Tężec
Etiologia i przyczyny

Tężec jest ostrą chorobą zakaźną układu nerwowego wywołaną przez Clostridium tetani, Gram-dodatnią, beztlenową laseczkę wytwarzającą przetrwalniki, które mogą przetrwać w środowisku przez wiele lat. Zakażenie następuje przez przerwanie ciągłości skóry lub błon śluzowych, zwłaszcza w ranach penetrujących, zanieczyszczonych glebą, martwą tkanką lub odchodami. Po wniknięciu do organizmu i namnażaniu w warunkach beztlenowych bakterie produkują neurotoksynę tetanospazminę, która blokuje uwalnianie neuroprzekaźników hamujących (glicyny i GABA) w ośrodkowym układzie nerwowym, prowadząc do niekontrolowanych skurczów mięśni i sztywności. Toksyna przemieszcza się wstecznie wzdłuż aksonów neuronów ruchowych do rdzenia kręgowego i pnia mózgu, powodując nadaktywność neuronów ruchowych. Ryzyko zachorowania zwiększają m.in. brak szczepień, wiek powyżej 70 lat, cukrzyca, immunosupresja oraz głębokie rany zanieczyszczone glebą. Wskaźnik śmiertelności wynosi 10-20% przy optymalnej opiece, a w krajach rozwijających się tężec pozostaje istotnym problemem zdrowotnym, powodując 213 000-293 000 zgonów rocznie na świecie.

Etiologia tężca

Tężec (łac. tetanus) jest poważną chorobą zakaźną układu nerwowego wywołaną przez bakterię Clostridium tetani, która produkuje silną neurotoksynę o nazwie tetanospazmina (toksyna tężcowa). Bakteria ta jest Gram-dodatnią, beztlenową laseczką wytwarzającą przetrwalniki, które są szeroko rozpowszechnione w środowisku naturalnym.123

Charakterystyka bakterii Clostridium tetani

C. tetani jest beztlenową bakterią, która w niesprzyjających warunkach tworzy przetrwalniki (spory). Przetrwalniki te mogą przetrwać w środowisku przez wiele lat, a nawet dziesięcioleci, zachowując swoją zdolność do wywołania infekcji.12 Bakterie C. tetani i ich przetrwalniki są powszechnie obecne w:

  • glebie i kurzu1
  • odchodach zwierzęcych i ludzkich12
  • przewodzie pokarmowym zwierząt i ludzi1
  • ślinie1

Przetrwalniki C. tetani są szczególnie powszechne w obszarach o ciepłym, wilgotnym klimacie oraz glebach bogatych w materię organiczną.12 Bakterie te występują na całym świecie, niezależnie od lokalizacji geograficznej.1

Mechanizm zakażenia

Zakażenie tężcem następuje, gdy przetrwalniki C. tetani przedostają się do organizmu przez przerwanie ciągłości skóry lub błon śluzowych. Po dostaniu się do organizmu, przy sprzyjających warunkach (środowisko beztlenowe), przetrwalniki przekształcają się w aktywne formy wegetatywne bakterii.12

Aktywne bakterie namnażają się w warunkach beztlenowych i wytwarzają potężną neurotoksynę – tetanospazminę. Toksyna ta jest jedną z najsilniejszych znanych toksyn bakteryjnych.12 Tetanospazmina przedostaje się do układu krwionośnego i limfatycznego, skąd jest rozprowadzana po całym organizmie.1

Mechanizm działania toksyny tężcowej polega na:

W przeciwieństwie do toksyny botulinowej, toksyna tężcowa przemieszcza się wstecznie wzdłuż aksonów neuronów ruchowych dolnych i dociera do rdzenia kręgowego lub pnia mózgu, powodując częściowe, funkcjonalne odnerwienie neuronów ruchowych, co prowadzi do ich nadaktywności i zwiększonej aktywności mięśni w postaci sztywności i skurczów.12

Drogi wnikania bakterii do organizmu

Bakterie C. tetani najczęściej dostają się do organizmu poprzez:12

  • Rany penetrujące (kłute) – np. po nadepnięciu na gwóźdź, igłę lub drzazgę12
  • Rany zanieczyszczone glebą, kurzem, odchodami lub śliną1
  • Rany zawierające martwą tkankę1
  • Oparzenia i urazy zmiażdżeniowe1
  • Złamania otwarte1

Rzadziej źródłem zakażenia mogą być:1

  • Powierzchowne rany i zadrapania1
  • Ukąszenia zwierząt i owadów1
  • Zabiegi chirurgiczne1
  • Przewlekłe rany i infekcje, np. owrzodzenia żylne lub stopy cukrzycowej1
  • Infekcje stomatologiczne1
  • Zastrzyki domięśniowe1
  • Wstrzykiwanie narkotyków dożylnie12
  • Tatuaże i przekłuwanie ciała wykonywane w niesterylnych warunkach1

Wbrew powszechnym przekonaniom, to nie rdza jako taka powoduje tężec, ale fakt, że zardzewiałe przedmioty często znajdują się w środowisku, gdzie mogą być skontaminowane przetrwalnikami C. tetani. Związek między rdzą a bakteriami wywołującymi tężec jest czysto korelacyjny, a nie przyczynowy.1

Szczególne przypadki tężca

Tężec noworodkowy

Tężec noworodkowy (tężec pępowinowy) występuje, gdy bakterie C. tetani zakażają kikut pępowiny noworodka. Jest to szczególnie powszechne w krajach rozwijających się, gdzie poród może odbywać się w niehigienicznych warunkach, a praktyki związane z pielęgnacją pępowiny mogą być niebezpieczne.12 Tężec noworodkowy jest często śmiertelny.1

Tężec matczyny

Tężec matczyny może rozwinąć się w macicy po porodzie (tężec połogowy) jako wynik niehigienicznych praktyk podczas porodu.1 Jest to istotna przyczyna tężca w krajach rozwijających się.1

Czynniki ryzyka tężca

Do głównych czynników zwiększających ryzyko zachorowania na tężec należą:12

  • Brak szczepień lub niepełne szczepienie – praktycznie wszystkie przypadki tężca w Stanach Zjednoczonych występują u osób niezaszczepionych lub nieprawidłowo zaszczepionych12
  • Wiek powyżej 70 lat – starsze osoby mają niższy poziom odporności przeciwko tężcowi12
  • Cukrzyca – osoby z cukrzycą są bardziej podatne na zakażenie1
  • Immunosupresja – osoby z osłabionym układem odpornościowym1
  • Dożylne używanie narkotyków – zwiększa ryzyko zakażenia12
  • Głębokie rany penetrujące – szczególnie zanieczyszczone glebą lub odchodami1
  • Rany zawierające martwą tkankę – sprzyjają namnażaniu się bakterii beztlenowych1
  • Urazy oparzeniowe i odmrożenia1
  • Złamania otwarte1
  • Obszary o gorącym, wilgotnym klimacie – sprzyjają przetrwaniu i rozwojowi bakterii1

Epidemiologia tężca

Tężec występuje na całym świecie, ale jego częstość występowania znacznie różni się w zależności od regionu i poziomu opieki zdrowotnej.12

  • W krajach rozwiniętych, dzięki powszechnym szczepieniom, tężec jest chorobą rzadką1
  • W Stanach Zjednoczonych występuje około 50 przypadków rocznie1
  • W krajach rozwijających się, gdzie szczepienia są mniej powszechne, tężec pozostaje istotnym problemem zdrowotnym1
  • Szacuje się, że tężec powoduje 213 000-293 000 zgonów rocznie na całym świecie1
  • Tężec noworodkowy odpowiada za 5-7% wszystkich zgonów noworodków i 5% zgonów matek na świecie1

Wskaźnik śmiertelności w tężcu wynosi około 10-20% nawet przy optymalnej opiece medycznej, a może zbliżać się do 100% bez odpowiedniej opieki medycznej.12 Ryzyko zgonu jest najwyższe wśród osób w wieku 70 lat lub starszych.1

Ważne cechy tężca jako choroby zakaźnej

Tężec posiada kilka istotnych cech odróżniających go od innych chorób zakaźnych:12

  • Nie jest chorobą zaraźliwą – tężec nie przenosi się z człowieka na człowieka12
  • Przebycie choroby nie daje trwałej odporności – osoby, które przeżyły tężec, mogą zostać ponownie zakażone12
  • Nie można wyeliminować tężca – nawet jeśli liczba przypadków zostałaby zredukowana do zera, tężec nie zostałby eradykowany, ponieważ bakterie powodujące chorobę występują powszechnie w środowisku1
  • Jedyną skuteczną metodą profilaktyki są szczepienia – ze względu na niemożność eliminacji bakterii ze środowiska12

Zapobieganie tężcowi

Najskuteczniejszą metodą zapobiegania tężcowi są szczepienia ochronne.12 Szczepionka przeciw tężcowi jest bezpieczna, skuteczna i zazwyczaj podawana w połączeniu ze szczepionkami przeciwko błonicy i krztuścowi (DTP/DTaP/Tdap).1

Ochrona zapewniana przez szczepionkę przeciw tężcowi nie jest dożywotnia i wymaga dawek przypominających co 10 lat, aby utrzymać skuteczną odporność.12

W przypadku ran wysokiego ryzyka zakażenia tężcem, zaleca się podanie immunoglobuliny przeciwtężcowej (TIG), która może pomóc w usunięciu niezwiązanej toksyny tężcowej.12

Inne ważne środki zapobiegawcze obejmują:1

  • Natychmiastowe i właściwe oczyszczanie ran, szczególnie głębokich i zanieczyszczonych
  • Usuwanie martwych tkanek i ciał obcych z ran
  • Stosowanie 3% nadtlenku wodoru do płukania ran podejrzanych o zakażenie C. tetani1
  • Szczepienie kobiet w ciąży w celu zapobiegania tężcowi noworodkowemu1

Ze względu na niezmienną obecność bakterii C. tetani w środowisku, profilaktyka poprzez szczepienia pozostaje podstawową metodą kontroli tężca na poziomie populacyjnym.1

Podsumowanie etiologii tężca

Tężec jest poważną, potencjalnie śmiertelną chorobą układu nerwowego wywołaną przez toksynę produkowaną przez bakterię Clostridium tetani. Bakteria ta, występująca powszechnie w glebie i odchodach zwierząt, dostaje się do organizmu głównie przez rany i uszkodzenia skóry, gdzie w warunkach beztlenowych namnaża się i produkuje tetanospazminę. Ta potężna neurotoksyna blokuje uwalnianie neuroprzekaźników hamujących w ośrodkowym układzie nerwowym, prowadząc do charakterystycznych objawów tężca – sztywności mięśni i bolesnych skurczów.1234

Szczególne cechy tężca obejmują brak możliwości przenoszenia z człowieka na człowieka, brak trwałej odporności po przebyciu choroby oraz niemożność eradykacji ze względu na powszechne występowanie bakterii w środowisku. Z tych powodów szczepienia ochronne pozostają podstawową i najskuteczniejszą metodą zapobiegania tężcowi.123

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Tetanus – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tetanus/symptoms-causes/syc-20351625
    Tetanus is a serious disease of the nervous system caused by a toxin-producing bacterium. […] The bacterium that causes tetanus is called Clostridium tetani. The bacterium can survive in a dormant state in soil and animal feces. It’s essentially shut down until it discovers a place to thrive. […] When the dormant bacteria enter a wound a condition good for growth the cells are „awakened.” As they are growing and dividing, they release a toxin called tetanospasmin. The toxin impairs the nerves in the body that control muscles.
  • #1 Tetanus – UF Health
    https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/tetanus
    Tetanus is an infection of the nervous system with a type of bacteria that is potentially deadly, called Clostridium tetani (C tetani). […] Spores of the bacterium C tetani are found in the soil, and in animal feces and mouth (gastrointestinal tract). In the spore form, C tetani can remain inactive in the soil. But it can remain infectious for more than 40 years. […] You can get tetanus infection when the spores enter your body through an injury or wound. The spores become active bacteria that spread in the body and make a poison called tetanus toxin (also known as tetanospasmin). This poison blocks nerve signals from your spinal cord to your muscles, causing severe muscle spasms. […] Nearly all cases of tetanus in the United States occur in those who have not been vaccinated against the disease.
  • #1 Tetanus: Causes and How It Spreads | Tetanus | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/causes/index.html
    Tetanus spores from the environment enter the body through cuts or wounds. […] Spores of Clostridium tetani are common in the environment, including soil, dust, and manure. The spores develop into bacteria when they enter the body. […] The spores can get into someone’s body through broken skin, usually through injuries. […] Tetanus bacteria are more likely to infect certain breaks in the skin, including wounds contaminated with dirt, feces (poop), or saliva (spit). […] Puncture wounds (wounds caused by an object, like a nail or needle) are one way people are exposed to tetanus bacteria. […] Having a previous tetanus infection may not provide enough immunity to prevent reinfection. […] The best way to prevent tetanus infection is to be up to date with recommended tetanus vaccinations. […] People don’t spread tetanus bacteria to other people. […] Tetanus is an uncommon but serious infection caused by bacteria found in the environment.
  • #1 Tetanus (Lockjaw) Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23582-tetanus-lockjaw
    Tetanus occurs when a bacteria found in the environment called Clostridium tetani enter your body through a break in your skin. […] A type of bacteria called Clostridium tetani causes tetanus. The spores of these bacteria are found in soil, dust and manure. The spores enter your body through breaks in your skin. Once the spores enter your body, they become active bacteria. The bacteria spread in your body and make a poison called tetanus toxin. This poison blocks the nerve signals from your spinal cord to your muscles. This causes severe muscle spasms. […] Tetanus bacteria most commonly enter your body through deep cuts or puncture wounds. This includes stepping on a rusty nail or getting a wood or metal splinter.
  • #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center
    https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P00652
    Tetanus is caused by a poison (toxin) made by the tetanus bacterium. […] Tetanus is caused by the toxin of the bacterium Clostridium tetani. Its not spread from person to person. […] The bacterium Clostridium tetani usually enters the body through an open wound. […] Tetanus bacteria live in soil and manure. It can also be found in the human intestine and other places. […] Tetanus is an acute disease of the central nervous system. It is sometimes fatal. It is caused by the toxin of the bacterium Clostridium tetani.
  • #1 Tetanus – Canada.ca
    https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/immunization/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tetanus/causes.html
    Tetanus is caused by a bacterium, which lives in dirt, dust and soil. It is also present in in human and animal feces (poop), and sometimes in animal saliva (spit). […] The bacteria can get into your body wherever your skin is broken. This can happen from a scrape or scratch, from a puncture wound such as from a rusty (dirty) nail, or from a dirty needle (street drug use). […] The bacteria produce a poison that affects your nerves (a neurotoxin). This makes your muscles tighten, cramp, and become stiff and painful. […] You cannot get tetanus just from touching an infected object. There has to be at least a tiny cut, scratch or scrape in your skin for the bacteria to get in. […] Tetanus does not spread directly from person to person.
  • #1 Tetanus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus
    Tetanus is caused by the tetanus bacterium, Clostridium tetani. […] The disease occurs almost exclusively in people who are inadequately immunized. […] It is more common in hot, damp climates with soil rich in organic matter. […] The spores can also be found on skin surfaces and in contaminated heroin. […] Rarely, tetanus can be contracted through surgical procedures, intramuscular injections, compound fractures, and dental infections. […] Tetanus is often associated with rust, especially rusty nails. […] An endospore is a non-metabolizing survival structure that begins to metabolize and cause infection once in an adequate environment. […] The disease is an international health problem, as C. tetani endospores are ubiquitous.
  • #1 Tetanus (Clostridium tetani Infection) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482484/
    Clostridium tetani is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus that produces muscle rigidity and hypersympathetic activity leading to tetanus. […] This bacillus and its spores are ubiquitous in the environment, and infection by plasmid-containing neurotoxin-producing strains has been a scourge since antiquity. […] Spores in the environment germinate into bacteria when inoculated into injured tissue. […] Traumatic wounds are the primary source of infection in most cases, while tetanus can also arise from burn injuries, surgical abscesses, intravenous drug use, circumcision, or gangrene. […] Incomplete immunization or lack of vaccination is often associated with tetanus cases. […] Neonatal tetanus frequently results from home deliveries with unsanitary cutting of the umbilical cord. […] The spores of C tetani are present in the environment irrespective of geographical location, residing in the soil and entering through openings in the skin.
  • #1 Clinical Overview of Tetanus | Tetanus | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
    Clostridium tetani (C. tetani) bacteria produce potent toxins and can cause tetanus. […] Clostridium tetani bacteria cause tetanus. […] Tetanus is an infection caused by C. tetani spores. In anaerobic conditions, including those within the body, the spores germinate. […] The bacteria produce very potent toxins that the blood stream and lymphatic system can disseminate throughout the body. One of these toxins, tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin), is responsible for the serious effects of tetanus. […] Tetanus toxin causes the typical clinical manifestations of tetanus by interfering with the release of neurotransmitters and blocking inhibitor impulses. This leads to unopposed muscle contraction and spasm. […] Nearly all U.S. tetanus cases today are among adults who either never received a tetanus vaccine or didn’t stay up to date with their 10-year tetanus booster shots.
  • #1 Disease factsheet about tetanus
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tetanus/facts
    Tetanus is caused by a neurotoxin produced by the spore-forming bacterium Clostridium tetani. […] Disease occurs when the ubiquitous C. tetani spores are introduced into the hypo-aerobic conditions of devitalized tissue and puncture wounds, where they germinate and produce a neurotoxin. […] Direct contamination of wounds with C. tetani spores results in germination of the spores under hypo-aerobic conditions. […] The spores develop into a vegetative form of the bacilli which produces and releases a neurotropic exotoxin called tetanospasmin. […] Tetanus toxin is one of the most potent toxins known in relation to its weight. […] The toxin blocks the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitters glycine and gamma-amino-butyric acid in the central nervous system. […] There is a direct relationship between the distance from the inoculation wound to the central nervous system and the onset of symptoms.
  • #1 Tetanus: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and the Possibility of Using Botulinum Toxin against Tetanus-Induced Rigidity and Spasms
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3564069/
    Tetanus toxin, the product of Clostridium tetani, is the cause of tetanus symptoms. […] The muscular rigidity and spasms of tetanus are caused by tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin), which is produced by Clostridium tetani, an anaerobic bacillus, whose spores survive in soil and cause infection by contaminating wounds. […] By a mechanism similar to that of botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin is taken up into nerve terminals of lower motor neurons, the nerve cells that activate voluntary muscles. […] Tetanus toxin is a zinc-dependent metalloproteinase that targets a protein (synaptobrevin/vesicle-associated membrane proteinVAMP) that is necessary for the release of neurotransmitter from nerve endings through fusion of synaptic vesicles with the neuronal plasma membrane. […] However, unlike botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin undergoes extensive retrograde transport in the axons of lower motor neurons and thus reaches the spinal cord or brainstem.
  • #1 Tetanus | Causes and Transmission | Lockjaw | CDC
    http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/causes-transmission.html
    Tetanus is an infection caused by a bacterium called Clostridium tetani. Spores of tetanus bacteria are everywhere in the environment, including soil, dust, and manure. The spores develop into bacteria when they enter the body. […] Stepping on nails or other sharp objects is one way people are exposed to the bacteria that cause tetanus. These bacteria are in the environment and get into the body through breaks in the skin. […] The spores can get into the body through broken skin, usually through injuries from contaminated objects. Certain breaks in the skin are more likely to get infected with tetanus bacteria. These include: Wounds contaminated with dirt, poop (feces), or spit (saliva); Wounds caused by an object puncturing the skin (puncture wounds), like a nail or needle; Burns; Crush injuries; Injuries with dead tissue.
  • #1 Tetanus | Causes and Transmission | Lockjaw | CDC
    http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/causes-transmission.html
    Rarely, tetanus has also been linked to breaks in the skin caused by: Clean superficial wounds (when only the topmost layer of skin is scraped off); Surgical procedures; Insect bites; Dental infections; Compound fractures (a break in the bone where it is exposed); Chronic sores and infections; Intravenous (IV) drug use; Intramuscular injections (shots given in a muscle).
  • #1 Tetanus – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/anaerobic-bacteria/tetanus
    Tetanus is acute poisoning resulting from a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. […] Tetanus bacilli form durable spores that occur in soil and animal feces and remain viable for years. […] Patients with burns, surgical wounds, or a history of injection drug use are especially prone to developing tetanus. […] Infection may also develop postpartum in the uterus (maternal tetanus) and in a neonate’s umbilicus (tetanus neonatorum) as a result of unsanitary delivery and umbilical cord care practices. […] Tetanus toxin binds irreversibly to nerve terminals, and once bound, it cannot be neutralized. […] Tetanus vaccination is required for all infants, children, adolescents, and adults. […] Tetanus is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani in contaminated wounds. […] Tetanus toxin blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, causing generalized muscle stiffness with intermittent spasms; seizures and autonomic instability may occur. […] Mortality is high in untreated neonates and adults.
  • #1 Tetanus: Symptoms, Shot, Prevention, Treatment, and More
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/tetanus-overview-4165512
    In terms of toxicity, tetanospasmin toxin is the second deadliest bacterial neurotoxin next to the botulinum toxin found in Botox. […] Tetanus occurs almost exclusively in people who have not been vaccinated against C. tetani. […] It is seen more commonly in warm, moist climates and in areas where there is a lot of manure in the soil. […] The disease has long been associated with puncture wounds caused by rusty nails. […] Tetanus is also associated with injecting heroin, usually as the result of spores found in contaminated heroin rather than on the needle itself. […] Animal bites can also transmit the bacterium, as can compound bone fractures, burns, and body piercings or tattoos performed with unsterile equipment.
  • #1 Tetanus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229594-overview
    Tetanus is caused by the active toxin-producing bacillus form of Clostridium tetani. Spores of C tetani are ubiquitous in the environment and can survive for years. […] Infection most commonly occurs due to wound contamination with spores, even from wounds where medical attention was not deemed necessary. […] Childbirth is a significant cause of tetanus infection in the developing world. […] Moreover, injection drug use has been linked to disease clusters in the United States. […] Chronic wounds, such as venous or diabetic foot ulcers, also have been associated with cases of tetanus. […] Underimmunization is an important cause of tetanus. […] Tetanus affects nonimmunized persons, partially immunized persons, or fully immunized individuals who do not maintain adequate immunity with periodic booster doses. […] The prevalence of immunity to tetanus in the United States exceeds 80% for persons aged 6-39 years but is only 28% for those older than 70 years.
  • #1 Tetanus (Lockjaw): Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
    https://www.healthline.com/health/tetanus
    Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection that affects your nervous system and muscles, especially in your jaw and neck. […] Bacteria called Clostridium tetani cause tetanus. Spores of the bacteria can be found in dust, dirt, and animal droppings. […] A person can become infected when these spores enter the bloodstream through a cut or deep wound. The bacteria spores then spread to the central nervous system and produce a toxin called tetanospasmin. […] Tetanus infection has been associated with crush injuries, injuries with dead tissue, burns, puncture wounds from piercings, tattoos, injection drug use, or injury (such as stepping on a nail), and wounds contaminated with dirt, feces, or saliva. […] Tetanus is not contagious from person to person. The infection occurs worldwide, but is more common in hot, damp climates with rich soil.
  • #1 Rust Doesn’t Give You Tetanus | Office for Science and Society – McGill University
    https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/did-you-know/rust-doesnt-cause-tetanus
    Tetanus, or lockjaw, is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani, an extremely hardy rod-shaped bacterium found in animal digestive tracts and soil worldwide. Tetanus is fatal in about 10% of cases but causes muscle spasms, fever and trouble swallowing in all cases. […] The reason we associate tetanus with rust is because its often found in soil thats rich in organic material like manure or dead leaves. […] but the relationship between rust and tetanus-causing bacteria is purely correlative, not causative. Humans can be exposed to Clostridium tetani in a variety of non-rusty ways, such as when cleaning animal cages, when bitten by infected animals, or if exposed to contaminated heroin.
  • #1
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tetanus
    Tetanus is acquired through infection of a cut or wound with the spores of the bacterium Clostridium tetani, and most cases occur within 14 days of infection. […] Tetanus is an acute infectious disease caused by spores of the bacterium Clostridium tetani. […] The disease remains an important public health problem in many parts of the world, but especially in low-income countries or districts, where immunization coverage is low, and unclean birth practices are common. […] Neonatal tetanus occurs when nonsterile instruments are used to cut the umbilical cord or when contaminated material is used to cover the umbilical stump. […] However, there is increased risk of tetanus in adolescent and adult males who undergo circumcision due to waning immunity and limited opportunity for receiving booster doses in males in many countries.
  • #1 What Is Tetanus? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
    https://www.everydayhealth.com/tetanus/guide/
    Tetanus is a serious infection that can be life-threatening and is easily prevented with vaccination. It is caused by a toxin produced by spores of the bacterium Clostridium tetani. These bacteria live in the environment, including in soil, dust, and animal feces. […] The bacteria that cause the disease are usually found in soil, dust, and manure and enter the body through breaks in the skin. These cuts or puncture wounds can be caused by contaminated objects (for example, cutting your foot on a rusty nail). Tetanus cases have developed from the following: […] People with diabetes or a history of immunosuppression and intravenous drug users may be at higher risk for tetanus. […] Neonatal tetanus is a form of the disease that occurs in newborns. A newborn’s umbilical cord stump, the part that’s left after the cord is cut, can become contaminated. Most infants who get this form of the disease die. […] Tetanus is different from other vaccine-preventable diseases because it does not spread from person to person.
  • #1 Tetanus | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/tetanus
    Tetanus is a serious infectious disease that is spread from the environment to humans. […] The bacterium that causes tetanus is Clostridium tetani and is commonly found in the environment. The bacteria enters through broken skin and produces toxins that affect the nervous system. […] Tetanus can live in soil, dust and animal faeces (poo). Infection occurs when the bacteria enters the body through a break in the skin. […] Anyone can get tetanus. But, you are at an increased risk if you: have never received a tetanus vaccine, have missed doses of the vaccine, are an older adult who has not received a booster dose within the past 10 years. […] Tetanus can happen from wounds that might seem too minor for medical attention. […] Tetanus vaccines provide good protection from infection, but it can fade with time. This means that more doses (boosters) are recommended. […] People who recover from tetanus disease do not have natural immunity and can be infected again. This is why tetanus vaccination (if indicated) is recommended as soon as possible.
  • #1 Clinical Overview of Tetanus | Tetanus | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
    Other risk factors for tetanus include being 70 years or older, having diabetes, immunosuppression, and using intravenous drugs. […] C. tetani spores live in the environment. They usually enter the body through a wound or break in the skin. […] Neonatal tetanus usually occurs when C. tetani enters the body after an umbilical stump infection. […] Even with modern intensive care, generalized tetanus results in death for about 1 in 10 cases. […] The risk of death from tetanus is highest among people 70 years of age or older. […] Tetanus is a clinical syndrome. Healthcare providers diagnose tetanus based on clinical presentation, in the absence of a more likely cause.
  • #1 Disease factsheet about tetanus
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tetanus/facts
    Tetanus spores have a worldwide distribution and the incidence of tetanus in a population primarily reflects the effectiveness of the immunisation program. […] Tetanus remains common in countries with inadequate immunisation coverage, low antenatal care attendance, unsafe traditional cord care practices and where women deliver without the assistance of trained health professionals. […] Tetanus is spread by the direct transfer of C. tetani spores from soil and excreta of animals and humans to wounds and cuts. […] Contaminated puncture wounds, compound fractures, burns, frostbites, ulcers, gangrene, unclean deliveries and unhygienic cord care practices are risk factors for tetanus in unvaccinated or partly vaccinated populations. […] Immunisation is the only effective prevention of tetanus.
  • #1 Tetanus in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health
    https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=tetanus-in-children-90-P02549
    Tetanus is a severe illness of the central nervous system caused by bacteria. It can cause death. […] It’s caused by the poison (toxin) of tetanus bacteria. The bacteria usually enter the body through a wound in the skin. Tetanus bacteria live in soil and animal manure. […] A child is more at risk for tetanus if he or she has not had a tetanus vaccine and has a skin injury in an area of the country where tetanus may be active. […] Tetanus is very uncommon in the U.S. because children are vaccinated against it. […] The CDC advises young children get 5 DTaP shots. A DTaP shot is a combination vaccine that protects against 3 diseases: diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. Older children should have the Tdap booster at ages 11 to 12.
  • #1 Tetanus Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options
    https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/tetanus.html
    Tetanus, also called lockjaw, is a life-threatening infection caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. Although these bacteria are especially common in the soil and manure of farms, they can be found almost anywhere. […] Tetanus bacteria usually enter the body through a dirty puncture wound, cut, scrape or some other break in the skin. […] A tetanus infection may develop after almost any type of skin injury, major or minor. This includes cuts, punctures, crush injuries, burns and animal bites. […] In the United States, only 50 cases of tetanus occur each year, because so many Americans have been immunized against the infection. Almost everyone who develops tetanus in the United States has been inadequately immunized against tetanus. […] Any wound should be cleaned well as soon as possible, especially if it is contaminated with dirt, to reduce the risk of infection with the bacteria that cause tetanus.
  • #1
    https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/tetanus
    It is estimated that tetanus causes 213,000293,000 deaths worldwide each year, and is responsible for 57% of all neonatal deaths and 5% of maternal deaths globally. […] Tetanus remains rare in Australia and the number of annual notifications has remained stable since 2005. […] People who inject drugs are at risk of tetanus and may be linked to localised clusters, as reported in the United States and United Kingdom.
  • #1 Tetanus (Clostridium tetani Infection) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482484/
    Without high-quality medical care, the case-fatality rate can approach 100%, while with optimal care, the case-fatality ratio ranges from 10% to 20%. […] Tetanus is a vaccine-preventable disease, and tetanus toxoid-containing vaccines (TTCV) are included in the routine childhood immunization schedule. […] Infection from C tetani does not confer immunity and is not transmitted from person to person.
  • #1 Tetanus – NFID
    https://www.nfid.org/infectious-disease/tetanus/
    Tetanus is a bacterial disease that affects the nervous system. […] It is contracted through cuts or wounds that become contaminated with tetanus bacteria. […] Tetanus bacteria are present worldwide and are commonly found in soil, dust, and manure. […] The tetanus bacteria produce a toxin, which causes severe muscle spasms, leading to locking of the jaw, making it hard to open the mouth or swallow. […] Tetanus is a vaccine-preventable disease that is not transmitted from person to person. […] Tetanus can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine. […] Tetanus is not transmitted from one person to another. […] Recovery from tetanus illness may not result in lifelong immunity. Another infection could occur unless immunization is provided soon after the persons condition has stabilized.
  • #1 Tetanus – Our World in Data
    https://ourworldindata.org/tetanus
    Tetanus is a disease caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani. It can be caught from dirt that enters wounds, which especially affects mothers giving birth and newborns. […] Tetanus is caused by the toxin of a bacterium, Clostridium tetani, found in human and animal feces, soil, and street dust. The bacteria enter the body through wounds. […] Tetanus can be prevented through vaccination, with the DTP vaccine, which protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis together. […] Tetanus is a disease that is infectious but not contagious or communicable. […] Even if the number of tetanus cases were reduced to zero at one point in the future tetanus would not be eradicated. As the disease-causing bacteria can be found in soil, unvaccinated people can become reinfected at any time. […] Maternal and neonatal tetanus is common where access to immunization and clean delivery is insufficient. […] Vaccination of mothers and newborns protects from MNT and most cases of MNT occur in places where vaccine coverage is insufficient.
  • #1 Disease factsheet about tetanus
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tetanus/facts
    Tetanus toxoid is an effective, safe, stable and inexpensive vaccine that can be given to all ages, to pregnant women and to immunocompromised individuals. […] Tetanus immunoglobulin should be given to individuals with high-risk conditions, such as: wounds requiring surgical intervention which is delayed for more than six hours; burns and injuries with significant devitalised tissue, especially where there has been contact with soil or manure; wounds containing foreign bodies; compound fractures; wounds or burns in septic patients, injecting drug users with multiple skin abscesses.
  • #1 Tetanus – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com
    https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/tetanus
    Because people with tetanus may not be able to swallow, they are usually given nourishment either intravenously or through a nasogastric (NG) tube, which is inserted through the nose, past the throat, and into the stomach. […] Antibiotics (e.g., metronidazole, penicillin, doxycycline) are used to kill the tetanus bacteria, the source of the toxin, but they are too slow-acting to be the only treatment. […] Tetanus is a preventable disease, thanks to the development of a vaccine. […] The tetanus vaccine provides good protection for 5 years. […] For deep or dirty wounds, people who received their last tetanus booster more than 5 years ago will need another booster shot. […] Those who have never been vaccinated, or have an uncertain vaccination history, need tetanus immune globulin. […] Children today are normally vaccinated at 2, 4, and 6 months, then again at 18 months and once more around age 4 to 6.
  • #1 Tetanus: MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/tetanus.html
    Tetanus is a serious illness caused by Clostridium bacteria. The bacteria live in soil, saliva, dust, and manure. The bacteria can enter the body through a deep cut, like those you might get from stepping on a nail, or through a burn. […] Immediate and proper wound care can prevent tetanus infection.
  • #1
    https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/tritzid/tetanus.htm
    The disease usually begins as an infection resulting from trauma. […] During trauma, the spores of C. tetani, which are ubiquitous in dust, are injected into the tissue along with other organisms. […] The etiological agent is Clostridium tetani. […] The tetanospasmin spreads from the infected site to the CNS by two mechanisms: […] Regardless of the route, the toxin becomes bound to gangliosides in the CNS. […] This toxin is one of the most potent poisons known. […] The toxin also affects synaptic transmission at myoneural junctions. […] The most characteristic complaint of adult patients with general tetanus is lockjaw or trismus, the inability to open the mouth because of spasm of the masseter muscles. […] The objectives of treatment are: […] To remove the source of tetanospasmin – debride the wound, irrigate with 3% hydrogen peroxide.
  • #1
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tetanus
    Tetanus can be prevented through immunization with tetanus-toxoid-containing vaccines (TTCV), which are included in routine immunization programmes globally and administered during antenatal care contacts. […] Neonatal tetanus can be prevented by immunizing women of reproductive age with TTCV, either during pregnancy or outside of pregnancy.
  • #1 Tetanus – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tetanus
    Tetanus is a nervous system disorder characterized by muscle spasms that is caused by the toxin-producing anaerobe Clostridium tetani, which is found in the soil. […] Since C. tetani spores cannot be eliminated from the environment, immunization and proper treatment of wounds and traumatic injuries are crucial for tetanus prevention. […] Tetanus occurs when spores of C. tetani, an obligate anaerobe normally present in the gut of mammals and widely found in soil, gains access to damaged human tissue. […] Because C. tetani will not grow in healthy tissues, a convergence of factors must be present in order for tetanus toxin to be elaborated in the human host. […] An identifiable antecedent cause for tetanus is obvious in most patients presenting with tetanus, but no cause can be identified in up to a quarter of patients with classic signs and symptoms of tetanus.
  • #2 Clinical Overview of Tetanus | Tetanus | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
    Clostridium tetani (C. tetani) bacteria produce potent toxins and can cause tetanus. […] Clostridium tetani bacteria cause tetanus. […] Tetanus is an infection caused by C. tetani spores. In anaerobic conditions, including those within the body, the spores germinate. […] The bacteria produce very potent toxins that the blood stream and lymphatic system can disseminate throughout the body. One of these toxins, tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin), is responsible for the serious effects of tetanus. […] Tetanus toxin causes the typical clinical manifestations of tetanus by interfering with the release of neurotransmitters and blocking inhibitor impulses. This leads to unopposed muscle contraction and spasm. […] Nearly all U.S. tetanus cases today are among adults who either never received a tetanus vaccine or didn’t stay up to date with their 10-year tetanus booster shots.
  • #2 Tetanus (Clostridium tetani Infection) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482484/
    Clostridium tetani is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus that produces muscle rigidity and hypersympathetic activity leading to tetanus. […] This bacillus and its spores are ubiquitous in the environment, and infection by plasmid-containing neurotoxin-producing strains has been a scourge since antiquity. […] Spores in the environment germinate into bacteria when inoculated into injured tissue. […] Traumatic wounds are the primary source of infection in most cases, while tetanus can also arise from burn injuries, surgical abscesses, intravenous drug use, circumcision, or gangrene. […] Incomplete immunization or lack of vaccination is often associated with tetanus cases. […] Neonatal tetanus frequently results from home deliveries with unsanitary cutting of the umbilical cord. […] The spores of C tetani are present in the environment irrespective of geographical location, residing in the soil and entering through openings in the skin.
  • #2 Tetanus – Canada.ca
    https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/immunization/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tetanus/causes.html
    Tetanus is caused by a bacterium, which lives in dirt, dust and soil. It is also present in in human and animal feces (poop), and sometimes in animal saliva (spit). […] The bacteria can get into your body wherever your skin is broken. This can happen from a scrape or scratch, from a puncture wound such as from a rusty (dirty) nail, or from a dirty needle (street drug use). […] The bacteria produce a poison that affects your nerves (a neurotoxin). This makes your muscles tighten, cramp, and become stiff and painful. […] You cannot get tetanus just from touching an infected object. There has to be at least a tiny cut, scratch or scrape in your skin for the bacteria to get in. […] Tetanus does not spread directly from person to person.
  • #2 Tetanus – Our World in Data
    https://ourworldindata.org/tetanus
    Tetanus is a disease caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani. It can be caught from dirt that enters wounds, which especially affects mothers giving birth and newborns. […] Tetanus is caused by the toxin of a bacterium, Clostridium tetani, found in human and animal feces, soil, and street dust. The bacteria enter the body through wounds. […] Tetanus can be prevented through vaccination, with the DTP vaccine, which protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis together. […] Tetanus is a disease that is infectious but not contagious or communicable. […] Even if the number of tetanus cases were reduced to zero at one point in the future tetanus would not be eradicated. As the disease-causing bacteria can be found in soil, unvaccinated people can become reinfected at any time. […] Maternal and neonatal tetanus is common where access to immunization and clean delivery is insufficient. […] Vaccination of mothers and newborns protects from MNT and most cases of MNT occur in places where vaccine coverage is insufficient.
  • #2 Disease factsheet about tetanus
    https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/tetanus/facts
    Tetanus is caused by a neurotoxin produced by the spore-forming bacterium Clostridium tetani. […] Disease occurs when the ubiquitous C. tetani spores are introduced into the hypo-aerobic conditions of devitalized tissue and puncture wounds, where they germinate and produce a neurotoxin. […] Direct contamination of wounds with C. tetani spores results in germination of the spores under hypo-aerobic conditions. […] The spores develop into a vegetative form of the bacilli which produces and releases a neurotropic exotoxin called tetanospasmin. […] Tetanus toxin is one of the most potent toxins known in relation to its weight. […] The toxin blocks the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitters glycine and gamma-amino-butyric acid in the central nervous system. […] There is a direct relationship between the distance from the inoculation wound to the central nervous system and the onset of symptoms.
  • #2 Tetanus: Symptoms, Shot, Prevention, Treatment, and More
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/tetanus-overview-4165512
    In terms of toxicity, tetanospasmin toxin is the second deadliest bacterial neurotoxin next to the botulinum toxin found in Botox. […] Tetanus occurs almost exclusively in people who have not been vaccinated against C. tetani. […] It is seen more commonly in warm, moist climates and in areas where there is a lot of manure in the soil. […] The disease has long been associated with puncture wounds caused by rusty nails. […] Tetanus is also associated with injecting heroin, usually as the result of spores found in contaminated heroin rather than on the needle itself. […] Animal bites can also transmit the bacterium, as can compound bone fractures, burns, and body piercings or tattoos performed with unsterile equipment.
  • #2 Tetanus: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and the Possibility of Using Botulinum Toxin against Tetanus-Induced Rigidity and Spasms
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3564069/
    Once inside inhibitory nerve terminals, tetanus toxin cleaves VAMP, thereby inhibiting the release of GABA and glycine. […] The result is a partial, functional denervation of the lower motor neurons, which leads to their hyperactivity and to increased muscle activity in the form of rigidity and spasms. […] The action of tetanus toxin is not confined to the motor system. […] Sensory nerves may also become invaded by tetanus toxin, causing altered sensation, such as pain and allodynia. […] It is not known whether tetanus toxin that arrives in the brainstem spreads to structures involved in higher functions, such as cognition and mood regulation. […] There is limited experience with the use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of muscle rigidity and spasms in tetanus. […] The treatment of trismus with botulinum toxin is probably a fairly safe procedure, since injection into the masseter and temporalis muscles can be achieved without endangering neighboring vital structures.
  • #2 Tetanus | Causes and Transmission | Lockjaw | CDC
    http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/causes-transmission.html
    Tetanus is an infection caused by a bacterium called Clostridium tetani. Spores of tetanus bacteria are everywhere in the environment, including soil, dust, and manure. The spores develop into bacteria when they enter the body. […] Stepping on nails or other sharp objects is one way people are exposed to the bacteria that cause tetanus. These bacteria are in the environment and get into the body through breaks in the skin. […] The spores can get into the body through broken skin, usually through injuries from contaminated objects. Certain breaks in the skin are more likely to get infected with tetanus bacteria. These include: Wounds contaminated with dirt, poop (feces), or spit (saliva); Wounds caused by an object puncturing the skin (puncture wounds), like a nail or needle; Burns; Crush injuries; Injuries with dead tissue.
  • #2 Tetanus (Lockjaw) Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23582-tetanus-lockjaw
    Tetanus occurs when a bacteria found in the environment called Clostridium tetani enter your body through a break in your skin. […] A type of bacteria called Clostridium tetani causes tetanus. The spores of these bacteria are found in soil, dust and manure. The spores enter your body through breaks in your skin. Once the spores enter your body, they become active bacteria. The bacteria spread in your body and make a poison called tetanus toxin. This poison blocks the nerve signals from your spinal cord to your muscles. This causes severe muscle spasms. […] Tetanus bacteria most commonly enter your body through deep cuts or puncture wounds. This includes stepping on a rusty nail or getting a wood or metal splinter.
  • #2 Tetanus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus
    Tetanus is caused by the tetanus bacterium, Clostridium tetani. […] The disease occurs almost exclusively in people who are inadequately immunized. […] It is more common in hot, damp climates with soil rich in organic matter. […] The spores can also be found on skin surfaces and in contaminated heroin. […] Rarely, tetanus can be contracted through surgical procedures, intramuscular injections, compound fractures, and dental infections. […] Tetanus is often associated with rust, especially rusty nails. […] An endospore is a non-metabolizing survival structure that begins to metabolize and cause infection once in an adequate environment. […] The disease is an international health problem, as C. tetani endospores are ubiquitous.
  • #2 Clinical Overview of Tetanus | Tetanus | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
    Other risk factors for tetanus include being 70 years or older, having diabetes, immunosuppression, and using intravenous drugs. […] C. tetani spores live in the environment. They usually enter the body through a wound or break in the skin. […] Neonatal tetanus usually occurs when C. tetani enters the body after an umbilical stump infection. […] Even with modern intensive care, generalized tetanus results in death for about 1 in 10 cases. […] The risk of death from tetanus is highest among people 70 years of age or older. […] Tetanus is a clinical syndrome. Healthcare providers diagnose tetanus based on clinical presentation, in the absence of a more likely cause.
  • #2 Tetanus: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229594-overview
    Tetanus is caused by the active toxin-producing bacillus form of Clostridium tetani. Spores of C tetani are ubiquitous in the environment and can survive for years. […] Infection most commonly occurs due to wound contamination with spores, even from wounds where medical attention was not deemed necessary. […] Childbirth is a significant cause of tetanus infection in the developing world. […] Moreover, injection drug use has been linked to disease clusters in the United States. […] Chronic wounds, such as venous or diabetic foot ulcers, also have been associated with cases of tetanus. […] Underimmunization is an important cause of tetanus. […] Tetanus affects nonimmunized persons, partially immunized persons, or fully immunized individuals who do not maintain adequate immunity with periodic booster doses. […] The prevalence of immunity to tetanus in the United States exceeds 80% for persons aged 6-39 years but is only 28% for those older than 70 years.
  • #2
    https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/tetanus
    It is estimated that tetanus causes 213,000293,000 deaths worldwide each year, and is responsible for 57% of all neonatal deaths and 5% of maternal deaths globally. […] Tetanus remains rare in Australia and the number of annual notifications has remained stable since 2005. […] People who inject drugs are at risk of tetanus and may be linked to localised clusters, as reported in the United States and United Kingdom.
  • #2
    https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/tetanus
    Tetanus is an acute, potentially fatal disease caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria multiplying at the site of an injury. […] Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani (C. tetani), an anaerobic gram-positive bacterium. […] Tetanus spores found in the environment may be introduced through a break in the skin. […] The presence of necrotic tissue or foreign bodies encourages the growth of anaerobic organisms such as C. tetani. […] Anyone who sustains a tetanus-prone wound and is not up to date with their tetanus immunisations may be at risk particularly people who have never received a tetanus immunisation. […] Tetanus occurs worldwide, but is now rare in developed countries because of high immunisation rates. […] Tetanus is still common in developing countries with lower immunisation rates and where contact with animal faeces is more common.
  • #2 Tetanus (Lockjaw): Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis
    https://www.healthline.com/health/tetanus
    Without treatment, tetanus can be fatal. Death is more common in young children and older adults. […] According to the CDC, roughly 11 percent of reported cases of tetanus have been fatal in recent years. This rate was higher in people who were older than 60 years, reaching 18 percent. In people who were unvaccinated, 22 percent of cases were fatal. […] The vaccine is extremely effective, according to the CDC. Reports of tetanus occurring in fully immunized people who have received a vaccine or booster within the last 10 years are very rare.
  • #2 Tetanus – Causes, symptoms & possible side effects – Babyjabs
    https://babyjabs.co.uk/tetanus/
    Tetanus is a potentially life-threatening but preventable infection caused by a specific bacteria getting into open wounds on the body. […] Tetanus is a serious but rare condition (sometimes known as ‘Lockjaw’) caused by the toxin (or poison) of the spores of the Clostridium tetani bacterium getting into a wound. […] The Clostridium tetani bacterium is commonly found in soil and the manure of animals such as horses and cows. It can survive for a long time out of the body but, if able to enter through a wound, it quickly multiplies and releases a toxin that affects the nerves, causing symptoms such as muscle stiffness and spasms. […] Tetanus is not contagious, so it can’t be spread from person to person.
  • #2 Tetanus | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/tetanus
    Tetanus is a serious infectious disease that is spread from the environment to humans. […] The bacterium that causes tetanus is Clostridium tetani and is commonly found in the environment. The bacteria enters through broken skin and produces toxins that affect the nervous system. […] Tetanus can live in soil, dust and animal faeces (poo). Infection occurs when the bacteria enters the body through a break in the skin. […] Anyone can get tetanus. But, you are at an increased risk if you: have never received a tetanus vaccine, have missed doses of the vaccine, are an older adult who has not received a booster dose within the past 10 years. […] Tetanus can happen from wounds that might seem too minor for medical attention. […] Tetanus vaccines provide good protection from infection, but it can fade with time. This means that more doses (boosters) are recommended. […] People who recover from tetanus disease do not have natural immunity and can be infected again. This is why tetanus vaccination (if indicated) is recommended as soon as possible.
  • #2
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tetanus
    Tetanus can be prevented through immunization with tetanus-toxoid-containing vaccines (TTCV), which are included in routine immunization programmes globally and administered during antenatal care contacts. […] Neonatal tetanus can be prevented by immunizing women of reproductive age with TTCV, either during pregnancy or outside of pregnancy.
  • #2 Tetanus – Uniprix
    https://www.uniprix.com/en/article/health/tetanus
    The tetanus vaccine is part of Canada’s recommended immunization schedule. For this reason, cases are rare. The first doses are given during early childhood and adolescence. One or several booster shots are also recommended for adults. […] People who have recovered from tetanus can be re-infected. The best way to protect yourself against this disease is to get vaccinated.
  • #2 LAC | DPH – Vaccine Preventable Disease Control Program
    http://ph.lacounty.gov/ip/diseases/tetanus/index.htm
    Tetanus is a serious infection caused by a toxin (poison) made by bacteria called Clostridium tetani found in the soil. […] The bacteria that causes tetanus can be found in soil, dust, manure, and other parts of the environment. It can get into the body by infecting cuts/sores on the skin, animal bites, and burns. […] Tetanus infection is dangerous and can lead to serious health complications, including: Paralysis (inability to move), Broken bones, Difficulty breathing and swallowing, Pneumonia (lung infection), Laryngospasm (tightening of the vocal cords), Pulmonary embolism (blockage of a lung artery), Death. […] Tetanus is not communicable from person-to-person, and therefore isolation for cases and quarantine for contacts is not necessary. […] Tetanus immune globulin (TIG) is recommended as treatment for persons with tetanus infection. TIG can help to remove unbound tetanus toxin but cannot affect toxin already bound to nerve endings.
  • #3 Tetanus – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/anaerobic-bacteria/tetanus
    Tetanus is acute poisoning resulting from a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. […] Tetanus bacilli form durable spores that occur in soil and animal feces and remain viable for years. […] Patients with burns, surgical wounds, or a history of injection drug use are especially prone to developing tetanus. […] Infection may also develop postpartum in the uterus (maternal tetanus) and in a neonate’s umbilicus (tetanus neonatorum) as a result of unsanitary delivery and umbilical cord care practices. […] Tetanus toxin binds irreversibly to nerve terminals, and once bound, it cannot be neutralized. […] Tetanus vaccination is required for all infants, children, adolescents, and adults. […] Tetanus is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani in contaminated wounds. […] Tetanus toxin blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, causing generalized muscle stiffness with intermittent spasms; seizures and autonomic instability may occur. […] Mortality is high in untreated neonates and adults.
  • #3 Tetanus: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and the Possibility of Using Botulinum Toxin against Tetanus-Induced Rigidity and Spasms
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3564069/
    Tetanus toxin, the product of Clostridium tetani, is the cause of tetanus symptoms. […] The muscular rigidity and spasms of tetanus are caused by tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin), which is produced by Clostridium tetani, an anaerobic bacillus, whose spores survive in soil and cause infection by contaminating wounds. […] By a mechanism similar to that of botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin is taken up into nerve terminals of lower motor neurons, the nerve cells that activate voluntary muscles. […] Tetanus toxin is a zinc-dependent metalloproteinase that targets a protein (synaptobrevin/vesicle-associated membrane proteinVAMP) that is necessary for the release of neurotransmitter from nerve endings through fusion of synaptic vesicles with the neuronal plasma membrane. […] However, unlike botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin undergoes extensive retrograde transport in the axons of lower motor neurons and thus reaches the spinal cord or brainstem.
  • #3 Tetanus: Causes and How It Spreads | Tetanus | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/causes/index.html
    Tetanus spores from the environment enter the body through cuts or wounds. […] Spores of Clostridium tetani are common in the environment, including soil, dust, and manure. The spores develop into bacteria when they enter the body. […] The spores can get into someone’s body through broken skin, usually through injuries. […] Tetanus bacteria are more likely to infect certain breaks in the skin, including wounds contaminated with dirt, feces (poop), or saliva (spit). […] Puncture wounds (wounds caused by an object, like a nail or needle) are one way people are exposed to tetanus bacteria. […] Having a previous tetanus infection may not provide enough immunity to prevent reinfection. […] The best way to prevent tetanus infection is to be up to date with recommended tetanus vaccinations. […] People don’t spread tetanus bacteria to other people. […] Tetanus is an uncommon but serious infection caused by bacteria found in the environment.
  • #4 Tetanus: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and the Possibility of Using Botulinum Toxin against Tetanus-Induced Rigidity and Spasms
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3564069/
    Once inside inhibitory nerve terminals, tetanus toxin cleaves VAMP, thereby inhibiting the release of GABA and glycine. […] The result is a partial, functional denervation of the lower motor neurons, which leads to their hyperactivity and to increased muscle activity in the form of rigidity and spasms. […] The action of tetanus toxin is not confined to the motor system. […] Sensory nerves may also become invaded by tetanus toxin, causing altered sensation, such as pain and allodynia. […] It is not known whether tetanus toxin that arrives in the brainstem spreads to structures involved in higher functions, such as cognition and mood regulation. […] There is limited experience with the use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of muscle rigidity and spasms in tetanus. […] The treatment of trismus with botulinum toxin is probably a fairly safe procedure, since injection into the masseter and temporalis muscles can be achieved without endangering neighboring vital structures.