Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Priapism: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10042-priapism

  Priapism is a painful erection that lasts for several hours. It develops when blood remains in your penis and cant drain. It can occur without cause, or it may result from an underlying condition, nonmedical use of medications or injury. It requires immediate medical treatment to prevent permanent damage to your penis. […] Priapism needs immediate treatment. Without treatment, it can cause permanent damage. […] Up to 33% of all priapism cases dont have a known cause. […] Low-flow priapism causes may include an underlying health condition, including: Sickle cell disease, Blood cancer (leukemia), Malaria, Thalassemias, Black widow spider bites, Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, Penile cancer, An injury to your spinal cord or genital area. […] Other priapism causes may include recreational drug use (marijuana, cocaine and amphetamines) and use or nonmedical use of certain medications, including: Erectile dysfunction medications (phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and intracavernous injection therapy), Certain antidepression medications (trazodone), Certain antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications (chlorpromazine).

• #1 Priapism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459178/

  Priapism is a disorder in which the penis maintains a prolonged erection in the absence of appropriate stimulation. Three broad categories exist for this disease: ischemic, nonischemic, and recurrent ischemic. Ischemic causes of priapism are a true emergency and require prompt intervention to prevent damage to the penis, which can progress to erectile dysfunction and permanent impotence. […] The etiology of priapism can broadly be categorized as low flow (ischemic) and high flow (non-ischemic). The causes of ischemic priapism are numerous and include various hemoglobinopathies, such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia, and any hypercoagulable state. Vasoactive medications, including erectile dysfunction medications (phosphodiesterase type five inhibitors and intracavernous injections), have been blamed for an increased incidence of this disorder and are thought to cause at least 25% of all cases.

• #2 Priapism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/symptoms-causes/syc-20352005

  Priapism is a prolonged erection of the penis. The main types of priapism are ischemic and nonischemic. Ischemic priapism is a medical emergency. […] Priapism occurs when some part of this system the blood, vessels, smooth muscles or nerves changes normal blood flow, and an erection persists. The underlying cause of priapism often can’t be determined, but several conditions may play a role. […] Blood-related diseases might contribute to priapism usually ischemic priapism, when blood isn’t able to flow out of the penis. These disorders include: Sickle cell disease, Leukemia, Other blood diseases (hematologic dyscrasias), such as thalassemia and multiple myeloma. […] Priapism, usually ischemic priapism, is a possible side effect of a number of drugs, including: Medications injected directly into the penis to treat erectile dysfunction, such as alprostadil (Caverject, Edex, others), papaverine, phentolamine (Oraverse) and others.

• #2 Priapism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priapism

  Priapism is a condition in which a penis remains erect for hours in the absence of stimulation or after stimulation has ended. There are three types: ischemic (low-flow), nonischemic (high-flow), and recurrent ischemic (intermittent). Most cases are ischemic. Ischemic priapism is generally painful while nonischemic priapism is not. Sickle cell disease is the most common cause of ischemic priapism. Other causes include medications such as antipsychotics, SSRIs, blood thinners and prostaglandin E1, as well as drugs such as cocaine. Ischemic priapism occurs when blood does not adequately drain from the penis. Nonischemic priapism is typically due to a connection forming between an artery and the corpus cavernosum or disruption of the parasympathetic nervous system resulting in increased arterial flow. Causes of low-flow priapism include sickle cell anemia (most common in children), leukemia, and other blood dyscrasias such as thalassemia and multiple myeloma, and the use of various drugs, as well as cancers. Priapism can also be caused by reactions to medications. The most common medications that cause priapism are intra-cavernous injections for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (papaverine, alprostadil). Other medication groups reported are antihypertensives (e.g. Doxazosin), antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, clozapine), antidepressants (most notably trazodone), anti-convulsant and mood stabilizer drugs such as sodium valproate. Causes of high-flow priapism include blunt trauma to the perineum or penis, with laceration of the cavernous artery, which can generate an arterial-lacunar fistula. Anticoagulants (heparin and warfarin) and antihypertensives (i.e., hydralazine, guanethidine and propranolol) are also causes.

• #3 Priapism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459178/

  Priapism is a disorder in which the penis maintains a prolonged erection in the absence of appropriate stimulation. Three broad categories exist for this disease: ischemic, nonischemic, and recurrent ischemic. Ischemic causes of priapism are a true emergency and require prompt intervention to prevent damage to the penis, which can progress to erectile dysfunction and permanent impotence. […] The etiology of priapism can broadly be categorized as low flow (ischemic) and high flow (non-ischemic). The causes of ischemic priapism are numerous and include various hemoglobinopathies, such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia, and any hypercoagulable state. Vasoactive medications, including erectile dysfunction medications (phosphodiesterase type five inhibitors and intracavernous injections), have been blamed for an increased incidence of this disorder and are thought to cause at least 25% of all cases.

• #3 SciELO Brazil – Priapism: etiology, pathophysiology and management Priapism: etiology, pathophysiology and management

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/kkD4C6QZrtQKv9NJxq5Dksk/

  The more common low-flow or veno-occlusive priapism results from persistent obstruction of venous outflow from the lacunar spaces. 80% to 90% of clinically presented priapisms are low flow disorders. […] One of the main pathologies of low flow priapism is blood stasis in the corpora cavernosa resulting in low pO2 and high pCO2. The pH of corporeal blood drops below 7.0 (acidosis). Erection then becomes painful and irreversible corporeal fibrosis can develop. Pain is associated with tissue hypoxia and acidosis. Urgent therapeutic intervention with irrigation and corporeal blood aspiration of up to 150 ml to 200 ml is necessary.

• #4 Priapism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/symptoms-causes/syc-20352005

  Priapism is a prolonged erection of the penis. The main types of priapism are ischemic and nonischemic. Ischemic priapism is a medical emergency. […] Priapism occurs when some part of this system the blood, vessels, smooth muscles or nerves changes normal blood flow, and an erection persists. The underlying cause of priapism often can’t be determined, but several conditions may play a role. […] Blood-related diseases might contribute to priapism usually ischemic priapism, when blood isn’t able to flow out of the penis. These disorders include: Sickle cell disease, Leukemia, Other blood diseases (hematologic dyscrasias), such as thalassemia and multiple myeloma. […] Priapism, usually ischemic priapism, is a possible side effect of a number of drugs, including: Medications injected directly into the penis to treat erectile dysfunction, such as alprostadil (Caverject, Edex, others), papaverine, phentolamine (Oraverse) and others.

• #5 SciELO Brazil – Priapism: etiology, pathophysiology and management Priapism: etiology, pathophysiology and management

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/kkD4C6QZrtQKv9NJxq5Dksk/

  Furthermore priapism is caused by disturbances in the mechanism controlling penile detumescence and the maintenance of penile flaccidity due to excess release of contractile neurotransmitter, malfunction of the intrinsic detumescence mechanism, obstruction of draining venules or prolonged relaxation of intracavernosal smooth muscle. […] The cause of priapism can be primary, secondary or idiopathic. Priapism with primary etiology is not accompanied by a disorder responsible for a prolonged erection, e.g. of physical or psychological origin. Secondary priapism is induced by factors directly or indirectly affecting the penile erection. […] The etiology of arterial high-flow priapism remains unclear, although pharmacological, traumatic and neurological diseases have been proposed. High-flow priapism results from unregulated, continuous arterial inflow into the lacunar spaces (an arterial-lacunar fistula), usually secondary to a lacerated cavernosal artery from blunt or penetrating trauma.

• #6 Priapism: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Types

  https://www.webmd.com/erectile-dysfunction/erectile-dysfunction-priapism

  Priapism is a long-lasting erection of the penis that is usually painful. It becomes a medical emergency if it goes on for several hours. […] Priapism happens when the blood doesn’t drain for some reason or, more rarely, when excess blood keeps flowing into the penis, keeping it erect. […] In about a third of cases, there’s no known cause. When a cause can be found, it’s usually one of these things, all of which can affect how blood flows into or out of the penis. […] Medications meant to help you get and maintain an erection can sometimes lead to dangerously prolonged erections. […] About a third of adult men with sickle cell disease develop priapism. […] Cancers that can affect blood flow and lead to priapism include: Cancer of the penis, Blood cancer (leukemia). […] Other medications that can lead to priapism include: Some antidepressant medications, such as trazodone, bupropion, fluoxetine, sertraline, and lithium. […] An injury to the spinal cord, An injury to the genital area (usually in the three days before priapism starts). […] Recurrent or stuttering priapism repeated episodes of persistent, painful erections are most often seen in people with sickle cell disease.

• #7 Recurrent priapism: What is it, Causes, Preventions and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/recurrent-priapism-what-is-it-causes-preventions-and-treatment-2/

  Recurrent priapism refers to a medical condition characterized by persistent and often painful erections that occur repeatedly without sexual stimulation. Priapism is a rare but potentially serious condition that can last for several hours and requires prompt medical attention. This prolonged and involuntary erection is not related to sexual arousal or desire and can affect men of all ages. […] Recurrent priapism may be associated with various underlying causes, including blood disorders, medications, trauma, or neurological conditions. Management typically involves addressing the root cause and providing immediate treatment to alleviate the prolonged erection and prevent complications. […] Recurrent priapism can have various underlying causes, and identifying the specific factor contributing to the repeated episodes is essential for effective management. Some common causes of recurrent priapism include: Sickle Cell Disease: Individuals with sickle cell disease are at an increased risk of developing recurrent priapism. The abnormal shape of red blood cells in sickle cell disease can lead to blood flow obstruction and prolonged erections.

• #8 SciELO Brazil – Priapism: etiology, pathophysiology and management Priapism: etiology, pathophysiology and management

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/kkD4C6QZrtQKv9NJxq5Dksk/

  Priapism is defined as prolonged and persistent erection of the penis without sexual stimulation and failure to subside despite orgasm. Numerous etiologies of this condition are considered. Among others a disturbed detumescence mechanism, which may due to excess release of contractile neurotransmitters, obstruction of draining venules, malfunction of the intrinsic detumescence mechanism or prolonged relaxation of intracavernosal smooth muscle are postulated. […] Priapism is a persisting erection caused by disturbances in the mechanism controlling penile detumescence and the maintenance of penile flaccidity. However, priapism will either start de novo, as a result of a prolonged nocturnal erection, or may persist after sexual intercourse. During priapism, blood continues to accumulate in the cavernous sinusoids and, in time, results in painful erection.

• #9 Priapism: Treatment, causes, symptoms, and types

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318737

  Priapism is a prolonged and potentially painful erection. It causes blood in the penis to become trapped and unable to drain through the penile arteries. […] It can be a serious condition due to the risk of permanent tissue damage. […] The main symptom is a prolonged erection unrelated to sexual activity or interest. […] Medications, including erectile dysfunction drugs, blood thinners, antidepressants, and some blood pressure drugs can cause priapism. […] There are several different causes of priapism. They include: […] Sickle cell anemia: Abnormally-shaped red blood cells can cause blockage of the penile artery and, thus, priapism. […] Without prompt treatment, permanent nerve damage and erectile dysfunction can occur. […] Tissue damage can begin 4-6 hours after onset, so it is important to avoid delay in getting emergency help.

• #10 Priapism | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.renalandurologynews.com/ddi/priapism/

  The prognosis for priapism depends on the type of priapism and duration of symptoms. Ischemic priapism has a good prognosis if detumescence is achieved within 6 hours. The longer the duration, the more likely a patient is to develop some degree of erectile dysfunction. […] Most complications of priapism are seen in ischemic but not nonischemic disease. Erectile dysfunction is perhaps the most common complication. The risk of erectile dysfunction increases with the duration of ischemic priapism. Duration of ischemic priapism is the primary determinant of complication severity. At 6 hours, early damage to penile tissue begins. At 12 hours, irreversible damage to corporal smooth muscle occurs. Cellular damage to the basement membrane and sinusoidal endothelium occurs at 24 hours. Within 36 hours, fibrosis and permanent erectile dysfunction begin.

• #11 SciELO Brazil – Priapism: etiology, pathophysiology and management Priapism: etiology, pathophysiology and management

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/kkD4C6QZrtQKv9NJxq5Dksk/

  The more common low-flow or veno-occlusive priapism results from persistent obstruction of venous outflow from the lacunar spaces. 80% to 90% of clinically presented priapisms are low flow disorders. […] One of the main pathologies of low flow priapism is blood stasis in the corpora cavernosa resulting in low pO2 and high pCO2. The pH of corporeal blood drops below 7.0 (acidosis). Erection then becomes painful and irreversible corporeal fibrosis can develop. Pain is associated with tissue hypoxia and acidosis. Urgent therapeutic intervention with irrigation and corporeal blood aspiration of up to 150 ml to 200 ml is necessary.

• #12 SciELO Brazil – Priapism: etiology, pathophysiology and management Priapism: etiology, pathophysiology and management

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ibju/a/kkD4C6QZrtQKv9NJxq5Dksk/

  Furthermore priapism is caused by disturbances in the mechanism controlling penile detumescence and the maintenance of penile flaccidity due to excess release of contractile neurotransmitter, malfunction of the intrinsic detumescence mechanism, obstruction of draining venules or prolonged relaxation of intracavernosal smooth muscle. […] The cause of priapism can be primary, secondary or idiopathic. Priapism with primary etiology is not accompanied by a disorder responsible for a prolonged erection, e.g. of physical or psychological origin. Secondary priapism is induced by factors directly or indirectly affecting the penile erection. […] The etiology of arterial high-flow priapism remains unclear, although pharmacological, traumatic and neurological diseases have been proposed. High-flow priapism results from unregulated, continuous arterial inflow into the lacunar spaces (an arterial-lacunar fistula), usually secondary to a lacerated cavernosal artery from blunt or penetrating trauma.

• #13 Priapism | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.renalandurologynews.com/ddi/priapism/

  Priapism is an uncontrolled, prolonged erection of the penis thats usually painful and continues beyond, or may not even be associated with, sexual stimulation. Priapism often requires intervention and can cause damage if left untreated. While priapism is an uncommon disease, it is common in men with sickle cell disease. […] Acute ischemic, or low-flow, priapism is caused by restricted venous outflow from the corpus cavernosa of the penis, leading to painful engorgement and limited arterial blood flow. Prolonged ischemic priapism requires emergency treatment to prevent damage to penile tissue that can result in erectile dysfunction. […] Nonischemic, or high-flow, priapism is caused by increased blood flow into the penis due to an arteriovenous shunt or fistula. This is most often caused by penile trauma.

• #14 Priapism: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10042-priapism

  Priapism is a painful erection that lasts for several hours. It develops when blood remains in your penis and cant drain. It can occur without cause, or it may result from an underlying condition, nonmedical use of medications or injury. It requires immediate medical treatment to prevent permanent damage to your penis. […] Priapism needs immediate treatment. Without treatment, it can cause permanent damage. […] Up to 33% of all priapism cases dont have a known cause. […] Low-flow priapism causes may include an underlying health condition, including: Sickle cell disease, Blood cancer (leukemia), Malaria, Thalassemias, Black widow spider bites, Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, Penile cancer, An injury to your spinal cord or genital area. […] Other priapism causes may include recreational drug use (marijuana, cocaine and amphetamines) and use or nonmedical use of certain medications, including: Erectile dysfunction medications (phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and intracavernous injection therapy), Certain antidepression medications (trazodone), Certain antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications (chlorpromazine).

• #15 Priapism | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/priapism

  Priapism is an uncommon condition that causes a prolonged and often painful erection, which occurs without sexual stimulation. In a third of the cases, the cause is unknown. The remaining cases are caused by an associated condition, including sickle cell disease, pelvic tumors, pelvic infections, leukemia, genital trauma or spinal cord trauma, and medications or recreational drugs. […] Symptoms of priapism include a prolonged and often painful erection without sexual stimulation. […] Treatment for all forms of priapism aims to eliminate the erection and pain and preserve normal erectile function. Doctors recommend that anyone experiencing an erection lasting four hours should seek medical evaluation and treatment. […] Ischemic priapism is considered a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment. If left untreated, the condition can significantly damage erectile function. […] In one-third of the cases, the cause of priapism is unknown. A variety of medications or recreational drugs also can lead to priapism.

• #16 Priapism: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10042-priapism

  Priapism is a painful erection that lasts for several hours. It develops when blood remains in your penis and cant drain. It can occur without cause, or it may result from an underlying condition, nonmedical use of medications or injury. It requires immediate medical treatment to prevent permanent damage to your penis. […] Priapism needs immediate treatment. Without treatment, it can cause permanent damage. […] Up to 33% of all priapism cases dont have a known cause. […] Low-flow priapism causes may include an underlying health condition, including: Sickle cell disease, Blood cancer (leukemia), Malaria, Thalassemias, Black widow spider bites, Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, Penile cancer, An injury to your spinal cord or genital area. […] Other priapism causes may include recreational drug use (marijuana, cocaine and amphetamines) and use or nonmedical use of certain medications, including: Erectile dysfunction medications (phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and intracavernous injection therapy), Certain antidepression medications (trazodone), Certain antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications (chlorpromazine).

• #17 Priapism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/symptoms-causes/syc-20352005

  Priapism is a prolonged erection of the penis. The main types of priapism are ischemic and nonischemic. Ischemic priapism is a medical emergency. […] Priapism occurs when some part of this system the blood, vessels, smooth muscles or nerves changes normal blood flow, and an erection persists. The underlying cause of priapism often can’t be determined, but several conditions may play a role. […] Blood-related diseases might contribute to priapism usually ischemic priapism, when blood isn’t able to flow out of the penis. These disorders include: Sickle cell disease, Leukemia, Other blood diseases (hematologic dyscrasias), such as thalassemia and multiple myeloma. […] Priapism, usually ischemic priapism, is a possible side effect of a number of drugs, including: Medications injected directly into the penis to treat erectile dysfunction, such as alprostadil (Caverject, Edex, others), papaverine, phentolamine (Oraverse) and others.

• #18 Priapism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459178/

  Additionally, antidepressants (trazodone) and illicit drugs, including cocaine, may also cause priapism. Less common causes include neoplastic processes (leukemias, melanoma, prostate cancer, renal cancer, and especially bladder cancer), neurologic disorders, Fabry disease, dialysis, fat embolisms, cauda equina syndrome, amyloidosis, and infections that produce a hypercoagulable state. […] Non-ischemic priapism is less common and usually results from direct trauma or injury. Priapism can also result from iatrogenic injury during surgical interventions, congenital arterial malformations, or cancer. […] Priapism is a relatively common complication of sickle cell disease in affected males. Most studies put the overall prevalence among men with sickle cell disease at between 35% and 45%. […] More than 95% of the priapism cases in sickle cell disease are ischemic. High pressure in the venous channels of the corpora due to mechanical venous obstruction and dysfunction decreases the venous return and eventually leads to corporal engorgement along with minimal arterial inflow.

• #19 Complications of SCD: Priapism (Painful Erection of the Penis) | Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sickle-cell/complications/priapism.html

  Sickled red blood cells in the penis can cause a persistent and often painful erection of the penis, known as priapism. Priapism can be considered major, with episodes lasting four hours or more, or stuttering, with recurrent episodes lasting a few minutes to up to three hours. […] Episodes lasting four hours or more are associated with a greater risk of permanent tissue damage so its important to seek medical care immediately.

• #20 Priapism in Sickle Cell DiseaseShare to Facebookprint pageBookmark for latercaret iconFollow us on facebookFollow us on instagramFollow us on facebookFollow us on linkedincaret icon

  https://sickle-cell.com/complications/priapism

  Men with sickle cell disease (SCD) can experience a complication called priapism. This is an unwanted erection, which may last for any amount of time. It happens when blood flow out of the penis is blocked by sickled red blood cells. […] SCD causes priapism when sickled red blood cells block blood flow out of the penis. This blocks blood from circulating normally in the penis and leads to low oxygen levels, tense rigidity, and pain. Over time, this leads to permanent injury and inflammation, causing erectile dysfunction. […] The biological process that reduces erections is also impaired in people with SCD. The quick bursting of sickle cells releases free hemoglobin, which reduces a chemical called nitric oxide. When nitric oxide levels are low, the proteins that contract muscles to stop erections cannot work.

• #21 Priapism in hematological and coagulative disorders: an update – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21403660/

  Priapism is a true urological emergency that is typified by a persistent and painful erection. High-risk groups include patients with hematological or coagulative disorders; for example, those with sickle cell disease, leukemia or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. […] The diagnosis for priapism must be made urgently using patient history, physical examination and blood gas findings on corporal aspiration. Emergency treatment is needed to avoid erectile dysfunction. However, in high-risk groups, prophylaxis must be encouraged. A number of prophylactic measures are emerging based on progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of priapism in these particular patients.

• #22 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Priapism can be idiopathic or can be secondary to a variety of diseases, conditions, or medications. In the United States, the most common cause of priapism in the adult population involves injectable agents used to treat erectile dysfunction. Internationally, most cases are idiopathic. […] The most common cause of priapism in the pediatric population is sickle cell disease (SCD), which is responsible for 65% of cases. […] Pharmacologically induced priapism is the etiology in 5% of children. […] Other secondary causes of low-flow priapism are the following thromboembolic/hypercoagulable states: Thalassemia, Fabry disease, Dialysis, Vasculitis, Fat embolism (from multiple long-bone fractures or intravenous infusion of lipids as part of total parenteral nutrition). […] Neurologic diseases that can result in low-flow priapism include spinal cord stenosis (ie, trauma to the medulla), autonomic neuropathy and cauda equina compression.

• #23 Priapism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/symptoms-causes/syc-20352005

  Priapism is a prolonged erection of the penis. The main types of priapism are ischemic and nonischemic. Ischemic priapism is a medical emergency. […] Priapism occurs when some part of this system the blood, vessels, smooth muscles or nerves changes normal blood flow, and an erection persists. The underlying cause of priapism often can’t be determined, but several conditions may play a role. […] Blood-related diseases might contribute to priapism usually ischemic priapism, when blood isn’t able to flow out of the penis. These disorders include: Sickle cell disease, Leukemia, Other blood diseases (hematologic dyscrasias), such as thalassemia and multiple myeloma. […] Priapism, usually ischemic priapism, is a possible side effect of a number of drugs, including: Medications injected directly into the penis to treat erectile dysfunction, such as alprostadil (Caverject, Edex, others), papaverine, phentolamine (Oraverse) and others.

• #24 Priapism | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.renalandurologynews.com/ddi/priapism/

  A wide range of medications are associated with priapism, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, erectile dysfunction drugs, alpha-adrenergic blockers, and hormone therapy. In addition to sickle cell disease, other hematologic disorders have been linked to ischemic (acute and recurrent) priapism. These include thalassemia and polycythemia. […] Conditions that lead to hypercoagulable states including COVID-19 have also been associated with ischemic priapism. Metabolic disorders have been linked to ischemic priapism, including amyloidosis, Fabry disease, and gout. […] Nonischemic priapism is most commonly caused by traumatic injury that results in an arterio-venous fistula formation. […] Risk factors for ischemic priapism include the following: sickle cell disease and other hematologic disorders; intracavernosal drug injection; use of alcohol or illicit drugs; and use of certain prescription drugs. Risk factors for nonischemic priapism include the following: traumatic injury to the genitals, perineum, or pelvis; and history of genitourinary surgery.

• #25 Priapism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459178/

  Priapism is a disorder in which the penis maintains a prolonged erection in the absence of appropriate stimulation. Three broad categories exist for this disease: ischemic, nonischemic, and recurrent ischemic. Ischemic causes of priapism are a true emergency and require prompt intervention to prevent damage to the penis, which can progress to erectile dysfunction and permanent impotence. […] The etiology of priapism can broadly be categorized as low flow (ischemic) and high flow (non-ischemic). The causes of ischemic priapism are numerous and include various hemoglobinopathies, such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia, and any hypercoagulable state. Vasoactive medications, including erectile dysfunction medications (phosphodiesterase type five inhibitors and intracavernous injections), have been blamed for an increased incidence of this disorder and are thought to cause at least 25% of all cases.

• #26 Priapism: Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/priapism

  Priapism is a condition of persistent and painful erections that can last for 4 hours or more without sexual stimulation. […] Priapism can be caused by certain medications and health conditions. […] There are two main types of priapism: Low flow priapism, also known as ischemic priapism, occurs when blood becomes stuck in the erection chamber. […] High flow priapism is caused by a broken artery that prevents proper blood circulation in the penis, causing high flow or nonischemic priapism. […] With priapism, there’s a problem with blood flow to your penis. This can be caused by certain blood disorders, medications, and several other factors. […] Sickle cell anemia, a disorder affecting red blood cells, is one of the most common causes of priapism. […] According to a 2021 review, drug-induced priapism is the most common cause of priapism. […] Priapism is often caused by the use of certain medications, including antipsychotics. […] It also commonly affects people with sickle cell disease and can be caused by other blood disorders, alcohol or drug use, and injuries.

• #27 Painful Erection: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments | RoRoRo

  https://ro.co/health-guide/painful-erection/

  The most commonly reported cause of ischemic priapism in adults is the use of certain medications. The injectable erectile dysfunction medications, papaverine and phentolamine, account for approximately two-thirds of priapism cases. […] Other causes of ischemic priapism include sickle cell disease or other blood disorders such as leukemia and recreational drug use.

• #28 Priapism – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priapism

  Priapism is a condition in which a penis remains erect for hours in the absence of stimulation or after stimulation has ended. There are three types: ischemic (low-flow), nonischemic (high-flow), and recurrent ischemic (intermittent). Most cases are ischemic. Ischemic priapism is generally painful while nonischemic priapism is not. Sickle cell disease is the most common cause of ischemic priapism. Other causes include medications such as antipsychotics, SSRIs, blood thinners and prostaglandin E1, as well as drugs such as cocaine. Ischemic priapism occurs when blood does not adequately drain from the penis. Nonischemic priapism is typically due to a connection forming between an artery and the corpus cavernosum or disruption of the parasympathetic nervous system resulting in increased arterial flow. Causes of low-flow priapism include sickle cell anemia (most common in children), leukemia, and other blood dyscrasias such as thalassemia and multiple myeloma, and the use of various drugs, as well as cancers. Priapism can also be caused by reactions to medications. The most common medications that cause priapism are intra-cavernous injections for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (papaverine, alprostadil). Other medication groups reported are antihypertensives (e.g. Doxazosin), antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, clozapine), antidepressants (most notably trazodone), anti-convulsant and mood stabilizer drugs such as sodium valproate. Causes of high-flow priapism include blunt trauma to the perineum or penis, with laceration of the cavernous artery, which can generate an arterial-lacunar fistula. Anticoagulants (heparin and warfarin) and antihypertensives (i.e., hydralazine, guanethidine and propranolol) are also causes.

• #29 The Hard Facts on Drug-induced Priapism (Long-lasting Erections)

  https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/PUArticles/September2014Drug_InducedPriapism.htm

  Priapism is a persistent, often painful, penile erection lasting more than four hours that is not associated with sexual interest or stimulation. […] Drug-induced priapism most commonly occurs with antipsychotics and can also occur with a range of medicines. […] The known causes or conditions associated with priapism include medicines, haematological disorders (eg, sickle cell disease, leukaemia), metabolic disorders (eg, amyloidosis, gout), and recreational drugs (eg, alcohol, cannabis, cocaine). […] Drug-induced priapism can occur with a range of medicines; antipsychotics are the most common cause. […] There have only been a few reported cases of priapism with the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, used to treat erectile dysfunction. […] Priapism has also been associated with methylphenidate treatment, both with dose increases and decreases.

• #30 Drugs Reported to Cause Priapism | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/drugs-reported-to-cause-priapism

  In one-third of the cases, the cause of priapism is unknown. The remaining cases are caused by an associated condition, including sickle cell disease, pelvic tumors, pelvic infections, leukemia, genital trauma or spinal cord trauma. A variety of medications or recreational drugs also can lead to priapism. […] Antidepressants can cause priapism, including Bupropion, Trazodone, Fluoxetine, and Sertraline and lithium. […] Antipsychotics such as Clozapine are also reported to cause priapism. […] Antianxiety agents like Hydroxyzine can lead to priapism. […] Psychotropics, including Chlorpromazine, are associated with priapism. […] Alpha-adrenergic blockers, such as Prazosin, can cause priapism. […] Hormones like Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (in hypogonadal men) and Testosterone are linked to priapism. […] Anticoagulants, including Heparin and Coumadin, can lead to priapism. […] Recreational drugs such as Cocaine and Alcohol are also reported to cause priapism.

• #31 The Hard Facts on Drug-induced Priapism (Long-lasting Erections)

  https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/PUArticles/September2014Drug_InducedPriapism.htm

  The Centre for Adverse Reactions Monitoring (CARM) has received isolated reports of drug-induced priapism, including four reports with chlorpromazine and three reports with citalopram. […] Internationally, there have been published case reports of priapism associated with medicines such as risperidone, quetiapine, sildenafil and olanzapine.

• #32 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Neoplastic disease (metastatic to the penis or obstructive to venous outflow) that can result in low-flow priapism include prostate cancer, bladder cancer (highest risk), hematologic cancer (leukemia), renal carcinoma, melanoma. […] Pharmacologic causes of low-flow priapism include intracavernosal agents – Papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1, intraurethral pellets (ie, medicated urethral system for erection with intracavernosal prostaglandin E1), antihypertensives – Ganglion-blocking agents (eg, guanethidine), arterial vasodilators (eg, hydralazine), alpha-antagonists (eg, prazosin), calcium channel blockers, psychotropics – Phenothiazine, butyrophenones (eg, haloperidol), perphenazine, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (eg, fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram), stimulants – Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, anticoagulants – Heparin, warfarin (during rebound hypercoagulable states), recreational drugs – Cocaine, hormones – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), tamoxifen, testosterone, androstenedione for athletic performance enhancement, herbal medicine – Ginkgo biloba with concurrent use of antipsychotic agents, miscellaneous agents – Metoclopramide, omeprazole, penile injection of cocaine, epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine. […] High-flow priapism may result from the following forms of genitourinary trauma: Straddle injury, intracavernous injections resulting in direct cavernosal artery injury, invasive treatments for low-flow priapism.

• #33 Drugs Reported to Cause Priapism | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/drugs-reported-to-cause-priapism

  In one-third of the cases, the cause of priapism is unknown. The remaining cases are caused by an associated condition, including sickle cell disease, pelvic tumors, pelvic infections, leukemia, genital trauma or spinal cord trauma. A variety of medications or recreational drugs also can lead to priapism. […] Antidepressants can cause priapism, including Bupropion, Trazodone, Fluoxetine, and Sertraline and lithium. […] Antipsychotics such as Clozapine are also reported to cause priapism. […] Antianxiety agents like Hydroxyzine can lead to priapism. […] Psychotropics, including Chlorpromazine, are associated with priapism. […] Alpha-adrenergic blockers, such as Prazosin, can cause priapism. […] Hormones like Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (in hypogonadal men) and Testosterone are linked to priapism. […] Anticoagulants, including Heparin and Coumadin, can lead to priapism. […] Recreational drugs such as Cocaine and Alcohol are also reported to cause priapism.

• #34 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Neoplastic disease (metastatic to the penis or obstructive to venous outflow) that can result in low-flow priapism include prostate cancer, bladder cancer (highest risk), hematologic cancer (leukemia), renal carcinoma, melanoma. […] Pharmacologic causes of low-flow priapism include intracavernosal agents – Papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1, intraurethral pellets (ie, medicated urethral system for erection with intracavernosal prostaglandin E1), antihypertensives – Ganglion-blocking agents (eg, guanethidine), arterial vasodilators (eg, hydralazine), alpha-antagonists (eg, prazosin), calcium channel blockers, psychotropics – Phenothiazine, butyrophenones (eg, haloperidol), perphenazine, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (eg, fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram), stimulants – Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, anticoagulants – Heparin, warfarin (during rebound hypercoagulable states), recreational drugs – Cocaine, hormones – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), tamoxifen, testosterone, androstenedione for athletic performance enhancement, herbal medicine – Ginkgo biloba with concurrent use of antipsychotic agents, miscellaneous agents – Metoclopramide, omeprazole, penile injection of cocaine, epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine. […] High-flow priapism may result from the following forms of genitourinary trauma: Straddle injury, intracavernous injections resulting in direct cavernosal artery injury, invasive treatments for low-flow priapism.

• #35 Drugs Reported to Cause Priapism | Patient Education | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/drugs-reported-to-cause-priapism

  In one-third of the cases, the cause of priapism is unknown. The remaining cases are caused by an associated condition, including sickle cell disease, pelvic tumors, pelvic infections, leukemia, genital trauma or spinal cord trauma. A variety of medications or recreational drugs also can lead to priapism. […] Antidepressants can cause priapism, including Bupropion, Trazodone, Fluoxetine, and Sertraline and lithium. […] Antipsychotics such as Clozapine are also reported to cause priapism. […] Antianxiety agents like Hydroxyzine can lead to priapism. […] Psychotropics, including Chlorpromazine, are associated with priapism. […] Alpha-adrenergic blockers, such as Prazosin, can cause priapism. […] Hormones like Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (in hypogonadal men) and Testosterone are linked to priapism. […] Anticoagulants, including Heparin and Coumadin, can lead to priapism. […] Recreational drugs such as Cocaine and Alcohol are also reported to cause priapism.

• #36 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Neoplastic disease (metastatic to the penis or obstructive to venous outflow) that can result in low-flow priapism include prostate cancer, bladder cancer (highest risk), hematologic cancer (leukemia), renal carcinoma, melanoma. […] Pharmacologic causes of low-flow priapism include intracavernosal agents – Papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1, intraurethral pellets (ie, medicated urethral system for erection with intracavernosal prostaglandin E1), antihypertensives – Ganglion-blocking agents (eg, guanethidine), arterial vasodilators (eg, hydralazine), alpha-antagonists (eg, prazosin), calcium channel blockers, psychotropics – Phenothiazine, butyrophenones (eg, haloperidol), perphenazine, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (eg, fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram), stimulants – Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, anticoagulants – Heparin, warfarin (during rebound hypercoagulable states), recreational drugs – Cocaine, hormones – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), tamoxifen, testosterone, androstenedione for athletic performance enhancement, herbal medicine – Ginkgo biloba with concurrent use of antipsychotic agents, miscellaneous agents – Metoclopramide, omeprazole, penile injection of cocaine, epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine. […] High-flow priapism may result from the following forms of genitourinary trauma: Straddle injury, intracavernous injections resulting in direct cavernosal artery injury, invasive treatments for low-flow priapism.

• #37 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Neoplastic disease (metastatic to the penis or obstructive to venous outflow) that can result in low-flow priapism include prostate cancer, bladder cancer (highest risk), hematologic cancer (leukemia), renal carcinoma, melanoma. […] Pharmacologic causes of low-flow priapism include intracavernosal agents – Papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1, intraurethral pellets (ie, medicated urethral system for erection with intracavernosal prostaglandin E1), antihypertensives – Ganglion-blocking agents (eg, guanethidine), arterial vasodilators (eg, hydralazine), alpha-antagonists (eg, prazosin), calcium channel blockers, psychotropics – Phenothiazine, butyrophenones (eg, haloperidol), perphenazine, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (eg, fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram), stimulants – Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, anticoagulants – Heparin, warfarin (during rebound hypercoagulable states), recreational drugs – Cocaine, hormones – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), tamoxifen, testosterone, androstenedione for athletic performance enhancement, herbal medicine – Ginkgo biloba with concurrent use of antipsychotic agents, miscellaneous agents – Metoclopramide, omeprazole, penile injection of cocaine, epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine. […] High-flow priapism may result from the following forms of genitourinary trauma: Straddle injury, intracavernous injections resulting in direct cavernosal artery injury, invasive treatments for low-flow priapism.

• #38 Painful Erection: Causes & Treatments for Priapism | Buoy

  https://www.buoyhealth.com/learn/painful-erection

  Certain blood disorders will result in painful erections. […] Certain medications may result in painful erections. […] Trauma or injury to the penis or pelvic area often causes non-ischemic priapism. […] Long and painful erections are called priapism. This condition is serious, and if it lasts longer than 4 hours it requires emergency treatment. Priapism may occur without clear cause or may be due to conditions such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, spinal cord trauma, or genetic disorders. Priapism may also be caused by some medications such as drugs for erectile dysfunction, blood pressure medications, antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and recreational drugs.

• #39 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Neoplastic disease (metastatic to the penis or obstructive to venous outflow) that can result in low-flow priapism include prostate cancer, bladder cancer (highest risk), hematologic cancer (leukemia), renal carcinoma, melanoma. […] Pharmacologic causes of low-flow priapism include intracavernosal agents – Papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1, intraurethral pellets (ie, medicated urethral system for erection with intracavernosal prostaglandin E1), antihypertensives – Ganglion-blocking agents (eg, guanethidine), arterial vasodilators (eg, hydralazine), alpha-antagonists (eg, prazosin), calcium channel blockers, psychotropics – Phenothiazine, butyrophenones (eg, haloperidol), perphenazine, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (eg, fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram), stimulants – Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, anticoagulants – Heparin, warfarin (during rebound hypercoagulable states), recreational drugs – Cocaine, hormones – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), tamoxifen, testosterone, androstenedione for athletic performance enhancement, herbal medicine – Ginkgo biloba with concurrent use of antipsychotic agents, miscellaneous agents – Metoclopramide, omeprazole, penile injection of cocaine, epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine. […] High-flow priapism may result from the following forms of genitourinary trauma: Straddle injury, intracavernous injections resulting in direct cavernosal artery injury, invasive treatments for low-flow priapism.

• #40 Priapism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/symptoms-causes/syc-20352005

  Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and other drugs can cause priapism, particularly ischemic priapism. […] A common cause of nonischemic priapism is trauma or injury to your penis, pelvis, or the region between the base of the penis and the anus (perineum). […] Other causes of priapism include: A spider bite, scorpion sting or other toxic infections, Metabolic disorders including gout or amyloidosis, Neurogenic disorders, such as a spinal cord injury or syphilis, Cancers involving the penis.

• #41 Priapism (painful erections)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/priapism-painful-erections/

  Priapism is a long-lasting painful erection. It can cause permanent damage to your penis if not treated quickly. […] Priapism often affects people with sickle cell disease. […] Other causes include: blood-thinning medicines, like warfarin, some antidepressants, drugs, like cannabis and cocaine, some medicines for high blood pressure, other blood disorders, like thalassaemia and leukaemia, some treatments for erectile dysfunction.

• #42 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Neoplastic disease (metastatic to the penis or obstructive to venous outflow) that can result in low-flow priapism include prostate cancer, bladder cancer (highest risk), hematologic cancer (leukemia), renal carcinoma, melanoma. […] Pharmacologic causes of low-flow priapism include intracavernosal agents – Papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1, intraurethral pellets (ie, medicated urethral system for erection with intracavernosal prostaglandin E1), antihypertensives – Ganglion-blocking agents (eg, guanethidine), arterial vasodilators (eg, hydralazine), alpha-antagonists (eg, prazosin), calcium channel blockers, psychotropics – Phenothiazine, butyrophenones (eg, haloperidol), perphenazine, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (eg, fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram), stimulants – Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, anticoagulants – Heparin, warfarin (during rebound hypercoagulable states), recreational drugs – Cocaine, hormones – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), tamoxifen, testosterone, androstenedione for athletic performance enhancement, herbal medicine – Ginkgo biloba with concurrent use of antipsychotic agents, miscellaneous agents – Metoclopramide, omeprazole, penile injection of cocaine, epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine. […] High-flow priapism may result from the following forms of genitourinary trauma: Straddle injury, intracavernous injections resulting in direct cavernosal artery injury, invasive treatments for low-flow priapism.

• #43 Recurrent priapism in the setting of cannabis use | Journal of Cannabis Research | Full Text

  https://jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42238-020-0015-8

  Drug-induced priapism has long been proposed to include PDE-5 inhibitors, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, antidepressants, alpha-blockers, and recreational drugs (most notably cocaine). […] This case report examines the first known case of cannabis-associated priapism in a patient where all other known causes of priapism have been excluded. […] In total, there are over 400 psychoactive compounds in cannabis. Of these, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, is both found in the highest quantities and the primary psychoactive compound. […] A third possible effect of more chronic cannabis use involves the thrombogenic effects caused by increased platelet activation. […] Our patient has a direct, albeit circumstantial, connection between his recurrent (stuttering) priapism and cannabis use. […] In conclusion, cannabis use is a likely cause for priapism in our patient.

• #44 Priapism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/symptoms-causes/syc-20352005

  Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and other drugs can cause priapism, particularly ischemic priapism. […] A common cause of nonischemic priapism is trauma or injury to your penis, pelvis, or the region between the base of the penis and the anus (perineum). […] Other causes of priapism include: A spider bite, scorpion sting or other toxic infections, Metabolic disorders including gout or amyloidosis, Neurogenic disorders, such as a spinal cord injury or syphilis, Cancers involving the penis.

• #45 Priapism: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10042-priapism

  Priapism is a painful erection that lasts for several hours. It develops when blood remains in your penis and cant drain. It can occur without cause, or it may result from an underlying condition, nonmedical use of medications or injury. It requires immediate medical treatment to prevent permanent damage to your penis. […] Priapism needs immediate treatment. Without treatment, it can cause permanent damage. […] Up to 33% of all priapism cases dont have a known cause. […] Low-flow priapism causes may include an underlying health condition, including: Sickle cell disease, Blood cancer (leukemia), Malaria, Thalassemias, Black widow spider bites, Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, Penile cancer, An injury to your spinal cord or genital area. […] Other priapism causes may include recreational drug use (marijuana, cocaine and amphetamines) and use or nonmedical use of certain medications, including: Erectile dysfunction medications (phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and intracavernous injection therapy), Certain antidepression medications (trazodone), Certain antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications (chlorpromazine).

• #46 Priapism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459178/

  Additionally, antidepressants (trazodone) and illicit drugs, including cocaine, may also cause priapism. Less common causes include neoplastic processes (leukemias, melanoma, prostate cancer, renal cancer, and especially bladder cancer), neurologic disorders, Fabry disease, dialysis, fat embolisms, cauda equina syndrome, amyloidosis, and infections that produce a hypercoagulable state. […] Non-ischemic priapism is less common and usually results from direct trauma or injury. Priapism can also result from iatrogenic injury during surgical interventions, congenital arterial malformations, or cancer. […] Priapism is a relatively common complication of sickle cell disease in affected males. Most studies put the overall prevalence among men with sickle cell disease at between 35% and 45%. […] More than 95% of the priapism cases in sickle cell disease are ischemic. High pressure in the venous channels of the corpora due to mechanical venous obstruction and dysfunction decreases the venous return and eventually leads to corporal engorgement along with minimal arterial inflow.

• #47 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Priapism can be idiopathic or can be secondary to a variety of diseases, conditions, or medications. In the United States, the most common cause of priapism in the adult population involves injectable agents used to treat erectile dysfunction. Internationally, most cases are idiopathic. […] The most common cause of priapism in the pediatric population is sickle cell disease (SCD), which is responsible for 65% of cases. […] Pharmacologically induced priapism is the etiology in 5% of children. […] Other secondary causes of low-flow priapism are the following thromboembolic/hypercoagulable states: Thalassemia, Fabry disease, Dialysis, Vasculitis, Fat embolism (from multiple long-bone fractures or intravenous infusion of lipids as part of total parenteral nutrition). […] Neurologic diseases that can result in low-flow priapism include spinal cord stenosis (ie, trauma to the medulla), autonomic neuropathy and cauda equina compression.

• #48 Priapism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459178/

  Additionally, antidepressants (trazodone) and illicit drugs, including cocaine, may also cause priapism. Less common causes include neoplastic processes (leukemias, melanoma, prostate cancer, renal cancer, and especially bladder cancer), neurologic disorders, Fabry disease, dialysis, fat embolisms, cauda equina syndrome, amyloidosis, and infections that produce a hypercoagulable state. […] Non-ischemic priapism is less common and usually results from direct trauma or injury. Priapism can also result from iatrogenic injury during surgical interventions, congenital arterial malformations, or cancer. […] Priapism is a relatively common complication of sickle cell disease in affected males. Most studies put the overall prevalence among men with sickle cell disease at between 35% and 45%. […] More than 95% of the priapism cases in sickle cell disease are ischemic. High pressure in the venous channels of the corpora due to mechanical venous obstruction and dysfunction decreases the venous return and eventually leads to corporal engorgement along with minimal arterial inflow.

• #49 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Priapism can be idiopathic or can be secondary to a variety of diseases, conditions, or medications. In the United States, the most common cause of priapism in the adult population involves injectable agents used to treat erectile dysfunction. Internationally, most cases are idiopathic. […] The most common cause of priapism in the pediatric population is sickle cell disease (SCD), which is responsible for 65% of cases. […] Pharmacologically induced priapism is the etiology in 5% of children. […] Other secondary causes of low-flow priapism are the following thromboembolic/hypercoagulable states: Thalassemia, Fabry disease, Dialysis, Vasculitis, Fat embolism (from multiple long-bone fractures or intravenous infusion of lipids as part of total parenteral nutrition). […] Neurologic diseases that can result in low-flow priapism include spinal cord stenosis (ie, trauma to the medulla), autonomic neuropathy and cauda equina compression.

• #50 Priapism (permanent erection) – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/priapism/

  The causes of priapism are extremely varied. In about 30 50% of men, however, the reason for the permanent erection cannot be found. The two types of priapism are caused by different processes: […] The outflow of blood from the erectile tissue via the veins (they carry deoxygenated blood) is blocked and it builds up. The erectile tissue can no longer decongest, the pressure increases and this leads to reduced blood flow (ischemia). As a result, the muscles of the erectile tissue no longer work properly and the priapism increases further. Without prompt treatment, the tissue dies. […] The following causes are possible for priapism: Neurological diseases, e.g. herniated disc, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord compression, paraplegia; Blood diseases, e.g. blood cancer (e.g. chronic myeloid leukemia = CML, plasmocytoma), sickle cell anemia, thalassemia; Infectious diseases, e.g. syphilis (lues) a sexually transmitted disease; Injuries to the pelvis (hernia), genitals or perineum; Tumors that grow into the tissue and compress the veins causing blood congestion. Examples are prostate cancer or kidney cancer.

• #51 Priapism | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/priapism?content_id=CON-20164717

  Other causes of priapism include a spider bite, scorpion sting or other toxic infections, metabolic disorders including gout or amyloidosis, neurogenic disorders, such as a spinal cord injury or syphilis, and cancers involving the penis. […] Ischemic priapism can cause serious complications. The blood trapped in the penis is deprived of oxygen. When an erection lasts for too long usually more than four hours this lack of oxygen can begin to damage or destroy tissues in the penis. Untreated priapism can cause erectile dysfunction.

• #52 Priapism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/symptoms-causes/syc-20352005

  Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and other drugs can cause priapism, particularly ischemic priapism. […] A common cause of nonischemic priapism is trauma or injury to your penis, pelvis, or the region between the base of the penis and the anus (perineum). […] Other causes of priapism include: A spider bite, scorpion sting or other toxic infections, Metabolic disorders including gout or amyloidosis, Neurogenic disorders, such as a spinal cord injury or syphilis, Cancers involving the penis.

• #53 Priapism | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.renalandurologynews.com/ddi/priapism/

  A wide range of medications are associated with priapism, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, erectile dysfunction drugs, alpha-adrenergic blockers, and hormone therapy. In addition to sickle cell disease, other hematologic disorders have been linked to ischemic (acute and recurrent) priapism. These include thalassemia and polycythemia. […] Conditions that lead to hypercoagulable states including COVID-19 have also been associated with ischemic priapism. Metabolic disorders have been linked to ischemic priapism, including amyloidosis, Fabry disease, and gout. […] Nonischemic priapism is most commonly caused by traumatic injury that results in an arterio-venous fistula formation. […] Risk factors for ischemic priapism include the following: sickle cell disease and other hematologic disorders; intracavernosal drug injection; use of alcohol or illicit drugs; and use of certain prescription drugs. Risk factors for nonischemic priapism include the following: traumatic injury to the genitals, perineum, or pelvis; and history of genitourinary surgery.

• #54 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Neoplastic disease (metastatic to the penis or obstructive to venous outflow) that can result in low-flow priapism include prostate cancer, bladder cancer (highest risk), hematologic cancer (leukemia), renal carcinoma, melanoma. […] Pharmacologic causes of low-flow priapism include intracavernosal agents – Papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1, intraurethral pellets (ie, medicated urethral system for erection with intracavernosal prostaglandin E1), antihypertensives – Ganglion-blocking agents (eg, guanethidine), arterial vasodilators (eg, hydralazine), alpha-antagonists (eg, prazosin), calcium channel blockers, psychotropics – Phenothiazine, butyrophenones (eg, haloperidol), perphenazine, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (eg, fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram), stimulants – Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, anticoagulants – Heparin, warfarin (during rebound hypercoagulable states), recreational drugs – Cocaine, hormones – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), tamoxifen, testosterone, androstenedione for athletic performance enhancement, herbal medicine – Ginkgo biloba with concurrent use of antipsychotic agents, miscellaneous agents – Metoclopramide, omeprazole, penile injection of cocaine, epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine. […] High-flow priapism may result from the following forms of genitourinary trauma: Straddle injury, intracavernous injections resulting in direct cavernosal artery injury, invasive treatments for low-flow priapism.

• #55 Priapism (permanent erection) – USZ

  https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/priapism/

  Priapism is a painful permanent erection of the penis that is a serious emergency. Doctors must treat permanent erectile dysfunction immediately, otherwise, in the worst case, there is a risk of permanent erectile dysfunction. This is because the blood builds up in the penis and the erectile tissue can be damaged. […] Priapism is considered a urological emergency that doctors must treat immediately. Otherwise, there is a risk of permanent damage to the tissue of the erectile tissue. […] Permanent erections can be caused by a wide variety of diseases, such as blood, vascular or nerve disorders. In addition, some medications can trigger a permanent erection, such as drugs for erectile dysfunction, depression or high blood pressure. The high-flow type is often caused by an injury to the genitals or perineum.

• #56 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Neoplastic disease (metastatic to the penis or obstructive to venous outflow) that can result in low-flow priapism include prostate cancer, bladder cancer (highest risk), hematologic cancer (leukemia), renal carcinoma, melanoma. […] Pharmacologic causes of low-flow priapism include intracavernosal agents – Papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1, intraurethral pellets (ie, medicated urethral system for erection with intracavernosal prostaglandin E1), antihypertensives – Ganglion-blocking agents (eg, guanethidine), arterial vasodilators (eg, hydralazine), alpha-antagonists (eg, prazosin), calcium channel blockers, psychotropics – Phenothiazine, butyrophenones (eg, haloperidol), perphenazine, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (eg, fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram), stimulants – Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, anticoagulants – Heparin, warfarin (during rebound hypercoagulable states), recreational drugs – Cocaine, hormones – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), tamoxifen, testosterone, androstenedione for athletic performance enhancement, herbal medicine – Ginkgo biloba with concurrent use of antipsychotic agents, miscellaneous agents – Metoclopramide, omeprazole, penile injection of cocaine, epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine. […] High-flow priapism may result from the following forms of genitourinary trauma: Straddle injury, intracavernous injections resulting in direct cavernosal artery injury, invasive treatments for low-flow priapism.

• #57 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Neoplastic disease (metastatic to the penis or obstructive to venous outflow) that can result in low-flow priapism include prostate cancer, bladder cancer (highest risk), hematologic cancer (leukemia), renal carcinoma, melanoma. […] Pharmacologic causes of low-flow priapism include intracavernosal agents – Papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1, intraurethral pellets (ie, medicated urethral system for erection with intracavernosal prostaglandin E1), antihypertensives – Ganglion-blocking agents (eg, guanethidine), arterial vasodilators (eg, hydralazine), alpha-antagonists (eg, prazosin), calcium channel blockers, psychotropics – Phenothiazine, butyrophenones (eg, haloperidol), perphenazine, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (eg, fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram), stimulants – Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, anticoagulants – Heparin, warfarin (during rebound hypercoagulable states), recreational drugs – Cocaine, hormones – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), tamoxifen, testosterone, androstenedione for athletic performance enhancement, herbal medicine – Ginkgo biloba with concurrent use of antipsychotic agents, miscellaneous agents – Metoclopramide, omeprazole, penile injection of cocaine, epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine. […] High-flow priapism may result from the following forms of genitourinary trauma: Straddle injury, intracavernous injections resulting in direct cavernosal artery injury, invasive treatments for low-flow priapism.

• #58 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Neoplastic disease (metastatic to the penis or obstructive to venous outflow) that can result in low-flow priapism include prostate cancer, bladder cancer (highest risk), hematologic cancer (leukemia), renal carcinoma, melanoma. […] Pharmacologic causes of low-flow priapism include intracavernosal agents – Papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1, intraurethral pellets (ie, medicated urethral system for erection with intracavernosal prostaglandin E1), antihypertensives – Ganglion-blocking agents (eg, guanethidine), arterial vasodilators (eg, hydralazine), alpha-antagonists (eg, prazosin), calcium channel blockers, psychotropics – Phenothiazine, butyrophenones (eg, haloperidol), perphenazine, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (eg, fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram), stimulants – Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, anticoagulants – Heparin, warfarin (during rebound hypercoagulable states), recreational drugs – Cocaine, hormones – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), tamoxifen, testosterone, androstenedione for athletic performance enhancement, herbal medicine – Ginkgo biloba with concurrent use of antipsychotic agents, miscellaneous agents – Metoclopramide, omeprazole, penile injection of cocaine, epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine. […] High-flow priapism may result from the following forms of genitourinary trauma: Straddle injury, intracavernous injections resulting in direct cavernosal artery injury, invasive treatments for low-flow priapism.

• #59 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Neoplastic disease (metastatic to the penis or obstructive to venous outflow) that can result in low-flow priapism include prostate cancer, bladder cancer (highest risk), hematologic cancer (leukemia), renal carcinoma, melanoma. […] Pharmacologic causes of low-flow priapism include intracavernosal agents – Papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1, intraurethral pellets (ie, medicated urethral system for erection with intracavernosal prostaglandin E1), antihypertensives – Ganglion-blocking agents (eg, guanethidine), arterial vasodilators (eg, hydralazine), alpha-antagonists (eg, prazosin), calcium channel blockers, psychotropics – Phenothiazine, butyrophenones (eg, haloperidol), perphenazine, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (eg, fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram), stimulants – Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, anticoagulants – Heparin, warfarin (during rebound hypercoagulable states), recreational drugs – Cocaine, hormones – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), tamoxifen, testosterone, androstenedione for athletic performance enhancement, herbal medicine – Ginkgo biloba with concurrent use of antipsychotic agents, miscellaneous agents – Metoclopramide, omeprazole, penile injection of cocaine, epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine. […] High-flow priapism may result from the following forms of genitourinary trauma: Straddle injury, intracavernous injections resulting in direct cavernosal artery injury, invasive treatments for low-flow priapism.

• #60 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Neoplastic disease (metastatic to the penis or obstructive to venous outflow) that can result in low-flow priapism include prostate cancer, bladder cancer (highest risk), hematologic cancer (leukemia), renal carcinoma, melanoma. […] Pharmacologic causes of low-flow priapism include intracavernosal agents – Papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1, intraurethral pellets (ie, medicated urethral system for erection with intracavernosal prostaglandin E1), antihypertensives – Ganglion-blocking agents (eg, guanethidine), arterial vasodilators (eg, hydralazine), alpha-antagonists (eg, prazosin), calcium channel blockers, psychotropics – Phenothiazine, butyrophenones (eg, haloperidol), perphenazine, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (eg, fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram), stimulants – Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, anticoagulants – Heparin, warfarin (during rebound hypercoagulable states), recreational drugs – Cocaine, hormones – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), tamoxifen, testosterone, androstenedione for athletic performance enhancement, herbal medicine – Ginkgo biloba with concurrent use of antipsychotic agents, miscellaneous agents – Metoclopramide, omeprazole, penile injection of cocaine, epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine. […] High-flow priapism may result from the following forms of genitourinary trauma: Straddle injury, intracavernous injections resulting in direct cavernosal artery injury, invasive treatments for low-flow priapism.

• #61 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Neoplastic disease (metastatic to the penis or obstructive to venous outflow) that can result in low-flow priapism include prostate cancer, bladder cancer (highest risk), hematologic cancer (leukemia), renal carcinoma, melanoma. […] Pharmacologic causes of low-flow priapism include intracavernosal agents – Papaverine, phentolamine, prostaglandin E1, intraurethral pellets (ie, medicated urethral system for erection with intracavernosal prostaglandin E1), antihypertensives – Ganglion-blocking agents (eg, guanethidine), arterial vasodilators (eg, hydralazine), alpha-antagonists (eg, prazosin), calcium channel blockers, psychotropics – Phenothiazine, butyrophenones (eg, haloperidol), perphenazine, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (eg, fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram), stimulants – Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, anticoagulants – Heparin, warfarin (during rebound hypercoagulable states), recreational drugs – Cocaine, hormones – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), tamoxifen, testosterone, androstenedione for athletic performance enhancement, herbal medicine – Ginkgo biloba with concurrent use of antipsychotic agents, miscellaneous agents – Metoclopramide, omeprazole, penile injection of cocaine, epidural infusion of morphine and bupivacaine. […] High-flow priapism may result from the following forms of genitourinary trauma: Straddle injury, intracavernous injections resulting in direct cavernosal artery injury, invasive treatments for low-flow priapism.

• #62 Priapism: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10042-priapism

  Priapism is a painful erection that lasts for several hours. It develops when blood remains in your penis and cant drain. It can occur without cause, or it may result from an underlying condition, nonmedical use of medications or injury. It requires immediate medical treatment to prevent permanent damage to your penis. […] Priapism needs immediate treatment. Without treatment, it can cause permanent damage. […] Up to 33% of all priapism cases dont have a known cause. […] Low-flow priapism causes may include an underlying health condition, including: Sickle cell disease, Blood cancer (leukemia), Malaria, Thalassemias, Black widow spider bites, Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, Penile cancer, An injury to your spinal cord or genital area. […] Other priapism causes may include recreational drug use (marijuana, cocaine and amphetamines) and use or nonmedical use of certain medications, including: Erectile dysfunction medications (phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and intracavernous injection therapy), Certain antidepression medications (trazodone), Certain antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications (chlorpromazine).

• #63 Priapism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/symptoms-causes/syc-20352005

  Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and other drugs can cause priapism, particularly ischemic priapism. […] A common cause of nonischemic priapism is trauma or injury to your penis, pelvis, or the region between the base of the penis and the anus (perineum). […] Other causes of priapism include: A spider bite, scorpion sting or other toxic infections, Metabolic disorders including gout or amyloidosis, Neurogenic disorders, such as a spinal cord injury or syphilis, Cancers involving the penis.

• #64 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Priapism can be idiopathic or can be secondary to a variety of diseases, conditions, or medications. In the United States, the most common cause of priapism in the adult population involves injectable agents used to treat erectile dysfunction. Internationally, most cases are idiopathic. […] The most common cause of priapism in the pediatric population is sickle cell disease (SCD), which is responsible for 65% of cases. […] Pharmacologically induced priapism is the etiology in 5% of children. […] Other secondary causes of low-flow priapism are the following thromboembolic/hypercoagulable states: Thalassemia, Fabry disease, Dialysis, Vasculitis, Fat embolism (from multiple long-bone fractures or intravenous infusion of lipids as part of total parenteral nutrition). […] Neurologic diseases that can result in low-flow priapism include spinal cord stenosis (ie, trauma to the medulla), autonomic neuropathy and cauda equina compression.

• #65 Priapism | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/priapism?content_id=CON-20164717

  Other causes of priapism include a spider bite, scorpion sting or other toxic infections, metabolic disorders including gout or amyloidosis, neurogenic disorders, such as a spinal cord injury or syphilis, and cancers involving the penis. […] Ischemic priapism can cause serious complications. The blood trapped in the penis is deprived of oxygen. When an erection lasts for too long usually more than four hours this lack of oxygen can begin to damage or destroy tissues in the penis. Untreated priapism can cause erectile dysfunction.

• #66 Priapism | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/priapism?content_id=CON-20164717

  Other causes of priapism include a spider bite, scorpion sting or other toxic infections, metabolic disorders including gout or amyloidosis, neurogenic disorders, such as a spinal cord injury or syphilis, and cancers involving the penis. […] Ischemic priapism can cause serious complications. The blood trapped in the penis is deprived of oxygen. When an erection lasts for too long usually more than four hours this lack of oxygen can begin to damage or destroy tissues in the penis. Untreated priapism can cause erectile dysfunction.

• #67 Priapism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459178/

  Additionally, antidepressants (trazodone) and illicit drugs, including cocaine, may also cause priapism. Less common causes include neoplastic processes (leukemias, melanoma, prostate cancer, renal cancer, and especially bladder cancer), neurologic disorders, Fabry disease, dialysis, fat embolisms, cauda equina syndrome, amyloidosis, and infections that produce a hypercoagulable state. […] Non-ischemic priapism is less common and usually results from direct trauma or injury. Priapism can also result from iatrogenic injury during surgical interventions, congenital arterial malformations, or cancer. […] Priapism is a relatively common complication of sickle cell disease in affected males. Most studies put the overall prevalence among men with sickle cell disease at between 35% and 45%. […] More than 95% of the priapism cases in sickle cell disease are ischemic. High pressure in the venous channels of the corpora due to mechanical venous obstruction and dysfunction decreases the venous return and eventually leads to corporal engorgement along with minimal arterial inflow.

• #68 Priapism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459178/

  Additionally, antidepressants (trazodone) and illicit drugs, including cocaine, may also cause priapism. Less common causes include neoplastic processes (leukemias, melanoma, prostate cancer, renal cancer, and especially bladder cancer), neurologic disorders, Fabry disease, dialysis, fat embolisms, cauda equina syndrome, amyloidosis, and infections that produce a hypercoagulable state. […] Non-ischemic priapism is less common and usually results from direct trauma or injury. Priapism can also result from iatrogenic injury during surgical interventions, congenital arterial malformations, or cancer. […] Priapism is a relatively common complication of sickle cell disease in affected males. Most studies put the overall prevalence among men with sickle cell disease at between 35% and 45%. […] More than 95% of the priapism cases in sickle cell disease are ischemic. High pressure in the venous channels of the corpora due to mechanical venous obstruction and dysfunction decreases the venous return and eventually leads to corporal engorgement along with minimal arterial inflow.

• #69 Priapism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/437237-overview

  Priapism can be idiopathic or can be secondary to a variety of diseases, conditions, or medications. In the United States, the most common cause of priapism in the adult population involves injectable agents used to treat erectile dysfunction. Internationally, most cases are idiopathic. […] The most common cause of priapism in the pediatric population is sickle cell disease (SCD), which is responsible for 65% of cases. […] Pharmacologically induced priapism is the etiology in 5% of children. […] Other secondary causes of low-flow priapism are the following thromboembolic/hypercoagulable states: Thalassemia, Fabry disease, Dialysis, Vasculitis, Fat embolism (from multiple long-bone fractures or intravenous infusion of lipids as part of total parenteral nutrition). […] Neurologic diseases that can result in low-flow priapism include spinal cord stenosis (ie, trauma to the medulla), autonomic neuropathy and cauda equina compression.

• #70 Priapism | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.renalandurologynews.com/ddi/priapism/

  A wide range of medications are associated with priapism, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, erectile dysfunction drugs, alpha-adrenergic blockers, and hormone therapy. In addition to sickle cell disease, other hematologic disorders have been linked to ischemic (acute and recurrent) priapism. These include thalassemia and polycythemia. […] Conditions that lead to hypercoagulable states including COVID-19 have also been associated with ischemic priapism. Metabolic disorders have been linked to ischemic priapism, including amyloidosis, Fabry disease, and gout. […] Nonischemic priapism is most commonly caused by traumatic injury that results in an arterio-venous fistula formation. […] Risk factors for ischemic priapism include the following: sickle cell disease and other hematologic disorders; intracavernosal drug injection; use of alcohol or illicit drugs; and use of certain prescription drugs. Risk factors for nonischemic priapism include the following: traumatic injury to the genitals, perineum, or pelvis; and history of genitourinary surgery.

• #71 Priapism: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10042-priapism

  Priapism is a painful erection that lasts for several hours. It develops when blood remains in your penis and cant drain. It can occur without cause, or it may result from an underlying condition, nonmedical use of medications or injury. It requires immediate medical treatment to prevent permanent damage to your penis. […] Priapism needs immediate treatment. Without treatment, it can cause permanent damage. […] Up to 33% of all priapism cases dont have a known cause. […] Low-flow priapism causes may include an underlying health condition, including: Sickle cell disease, Blood cancer (leukemia), Malaria, Thalassemias, Black widow spider bites, Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, Penile cancer, An injury to your spinal cord or genital area. […] Other priapism causes may include recreational drug use (marijuana, cocaine and amphetamines) and use or nonmedical use of certain medications, including: Erectile dysfunction medications (phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and intracavernous injection therapy), Certain antidepression medications (trazodone), Certain antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications (chlorpromazine).

• #72 Priapism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/symptoms-causes/syc-20352005

  Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and other drugs can cause priapism, particularly ischemic priapism. […] A common cause of nonischemic priapism is trauma or injury to your penis, pelvis, or the region between the base of the penis and the anus (perineum). […] Other causes of priapism include: A spider bite, scorpion sting or other toxic infections, Metabolic disorders including gout or amyloidosis, Neurogenic disorders, such as a spinal cord injury or syphilis, Cancers involving the penis.

• #73 Priapism: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10042-priapism

  Priapism is a painful erection that lasts for several hours. It develops when blood remains in your penis and cant drain. It can occur without cause, or it may result from an underlying condition, nonmedical use of medications or injury. It requires immediate medical treatment to prevent permanent damage to your penis. […] Priapism needs immediate treatment. Without treatment, it can cause permanent damage. […] Up to 33% of all priapism cases dont have a known cause. […] Low-flow priapism causes may include an underlying health condition, including: Sickle cell disease, Blood cancer (leukemia), Malaria, Thalassemias, Black widow spider bites, Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, Penile cancer, An injury to your spinal cord or genital area. […] Other priapism causes may include recreational drug use (marijuana, cocaine and amphetamines) and use or nonmedical use of certain medications, including: Erectile dysfunction medications (phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and intracavernous injection therapy), Certain antidepression medications (trazodone), Certain antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medications (chlorpromazine).

• #74 Priapism | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/priapism

  Priapism is an uncommon condition that causes a prolonged and often painful erection, which occurs without sexual stimulation. In a third of the cases, the cause is unknown. The remaining cases are caused by an associated condition, including sickle cell disease, pelvic tumors, pelvic infections, leukemia, genital trauma or spinal cord trauma, and medications or recreational drugs. […] Symptoms of priapism include a prolonged and often painful erection without sexual stimulation. […] Treatment for all forms of priapism aims to eliminate the erection and pain and preserve normal erectile function. Doctors recommend that anyone experiencing an erection lasting four hours should seek medical evaluation and treatment. […] Ischemic priapism is considered a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment. If left untreated, the condition can significantly damage erectile function. […] In one-third of the cases, the cause of priapism is unknown. A variety of medications or recreational drugs also can lead to priapism.

• #75 Priapism – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/mens-health/priapism/

  Priapism, a condition that causes long-lasting, painful erections, can be triggered by several factors. In about two-thirds of patients, it is caused by using certain drugs to treat erectile dysfunction. Sickle cell disease is another common cause, especially among African Americans, and it accounts for between 40% and 80% of adult priapism cases. […] Priapism can be caused by various factors, including certain blood disorders like sickle cell disease and thalassemia, conditions that increase blood clotting, certain medications (such as erectile dysfunction drugs, antidepressants, and antipsychotics), certain cancers, nerve disorders, kidney dialysis, specific infections, injuries or trauma to the penis, birth defects in the arteries, and sometimes there is no obvious cause. […] The prognosis for priapism depends on various factors, including the duration of symptoms, overall health, existing health conditions, and age of the patient. Generally, the longer someone has been experiencing symptoms, the worse their outcome may be. There is a high chance of long-term or permanent problems with erectile function, especially in prolonged cases of priapism, even when treated appropriately.

• #76 Priapism | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.renalandurologynews.com/ddi/priapism/

  A wide range of medications are associated with priapism, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, erectile dysfunction drugs, alpha-adrenergic blockers, and hormone therapy. In addition to sickle cell disease, other hematologic disorders have been linked to ischemic (acute and recurrent) priapism. These include thalassemia and polycythemia. […] Conditions that lead to hypercoagulable states including COVID-19 have also been associated with ischemic priapism. Metabolic disorders have been linked to ischemic priapism, including amyloidosis, Fabry disease, and gout. […] Nonischemic priapism is most commonly caused by traumatic injury that results in an arterio-venous fistula formation. […] Risk factors for ischemic priapism include the following: sickle cell disease and other hematologic disorders; intracavernosal drug injection; use of alcohol or illicit drugs; and use of certain prescription drugs. Risk factors for nonischemic priapism include the following: traumatic injury to the genitals, perineum, or pelvis; and history of genitourinary surgery.

• #77 Painful Erection | hims

  https://www.forhims.co.uk/conditions/painful-erection

  The following clinical conditions can cause pain during erections: Sleep-related painful erections, Priapism, Peyronie’s disease, Penile fracture, Infections, Phimosis, Friction burn, Hard flaccid syndrome. […] Pain during intercourse or when you’re aroused. […] Painful erections could be a sign of something serious and should be evaluated sooner rather than later. […] If your painful erection lasts more than 4 hours, it might be low-flow priapism, which is a true medical emergency. Seek emergency medical care right away. Left untreated, priapism can lead to permanent ED or other sexual problems. […] Priapism is a serious medical emergency. If left untreated, it can cause permanent erectile tissue damage and long-term ED. […] Painful erections have different risk factors based on what’s causing them. […] People with blood disorders that affect blood flow, like sickle cell anemia, have an increased risk of priapism.

• #78 Priapism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.instituteofurology.in/priapism-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Priapism is a medical condition characterized by an erection that lasts for more than four hours without sexual stimulation. This condition is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Priapism can affect males of all ages, but it is most common in men between the ages of 20 and 50. […] This prolonged erection is painful and can damage the penis permanently if not treated promptly. […] Ischemic priapism, also known as low flow priapism, is the most common type of priapism. It occurs when the blood flow to the penis is blocked or reduced, leading to a lack of oxygen and nutrients to the penis tissues. This can cause damage to the tissues and nerves in the penis, leading to long-term erectile dysfunction if not treated promptly. […] Ischemic priapism is usually painful and can last for several hours or even days if left untreated. It is more common in men with sickle cell anemia, as the abnormal sickle-shaped red blood cells can block the blood vessels in the penis. Ischemic priapism can also be caused by medications, such as blood thinners, and recreational drugs, such as cocaine.

• #79 Priapism – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/symptoms-of-genitourinary-disorders/priapism

  Young males, often of African or Mediterranean descent. […] Priapism requires urgent treatment to prevent chronic complications (primarily erectile dysfunction). […] In patients with ischemic priapism, physical examination typically reveals complete rigidity with pain and tenderness of the corpus cavernosa and sparing of the glans and corpus spongiosum. […] Treatment should begin immediately, typically with aspiration of blood from the base of 1 of the corpora cavernosa using a nonheparinized syringe, often with saline irrigation and intracavernous injection of the alpha-receptor agonist phenylephrine. […] If these measures are unsuccessful or if priapism has lasted 48 hours (and is thus unlikely to resolve with these measures), a surgical shunt can be created between the corpus cavernosum and glans penis or corpus spongiosum and another vein.

• #80 Complications of SCD: Priapism (Painful Erection of the Penis) | Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sickle-cell/complications/priapism.html

  Sickled red blood cells in the penis can cause a persistent and often painful erection of the penis, known as priapism. Priapism can be considered major, with episodes lasting four hours or more, or stuttering, with recurrent episodes lasting a few minutes to up to three hours. […] Episodes lasting four hours or more are associated with a greater risk of permanent tissue damage so its important to seek medical care immediately.

• #81 The Hard Facts on Drug-induced Priapism (Long-lasting Erections)

  https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/PUArticles/September2014Drug_InducedPriapism.htm

  Priapism is a persistent, often painful, penile erection lasting more than four hours that is not associated with sexual interest or stimulation. […] Drug-induced priapism most commonly occurs with antipsychotics and can also occur with a range of medicines. […] The known causes or conditions associated with priapism include medicines, haematological disorders (eg, sickle cell disease, leukaemia), metabolic disorders (eg, amyloidosis, gout), and recreational drugs (eg, alcohol, cannabis, cocaine). […] Drug-induced priapism can occur with a range of medicines; antipsychotics are the most common cause. […] There have only been a few reported cases of priapism with the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, used to treat erectile dysfunction. […] Priapism has also been associated with methylphenidate treatment, both with dose increases and decreases.

• #82 Priapism: Causes, Treatment & Diagnosis | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/priapism

  A common cause for non-ischemic priapism is trauma or injury to the penis, pelvis, or perineum. […] Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, other drug usages, and alcohol can be a cause for priapism. […] Other potential causes of priapism include spider bites (black widow), scorpion bites, other toxic infections, metabolic disorders, neurogenic disorders, and cancers that involve the penis.

• #83 Prolonged erection | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/prolonged-erection

  The most common causes of priapism include: a side effect of medicines used to treat erectile dysfunction, sickle cell disease, which involves problems with red blood cell, using some recreational or illegal drugs, rarely, some serious diseases like cancer or blood disorders that increase the clotting factors of blood, injury due to damage to the arteries that supply blood to the penis. […] Priapism is a medical emergency. The sooner you treat it, the less risk that the penis will be damaged. If it’s not treated within 24 hours your penis may be permanently damaged and you might have trouble getting an erection in future. […] The main complication of priapism is erectile dysfunction. The longer the episode of priapism lasts, the more likely you are to develop erectile dysfunction. If you’ve had one priapism episode, you’re more likely to have another compared to someone who hasn’t experienced it before.

• #84 Priapism | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.renalandurologynews.com/ddi/priapism/

  A wide range of medications are associated with priapism, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, erectile dysfunction drugs, alpha-adrenergic blockers, and hormone therapy. In addition to sickle cell disease, other hematologic disorders have been linked to ischemic (acute and recurrent) priapism. These include thalassemia and polycythemia. […] Conditions that lead to hypercoagulable states including COVID-19 have also been associated with ischemic priapism. Metabolic disorders have been linked to ischemic priapism, including amyloidosis, Fabry disease, and gout. […] Nonischemic priapism is most commonly caused by traumatic injury that results in an arterio-venous fistula formation. […] Risk factors for ischemic priapism include the following: sickle cell disease and other hematologic disorders; intracavernosal drug injection; use of alcohol or illicit drugs; and use of certain prescription drugs. Risk factors for nonischemic priapism include the following: traumatic injury to the genitals, perineum, or pelvis; and history of genitourinary surgery.

• #85 Priapism: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10042-priapism

  Without treatment, priapism can permanently damage your penis. Your blood contains oxygen, which the cells in your body use to create energy. If you have priapism, the trapped blood eventually runs out of oxygen, which can harm the tissues in your penis. Untreated priapism can cause: Scarring of the tissues inside the penis, Erectile dysfunction (ED).

• #86 Priapism | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.renalandurologynews.com/ddi/priapism/

  The prognosis for priapism depends on the type of priapism and duration of symptoms. Ischemic priapism has a good prognosis if detumescence is achieved within 6 hours. The longer the duration, the more likely a patient is to develop some degree of erectile dysfunction. […] Most complications of priapism are seen in ischemic but not nonischemic disease. Erectile dysfunction is perhaps the most common complication. The risk of erectile dysfunction increases with the duration of ischemic priapism. Duration of ischemic priapism is the primary determinant of complication severity. At 6 hours, early damage to penile tissue begins. At 12 hours, irreversible damage to corporal smooth muscle occurs. Cellular damage to the basement membrane and sinusoidal endothelium occurs at 24 hours. Within 36 hours, fibrosis and permanent erectile dysfunction begin.

• #87 Priapism | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.renalandurologynews.com/ddi/priapism/

  The prognosis for priapism depends on the type of priapism and duration of symptoms. Ischemic priapism has a good prognosis if detumescence is achieved within 6 hours. The longer the duration, the more likely a patient is to develop some degree of erectile dysfunction. […] Most complications of priapism are seen in ischemic but not nonischemic disease. Erectile dysfunction is perhaps the most common complication. The risk of erectile dysfunction increases with the duration of ischemic priapism. Duration of ischemic priapism is the primary determinant of complication severity. At 6 hours, early damage to penile tissue begins. At 12 hours, irreversible damage to corporal smooth muscle occurs. Cellular damage to the basement membrane and sinusoidal endothelium occurs at 24 hours. Within 36 hours, fibrosis and permanent erectile dysfunction begin.

• #88 Priapism | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.renalandurologynews.com/ddi/priapism/

  The prognosis for priapism depends on the type of priapism and duration of symptoms. Ischemic priapism has a good prognosis if detumescence is achieved within 6 hours. The longer the duration, the more likely a patient is to develop some degree of erectile dysfunction. […] Most complications of priapism are seen in ischemic but not nonischemic disease. Erectile dysfunction is perhaps the most common complication. The risk of erectile dysfunction increases with the duration of ischemic priapism. Duration of ischemic priapism is the primary determinant of complication severity. At 6 hours, early damage to penile tissue begins. At 12 hours, irreversible damage to corporal smooth muscle occurs. Cellular damage to the basement membrane and sinusoidal endothelium occurs at 24 hours. Within 36 hours, fibrosis and permanent erectile dysfunction begin.

• #89 Priapism | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.renalandurologynews.com/ddi/priapism/

  The prognosis for priapism depends on the type of priapism and duration of symptoms. Ischemic priapism has a good prognosis if detumescence is achieved within 6 hours. The longer the duration, the more likely a patient is to develop some degree of erectile dysfunction. […] Most complications of priapism are seen in ischemic but not nonischemic disease. Erectile dysfunction is perhaps the most common complication. The risk of erectile dysfunction increases with the duration of ischemic priapism. Duration of ischemic priapism is the primary determinant of complication severity. At 6 hours, early damage to penile tissue begins. At 12 hours, irreversible damage to corporal smooth muscle occurs. Cellular damage to the basement membrane and sinusoidal endothelium occurs at 24 hours. Within 36 hours, fibrosis and permanent erectile dysfunction begin.

• #90

  https://step2.medbullets.com/renal/121710/priapism

  Symptoms include persistent erection that is painful or uncomfortable. […] Physical exam reveals a painful penile shaft. […] Ischemic (low flow) priapism presents with thick, dark aspirates from corpus cavernosum and is very painful and rigid. […] Nonischemic (high flow) priapism presents with bright, red aspirates from corpus cavernosum and is typically less painful and rigid. […] Prolonged episodes 24-48 hours can result in necrosis, leading to erectile dysfunction.

• #91 Priapism | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.renalandurologynews.com/ddi/priapism/

  The prognosis for priapism depends on the type of priapism and duration of symptoms. Ischemic priapism has a good prognosis if detumescence is achieved within 6 hours. The longer the duration, the more likely a patient is to develop some degree of erectile dysfunction. […] Most complications of priapism are seen in ischemic but not nonischemic disease. Erectile dysfunction is perhaps the most common complication. The risk of erectile dysfunction increases with the duration of ischemic priapism. Duration of ischemic priapism is the primary determinant of complication severity. At 6 hours, early damage to penile tissue begins. At 12 hours, irreversible damage to corporal smooth muscle occurs. Cellular damage to the basement membrane and sinusoidal endothelium occurs at 24 hours. Within 36 hours, fibrosis and permanent erectile dysfunction begin.

• #92 Priapism – Symptoms – Emergency Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/urology/other/priapism/

  Around 90% of cases with priapism lasting 24 hours do not regain the ability to have intercourse. Penile prosthesis insertion may be considered in such cases; the role of prosthesis in this setting is both treatment of the priapism as well as the inevitable consequence of erectile dysfunction. […] Priapism is an unwanted painful erection of the penis, not associated with sexual desire, lasting for more than one hour. Priapism can be classified into ischaemic, non-ischaemic, and stuttering priapism. Obtaining a corporeal blood gas will aid in initial assessment of the priapism and can be followed up by corporeal aspiration.

• #93 Treating Priapism: A Prolonged, Painful Erection | Invigor Medical

  https://www.invigormedical.com/erectile-dysfunction/treating-priapism-a-prolonged-painful-erection/?srsltid=AfmBOoqb6cYa3m2ZBmFI1mrW3JeoAUBsAoAAFHLbAVtIKHdzCt9PGGOP

  Non-ischemic priapism occurs when blood is continually pumped into an already engorged penis. The most common cause of non-ischemic priapism is an injury to the perineum or an abnormal connection between blood vessels. […] When the smooth muscle lining the corpora cavernosa fails to relax, blood remains trapped in these cavities for too long. This blood becomes depleted of oxygen and more acidic, depriving penile tissue of oxygen and nutrients. […] 90% of men with ischemic priapism do not regain the ability to have penetrative sex if priapism lasts 24 hours or longer. […] Prolonged erections that last longer than 4 hours are a medical emergency and require emergent treatment.

• #94 Priapism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.instituteofurology.in/priapism-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Fibrosis: Prolonged and untreated priapism can lead to the formation of scar tissue in the penis, causing a condition called fibrosis. This can result in a curvature of the penis during erection, making sexual intercourse difficult or impossible. […] Psychological Distress: Priapism can cause significant psychological distress, anxiety, and depression, especially if it leads to permanent erectile dysfunction.

• #95 Priapism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.instituteofurology.in/priapism-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  There are several causes of priapism, including: Sickle cell anemia: This is a genetic condition that affects the red blood cells, causing them to become stiff and form a crescent shape. This shape makes it difficult for the blood to flow through the blood vessels, leading to priapism. […] Medications: Certain medications, such as those used to treat erectile dysfunction, can cause priapism as a side effect. […] Spinal cord injuries: Injuries to the spinal cord can disrupt the nerve signals that control the blood flow to the penis, leading to priapism. […] Alcohol and drug abuse: Alcohol and drug abuse can cause priapism by affecting the blood flow to the penis. […] If left untreated or not treated adequately, priapism can lead to several complications, including: Erectile Dysfunction: Priapism can cause permanent damage to the tissues and nerves in the penis, leading to long-term erectile dysfunction.

• #96 Priapism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments | Rex MD

  https://rexmd.com/learn/priapism-causes-symptoms-treatments

  Priapism is a medical condition characterized by prolonged and often painful erections that occur without sexual stimulation. […] Priapism can result in erections that last for hours or, in severe cases, even days. […] Ischemic priapism occurs when blood becomes trapped in the penis, leading to oxygen deprivation and tissue damage. Its typically painful and requires immediate medical attention. […] Sickle cell disease: Individuals with sickle cell disease are at a higher risk of developing priapism due to the abnormal shape of their red blood cells, which can obstruct blood flow. […] Trauma to the genital area: Injury to the penis or perineum can disrupt blood flow, leading to priapism. […] Non-ischemic priapism is usually caused by trauma to the penis or perineum. […] Prolonged episodes of priapism can cause permanent damage to the erectile tissue, leading to erectile dysfunction. […] In severe cases, priapism can cause scarring and fibrosis of the penile tissue, resulting in a permanent deformity known as Peyronie’s disease. […] Severe, untreated priapism can lead to tissue necrosis (death of tissue) and gangrene, which may require surgical intervention.

• #97 Priapism: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.instituteofurology.in/priapism-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Fibrosis: Prolonged and untreated priapism can lead to the formation of scar tissue in the penis, causing a condition called fibrosis. This can result in a curvature of the penis during erection, making sexual intercourse difficult or impossible. […] Psychological Distress: Priapism can cause significant psychological distress, anxiety, and depression, especially if it leads to permanent erectile dysfunction.

• #98 Priapism: Treatment, causes, symptoms, and types

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318737

  Treatment of priapism depends on the type and the cause. […] If the penis has been erect for fewer than 4 hours, decongestant medications to decrease blood flow to the penis can be effective at reducing the erection. […] If the erection has lasted for 4-6 hours, medication is usually effective. […] After 6 hours, or if medication is unsuccessful, other measures are needed. […] If ice packs and aspiration are unsuccessful, surgery may be needed to restore normal blood flow to the penis. […] With quick treatment, the prognosis for someone with priapism is good. […] However, if someone delays treatment, hoping it will go away on its own, permanent damage to the penis can occur.

• #99 Priapism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459178/

  The initial approach to ischemic priapism is to treat it as a true emergency. Any priapism episode lasting four hours or longer requires early intervention to decrease the likelihood of irreversible corporal damage and future erectile dysfunction. […] Surgical intervention will be required if medical therapy fails. A prolonged duration of the priapism (15.5 hours) and the failure of 1,000 mcg of injected, diluted phenylephrine solution after aspiration and normal saline irrigation suggests the likely need for surgical intervention such as a shunt. […] The prognosis of patients with priapism depends on age, duration of symptoms, and the underlying cause. If the priapism is present for less than 24 hours, then the chances of remaining potent are high, but if the duration is more than 72 hours, the risk of remaining potent is greatly diminished.

• #100 Priapism | Diagnosis & Disease Information

  https://www.renalandurologynews.com/ddi/priapism/

  A wide range of medications are associated with priapism, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, erectile dysfunction drugs, alpha-adrenergic blockers, and hormone therapy. In addition to sickle cell disease, other hematologic disorders have been linked to ischemic (acute and recurrent) priapism. These include thalassemia and polycythemia. […] Conditions that lead to hypercoagulable states including COVID-19 have also been associated with ischemic priapism. Metabolic disorders have been linked to ischemic priapism, including amyloidosis, Fabry disease, and gout. […] Nonischemic priapism is most commonly caused by traumatic injury that results in an arterio-venous fistula formation. […] Risk factors for ischemic priapism include the following: sickle cell disease and other hematologic disorders; intracavernosal drug injection; use of alcohol or illicit drugs; and use of certain prescription drugs. Risk factors for nonischemic priapism include the following: traumatic injury to the genitals, perineum, or pelvis; and history of genitourinary surgery.

• #101 Priapism – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/symptoms-causes/syc-20352005

  Priapism is a prolonged erection of the penis. The main types of priapism are ischemic and nonischemic. Ischemic priapism is a medical emergency. […] Priapism occurs when some part of this system the blood, vessels, smooth muscles or nerves changes normal blood flow, and an erection persists. The underlying cause of priapism often can’t be determined, but several conditions may play a role. […] Blood-related diseases might contribute to priapism usually ischemic priapism, when blood isn’t able to flow out of the penis. These disorders include: Sickle cell disease, Leukemia, Other blood diseases (hematologic dyscrasias), such as thalassemia and multiple myeloma. […] Priapism, usually ischemic priapism, is a possible side effect of a number of drugs, including: Medications injected directly into the penis to treat erectile dysfunction, such as alprostadil (Caverject, Edex, others), papaverine, phentolamine (Oraverse) and others.

• #102 Priapism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459178/

  The initial approach to ischemic priapism is to treat it as a true emergency. Any priapism episode lasting four hours or longer requires early intervention to decrease the likelihood of irreversible corporal damage and future erectile dysfunction. […] Surgical intervention will be required if medical therapy fails. A prolonged duration of the priapism (15.5 hours) and the failure of 1,000 mcg of injected, diluted phenylephrine solution after aspiration and normal saline irrigation suggests the likely need for surgical intervention such as a shunt. […] The prognosis of patients with priapism depends on age, duration of symptoms, and the underlying cause. If the priapism is present for less than 24 hours, then the chances of remaining potent are high, but if the duration is more than 72 hours, the risk of remaining potent is greatly diminished.

• #103 Priapism: Treatment, causes, symptoms, and types

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318737

  Treatment of priapism depends on the type and the cause. […] If the penis has been erect for fewer than 4 hours, decongestant medications to decrease blood flow to the penis can be effective at reducing the erection. […] If the erection has lasted for 4-6 hours, medication is usually effective. […] After 6 hours, or if medication is unsuccessful, other measures are needed. […] If ice packs and aspiration are unsuccessful, surgery may be needed to restore normal blood flow to the penis. […] With quick treatment, the prognosis for someone with priapism is good. […] However, if someone delays treatment, hoping it will go away on its own, permanent damage to the penis can occur.

• #104 Priapism – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/priapism/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352010

  If you have an erection lasting more than four hours, you need emergency care. […] The emergency room doctor will determine whether you have ischemic priapism or nonischemic priapism. This is necessary because the treatment for each is different, and treatment for ischemic priapism needs to happen as soon as possible. […] To determine what type of priapism you have, your doctor will ask questions and examine your genitals, abdomen, groin and perineum. Your doctor might be able to determine what type of priapism you have based on whether you’re experiencing pain and the rigidity of the penis. […] Diagnostic tests might be needed to determine what type of priapism you have. Additional tests might identify the cause of priapism. […] Ischemic priapism the result of blood not being able to exit the penis is an emergency situation that requires immediate treatment.

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