may play a role in controlling the fear response. People who have an overactive amygdala may have a heightened fear response, causing increased anxiety in social situations. […] Social anxiety disorder may be a learned behavior some people may develop significant anxiety after an unpleasant or embarrassing social situation. […] Several factors can increase the risk of developing social anxiety disorder, including: […] You’re more likely to develop social anxiety disorder if your biological parents or siblings have the condition. […] Children who experience teasing, bullying, rejection, ridicule or humiliation may be more prone to social anxiety disorder. […] Left untreated, social anxiety disorder can control your life. Anxieties can interfere with work, school, relationships or enjoyment of life.

• #46 Social anxiety disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder

  Research into the causes of social anxiety and social phobia is wide-ranging, encompassing multiple perspectives from neuroscience to sociology. […] Studies suggest that genetics can play a part in combination with environmental factors. […] It has been shown that there is a two to a threefold greater risk of having social phobia if a first-degree relative also has the disorder. […] A previous negative social experience can be a trigger to social phobia, perhaps particularly for individuals high in „interpersonal sensitivity”. […] Different parenting styles can also contribute to the development of Social Anxiety disorder. […] Cultural factors that have been related to social anxiety disorder include a society’s attitude towards shyness and avoidance, affecting the ability to form relationships or access employment or education, and shame.

• #47 Social Anxiety Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mental-health/anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder

  Social anxiety disorder is sometimes called social phobia. Social anxiety disorder is a mental health condition. People with social anxiety disorder become very anxious about what other people may think of them or how they may be judged by others. […] Many people with social anxiety disorder have had traumatic events in childhood. These can include having been bullied at school, having lived with controlling or authoritarian parents, having experienced abuse or living with family conflict. […] It is now known that early negative childhood experiences can affect the development of the brain so situations like neglect, abuse or ridicule in very young children can cause mental health conditions such as social anxiety disorder in later childhood/teens/adulthood. […] Not much is known about the natural progress of the condition. However, with treatment there is a good chance that symptoms can be greatly improved. Without treatment, social phobia can be associated with depression in later life.

• #48 Social Anxiety Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/mental-health/anxiety/social-anxiety-disorder

  Social anxiety disorder is sometimes called social phobia. Social anxiety disorder is a mental health condition. People with social anxiety disorder become very anxious about what other people may think of them or how they may be judged by others. […] Many people with social anxiety disorder have had traumatic events in childhood. These can include having been bullied at school, having lived with controlling or authoritarian parents, having experienced abuse or living with family conflict. […] It is now known that early negative childhood experiences can affect the development of the brain so situations like neglect, abuse or ridicule in very young children can cause mental health conditions such as social anxiety disorder in later childhood/teens/adulthood. […] Not much is known about the natural progress of the condition. However, with treatment there is a good chance that symptoms can be greatly improved. Without treatment, social phobia can be associated with depression in later life.

• #49 Social anxiety disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder

  Research into the causes of social anxiety and social phobia is wide-ranging, encompassing multiple perspectives from neuroscience to sociology. […] Studies suggest that genetics can play a part in combination with environmental factors. […] It has been shown that there is a two to a threefold greater risk of having social phobia if a first-degree relative also has the disorder. […] A previous negative social experience can be a trigger to social phobia, perhaps particularly for individuals high in „interpersonal sensitivity”. […] Different parenting styles can also contribute to the development of Social Anxiety disorder. […] Cultural factors that have been related to social anxiety disorder include a society’s attitude towards shyness and avoidance, affecting the ability to form relationships or access employment or education, and shame.

• #50 Social Anxiety Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety/social-phobia

  Social anxiety disorder sometimes known as social phobia is a type of anxiety disorder that causes anxiety or fear in social settings. […] The exact cause of social anxiety disorder is unknown, but it may result from a combination of factors. […] Physical, biological, and genetic factors likely play a role, according to scientists. Problems with neurotransmitter systems may lead to imbalances in the hormones serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate. These brain chemicals help regulate mood. […] Negative experiences may lead to a type of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), where social anxiety is a symptom. […] Anxiety disorders can run in families, but its unclear whether this is due to genetic or environmental factors. […] Experts dont know exactly why it happens, but an imbalance in brain chemicals may play a role. Life events may contribute, such as a history of abuse or growing up in a household with a controlling parenting style. But, these are unlikely to be the only factors, according to experts. […] Social anxiety disorder seems to respond well to a combination of counseling and antidepressants, such as SSRIs and SNRIs.

• #51 Social Anxiety Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety/social-phobia

  Social anxiety disorder sometimes known as social phobia is a type of anxiety disorder that causes anxiety or fear in social settings. […] The exact cause of social anxiety disorder is unknown, but it may result from a combination of factors. […] Physical, biological, and genetic factors likely play a role, according to scientists. Problems with neurotransmitter systems may lead to imbalances in the hormones serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate. These brain chemicals help regulate mood. […] Negative experiences may lead to a type of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), where social anxiety is a symptom. […] Anxiety disorders can run in families, but its unclear whether this is due to genetic or environmental factors. […] Experts dont know exactly why it happens, but an imbalance in brain chemicals may play a role. Life events may contribute, such as a history of abuse or growing up in a household with a controlling parenting style. But, these are unlikely to be the only factors, according to experts. […] Social anxiety disorder seems to respond well to a combination of counseling and antidepressants, such as SSRIs and SNRIs.

• #52 What Is the Difference Between Social Anxiety and Social Phobia? – Bridges to Recovery

  https://www.bridgestorecovery.com/social-anxiety/difference-social-anxiety-social-phobia/

  Social phobia develops out of excessive self-consciousness combined with a lack of confidence and shaky self-esteem. People with social phobia are afraid of making a mistake while in the spotlight, fearing harsh and catastrophic judgments if they do so. Their fear of embarrassment in such situations is off-the-charts and difficult to manage. […] When social anxiety disorder replaced social phobia as a category for diagnosis, it incorporated the symptoms of both social anxiety and social phobia under its broad diagnostic umbrella. […] The lesser status formerly afforded social anxiety was unfortunate. For most social anxiety disorder sufferers, their problems with direct socializing and communication are more serious and life-limiting than their social phobia, which often occurs in situations that can be avoided without significant life consequences.

• #53 SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER – Social Anxiety Disorder – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK327674/

  Social anxiety disorder (previously termed social phobia) was formally recognised as a separate phobic disorder in the mid-1960s (Marks Gelder, 1965). The term social anxiety disorder reflects current understanding, including in diagnostic manuals, and is used throughout the guideline. As set out in the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) (World Health Organization, 1992) and in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) social anxiety disorder is a persistent fear of one or more social situations where embarrassment may occur and the fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual threat posed by the social situation as determined by the person’s cultural norms. […] The success of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) in treating social anxiety disorder suggests that dysregulation of the serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter system may also play a role, but studies that establish a causal relationship for such dysregulation in the development of the condition have not yet been reported. […] As with many disorders of mental health, the development of social anxiety disorder is probably best understood as an interaction between several different biopsychosocial factors (Tillfors, 2004).

• #54 Social anxiety disorder: Treatments and tips for managing this challenging condition – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/social-anxiety-disorder-treatments-and-tips-for-managing-this-challenging-condition

  Causes of SAD related to the brain and nervous system include: a hyperactive nervous system. This means even small emotional triggers can result in the release of cortisol, a stress hormone in the body. […] decreased amounts of serotonin (a hormone involved in controlling mood) in the brain […] abnormal levels of glutamate and oxytocin in the brain. These hormones control how you respond in social settings and the intensity of anxiety symptoms. […] increased sensitivity in areas of the brain that control mood and emotion. […] Psychosocial causes of SAD include early childhood trauma such as a history of abuse and neglect, and childhood teasing. Overprotective and hypercritical parenting styles have also been associated with the disorder. These events influence how you interact with others and respond in social situations.

• #55 Social anxiety disorder: Treatments and tips for managing this challenging condition – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/social-anxiety-disorder-treatments-and-tips-for-managing-this-challenging-condition

  Causes of SAD related to the brain and nervous system include: a hyperactive nervous system. This means even small emotional triggers can result in the release of cortisol, a stress hormone in the body. […] decreased amounts of serotonin (a hormone involved in controlling mood) in the brain […] abnormal levels of glutamate and oxytocin in the brain. These hormones control how you respond in social settings and the intensity of anxiety symptoms. […] increased sensitivity in areas of the brain that control mood and emotion. […] Psychosocial causes of SAD include early childhood trauma such as a history of abuse and neglect, and childhood teasing. Overprotective and hypercritical parenting styles have also been associated with the disorder. These events influence how you interact with others and respond in social situations.

• #56 Social Anxiety | Noba

  https://nobaproject.com/modules/social-anxiety

  One symptom of SAD is the concern that the anxiety will be visible to others. […] Socially anxious people believe that openly expressing emotions is likely to have negative consequences. […] Socially anxious people also respond to positive emotions in an unexpected way. […] The current first-line prescribed medications are selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as escitalopram, paroxetine, and sertraline, as well as serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) like venlafaxine. […] Both approaches—CBT and medications—are moderately helpful at reducing social anxiety symptoms in approximately 60% of clients; however, the majority of people with SAD do not fully remit, and many experience a return of symptoms after treatment ends. […] Current recommended treatments may not address some of the deficits discussed earlier.

• #57 Social Anxiety | Noba

  https://nobaproject.com/modules/social-anxiety

  One symptom of SAD is the concern that the anxiety will be visible to others. […] Socially anxious people believe that openly expressing emotions is likely to have negative consequences. […] Socially anxious people also respond to positive emotions in an unexpected way. […] The current first-line prescribed medications are selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as escitalopram, paroxetine, and sertraline, as well as serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) like venlafaxine. […] Both approaches—CBT and medications—are moderately helpful at reducing social anxiety symptoms in approximately 60% of clients; however, the majority of people with SAD do not fully remit, and many experience a return of symptoms after treatment ends. […] Current recommended treatments may not address some of the deficits discussed earlier.

• #58 Social Anxiety | Noba

  https://nobaproject.com/modules/social-anxiety

  One symptom of SAD is the concern that the anxiety will be visible to others. […] Socially anxious people believe that openly expressing emotions is likely to have negative consequences. […] Socially anxious people also respond to positive emotions in an unexpected way. […] The current first-line prescribed medications are selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as escitalopram, paroxetine, and sertraline, as well as serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) like venlafaxine. […] Both approaches—CBT and medications—are moderately helpful at reducing social anxiety symptoms in approximately 60% of clients; however, the majority of people with SAD do not fully remit, and many experience a return of symptoms after treatment ends. […] Current recommended treatments may not address some of the deficits discussed earlier.

• #59 Social Anxiety Disorder: A Common, Underrecognized Mental Disorder | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/1115/p2311.html

  Social phobia is a highly prevalent yet often overlooked psychiatric disorder that can cause severe disability but fortunately has shown responsiveness to specific pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. […] For years, social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, has been underrecognized and undertreated. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV), describes social phobia as an intense, irrational and persistent fear of being scrutinized or negatively evaluated by others. […] In social phobia, fear and avoidance typically develop into a vicious cycle that can become severely distressing, debilitating and demoralizing over time. […] Untreated, social phobia is chronic and unremitting. […] Approximately one half of patients with social phobia have comorbid mental, drug or alcohol problems.

• #60 Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353561

  This disorder can cause low self-esteem, trouble being assertive, negative self-talk, hypersensitivity to criticism, poor social skills, isolation and difficult social relationships, low academic and employment achievement, substance abuse, such as drinking too much alcohol, and suicide or suicide attempts. […] Other anxiety disorders and certain other mental health disorders, particularly major depressive disorder and substance abuse problems, often occur with social anxiety disorder.

• #61 Social Anxiety | Noba

  https://nobaproject.com/modules/social-anxiety

  Despite the availability of effective treatments, few people seek help for their social fears. […] A central component of the social anxiety experience is how a person thinks about him- or herself, about others, and about social situations. […] Recent evidence has suggested that people with SAD are actually concerned with both positive and negative evaluation. […] The fear of being positively evaluated is particularly relevant when a social comparison occurs, such as when a person gets a promotion at work. […] Such anxiety would lead a person to display submissive behavior (e.g., avoiding eye contact) and prompt them to avoid doing anything that could cause conflict. […] Emotion regulation refers to how people recognize, interpret, experience, and attempt to alter emotional states.

• #62 Social Anxiety | Noba

  https://nobaproject.com/modules/social-anxiety

  Despite the availability of effective treatments, few people seek help for their social fears. […] A central component of the social anxiety experience is how a person thinks about him- or herself, about others, and about social situations. […] Recent evidence has suggested that people with SAD are actually concerned with both positive and negative evaluation. […] The fear of being positively evaluated is particularly relevant when a social comparison occurs, such as when a person gets a promotion at work. […] Such anxiety would lead a person to display submissive behavior (e.g., avoiding eye contact) and prompt them to avoid doing anything that could cause conflict. […] Emotion regulation refers to how people recognize, interpret, experience, and attempt to alter emotional states.

• #63 Social Anxiety | Noba

  https://nobaproject.com/modules/social-anxiety

  Despite the availability of effective treatments, few people seek help for their social fears. […] A central component of the social anxiety experience is how a person thinks about him- or herself, about others, and about social situations. […] Recent evidence has suggested that people with SAD are actually concerned with both positive and negative evaluation. […] The fear of being positively evaluated is particularly relevant when a social comparison occurs, such as when a person gets a promotion at work. […] Such anxiety would lead a person to display submissive behavior (e.g., avoiding eye contact) and prompt them to avoid doing anything that could cause conflict. […] Emotion regulation refers to how people recognize, interpret, experience, and attempt to alter emotional states.

• #64 Social anxiety disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder

  While alcohol initially relieves social phobia, excessive alcohol misuse can worsen social phobia symptoms and cause panic disorder to develop or worsen during alcohol intoxication and especially during alcohol withdrawal syndrome. […] Research has indicated the role of 'core’ or 'unconditional’ negative beliefs and 'conditional’ beliefs nearer to the surface. […] Studies have also highlighted the role of subtle avoidance and defensive factors, and shown how attempts to avoid feared negative evaluations or use of „safety behaviors” can make social interaction more difficult and the anxiety worse in the long run.

• #65 Psychiatry.org – What are Anxiety Disorders?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorders

  A person with social anxiety disorder has significant anxiety and discomfort about being embarrassed, humiliated, rejected or looked down on in social interactions. People with this disorder will try to avoid the situation or endure it with great anxiety. Common examples are extreme fear of public speaking, meeting new people or eating/drinking in public. The fear or anxiety causes problems with daily functioning and lasts at least six months. […] The causes of anxiety disorders are currently unknown but likely involve a combination of factors including genetic, environmental, psychological and developmental. Anxiety disorders can run in families, suggesting that a combination of genes and environmental stresses can produce the disorders.

• #66 Social Anxiety Disorder: Symptoms, Tests, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22709-social-anxiety

  Social anxiety disorder is highly treatable with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and/or medication such as antidepressants (typically selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors also known as SSRIs or beta-blockers). […] Evidence has shown that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and medications like antidepressants are very successful in treating and managing social anxiety disorder. Treatment can help you drastically lessen or overcome your symptoms and anxiety in social situations.

• #67 Social Anxiety | Noba

  https://nobaproject.com/modules/social-anxiety

  One symptom of SAD is the concern that the anxiety will be visible to others. […] Socially anxious people believe that openly expressing emotions is likely to have negative consequences. […] Socially anxious people also respond to positive emotions in an unexpected way. […] The current first-line prescribed medications are selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as escitalopram, paroxetine, and sertraline, as well as serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) like venlafaxine. […] Both approaches—CBT and medications—are moderately helpful at reducing social anxiety symptoms in approximately 60% of clients; however, the majority of people with SAD do not fully remit, and many experience a return of symptoms after treatment ends. […] Current recommended treatments may not address some of the deficits discussed earlier.

• #68 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Neural-Mechanisms-of-Social-Anxiety-Disorder.aspx

  Studies have shown that abnormality in the PFC in anxious individuals is due to a weak connect between the PFC and the amygdala. […] Anxiety disorders that involve fear suggest that threat from the stimuli has not been deleted because of dysfunction in the hippocampus. A decreased hippocampus volume due to damage shows abnormal avoidance learning; this increases vulnerability to avoidance behaviors, which is a risk factor for SAD. […] While encountering fear or anxiety, the hypothalamicpituitaryadrenal axis (HPA) gets activated. This axis consists of a set of interactions (among the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands) that controls stress reactions. […] The decade of the 1990s saw immense research undertakings on neurocircuitry mechanisms related to anxiety and fear, which have brought this field closer to improved treatment options for social disorders.

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