Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Colon polyps – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20352875

  A colon polyp is a small clump of cells that forms on the lining of the colon. […] Your risk for colorectal cancer also is higher if you are overweight, smoke, have a personal history of colon polyps, or a family history of advanced colon polyps or colorectal cancer. […] Healthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way. Changes in certain cells can lead to continued dividing even when new cells aren’t needed. In the colon and rectum, this continued growth of cells can cause polyps to form. Polyps can grow anywhere in the large intestine. […] There are two main categories of polyps, nonneoplastic and neoplastic. Nonneoplastic polyps typically do not become cancerous. Neoplastic polyps include adenomas and serrated lesions. Most cases of colorectal cancer arise from an adenoma that has been present for a long time. However, serrated lesions also can become cancerous. In general for neoplastic polyps, the larger the polyp, the greater the risk of cancer.

• #2 Bowel polyps

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-polyps/

  Bowel polyps are small growths on the lining of the large intestine (colon) or rectum. […] The exact cause of bowel polyps is not known. It’s thought they’re caused by the body producing too many cells in the lining of the bowel. […] You may be more likely to develop bowel polyps if: a member of your family has had bowel polyps or bowel cancer; you’re over 50 (around 1 in 4 people over 50 will have at least 1 polyp); you have inflammatory bowel disease, which includes ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease; you’re overweight or smoke.

• #3 Colon Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15370-colon-polyps

  Colon polyps are growths on the inside lining of your colon (large intestine). Theyre a type of tumor, a cluster or mass of abnormal cells. Polyps are tumors that grow out of the mucous lining inside your hollow organs, like your gastrointestinal tract, your nose or female reproductive organs. […] Colon polyps are common, and many are harmless. But some types can grow into cancer if they arent removed. This is why healthcare providers look for polyps in your colon during a colonoscopy, an exam inside your colon. While polyps arent cancer, almost all colorectal cancer starts from a polyp. […] Genetic mutations are the main cause of colon polyps. These are errors in the genetic code that your cells use to reproduce themselves. The cells in your colon lining replace themselves often, so there are more chances for errors to occur. When their code changes, they grow and behave differently.

• #4 Colon Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Num

  https://www.pacehospital.com/colon-polyps-symptoms-causes-types-treatment-prevention

  Colon polyps are abnormal tissue growths that develop on the inner lining of the colon. They vary in size, shape, and potential for malignancy, with some remaining benign while others can progress to colorectal cancer. Most polyps are asymptomatic and are detected incidentally during routine colonoscopy. Risk factors include age, genetic predisposition, diet, and lifestyle habits. […] A complex interaction of environmental, behavioural, inflammatory, and genetic factors results in aberrant cell growth in the colonic mucosa, which in turn causes colon polyps. Although the exact cause is unknown, a number of important factors play a role in their formation. […] Colon polyps, especially adenomatous polyps, which can evolve into colorectal cancer, are largely caused by genetic changes. Uncontrolled cell division, abnormal growth patterns, and the breakdown of regulatory systems that prevent excessive tissue proliferation are all consequences of these mutations.

• #5 Colon Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Types (Tubular Adenoma, Sessile)

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/colorectal-cancer/risk-factors/colon-polyps

  A colon polyp is a small growth of tissue inside the colon, or large intestine. Although most colon polyps are harmless, some may turn into colorectal cancer or already be cancerous. […] Although researchers dont know the exact cause of colon polyps, certain factors may increase a patients risk of developing them. These risk factors include: Being older than age 45, Having a family member who has had colon polyps or colon cancer, Having had a previous diagnosis of colon polyps. […] The percentage of colon polyps that are cancerous or become cancerous depend on a variety of factors, including the type and size of the polyp and when it formed. It may take up to 10 years for some polyps to become cancerous. […] Colon polyps can grow back. Research indicates that as many as 60 percent of polyps may grow back within three years. Also, about 30 percent of patients who’ve had polyps removed develop new ones. This is why it is important to talk to the care team about follow-up screening within five years after the polyps are removed. […] Eating a healthy diet may reduce the risk for developing colon polyps. Specifically, research suggests that eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables and fiber-containing foods such as bran cereal and beans may help prevent colon polyps.

• #6 Colon Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Removal

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15370-colon-polyps

  Some gene mutations are passed down through families (these are hereditary syndromes). Others appear to be random, but they probably have multiple contributing causes. Researchers believe that sporadic colon polyps may be partly inherited and partly triggered by environmental risk factors. […] You’re more likely to have sporadic colon polyps if you have a first-degree relative who’s had them. You may also have colon polyps associated with a specific hereditary syndrome. […] Environmental risk factors are factors related to where and how you live that can affect your colon health. They include your physical environment, social environment and lifestyle habits. […] Environmental risk factors that may contribute to colon polyps include: Aging, Smoking, Heavy alcohol use, High-fat, low-fiber diet, Lack of exercise, Obesity, Diabetes, Inflammatory bowel disease. […] Inflammatory pseudopolyps aren’t true polyps and aren’t caused by genetic mutations. They’re ulcers that healed to form bump-like scars that look like polyps. Chronic inflammation in your colon (colitis) is the usual cause of these ulcers. They’re often related to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

• #7 Causes and Risk Factors of Colon Polyps | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/digestion-and-metabolic-health/colon-polyps/causes.html

  Experts are not sure what causes colon polyps. It is probably a combination of environmental factors and genetics. […] However, certain people are at higher risk for getting them, especially if you:

• #8 Colon Polyps – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430761/

  Risk factors include advancing age, male gender, high-fat, low-fiber diet, tobacco use, and excess alcohol intake (more than eight drinks a week). Individuals with a family history of polyps, colorectal cancer, and intestinal polyposis carry a higher risk of developing colon polyps. Inflammatory bowel disease was found to be associated with decreased prevalence of polyps. […] The clinical significance of polyps arises from the fact that more than 95% of colon adenocarcinoma originate from polyps. Polyps develop into cancer after inactivation of tumor suppressor genes as adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), or mismatch repair genes (MLH1). Genetics play a significant role; familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is autosomal dominant, and the majority of affected patients develop colorectal cancer (CRC) by age 40. Juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) is also autosomal dominant. Fifty to sixty percent of patients have a mutation in the SMAD4 or BMPR1A gene. By age 35, 20% of patients develop CRC. Other forms of inheritance exist as in MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP) which is autosomal recessive caused by biallelic mutations in MUTYH gene.

• #9 Colon Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment & Prevention PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Num

  https://www.pacehospital.com/colon-polyps-symptoms-causes-types-treatment-prevention

  The Adenomatous Polyposis coli (APC) gene works as a tumor suppressor, regulating cell growth. Mutations in the APC gene lead to dysregulated cell division, increasing the likelihood of adenoma formation. […] Inflammatory conditions affecting the colon can lead to polyp formation due to continuous epithelial damage, repair, and abnormal tissue remodeling. […] Diet and lifestyle choices play crucial role in the formation of colon polyps by affecting intestinal health, inflammation, and oxidative stress levels. […] Both smoking and excessive alcohol intake significantly increase the risk of polyp formation and colorectal cancer. […] The risk of colon polyps increases with age, particularly after the age of 50.

• #10 Colon Polyps: Types, Pictures, Causes, Symptoms & Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/colon_polyps/article.htm

  Colon polyps are growths that occur on the inner lining of the large intestine (colon) and usually protrude into the colon. Polyps form when the genetic material within the cells lining the colon changes and becomes abnormal (mutates). […] Most adenomatous polyps are considered sporadic, that is, they do not stem from a recognized genetic mutation that is present at birth (are not familial). Nevertheless, the risk of having colon polyps greater than one centimeter in size or developing colon cancer is two-fold greater if a first-degree relative has colon polyps greater than one centimeter in size. Therefore, there is likely to be a genetic factor working even in sporadic adenomatous polyps. […] In the most common of these conditions, hundreds to thousands of adenomatous polyps form (familial adenomatous polyposis or FAP) as a result of a mutation in the APC gene.

• #11 Colonic Polyps: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/172674-overview

  Identification and characterization of the genetic factors leading to the various syndromes is progressing. Most of the mutant genes in these syndromes have been identified. Note the following: At the genetic level, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is understood the best. This is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by truncating mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. […] Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)/Lynch syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the DNA mismatch repair proteins. […] Cowden disease is associated with mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homology on chromosome 10 (PTEN) protein phosphatase. […] MUTYH polyposis is a recessive disorder of base excision repair.

• #12 Colorectal Polyps: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/digestive/colorectal-diseases/colorectal-polyps

  Colorectal polyps develop from abnormal tissue growth. As the lining of the large intestine constantly renews itself, a faulty gene can cause cells to multiply at a more rapid rate. […] Doctors dont exactly know what causes polyps in the lining of the colon, or why only a small percentage of colorectal polyps evolve into cancer. […] While the precise cause of why colorectal polyps develop is unknown, there are a host of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors that may increase your likelihood of having them. […] Risk factors for developing colorectal polyps include: Smoking and alcohol use. Age. People over the age of 40 are more likely to have colon polyps. Family history of colon polyps. Most people with an average risk of colon polyps begin screening tests at age 45. But if a close family member has a history of polyps, your doctor may recommend earlier (first colonoscopy at age 35, or 10 years before your relative was diagnosed) and more frequent screenings. Hereditary disorders. These can cause genetic mutations, including Lynch syndrome, Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), Gardners syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), and serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS), increasing the risk of colorectal polyps. Unhealthy diet. Certain foods have been linked to an increased risk of polyps. […] Foods associated with an increased risk of developing colon polyps include: Fried and fatty foods. Red meat, including beef and pork. Processed meats, including sausage, hot dogs, bacon, and deli meats.

• #13 Colon polyps – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20352875

  Hereditary disorders are conditions passed down from parents. Rarely, people inherit genetic variants that cause colon polyps to form and increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] Conditions that cause colon polyps include: Lynch syndrome, also called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. […] Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), a rare disorder that causes hundreds or even thousands of polyps to develop in the lining of the colon during the teenage years. […] MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP), a condition similar to FAP that is caused by changes in the MUTYH gene. […] Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, a condition that usually begins with freckles developing all over the body, including the lips, gums and feet. […] Juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS), an inherited condition that is most common in children ages 1 to 7, though it sometimes happens in adults. […] Serrated polyposis syndrome is most often a condition that is not inherited but defined based upon polyp history. […] Some colon polyps may become cancerous. The earlier polyps are removed, the less likely it is that they will become cancerous.

• #14 Colorectal polyp – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_polyp

  Colorectal polyps are often classified by their behaviour (i.e. benign vs. malignant) or cause (e.g. as a consequence of inflammatory bowel disease). They may be benign (e.g. hyperplastic polyp), pre-malignant (e.g. tubular adenoma) or malignant (e.g. colorectal adenocarcinoma). […] Hereditary syndromes causing increased colorectal polyp formation include: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, PeutzJeghers syndrome, Juvenile polyposis syndrome. […] Several genes have been associated with polyposis, such as GREM1, MSH3, MLH3, NTHL1, RNF43 and RPS20. […] The syndrome is associated with malfunction of serine-threonine kinase 11 or STK 11 gene, and has a 210% increase in risk of developing cancer of the intestinal tract. […] The syndrome also causes increased risk of extraintestinal cancer such as that involving breast, ovary, cervix, fallopian tubes, thyroid, lung, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, and testicles.

• #15 Colorectal polyp – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_polyp

  Individuals with multiple juvenile polyps have at least 10% chance of developing malignancy and should undergo abdominal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis, and close monitoring via endoscopy of rectum. […] Diet and lifestyle are believed to play a large role in whether colorectal polyps form. Studies show there to be a protective link between consumption of cooked green vegetables, brown rice, legumes, and dried fruit and decreased incidence of colorectal polyps. […] Malignant potential is associated with degree of dysplasia, Type of polyp (e.g. villous adenoma), Size of polyp.

• #16 What Causes Colon Polyps? – Precision Digestive Care

  https://precisiondigestivecare.com/what-causes-colon-polyps/

  When it comes to colon cancer prevention, the polyp is the key player to know. Colon polyps, called adenomas, are precancerous growths originating from the inner lining of the colon wall. […] Polyps are important to know about because they are the precursors to colon cancer. That is, virtually all cases of colon cancer began many years earlier as a small polyp growing in the colon. […] By understanding what causes colon polyps, we can understand what causes colon cancer. Here are some risks factors for getting colon cancer/polyps that an individual cannot change: Age: The risk tends to go up as one gets older. […] However, roughly half of all cases of colon cancer (and by extension, colon polyps) are a result of modifiable risk factors. These are the things that you can control. […] Alcohol use is closely tied to colon cancer risk.

• #17 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes

  Your risk of developing bowel (colon and rectal) cancer depends on many things including age, genetics and lifestyle factors. […] Eating too much red and processed meat increases the risk of bowel cancer. It is estimated that around 13 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 13%) in the UK are linked to eating processed meats. […] Eating lots of fibre reduces your risk of bowel cancer. Eating too little fibre causes 28 in 100 bowel cancers (28%) in the UK. […] Obesity is a cause of bowel cancer. It is estimated that 11 out of 100 bowel cancers (11%) in the UK are linked to being overweight or obese. […] 7 out of 100 bowel cancers (7%) in the UK are linked to smoking. […] Alcohol increases the risk of bowel cancer. It has been estimated that around 6 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 6%) in the UK are linked to drinking alcohol.

• #18 What Causes Colon Polyps? | Colorectal Cancer Specialists at Compass

  https://www.compassoncology.com/blog/what-causes-colon-polyps

  You may know that colon polyps can lead to colon cancer, but you may not know what causes colon polyps. The answers may surprise you. […] Most polyps do not cause symptoms, although larger colon polyps can cause blood in the stool. While most colon polyps are harmless, some can develop into colon cancer. […] Medical researchers have not yet established the exact cause of colon polyps in all cases, but they have determined that certain factors can increase your risk of developing colon polyps. […] Colon polyps are uncommon in people in their 20s, according to the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE), but more than 40% of people in their 50s have precancerous colon polyps. […] You may be at higher risk of developing colon polyps if someone in your family has had polyps or colon cancer.

• #19 Colon Polyps – Shore Gastroenterology Associates

  https://shoregastro.com/conditions-and-diseases/colon-polyps/

  According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, it’s estimated that between 15 to 40 percent of adults will develop colon polyps in their lifetime. […] Technically, a colon polyp is a result of genetic cells in the colon’s lining. There are some risk factors that you can control, such as lifestyle and diet, and factors that you cannot, such as a family history of colon cancer. Risk factors you can control include: […] When it comes to factors you cannot control, these include: […] If you suspect you may have colon polyps and you have a family history of them, you may be able to be screened earlier to receive a colon polyps diagnosis.

• #20 What Are the Main Causes of Colon Polyps? – Digestive Health Services

  https://dighealth.org/posts/what-are-the-main-causes-of-colon-polyps/

  Anyone can develop colon polyps, and in fact 30% of those over the age of 50 have them regardless of ethnicity or gender. […] Some percentage of these polyps can become cancerous. […] The percentage of polyps that are cancerous or become cancerous depends on several factors like their size and shape when it formed. […] It can take up to 10 years for a polyp to become cancerous. […] Sessile polyps are slightly raised like a bump. They are also known as adenomas and can be better characterized by seeing them under a microscope. This type of polyp is more likely to develop into cancer. […] Pedunculated polyps are raised on a stalk and look like a cauliflower or mushroom. They have a saw-toothed appearance under a microscope and can become cancerous. […] A third type called non-neoplastic polyps do not become cancerous. They consist of polyps derived from inflammation, damaged tissue, or a mixture of cells due to faulty development.

• #21 Factors that Increase Risk of Colon Polyps

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2780253/

  Adenomatous polyps are common and factors that increase risk include race, gender, smoking, and obesity. […] The importance of identification and removal of polyps for the prevention of colorectal cancer is clear. […] Those with increased risk may warrant adjustment of surveillance recommendations to identify lesions early, before malignant transformation occurs. […] There are several factors, including race, which can lead to a different distribution of neoplasms within the colon making evaluation of the proximal colon even more prudent for high-risk groups. […] The current capacity of those performing screening colonoscopy is exceeded by demand. Screening recommendations depend on data from epidemiologic studies; thus, incorporating specific risk factors may help triage patients for colorectal screening.

• #22 Colon polyps: 10 things to know | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/colon-polyps–10-things-to-know.h00-159538167.html

  Men are more likely to develop colon polyps than women. […] Certain genetic syndromes can also predispose people to developing colon polyps and colorectal cancer. […] A significant family history of colon polyps, particularly pre-cancerous polyps, may also result in more frequent monitoring, and potentially earlier monitoring, than average-risk patients. […] Not all of them will turn into cancer. Even those that could turn into cancer someday aren’t necessarily guaranteed to. They just have the potential. […] Certain colon polyp features are more worrisome than others, but shape is not generally among them. […] The more pre-cancerous polyps someone has, the higher their risk will be. […] The vast majority of people with polyps have no symptoms at all. […] Polyps themselves are not cancer. Some just have the potential to develop into it. We remove them so they never have that chance.

• #23 Polyps in the bowel – Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/polyps-in-the-bowel/

  A polyp is a fleshy growth on the inside of the large bowel. Some people may develop just a single polyp, while others may develop many. […] Polyps are very common, especially in the Western world, and are a little more commonly found in men than women. They are unusual below the age of 40 and seem to occur most often in people over the age of 60. They affect one in four people over the age of 50 years. […] Polyps are usually benign (harmless – not containing cancer). But it’s important they are removed because some of them may eventually develop cancer inside them. Most experts now believe that most bowel cancers develop from polyps. […] The lining of the bowel, like other organ linings, constantly renews itself throughout our lives. There are many millions of tiny cells in the lining, which grow, serve their purpose and die. New cells then take their place. Each of these millions of cells contains genes, which give instructions to the cell on how to behave and grow. If genes become faulty, this can cause the cells to grow quicker. Cells that are faster growing eventually produce a small bump on the bowel surface that we call a polyp.

• #24 Factors that Increase Risk of Colon Polyps

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2780253/

  These findings are consistent with other studies that show lower cancer screening rates within minority groups. […] Along with racial variations in screening, there are racial differences in the location of neoplasms within the colon. […] This may have implications for the colorectal screening modality recommended for different racial groups. […] In regards to cancer, a study by Shavers showed the odds of a diagnosis of cancer proximal to the sigmoid colon and proximal to the splenic flexure was significantly higher for African Americans, but lower for Hispanics and Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders compared with non-Hispanic whites. […] There is substantial data that African Americans have a high incidence of colorectal cancers as well as higher cancer-related mortality. […] In general, Hispanics have a relatively lower rate of cancer relative to whites.

• #25 Factors that Increase Risk of Colon Polyps

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2780253/

  In Asia, the risk of having advanced colonic lesions is increased by 1.05-fold for every single-year increase in age. […] The prevalence of colorectal neoplasms appears to be higher in Japanese and Korean populations than in other Asian populations. […] The association of obesity and adenoma appears to be on a continuum with BMI adding increased risk in terms of incidence, growth rate, recurrence, and advanced pathology. […] There is a consistent association between smoking and risk of adenomatous polyps in the colon. […] There is also an association with increased size, number, advanced size, and histology, as well as recurrence of polyps. […] The relationship of smoking to cancer is somewhat less clear. […] Many of the earlier studies might have had insufficient follow-up time to demonstrate a significant increased incidence of cancer.

• #26 Causes and Risk Factors of Colon Polyps

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/colon-polyps-causes-and-risk-factors.htm

  Black races and Ashkenazi Jews of Eastern European descent are at high risk. […] Gene mutations lead to a number of conditions associated with polyps: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), Gardner’s syndrome, MYH-associated polyposis (MAP), Lynch syndrome, also called hereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS).

• #27 What Causes Colon Polyps? – Colorectal Surgery Associates

  https://csakc.com/posts/what-causes-colon-polyps/

  Although polyps are found in 30% of the adult population over the age of 45 – 50, the truth is, doctors don’t really know what causes polyps to grow inside the colon or rectum. What they do know is there are certain risk factors which make their development more likely. […] Risk factors out of our control include our ethnicity. African Americans are more at risk for polyps. Other factors include being over 50, a personal history of colon cancer, a family history of colon cancer, having an inflammatory condition like ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, uncontrolled diabetes, having uterine cancer before age 50, or having had ovarian cancer. […] Next, let’s look at lifestyle issues we can change but which contribute to the risk of polyps. They include the following: Being overweight, Little to no exercise, Smoking, Consuming too much alcohol, Eating a high fat diet with excess red meat.

• #28 Colon polyps – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20352875

  Factors that might increase the risk of colon polyps or cancer include: Age. Most people with colon polyps are 45 or older. […] Having certain intestinal conditions. Having inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, increases the overall risk of colorectal cancer. […] Family history. Having a parent, sibling or child with advanced colon polyps (polyps 10 mm in size or larger, for example) increases the risk of getting them. […] Smoking and excess alcohol use. Studies show that people who have three or more alcoholic drinks a day have an increased risk of getting colon polyps. […] Having diabetes. Diabetes increases polyp risk by 50% among all age groups. […] Obesity, lack of exercise and an unhealthy diet. The risk of colon polyps increases for people who are overweight, don’t exercise regularly and lack a healthy diet.

• #29 Patient education: Colon polyps (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colon-polyps-beyond-the-basics

  Family history and genetics — Polyps and colon cancer tend to run in families, suggesting that genetic factors are important in their development. […] […] Some rare genetic conditions increase the chances of getting colorectal cancer relatively early in adult life. Familial adenomatous polyposis and MUTYH-associated polyposis cause multiple colon polyps. Another condition, hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, or Lynch syndrome, increases the risk of polyps and colon cancer. Testing for these genes may be recommended for families with high rates of cancer.

• #30 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes

  Bowel cancer is more common in older people. More than 40 out of 100 bowel cancers (more than 40%) in the UK each year are diagnosed in people aged 75 or over. […] Your risk of bowel cancer is increased if you have a first degree relative diagnosed with bowel cancer. […] There are some rare inherited conditions or syndromes associated with certain gene changes. Family members have an increased risk of bowel cancer if they inherit these gene changes. […] Having either of these diseases for many years increases your risk of bowel cancer. […] You have an increased risk of developing another bowel cancer if you have already had a bowel cancer in the past. […] People with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of bowel cancer. […] People with acromegaly also have an increased risk of bowel cancer, although studies are still trying to find out why.

• #31 What Causes Colon Polyps? | Colorectal Cancer Specialists at Compass

  https://www.compassoncology.com/blog/what-causes-colon-polyps

  You may be at higher risk of developing colon polyps if you have inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohns disease or ulcerative colitis. […] Your body can have trouble digesting certain foods in ways that lead to the development of colon polyps. […] Research suggests that people who drink alcohol have a higher risk of developing colon polyps; other research suggests a link between cigarette smoking and colon polyps. […] A 2012 review of past studies also links obesity with the development of colon polyps. […] While it is not always possible to prevent polyps from developing in the colon, your doctor can remove polyps before the harmless bumps turn into cancer.

• #32 Factors that Increase Risk of Colon Polyps

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2780253/

  Obesity has been measured by several anthropomorphic indexes, including waist to hip ratio, waist circumference, as well as BMI. […] This disturbance of energy balance can lead to various energy perturbations that may be involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. […] High levels of insulin may have mitogenic effects within colonocytes and act as colon tumor promoter. […] This chronic inflammation may act in conjunction with the insulin resistance mechanisms. […] Adenomatous polyps are common, occurring in up to 25% of the population older than 50 years of age in the United States. […] There are several factors that increase risk, including race, gender, smoking, and obesity. […] Other risk factors that may be modifiable include smoking and obesity, both of which significantly increase risk of colorectal neoplasia.

• #33 What causes colon polyps? – Denvax

  https://www.denvaxindia.com/blog/what-causes-colon-polyps/

  Chronic inflammatory conditions of the colon, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, increase the risk of developing polyps and colon cancer. […] The risk of developing colon polyps increases as you age, particularly after age 50. […] Individuals with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of developing colon polyps and colon cancer, possibly due to insulin resistance or associated metabolic changes. […] Colon polyps result from a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors.

• #34 What Causes Colon Polyps? – Precision Digestive Care

  https://precisiondigestivecare.com/what-causes-colon-polyps/

  Regular consumption of about 100 grams of red meat per day (about the amount found in 2 regular-sized McDonalds hamburgers) can increase the risk of colorectal cancer by 17%. […] Processed meat is often also red meat and is defined as meat that has been salted, cured, smoked, fermented, or treated with other processes to improve flavor or preserve the meat. […] Eating fiber is good for your colon for many reasons, and transmits a decreased risk of colon cancer as well. […] Smoking causes all kinds of cancer. It also increases the risk of colon polyps and colorectal cancer. […] Being overweight or obese increases the risk of colon cancer. […] Staying physically active can reduce the risk of colon cancer by a whopping 25%! […] Coffee seems to be somewhat protective against developing polyps and colon cancer! […] On one hand it seems that high consumption of dairy products like milk is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer. […] Unfortunately some people just have bad luck.

• #35 Colon polyps: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322428

  People are either born with colon polyps or develop them during their lifetimes. […] Doctors do not yet know the exact causes of colon polyps, but their appearance may be linked to the following lifestyle factors: a high-fat diet, eating lots of red meat, not eating enough fiber, smoking cigarettes, obesity. […] In some people, genetic factors cause the cells of the colon to multiply more than they should. When this happens in the colon, people get colon polyps. When it occurs in the rectum, people get colorectal polyps. […] People are more likely to develop colon polyps if they have the following inherited conditions: familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), Gardner syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. […] People with these conditions have an increased risk of developing cancer in several organs, including the small intestine and colon.

• #36 Colon Polyps: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/colon-polyps-basics

  Changes in genes (called mutations) cause most colon polyps. Doctors dont know exactly why these changes happen. […] Certain things make you more likely to have them, including if you have a family history of colon polyps, are overweight, are 50 or older, smoke, drink alcohol, have a diet that’s high in fat and low in fiber, have had colon polyps or colon cancer before, have an inflammatory bowel disease like ulcerative colitis or Crohns disease, have type 2 diabetes that isnt well-controlled, or get little exercise. […] Some genetic conditions also raise your chances for polyps and colon cancer, including Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), Gardner’s syndrome, Lynch syndrome, MYH-associated polyposis (MAP), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, and Serrated polyposis syndrome. […] Having more than three alcoholic drinks a day increases your risk of colon polyps, especially if you also smoke. […] Studies have shown that eating less of processed meat, red meats, and high-fat foods could lower your risk of polyps.

• #37 Causes and Risk Factors of Colon Polyps

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/colon-polyps-causes-and-risk-factors.htm

  Long-standing inflammatory diseases of the colon, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease can increase the risk of acquiring polyps. […] Family history: Having a parent, sibling or child with colon polyp or colon cancer increases your risk. Anyone with a family history (can be any member of the family) is at risk of developing polyps. […] A previous history of having a polyp places you at risk of acquiring polyps again. […] Smoking significantly increases the risk of colon polyps and colon cancer. […] Drinking alcohol in excess, especially beer, increases the risk of getting colon polyps. […] A person who smokes and drinks is at much higher risk. […] Sedentary life style places people at risk of getting polyps. […] Being overweight or obese has also been found to be risk factors.

• #38 Colon and Rectal Polyps | AdventHealth Digestive Health Institute West Florida

  https://digestivehealth.adventhealth.com/institute/west-florida/colon-and-rectal-polyps

  Causes of colorectal polyps are often dependent on the type. […] Non-neoplastic polyps This type of polyp does not usually develop into cancer. It may be caused by inflammation as with an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or an H. pylori bacterial infection. Although polyps caused by IBD tend to be non-neoplastic, having Crohns disease or ulcerative colitis raises ones risk for colorectal cancer. Occasionally a non-neoplastic polyp simply results from cells not dividing correctly for no known reason. This is also the case with neoplastic polyps, the second main type of polyp. […] Neoplastic polyps This type of polyp has a much greater chance of turning into cancer. Most neoplastic colorectal polyps are adenomas. They are made up of glandular tissue, and they have the potential of turning into adenocarcinoma. Some adenoma polyps are also sessile polyps. Most polyps are on a stalk, which makes them easier to spot and remove. However, sessile polyps are flush with the tissue they are growing out of. Sessile polyps are always considered to have the potential to turn into cancer. […] Certain inherited diseases may increase the likelihood of a patient developing a colorectal polyp. Such is the case as with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), a hereditary condition that causes hundreds of colorectal polyps to develop.

• #39 Cary Gastroenterology Associates | Colon Polyps: Causes, Symptoms,…

  https://www.carygastro.com/blog/colon-polyps-causes-symptoms-and-more

  Colonic polyps are small growths that are found on the surface of the colon. […] Researchers and doctors are not entirely sure why some patients are predisposed to colonic polyps, while others are not. They dont know exactly why these growths form. Polyps form when cell division happens at a much more rapid rate than it should, but this is all that is known about colonic polyp growth. […] While you can change your lifestyle habits, such as being a smoker or eating red meat, there are some genetic conditions you cannot change. […] If you or any relatives have the following conditions, you are more likely to develop colonic polyps or colon cancer. […] This genetic disorder is directly linked to malignant colon polyps. […] This disorder causes adenomatous polyps, which are a type that can turn into colorectal cancer. […] If you have any of the above risk factors, particularly genetic disorders, talk to your doctor about early screening.

• #40 Colon polyps – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-polyps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352881

  „Precancerous polyps are extremely common,” he says. „We expect to find them in more than a quarter of the colonoscopies that we do at a minimum. So, you know, maybe a third or even a half of all patients getting [a] colonoscopy will have precancerous polyps.” […] „Of all the polyps that we see, only a minority will turn into cancer,” he says. „Sometimes they just go away on their own, but removing polyps is thought to be one of the mechanisms by which we can prevent the formation of cancer in the first place.” […] Some types of colon polyps have the potential to become cancerous and others don’t. A medical professional who studies tissue samples, called a pathologist, will look at the polyp tissue under a microscope to find out.

• #41 Colorectal polyps: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000266.htm

  A colorectal polyp is a growth on the lining of the colon or rectum. […] Polyps of the colon and rectum are most often benign. This means they are not a cancer. […] Adenomatous polyps are a common type. They are gland-like growths that develop on the mucous membrane that lines the large intestine. […] When adenomas become cancerous, they are known as adenocarcinomas. […] Other types of polyps are: Hyperplastic polyps, which rarely, if ever, develop into cancer; Serrated polyps, which are less common, but may develop into cancer over time. […] Polyps that are 1 centimeter (cm) or larger have a higher cancer risk than polyps smaller than 1 cm. Risk factors include: Age; Family history of colon cancer or polyps; A type of polyp called villous adenoma. […] A small number of people with polyps may also be linked to some inherited disorders, including: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP); Gardner syndrome (a type of FAP); Juvenile polyposis, a disease that causes many benign growths in the intestine, usually before 20 years old; Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also called Lynch syndrome, a disease that raises the chance of many types of cancer, including in the intestine; Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, a disease that causes intestinal polyps, usually in the small intestine and usually benign.

• #42

  https://www.beaumont.org/services/oncology/colorectal-cancer/polyps

  Colon polyps are tiny clumps of cells that can grow on the lining of the colon or rectum. […] However, some can grow and become cancerous. […] There is no surefire way to determine whether a polyp will develop into cancer. But there are some factors that tend to increase a persons risk of colorectal cancer when they have one or more colon polyps. […] A polyp thats larger than 1 centimeter in diameter puts a person at greater risk for developing cancer. […] Having more than two polyps found at the same time increases risks. […] Having what is called post-polyp removal dysplasia also increases risk; this is abnormal cell growth after polyp removal. It also increases risk. […] The risk factors for developing colon or rectal polyps are similar to those for developing colon cancer. They include: Hereditary polyp disorders, such as Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and Gardners syndrome. […] Polyps cant usually be prevented, but you can take steps to keep them from growing or developing into cancer.

• #43 What Causes Polyps In The Colon (Types, Symptoms, Treatment)

  https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/digestive-health/diseases-conditions/colon-polyps/

  Most polyps found during screenings are benign, meaning they probably wont become colorectal cancer. However, certain types are considered precancerous polyps. Those who have them have a higher risk of developing colon cancer. […] An adenomatous colon polyp can take up to 7 years or more to go from pre-cancerous to cancerous. […] There are certain lifestyle changes you can take that are believed to reduce your risk of developing polyps and colon cancer.

• #44 Colon Polyps – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430761/

  Recommendations that may decrease the incidence of colon polyps include low-fat, high fiber diet, decreased alcohol intake, and smoking cessation. No benefit was noted to decrease rates of CRC with the use of multivitamins, folate, calcium, statins, azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine. Some studies found benefit using NSAID’s and calcium in patients with FAP and MAP, where they may decrease the incidence and recurrence of polyps.

• #45 What is a polyp? | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/polyps

  Polyps are caused by abnormal growth of cells and often there is no obvious cause. […] Most polyps are benign, which means they are harmless. But because polyps are caused by abnormal cell growth and, like cancer, grow through rapidly dividing cells, they can become malignant. […] Some people have a higher than normal chance of having polyps because of their family history. If you are at risk or concerned about polyps, talk to your doctor. Regular medical tests or other types of surveillance may be suggested if you have a family history. All Australians aged 45 and over are at increased risk of developing precancerous bowel polyps and should screen every two years with a free faecal occult blood test (FOBT), as part of the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program. […] Eating a healthy diet, regular exercise, avoiding smoking and reducing alcohol intake will also reduce the risk of some polyps, particularly those that develop into bowel cancer.

• #46 Colonic Polyps: Types, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/colorectal-polyps

  Polyps are abnormal tissue growths, but doctors do not yet know their exact cause. […] Doctors don’t know the exact cause of colonic polyps, but polyps result from abnormal tissue growth. […] In some cases, however, new cells grow and divide before they’re needed. This excess growth causes polyps to form. The polyps can develop in any area of the colon. […] Although the specific cause of colonic polyps isn’t known, there are certain factors that can increase your risk of developing colonic polyps. […] Lifestyle behaviors that may contribute to the growth of colonic polyps include: smoking, drinking alcohol frequently, having a sedentary lifestyle, eating a high-fat diet. […] You may also be able to prevent polyps by increasing your intake of vitamin D and calcium.

• #47

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/polyps-of-the-colon-and-rectum

  Colorectal polyps are abnormal growths that start in the inner lining of the colon or rectum. […] Certain types of polyps may be precancerous. […] Having polyps removed reduces a persons future risk for colorectal cancer. […] Screening for polyps should start at 45 years of age or earlier if any risk factors as: inflammatory bowel disease, family history of colorectal cancer or syndrome of hereditary colon cancer. […] Removal of colorectal polyps is advised because there is no test to determine if one will turn into cancer. […] Taking a daily aspirin or other non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the risk of new polyps forming.

• #48 All About Colon Polyps | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/cancers/gastrointestinal/colon-cancer/risk-prevention-and-screening/all-about-colon-polyps

  A colon polyp is a mass of tissue on the inside wall of the colon that protrudes into the colon „tube.” […] You can get colon polyps from environmental and genetic factors. Some factors thought to increase the risk of colon polyps are diets high in fats and red meats, and likely, tobacco use, smoking, and obesity. Polyps are more common as you age. Polyps and colon cancer in family members can increase your risk and you should talk with your healthcare providers. […] Most colon cancers start as a polyp but only a very small number of colon polyps become cancer. […] Polyposis syndromes can cause polyps. They are often caused by a genetic abnormality within a family. Most lead to an increased risk of colon cancer, as well as pancreatic, thyroid, and breast cancer. […] Taking out adenomas greatly lowers the risk of developing colon cancer. Based on the National Polyp Study, polypectomy lowers the risk of colon cancer by up to 80%. The number, size, and location of the adenomas affect the colon cancer risk. Adenomas can come back after they are removed. People with a history of neoplastic polyps may have a higher risk of colon cancer compared to the average population.

• #49 Factors that Increase Risk of Colon Polyps

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2780253/

  Overall, ~145,000 Americans were diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 56,000 died from colorectal cancer in 2006. […] Despite standard screening recommendations and effective interventions for colorectal cancer prevention, colon cancer is associated with significant differences in mortality among ethnic groups. […] Some studies have also shown differences in cancer prevention services among ethnic groups, whereas others have not. […] In a large study of nearly 600,000 Medicare beneficiaries, only 18.3% of the eligible population had undergone a screening colon test during the 2-year study. […] Non-white persons were half as likely to be screened for colorectal cancer than were white persons. […] Similarly, in a 2001 telephone survey, African Americans were half as likely to ever have had any colon cancer screening tests.

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