Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pectus excavatum – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pectus-excavatum/symptoms-causes/syc-20355483

  Pectus excavatum is a condition in which the breastbone is sunken into the chest. If the condition is very serious, it can affect how well the heart and lungs work over time. […] This condition also is known as funnel chest. But it can affect much more than the look of the chest. It also can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and a fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heart. The symptoms tend to become worse during the teenage growth spurt. […] For many people with pectus excavatum, the only symptom is a slight dip in their chests. In some children, the dip becomes deeper during early puberty. It can keep getting deeper into adulthood. […] In people with pectus excavatum, the breastbone may compress the lungs and heart. Symptoms can include: A fast-beating, fluttering or pounding heart. Chest pain. Loss of endurance that becomes worse over time. Shortness of breath or extreme tiredness during physical activity. A high-pitched whistling sound made while breathing that’s triggered by exercise. Fainting or dizziness. Frequent infections of the upper airway. Stress and concern about how the chest looks. […] See a healthcare professional if you or your child has any symptoms of pectus excavatum. This is key if the symptoms become worse or if the chest keeps becoming more sunken.

• #2 Chest Wall Disorder: Pectus Excavatum (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pectus-excavatum.html

  Pectus excavatum is when the ribs and sternum (breastbone) grow inward and form a dent in the chest. This gives it a concave or caved-in shape, which is why the condition is also called „funnel chest” or „sunken chest.” It can be mild or severe. When its severe, there can be problems with the heart and lungs. […] Some kids are born with the condition. Other times theres no sign of it until puberty. Its common for pectus excavatum (PEK-tus eks-kuh-VA-tum) to get worse during growth spurts. […] Mild pectus excavatum might be barely noticeable. But severe cases can cause a dent in the chest that may be deeper on one side. This can put pressure on the lungs and heart so they dont have enough room to work as they should. […] Older kids may have trouble exercising or keeping up with other kids their age. They also might get dizzy when standing up. Sometimes they have chest pain that comes and goes, tiredness, or shortness of breath. They may also have a rapid heartbeat or heart palpitations (irregular heartbeats). […] Pectus excavatum tends to get worse when kids have growth spurts. When they’ve finished growing, the condition probably won’t change.

• #3 Living With Mild Pectus Excavatum | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/2024/03/living-mild-pectus-excavatum

  If youve noticed that your childs chest looks slightly sunken or caved in, they might have a type of chest wall deformity called pectus excavatum, also sometimes referred to as funnel chest. […] For people with a mild case of pectus excavatum, the only symptom may be a slight dent in their chest. Some people might experience shortness of breath or intermittent pain. […] It is possible for the dent to worsen as the person continues to grow, which can cause the breastbone to compress the lungs and heart. If that happens, they may experience the following symptoms: Shortness of breath, especially when exercising, Dizziness, Chest pain, Fatigue, Rapid heartbeat or heart palpitations, Heart murmur, Frequent respiratory infections. […] However, its important not to dismiss the fact that even mild cases may cause self-esteem issues. Some kids experience psychological symptoms about their appearance, such as social anxiety, and may need support to work through it.

• #3 Living With Mild Pectus Excavatum | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/2024/03/living-mild-pectus-excavatum

  If your child is struggling with body image issues about their pectus excavatum, first and foremost, be a good listener and offer them your support to validate their feelings. If theyre in significant distress over their appearance, seeking out a qualified mental health specialist can help them learn how to cope.

• #4 Pectus Excavatum: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17328-pectus-excavatum

  Pectus excavatum symptoms can be both physical and psychological. […] Physical symptoms can include: Shortness of breath with exercise. Less stamina compared to peers. Fatigue. Chest pain. Irregular heartbeat. Heart palpitations. […] Psychological symptoms can include: Significant embarrassment from the appearance of your chest. Self-esteem issues. Clinical depression. […] The goal of pectus excavatum repair is to relieve pressure on your heart and lungs so they can work better. This typically improves breathing, exercise intolerance and chest pain. You may feel as if your breathing and stamina are normal before surgery and then realize they feel much improved after surgery. […] You may develop more symptoms over time. This is likely due to the normal aging process. It also gets harder to make up for pectus excavatum limiting your heart and lungs function. […] Theres no evidence that pectus excavatum limits life expectancy or causes progressive damage to your heart and lungs over time. But without surgery, your symptoms may get worse.

• #5 Symptomatic pectus excavatum in seniors (SPES): a cardiovascular problem?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3077846/

  The clinical picture of the 42 senior patients with a pectus excavatum showed complaints of fatigue and low exercise tolerance, shortness of breath, palpitations, inspiratory obstruction and sometimes chest discomfort or pain. […] The serious and sometimes invalidating complaints of 19 patients (45%) had started only in their fourth or fifth decade of life and were labelled in 12 patients (63%) as Unexplained cardiovascular complaints. […] Complaints and symptoms encountered in children and adults with a symptomatic pectus excavatum are fatigue, reduced exercise tolerance, shortness of breath, palpitations, mitral valve prolapse and chest pain. […] Gradually and in slow progression, senior patients develop exactly the same clinical picture at lower levels of exercise. […] The complaints, serious and sometimes invalidating, had only started in their fourth or fifth decade of life and in 63% of the patients (n=12) were labelled as unexplained cardiovascular complaints. […] Symptoms such as dyspnoea, fatigue and palpitations were substantially reduced or had disappeared completely. […] Diagnosing SPES is relevant because surgical reconstruction of the chest can provide complete relief of symptoms.

• #6 Pectus Excavatum | Pectus Clinic

  https://www.pectusclinic.com/conditions/pectus-excavatum/

  Pain – often noted in the chest and back area, tends to come and go and may be made worse by certain activities and exercise. May be worse during periods of excessive growth. Poor posture may aggravate […] Breathlessness – a sensation of shortness of breath, tight chestiness, on constriction of breathing, often worse on certain activities and exercise […] Palpitations – In severe forms, with heart distortion there may be an increased incidence of heart palpitations […] Fainting – Rarely, in severe pectus excavatum feeling faint (pre-syncope) or actually fainting (syncope) can occur classically during exercise and is thought to be caused by distortion of the heart from the indrawn sternum […] Psychological – can have significant impact on a patient’s self-esteem and confidence. The presence of symptoms in patients with pectus excavatum is variable. Certainty chest and back pain is common and is probably musculoskeletal in origin. Another common complaint is the sensation of breathlessness, particularly on exertion. Poor posture, which is often present maybe a factor in the development of such pain and breathlessness. The psychological impact of the abnormal chest appearance is probably the most important symptom that patients with pectus excavatum complain of. In some, it can have serious consequences leading to withdrawn behavior, avoidance of certain activities like swimming or places such as the beach where the chest may be exposed and the development of intimate relationships often at and important and vulnerable time of the patient’s life. Rarely, in severe forms of pectus excavatum patients’ doing vigorous exercise may complain of feeling faint or actually fainting.

• #7 12 Pectus Excavatum Symptoms [2024]: Physical & Mental

  https://mrpectus.com/pectus-excavatum-symptoms/

  The main physical indication of pectus excavatum is a cavity of the breastbone in an inward direction. […] In some patients, the hole in the chest worsens during adulthood. […] A large body of scientific literature proves that patients suffering from pectus excavatum have a reduced exercise capacity. […] The deformity causes the air in the lungs to be trapped, leading to exertional dyspnea (shortness of breath while working out). […] A 30-year-long study at the UCLA Medical Center revealed that 32% of all 375 patients with pectus excavatum had recurrent respirational infections. […] Depending on the severity, people with pectus excavatum may experience chest and back pain. […] Engaging in physical activities can be very demotivating because some may require a lot of endurance, which is significantly affected by the condition.

• #7 12 Pectus Excavatum Symptoms [2024]: Physical & Mental

  https://mrpectus.com/pectus-excavatum-symptoms/

  If your pectus excavatum is mild, the indentation of the chest is noticeable. […] The heart can be dislocated or rotated in moderate cases, and the deformity reduces lung capacity. […] The most visible sign of an extreme case is a chest that looks like its midpoint has been scooped out. […] Regularly, these patients have restricted cardiac and lung functioning. […] The cavity in the anterior chest wall displaces the positioning of the heart, causing various problems. […] These symptoms get more evident as the patient reaches puberty or early adulthood. […] Pectus excavatum can get worse with age, especially if your posture is poor and your musculature is weak.

• #8 Do I have Severe or Mild Pectus Excavatum? | Expert GuidanceTwitterTwitter

  https://www.stephenmcculley.co.uk/resource-centre/other-procedures/do-i-have-severe-or-mild-pectus-excavatum/

  Also known as “sunken chest”, pectus excavatum is usually primarily a cosmetic concern but can cause a wide range of symptoms. The condition is usually mild with minimal or no symptoms. Some patients are more severe with more complicated symptoms. […] The most obvious symptom of pectus excavatum is a chest wall deformity, where the chest appears to sink inwards. Associated physical symptoms that may occur with pectus excavatum include: Shortness of breath with exercise, Decreased stamina compared to peers, Fatigue, Chest pain, Irregular heartbeat. […] Pectus excavatum is commonly noticed in the early teen years, and many adults with pectus excavatum will have been aware of their symptoms for years. Symptoms can sometimes get worse with age. […] The severity of the defect and the asymmetry of the chest widely vary. In severe cases of pectus excavatum, the breastbone may compress the lungs and heart. Your pectus excavatum is more severe if you are affected by the following: Chest pain, Heart problems, Breathing problems, Rapid heartbeat or heart palpitations, Recurrent respiratory infections, Wheezing or coughing, Chest pain, Heart murmur. […] Treatment should be sought if you have physical symptoms such as breathing difficulties, or psychological symptoms that affect daily life.

• #9 Pectus Excavatum | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pectus-excavatum

  Pectus excavatum can range from mild to severe. Those with a mild condition often do not have symptoms. Those with moderate-to-severe condition may have symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, exercise intolerance/limitations and chest pain. With a severe case of pectus excavatum, there can be compression of the heart. […] Children with pectus excavatum may experience some negative effects on their self-esteem due to the appearance of the chest.

• #10 Pectus Excavatum Problems Later Life

  https://drbelalbinasaf.com/blog/pectus-excavatum-problems-later-life/

  Chronic pain is a common complaint among adults with pectus excavatum: […] Muscle Strain: Overcompensation in posture can lead to muscle fatigue and strain, particularly in the upper body. […] The physical appearance associated with pectus excavatum can significantly impact an individuals self-esteem and body image: […] Depression: The psychological burden of dealing with a visible deformity can contribute to mental health issues. […] Pectus excavatum can affect personal relationships, including: […] Fear of judgment from others can prevent individuals from engaging fully in social settings. […] In some cases, adults with pectus excavatum may face challenges in the workplace: […] Performance Anxiety: Concerns about appearance may lead to performance anxiety in situations requiring physical exertion. […] Pectus excavatum can present a range of challenges for individuals in later life, from physical complications to emotional and psychological issues. Awareness and understanding of these problems are essential for those affected, as well as for their families and healthcare providers.

• #10 Pectus Excavatum Problems Later Life

  https://drbelalbinasaf.com/blog/pectus-excavatum-problems-later-life/

  Many individuals with pectus excavatum experience symptoms during adolescence, a time when rapid growth can exacerbate the condition. Common symptoms include: […] As individuals transition into adulthood, these symptoms can evolve or become more pronounced. […] One of the most significant concerns for adults with pectus excavatum is compromised lung function. The sunken chest can restrict lung expansion, leading to: […] Chronic Shortness of Breath: Adults may find themselves breathless during normal activities, impacting their quality of life. […] Increased Risk of Respiratory Infections: Reduced lung capacity can make individuals more susceptible to respiratory infections. […] Pectus excavatum can also impact cardiovascular health: […] Increased Risk of Heart Disease: Some studies suggest a correlation between severe pectus excavatum and higher incidences of heart disease due to compromised blood flow.

• #11 Adult Pectus Excavatum | Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery | Washington University in St. Louis

  https://cardiothoracicsurgery.wustl.edu/patient-care/thoracic/pectus-excavatum/

  The symptoms of pectus excavatum generally fall into three categories: […] Pain. It is not clear what causes the pain. It may have something to do with the way the pectoral muscles cross the chest to attach to the ribs and breastbone. The pain usually is not severe or long lasting when it occurs. […] Decreased exercise tolerance. This is probably related to the effect of the breastbone deformity on the heart as previously mentioned. […] Appearance. Many of those with pectus excavatum are very unhappy with the way their chests look. Whenever the chest is exposed (such as when swimming), it is common for other children to notice this and comment on it or make fun of the appearance. This may cause enough uneasiness that a child alters his or her behavior. The child may no longer want to go swimming, wont shower with others during gym class, change clothes away from other children and avoid other activities that may call attention to the deformity. Some children are significantly affected by this and may withdraw socially to some degree. Such psychosocial problems can also persist into adolescence and adulthood.

• #12 Pectus Excavatum: Symptoms, Treatments, and Complications

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pectus-excavatum

  Pectus excavatum is a Latin term that means hollowed chest. People with this congenital condition have a distinctly sunken chest. A concave sternum, or breastbone, may exist at birth. […] It may also develop later, usually during adolescence. […] In severe cases, the condition can interfere with how the heart and lungs function. In mild cases, sunken chest can cause self-image problems. Some people with this condition may avoid activities such as swimming that make hiding the condition difficult. […] Doctors can usually look at the chest wall and see its sunken in instead of straight or slightly rounded outward in appearance. […] In addition to a persons physical appearance, sunken chest can cause other symptoms in the body because the chest bones press on nearby organs, such as the heart and lungs. Some people with this condition may experience the following: abnormal heart rhythms, poor exercise capacity, shortness of breath, unexplained fatigue.

• #12 Pectus Excavatum: Symptoms, Treatments, and Complications

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pectus-excavatum

  A doctor may take measurements of a persons sunken chest and track it over time to determine if its getting worse. […] People with severe pectus excavatum may experience shortness of breath and chest pain. Surgery may be necessary to relieve discomfort and prevent heart and breathing abnormalities. […] Doctors consider sunken chest to be a progressive condition. […] This means that as a person gets older, the depth to which their chest appears sunken may increase. While a significant number of people with sunken chest have surgery to repair the condition in young adulthood, its possible that an adult can also benefit from surgery. […] Usually, surgery isnt recommended unless an adult has symptoms, such as shortness of breath or heart problems. If they do have these symptoms, they can speak to their doctor about potential treatment steps.

• #13 Facts about a common chest disorder in children – Pectus Excavatum (Sunken Chest) | Arkansas Children’s

  https://www.archildrens.org/blog/chest-disorder-facts

  Pectus excavatum, common in children, often becomes noticeable as they grow. It can cause discomfort and social issues. […] These chest wall conditions are not life-threatening. However, some sunken chest walls might cause discomfort such as: difficulty breathing, chest pain, fatigue and difficulty playing sports because of the pressure on the chest. […] The chest may look more sunken in as a child grows. […] It can cause social anxiety, depression, loss of motivation, not wanting to participate in sports, and avoiding beaches and pool parties.

• #14 Pectus Excavatum | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/blood-heart-circulation/pectus-excavatum.html

  Pectus excavatum occurs when your breastbone (sternum) and part of your ribs sink into your chest. Severe pectus excavatum can cause problems with your heart and lungs. […] Pectus excavatum often appears in children and becomes more noticeable as you age. This condition can affect your heart and lungs if it becomes severe. But even mild pectus excavatum can cause issues with self-esteem and depression due to the appearance of the chest. […] The main sign of pectus excavatum is a dent in the chest, either in the center or on one side. This indentation may range from minor to severe. Severe pectus excavatum can cause pressure from the sternum on the lungs and heart, leading to symptoms that may include: Chest pain or pressure, Coughing or wheezing, Difficulty tolerating exercise, Dizziness or fainting, Heart murmur, heart palpitations, or rapid heartbeat (arrhythmia), Increased respiratory infections, Shortness of breath, Tiring easily. […] Many people first notice symptoms as teenagers during growth spurts. Symptoms tend to worsen as you get older. Sometimes symptoms dont bother adults until they reach their 40s or 50s.

• #15 Pectus Excavatum | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pectus-excavatum

  Pectus excavatum can range in severity from mild to severe, depending on how deep the indentation is. The condition may not be noticeable at birth and may remain undetected until puberty. The indentation often becomes more severe (and noticeable) during growth spurts. […] Symptoms of pectus excavatum are different at different ages. In infants, symptoms of pectus excavatum can include: A hollow depression in the chest that may be broad and shallow, deep and narrow, or irregular; More rapid breathing than normal. In older children, symptoms of pectus excavatum can include: Shortness of breath upon exertion or exercise; Chest pain; A lateral curvature of the spine and absence of the curve of the upper back; Hooked shoulders; A broad, thin chest. […] In cases of severe pectus excavatum, the sternum and ribs can press on a child’s heart and lungs. This usually only affects heart and lung function during extreme exercise and not usually in a major way.

• #16 pectus excavatum

  https://www.childrensdayton.org/node/16016/printable/print

  The main sign of pectus excavatum is a chest that looks sunken in. Even though kids who have pectus excavatum are born with it, it might not be noticed in the first few years of life. Many cases are found in the early teenage years. […] Mild cases might be barely noticeable. But severe pectus excavatum can cause a deep hollow in the chest that can put pressure on the lungs and heart, causing: Problems tolerating exercise, Limitations with some kinds of physical activities, Tiredness, Chest pain, A rapid heartbeat or heart palpitations, Frequent respiratory infections, Coughing or wheezing. […] The condition typically gets worse as kids grow, and affects boys more often than girls. When a child is done growing, the pectus should not get any better or worse.

• #17 Pectus Excavatum: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004953-overview

  Pectus excavatum occurs in an estimated 1 in 300-400 births, with male predominance (male-to-female ratio of 3:1). The condition is typically noticed at birth, and more than 90% of cases are diagnosed within the first year of life. Worsening of the chests appearance and the onset of symptoms are usually reported during rapid bone growth in the early teenage years. […] Problems with self-esteem and body image perception are frequently reported in teenaged patients. Psychologic disturbances are not unusual in older patients. […] Most cases of severe pectus excavatum are noticed at birth, with progressive worsening of the child’s growth and development. More than 80% of all cases are identified within the first 1-2 years of life. The condition typically becomes much more pronounced at puberty, during the time of rapid bone and cartilage growth. Most patients are brought to medical attention during their teenage years because of the significant change in the appearance of their chest.

• #17 Pectus Excavatum: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004953-overview

  Patients with moderate-to-severe pectus excavatum may experience problems related to cardiopulmonary impairment, decreased exercise tolerance, decreased stamina, and adjustment disorders related to the impact of this deformity on body image and coping mechanisms. […] Many patients with pectus excavatum are asymptomatic from a functional standpoint. The degree of cardiopulmonary impairment caused by lung compression and the level of cardiac displacement that results from the caved-in chest are subjects of controversy. Exercise tolerance is frequently reported as abnormal, and a restrictive pattern in pulmonary function test can be identified in severe cases. […] The long-term health risks of patients who are managed without surgery are not known.

• #18 Does Pectus Excavatum worsen with age? – Pectus Up

  https://pectusup.com/en/pectus-excavatum-worsen-with-age/

  One of the most common uncertainties among people who have Pectus Excavatum is whether their condition will worsen over time. […] Pectus Excavatum can also lead to other new diagnoses that can worsen your health, such as emotional disturbances and self-esteem issues due to your aesthetic impairment. All of these can significantly affect your quality of life. […] There are other symptoms associated with the presence of Pectus Excavatum that can worsen with age, such as chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, and fatigue, or a decrease in exercise tolerance. However, these symptoms are not necessarily related to age but rather to the severity of your condition and individual factors accompanying your Pectus Excavatum. […] Once the patient reaches adulthood, toward the end of adolescence, the progression of Pectus Excavatum usually stabilizes. Does this mean that at this age, the sunken chest stops getting worse? Indeed, it means that since your body is fully developed, the depth or deformity of your sunken chest will not worsen.

• #19 Pectus Excavatum | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pectus-excavatum

  Pectus excavatum occurs in one in 300-400 children with male prominence (male-to-female ratio of 3:1). It may be minimal, with only slight depression of the chest, or it may be quite severe. […] The abnormality often increases with age and often worsens during the growth spurts that occur during late childhood and adolescence. It usually stabilizes after skeletal growth is complete. […] Although some children have no symptoms, symptoms usually vary with the severity of the abnormality. Younger children have fewer symptoms than older children. […] Children with moderate to severe pectus deformities often have trouble breathing with exertion and are not able to tolerate exercise due to impaired lung and/or heart function. Lung capacity is decreased, and the filling capacity of the heart chambers is restricted due to compression from the sternum. These symptoms can be quite severe at times and may limit the child’s activity level. […] Growing adolescents may also experience chest pain in the area of rib cartilages.

• #20 Pectus Excavatum – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pectus-excavatum/

  Pectus excavatum may be mild, moderate or severe. The lower half of the breastbone may press on the heart and lungs. This can cause shortness of breath with exercise. […] Pectus excavatum does not always cause other symptoms, especially before the teen years. Moderate-to-severe cases can cause: Shortness of breath with exercise, Trouble breathing when playing certain musical instruments like brass or woodwind, Concern with body image. […] Breathing symptoms may happen when the breastbone becomes more indented and nudges the heart to the left.

• #21 An Extensive Guide to Pectus Excavatum | Find Expert AdviceTwitterTwitter

  https://www.stephenmcculley.co.uk/resource-centre/other-procedures/causes-symptoms-surgery-pectus-excavatum/

  Pectus excavatum is a condition that causes the rib cage to grow abnormally and pushes the sternum inwards. People with pectus excavatum often have a sunken chest, although in severe cases it can interfere with the normal function of the heart and lungs. […] In more severe cases, people with the disorder may experience the following symptoms, which may require surgery to correct: Chest pain, Heart problems, Breathing problems. […] Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms of pectus excavatum, with 68% of patients reporting it. […] Some people with severe pectus excavatum may find that their heart and lungs aren’t functioning as they should. […] If you have severe pectus excavatum, you may experience more serious symptoms if the deformity is affecting how your heart and/or lungs function. […] In severe cases, it is possible for pectus excavatum to cause heart problems.

• #22 Pectus Excavatum and Carinatum

  https://pediatricsurgery.wustl.edu/patient-care/congenital-and-pediatric-conditions/pectus-excavatum/

  The deformity is often noticeable at birth but becomes more apparent during the period of rapid skeletal growth in early adolescence. After the age of approximately 18, the deformity remains the same. […] Sometimes, no symptoms are noticed until the child participates in athletic or high-stress activities. As children, individuals with these defects are shy and many times will not participate in activities requiring their chest to be exposed, such as in swimming or athletic events. As the child grows older, the symptoms becoming easily fatigued and decreased stamina and endurance become apparent, especially during competitive athletics. […] Moderate to very severe defects, in which the heart is displaced to the left of the sternum, or the midline, place undue pressure on the lung artery or pulmonary artery, which carries blood from the heart to the lungs. This may cause a murmur, which is due to the pressure on the system causing rough, instead of smooth, flow. […] Also, there is an increased incidence of respiratory infections and asthma. […] The continuous beating of the heart against a firm bone also may lead to arrhythmias (irregular heart beats).

• #23 Pectus Excavatum | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/pectus-excavatum

  Pectus excavatum is a relatively common congenital deformity. Severe cases of pectus excavatum can affect lung capacity, causing fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, and a fast heartbeat. […] Pectus excavatum can compromise lung and heart capacity, especially when the condition is severe, causing fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, and a fast heartbeat. […] Those with severe pectus excavatum often notice that they are incapable of similar levels of activity as their peers. This can be especially difficult for adolescents, who often withdraw from participating in sports or other high-stress physical activities. […] In addition to its more serious symptoms, pectus excavatum may have negative psychosocial effects in children and teenagers, who often experience self-consciousness and difficult peer interactions stemming from their appearance. Often activities that expose the chest are avoided.

• #24 Pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum: symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/pectus-excavatum-and-pectus-carinatum-symptoms-causes-and-treatment-options

  A major and common symptom seen in patients with pectus excavatum is breathlessness when they exercise, because they have less space in their chest for their lungs to properly expand. Other symptoms include leaky valves and low blood pressure, and an irregular heartbeat, which all occur as a result of the heart being pushed slightly to the left. […] For pectus excavatum, braces might not have a good result, so for young children, particularly around the ages of 15 and 16, we put a vacuum belt on them, and they wear this for up to four hours a day. Swimming and simple stretching can really help with both conditions.

• #25 Pectus Excavatum Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004953-clinical

  Some patients with pectus excavatum experience chest and back pain that is usually musculoskeletal in origin. The exact cause of the pain is poorly understood. […] Many physicians attribute the symptomatic impairment in pectus excavatum to a decrease in intrathoracic volume secondary to the sunken chest. However, this relationship is difficult to prove because of the wide range of pulmonary function among healthy individuals and the correlation of pulmonary function with physical training and body habitus. […] There has been scientific evidence reported that demonstrates shortness of breath upon exertion in patients with pectus excavatum, primarily due to the decrease in pulmonary reserve. […] Clinicians have observed that many patients with pectus excavatum tend to become symptomatic during their teenage years or early in adult life. Patients younger than 10 years who have pectus excavatum do not typically experience symptoms associated with shortness of breath.

• #25 Pectus Excavatum Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004953-clinical

  The heart rate at a given level of work or exercise consistently decreased postoperatively, but oxygen consumption to support an improved efficiency of work was not changed. […] The observed decrease in heart rate at each workload capacity was a result of increased cardiac stroke volume. […] Several studies have demonstrated limitation of cardiac stroke volume in patients with pectus excavatum, particularly in the sitting, or upright, position. […] Further evidence has suggested that operative repair of pectus results in normalization of the cardiac function.

• #26 Pectus excavatum | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20248760/

  See a healthcare professional if you or your child has any symptoms of pectus excavatum. This is key if the symptoms become worse or if the chest keeps becoming more sunken. […] If the depth of the dent in the breastbone is serious, the lungs may not have enough room to fully expand. This also can squeeze the heart. The heart may be pushed to the left and may not pump blood as well as it should. This can cause symptoms such as being less able to exercise, shortness of breath, fast heart rate, and chest pain or pressure. […] Many people who have pectus excavatum also tend to have a hunched-forward posture. Their lower ribs may flare out and their shoulders may be rounded. Many feel stress over how their bodies look. They may stay away from activities where the chest can be seen, such as swimming. They also might wear clothes that hide the dip in the chest. […] For many people with pectus excavatum, the only symptom is a slight dip in their chests. In some children, the dip becomes deeper during early puberty. It can keep getting deeper into adulthood.

• #27 Pectus excavatum – Harris- Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery

  https://www.annalscts.com/article/view/11854/html

  Pectus excavatum is often apparent from early infancy and may worsen significantly during adolescence. Affected individuals may experience physical symptoms, such as shortness of breath and chest pain, as well as psychological distress. […] Pectus excavatum may cause symptoms by compressing the underlying heart and lungs. These include shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitations, fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance. […] The cosmetic deformity associated with any case of pectus excavatum may also result in psychological issues relating to body image and self-esteem. […] Surgical correction of pectus excavatum most often results in significant improvements in symptoms and quality of life.

• #27 Pectus excavatum – Harris- Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery

  https://www.annalscts.com/article/view/11854/12240

  Pectus excavatum may cause symptoms by compressing the underlying heart and lungs. These include shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitations, fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance. […] Affected individuals may experience physical symptoms, such as shortness of breath and chest pain, as well as psychological distress. […] Surgical correction of pectus excavatum most often results in significant improvements in symptoms and quality of life.

• #28 Pectus excavatum – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectus_excavatum

  Pectus excavatum can impair cardiac and respiratory function and cause pain in the chest and back. […] People may also experience chest and back pain, which is usually of musculoskeletal origin. […] In severe cases, the right atrium may be compressed, mitral valve prolapse may be present, and physical capability may be limited due to base lung capacity being decreased. […] Psychological symptoms manifest with feelings of embarrassment, social anxiety, shame, limited capacity for activities and communication, negativity, intolerance, frustration, and even depression. […] Physical exercise has an important role in conservative pectus excavatum treatment though is not seen as a means to resolve the condition on its own. It is used in order to halt or slow the progression of mild or moderate excavatum conditions and as supplementary treatment to improve a poor posture, to prevent secondary complications, and to prevent relapse after treatment.

• #29 Pectus Excavatum Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Liv Hospital

  https://www.livhospital.com/en/pectus-excavatum

  If someone experiences symptoms that affect their daily life or causes discomfort, they may choose to seek treatment, which could include surgery or physical therapy. […] Long-term complications of pectus excavatum primarily stem from the ongoing compression of the heart and lungs, potentially leading to reduced cardiopulmonary function. This can manifest as chronic shortness of breath, decreased exercise tolerance, and persistent chest pain. […] Pectus excavatum can potentially affect heart and lung function, particularly in more severe cases. The inward indentation of the sternum can compress the heart and lungs, which may lead to reduced lung capacity and difficulty breathing, especially during physical activity. […] In some individuals, these physical limitations can significantly impact exercise tolerance and overall stamina. However, many people with mild pectus excavatum cases experience no major effects on heart or lung function.

• #29 Pectus Excavatum Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Liv Hospital

  https://www.livhospital.com/en/pectus-excavatum

  The condition can become more noticeable during periods of growth, especially during puberty when the chest wall is still developing. As the individual grows older, the sternum may become more rigid, making the pectus excavatum deformity more pronounced. […] Yes, in more severe cases, pectus excavatum can cause both breathing and heart problems. The indentation of the sternum may restrict lung expansion, leading to reduced lung capacity, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing, especially during physical exertion. […] If pectus excavatum is left untreated, particularly in severe cases, it can lead to long-term complications such as respiratory issues, including reduced lung capacity, difficulty breathing, and exercise intolerance.

• #30 Mayo Clinic Q and A: Understanding and treating pectus excavatum – Mayo Clinic News Network

  https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-q-and-a-understanding-and-treating-pectus-excavatum/

  Our son has pectus excavatum, and although he always struggled some to keep up with his friends, he has been involved in athletics since childhood. […] Now, at only age 22, he complains of his heart racing, loss of endurance and shortness of breath with exercise. […] Exercise becomes strenuous, and people experience difficulty breathing. They struggle to keep up with their peers. […] Symptoms can affect people both physically and psychologically. […] Depression and anxiety can occur in both adults and children because of their pectus deformity. […] The symptoms can affect their athletic performance, which can result in a lack of confidence and avoidance of exercise and sports activities. […] Sometimes even minor appearing pectus excavatum can cause significant compression inside the heart and lungs. […] The benefits of surgery are better heart and lung function, with an improved ability to exercise.

• #31 Pectus Excavatum – symptoms and causes | Aleris

  https://www.aleris.dk/en/hospital-services/pectus-excavatum/faq/about-pectus-excavatum/

  Pectus excavatum (funnel chest) is a congenital defect that causes the chest wall to appear sunken. It often results in lack of confidence and shortness of breath. […] Pectus excavatum usually worsens with age. Severe cases of the condition can impair heart and lung function. […] Many people complain of quickly becoming short of breath during physical activity. The reason for this is that the right-hand side of the heart becomes compressed, and thus does not have enough space to expand when doing work. In some cases funnel chest can cause difficulty eating as a result of compression of the oesophagus. […] It is the cosmetic effects, however, that are often the worst ones, and they can cause the young person to refrain from various social and sporting activities.

• #32 Pectus excavatum – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/pectus-excavatum/

  While the sunken breastbone is often noticeable shortly after birth, the severity of pectus excavatum typically worsens during the adolescent growth spurt. […] In some people, the depth of the indentation worsens in early adolescence and can continue to worsen into adulthood. […] In severe cases of pectus excavatum, the breastbone may compress the lungs and heart. Signs and symptoms may include: Decreased exercise tolerance, Rapid heartbeat or heart palpitations, Recurrent respiratory infections, Wheezing or coughing, Chest pain, Heart murmur, Fatigue, Dizziness. […] Severe cases of pectus excavatum can compress the heart and lungs or push the heart over to one side. […] If the depth of the breastbone indentation is severe, it may reduce the amount of room the lungs have to expand. This compression can also squeeze the heart, pushing it into the left side of the chest and reducing its ability to pump efficiently. This can cause symptoms such as exercise intolerance, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, and chest pain or pressure.

• #33 Pectus excavatum | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pectus-excavatum?content_id=CON-20248760

  See a healthcare professional if you or your child has any symptoms of pectus excavatum. This is key if the symptoms become worse or if the chest keeps becoming more sunken. […] If the depth of the dent in the breastbone is serious, the lungs may not have enough room to fully expand. This also can squeeze the heart. The heart may be pushed to the left and may not pump blood as well as it should. This can cause symptoms such as being less able to exercise, shortness of breath, fast heart rate, and chest pain or pressure.

• #34 Pectus excavatum: Overview, symptoms, treatments, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pectus-excavatum

  Pectus excavatum is a progressive condition that can worsen with age. […] A distinctive feature of pectus excavatum is a depression of the chest. This can make a person have slouched, forward-facing shoulders. […] A person with pectus excavatum may have other symptoms, such as: asthma, chest pain, tiredness, dyspnea, or shortness of breath, problems tolerating exercise, abnormal heart rhythms, or arrhythmia, fast heart rate, or tachycardia, heart palpitations, respiratory infections, poor posture. […] Cases of pectus excavatum can range from mild and asymptomatic to severe. […] Severe cases may cause a hollow depression in the chest wall. […] However, if complications from pectus excavatum impair cardiac or breathing functions, a doctor may recommend surgery to ease distress and improve quality of life. […] Health experts recommend that people with mild pectus excavatum still contact a doctor for clinical assessment and diagnosis, noting that even a flat, wide chest can compress the heart.

• #35 Pectus excavatum | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pectus-excavatum?lang=us

  Pectus excavatum, also known as funnel chest or trichterbrust, is a congenital chest wall deformity characterized by concave depression of the sternum, resulting in cosmetic and radiographic alterations. […] Although usually asymptomatic, many patients perceive an inability to sustain physical activity. This is often associated with significant body-image issues which can have serious implications for affected children. Pectus excavatum is also occasionally associated with mitral valve prolapse, restrictive pulmonary function test abnormalities, and cardiac functional abnormalities. […] Importantly, and contrary to earlier beliefs, pectus deformities often persist into adulthood and symptoms may become more pronounced. In addition to symptoms, the negative effects on body image and normal psychological development should also not be underestimated.

• #36 Pectus excavatum | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/pectus-excavatum

  For many people with pectus excavatum, the only symptom is a slight dip in their chests. In some children, the dip becomes deeper during early puberty. It can keep getting deeper into adulthood. […] See a healthcare professional if you or your child has any symptoms of pectus excavatum. This is key if the symptoms become worse or if the chest keeps becoming more sunken.

• #37 What are the symptoms associated with Pectus Excavatum? – Pectus Up

  https://pectusup.com/en/what-are-the-symptoms-associated-with-pectus-excavatum/

  Our desire is to provide you with guidance on the symptoms associated with Pectus Excavatum and how to detect them before the progression of the deformity does not reach the point of compromising the organs of the thorax or there is no significant psychological involvement. […] The most obvious is the sinking of the chest wall itself. […] Some physical symptoms associated with Pectus Excavatum include, among others, shortness of breath during physical activity, decreased endurance and fatigue. […] The symptoms that may indicate that your Pectus Excavatum is compressing your lungs or heart are chest pain, rapid heartbeat or palpitations, fainting or loss of consciousness, or respiratory problems, among others. […] If you suffer from any of these symptoms, or you have simply noticed that your chest is sunken, you should see a specialist in this pathology to assess your Pectus Excavatum, and the most appropriate corrective method to solve the sinking of your chest.

• #38 Pectus excavatum

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5056938/

  Pectus excavatum, also known as funnel chest, is a condition whereby an individuals breastbone, or sternum, grows inwards. This results in a sunken appearance of the chest wall. Pectus excavatum is often apparent from early infancy and may worsen significantly during adolescence. Affected individuals may experience physical symptoms, such as shortness of breath and chest pain, as well as psychological distress. […] In addition to the characteristic indentation of the chest wall, pectus excavatum may cause symptoms by compressing the underlying heart and lungs. These include shortness of breath, chest pain, palpitations, fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance. […] Surgical correction of pectus excavatum most often results in significant improvements in symptoms and quality of life.

• #39 Pectus Excavatum | WakeMed

  https://www.wakemed.org/wakemed-physician-practices/specialties/pediatric-surgery/services-and-specialties/pectus-excavatum

  Pectus excavatum describes an abnormal configuration of the chest, where the sternum (breast bone) pushes into the heart and lungs, giving the chest a „caved-in” or sunken appearance. […] Some children with pectus excavatum are completely asymptomatic. Others develop symptoms which are most likely due to compression of the heart and/or lungs, such as shortness of breath with exertion, chest pain, palpitations (rapid heart rate), recurrent respiratory infections, or asthma. Other children may develop significant psychological distress, with self-image problems and embarrassment. […] In summary, recent studies of children and young adults with pectus excavatum, before and after surgical repair, have documented significant improvements in heart function, exercise tolerance, and quality of life.

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