Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Overview: Hay fever – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279488/

  Hay fever affects about 1 out of 4 people in industrialized countries like Germany. […] The allergic rhinitis symptoms may „move down” into the lungs and develop into allergic asthma after several years. […] Severe hay fever may increase the likelihood of developing other medical conditions such as sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses).

• #1 Allergic rhinitis: Clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/allergic-rhinitis-clinical-manifestations-epidemiology-and-diagnosis

  Allergic rhinitis, or allergic rhinosinusitis, is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa leading to paroxysms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction, often accompanied by itching of the eyes, nose, and palate. […] The clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis of allergic rhinitis are presented in this topic review. […] It is a common condition affecting 10 to 30 percent of children and adults in the United States and other resource-abundant countries. […] There has been an increase in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis over the years. […] The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, and eczema were systematically evaluated in approximately 1.2 million children in 98 countries in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). […] Allergic rhinitis is more common in males in childhood, but this changes to a female predominance in adolescence.

• #1 Allergic Rhinitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/134825-overview

  The prevalence of allergic rhinitis in the United States is estimated to be 7.7% affecting roughly 19.2 million adults each year. In 2018, 7.2% of children younger than 18 years reported symptoms of allergic rhinitis in the past 12 months. […] The development of allergic rhinitis before 20 years of age occurs in 80% of cases. […] Throughout the world, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis has slightly escalated. […] Currently, approximately 10 to 30% of adults and 40% of children are affected. […] The European Community Resporatory Health survey recorded a prevalence of 10 to 41% in adults with allergic rhinitis. […] Scandinavian studies have demonstrated a cumulative prevalence rate of 15% in men and 14% in women. […] The prevalence of allergic rhinitis may vary within and among countries.

• #1 BMC Series blog Can Twitter be used for Hay Fever surveillance purposes? Deep Learning application for relevant knowledge extraction

  https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bmcseriesblog/2019/11/14/can-twitter-be-used-for-hay-fever-surveillance-purposes-deep-learning-application-for-relevant-knowledge-extraction/

  Can Twitter data for Hay Fever surveillance purposes and validate the effectiveness of relevant content curation using state-of-the-art Deep Learning models. […] At the same time, 1 in 5 Australian suffered from Hay Fever in 2014-15, becoming one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases. […] Current attempts to Hay Fever estimation include either official statistics or marketing polls. […] Given the limitations, Social Media has become an attractive alternative as the real-time data is extracted automatically in an unobtrusive manner. […] The study conducted in Australia aimed to investigate the potential of Twitter data for Hay Fever surveillance purposes and validate the effectiveness of relevant content curation using state-of-the-art Deep Learning models (still in infancy in health informatics domain).

• #1 Allergic Rhinitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538186/

  The prevalence of allergic rhinitis based on physician diagnosis is approximately 15%; however, the prevalence is estimated to be as high as 30% based on patients with nasal symptoms. AR is known to peak in the second to fourth decades of life and then gradually decline. […] According to data from the International Study for Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, 14.6% in the 13 to 14 year age group and 8.5% in the 6 to 7 year age group display symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis linked to allergic rhinitis. […] A systematic review from 2018 estimated that 3.6% of adults had missed work, and 36% had impaired work performance due to allergic rhinitis. Economic evaluations have shown that indirect costs associated with lost work productivity account for the majority of the cost burden for AR. […] Risk factors for developing AR include a family history of atopy, male sex, a presence of allergen-specific IgE, a serum IgE greater than 100 IU/mL before age 6, and higher socioeconomic status. […] There is a growing interest in the „farm effect” on the development of allergies, and a meta-analysis of 8 studies showed a 40% lower risk in subjects who had lived on a farm during their first year of life.

• #1 Pediatric Allergic Rhinitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/889259-overview

  Prevalence in the United States is 10-20%. […] One survey demonstrated rates as high as 38.2% when patients were asked if they experienced fewer than 7 days of symptoms. When allergic rhinitis was defined as symptoms lasting more than 31 days, prevalence dropped to 17%. […] In temperate areas of Europe and Asia, frequency is similar to that in the United States. […] Allergic rhinitis (AR) has no race predilection; however, individuals from nonwhite backgrounds seek out medical attention less often than whites. The incidence is higher in urban and suburban areas versus more rural ones. […] AR usually presents in early childhood. AR caused by sensitization to outdoor allergens can occur in children older than 2 years; however, sensitization in children older than 4-6 years is more common.

• #1 Seasonal Allergies on the Rise? | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/spotlight/season-allergies/114451

  Within the U.S., Western states have the highest prevalence of allergic rhinitis (accounting for 36% of total U.S. prevalence) and Northeast states have the lowest (18%), according to the AHRQ. […] Among racial and ethnic groups, non-Hispanic white adults reported the highest rate of seasonal allergies (28.4%), followed by non-Hispanic Black (24%), Hispanic (18.8%), and non-Hispanic Asian (17%) adults.

• #1 Urban-Rural Differences in Asthma and Allergies in Nigeria | JAA

  https://www.dovepress.com/urbanrural-differences-in-the-epidemiology-of-asthma-and-allergies-in–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA

  Urbanization is associated with the risk of developing allergic conditions. […] To compare the epidemiology of adult asthma and allergies in urban and rural Nigeria. […] The age-adjusted prevalence of adults reporting a previous asthma attack or currently taking asthma medication within the preceding 12 months (ECRHS asthma definition) was 3.4% urban, 0.5% rural, current allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (26.2% urban, 22.2% rural), and current skin allergy (13.9% urban, 10.5% rural). […] The age-adjusted prevalence of physician-diagnosed allergic conditions: asthma (3.3% urban, 1.5% rural), allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (4.9% urban, 3.2% rural), and skin allergy (4.8% urban, 4.6% rural) were higher in urban areas than in rural areas. […] Urban areas recorded a higher age-adjusted 12 months prevalence of wheezing, night waking by breathlessness, night waking by chest tightness, asthma attack (p=0.042), and current use of asthma medication (p=0.031) than the rural areas.

• #1 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Conurbation, Urban, and Rural Living as Determinants of Allergies and Infectious Diseases: Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre Annual Report 2016-2017

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/4/e11354/

  Those living in a conurbation, in comparison with a rural area, had greater odds of presenting to a GP with allergic rhinitis (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.19-1.41; P.001) but had lower odds of presenting with asthma (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.67-0.73; P.001) and LRTI (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90-0.98; P=.005). […] Those living in urban, compared with rural, areas had greater odds of presenting to a GP with allergic rhinitis (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.23; P=.003), URTI (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.08; P.001) and AGE (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.01-1.25; P=.03). […] Patients living in conurbations or urban areas were more likely to consult for allergic rhinitis and URTI, after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, comorbid disease, and smoking status. The OR of presenting with allergic rhinitis increased with population density. […] Living in a conurbation or an urban area leads to an increased risk of allergic rhinitis and URTI in all people, and an increased risk of URTI, LRTI, asthma, and AGE in children.

• #1 Yes, Climate Change Really is Making Your Hay Fever Worse | TIME

  https://time.com/7276018/how-climate-change-is-making-hay-fever-worse/

  As climate change worsens, so too do allergy symptoms. […] In industrialized countries, hay fever diagnoses are rising by 2% to 3% per year, costing billions of dollars in health care and lost productivity. […] The study is whats known as a scoping review of the literature, one that takes the measure of the body of papers published on a particular topic in a particular time frame and seeks to come away with an idea of what the emerging consensus is on the science. […] A little over half of the studies Pershad and her colleagues looked at reported longer pollen seasons or higher pollen concentrationsor bothlinked to climate change. […] Individual studies deepened the link between climate and hay fever. […] Meanwhile, a 2025 study from China found that pediatric outpatient visits for AR were on the rise, consistent with an increase in peak pollen concentrations.

• #1 Hay Fever (Allergic Rhinitis) | Diagnosis & Treatment in Dublin, Ireland

  https://www.allergy-ireland.ie/allergy/hay-fever-allergic-rhinitis

  Allergic Rhinitis is a common condition with a global impact. It is estimated that allergic rhinitis affects at least 400 million people worldwide and that the prevalence in Europe is between 17 and 29%. In Ireland, we are likely to have a prevalence of about 26% in line with UK studies. […] The prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis is increasing globally. This was corroborated by this ISAAC study which found an increase in prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis from 13% to 19% over an 8 year period in a cohort of 13-14 year olds. A smaller research study in Cork demonstrated an increase in prevalence from 7.6% to 10.6% over a 5 year period in a cohort of 6-9 year olds. […] It is estimated that Allergic Rhinitis affects at least 400 million people worldwide and the prevalence within Europe is between 17% and 29%. The UK has a prevalence of 26% and Ireland is likely to be similar to this.

• #1 Self-reported hay fever diagnosis and associations with sociodemographic characteristics among adults and children in the United States | Bulletin of the National Research Centre | Full Text

  https://bnrc.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42269-022-00808-x

  The results of Chi-square tests determining if there were significant group differences in hay fever by each covariate for 2013-2018 are summarized in Tables 1, 2 and 3. […] Among both adults and children, non-Hispanics were more likely to report hay fever diagnosis than Hispanics. […] Significant group differences in the proportions of employment and poverty status were exhibited among all respondents in every year examined. […] Differences between US regions percentages of hay fever diagnosis were statistically significant for every year evaluated among adults and children except for 2013 among children. […] This study showed a higher proportion of female adults and male children had hay fever, while Owens et al found no significant difference between sexes. […] An upward trend in hay fever among adults with higher education levels, children whose parents presented higher education levels, and children and adults with non-poverty status are consistent with summary health statistics from the 2005 and 2007 NHIS and research by Salo et al, Uphoff et al, and Upperman et al. […] Future studies should analyze the effect of socioeconomic status and health insurance coverage on the prevalence of hay fever.

• #1 Pollen Allergy: A Growing Problem | Bayer Global

  https://www.bayer.com/en/news-stories/the-pollen-problem

  More of us are seemingly susceptible to hay fever. Why? A mix of global changes and individual factor are interrelated. […] According to The World Allergy Organization, allergies (or allergic rhinitis) currently affects between 10% and 30% of all adults around the globe, and up to 40% of children. Allergic reactions to pollen have increased in both frequency and severity in some geographical locations over the last few decades. […] A growing body of research shows that the warmer temperatures and higher atmospheric carbon dioxide levels caused by climate change are altering flowering seasons worldwide, lengthening pollen seasons and increasing the amount of pollen in the air in some parts of the world. […] Pollen seasons are now starting earlier and ending later, especially in the Northern Hemisphere.

• #1 Associations between alteration in plant phenology and hay fever prevalence among US adults: Implication for changing climate | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0212010

  Plant phenology (e.g. timing of spring green-up, flowering) is among the most sensitive indicator of ecological response to ongoing climate variability and change. […] Because earlier spring green-up may increase season length for tree pollen, we hypothesized that early onset of spring (negative anomaly in start of season (SOS)) will be associated with increased hay fever burden. […] We observed that adults living in counties with a very early onset of SOS had a 14% higher odds of hay fever compared to the reference group, i.e. those living in counties where onset of spring was within the normal range (Odds Ratios (OR): 1.14. 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.031.27). […] Likewise, adults living in counties with very late onset of SOS had a 18% higher odds hay fever compared to the reference group (OR: 1.18, CI: 1.051.32).

• #1 Allergic Rhinitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/134825-overview

  Allergic rhinitis can frequently lead to significant impairment of quality of life. […] The cost of allergic rhinitis have increased substantially in the United States. In 2000 the overall cost of treating allergic rhinitis was estimated at 6.1 billion dollars, while in 2005 this figure was noted to nearly double to 11.2 billion dollars.

• #1 Allergic Rhinitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/134825-overview

  Highest prevalence of severe allergic rhinitis symptoms in children were observed in Africa and Latin America. […] While allergic rhinitis itself is not life-threatening (unless accompanied by severe asthma or anaphylaxis), morbidity from the condition can be significant. […] Allergic rhinitis often coexists with other disorders, such as asthma, and may be associated with asthma exacerbations. […] Allergic rhinitis is also associated with otitis media, eustachian tube dysfunction, sinusitis, nasal polyps, allergic conjunctivitis, and atopic dermatitis. […] Numerous complications that can lead to increased morbidity or even mortality can occur secondary to allergic rhinitis. […] Possible complications include otitis media, eustachian tube dysfunction, acute sinusitis, and chronic sinusitis.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13755-019-0084-2

  The paper aims to leverage the highly unstructured user-generated content in the context of pollen allergy surveillance using neural networks with character embeddings and the attention mechanism. Currently, there is no accurate representation of hay fever prevalence, particularly in real-time scenarios. […] According to the World Health Organization, pollen allergy will only increase in prevalence and severity over the next decade, which leads to a global concern. Unsurprisingly, the accurate estimates of hay fever remain the top priority for Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. […] The traditional data sources for the condition scale evaluation include official statistics, general practitioner records, hospital admissions, antihistamine sales, etc. Still, the substantial time lag in the results reporting as well as the insufficient data granularity do not allow to obtain the accurate representation of pollen allergy prevalence and severity in real-time.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13755-019-0084-2

  Recently, social media data mining for public health surveillance has been growing in popularity in the research communities to account for the limitations of the existing methods. […] In the case of pollen allergy surveillance, De Quincey et al. demonstrated that Twitter enables researchers to access information regarding the specific pollen allergy symptoms, as well as the medications usage and effectiveness. […] The comparison with UK Pollen Hotzones further proved that geolocated Twitter data is a good proxy for the condition prevalence estimation due to the similar distribution. […] The real-time monitoring proves invaluable for allergy sufferers, health practitioners, and policy makers. […] The exact estimations of hay fever prevalence proves a challenging task due to the limited resources, i.e. time- and cost-consuming official statistics, marketing surveys, pharmaceuticals data, etc.

• #1 Journal of Medical Internet Research – Causal Relationships Among Pollen Counts, Tweet Numbers, and Patient Numbers for Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis Surveillance: Retrospective Analysis

  https://www.jmir.org/2019/2/e10450/

  Background: Health-related social media data are increasingly used in disease-surveillance studies, which have demonstrated moderately high correlations between the number of social media posts and the number of patients. […] Objective: This study aimed to clarify the causal relationships among pollen count, the posting behavior of social media users, and the number of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis in the real world. […] Results: Increases in pollen count were found to increase patient numbers in both the study period (P=.04) and the main seasonal allergic rhinitis phase (P=.01). […] Conclusions: Understanding the causal relationships among pollen counts, tweet numbers, and numbers of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis is an important step to increasing the credibility of surveillance systems that use social media data.

• #1 Pollen and Climate Change | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/community-and-environment/climate-and-health/pollen

  Longer, stronger pollen seasons may increase the following symptoms for those who suffer from allergic rhinitis or hay fever. […] The Department of Health is building a pollen surveillance network that will consist of 11 monitors with at least one in each climate zone in Washington state. The pollen surveillance system is intended to help people who suffer from seasonal allergies by providing real-time pollen detection information.

• #1 Does hay fever have a genetic cause? | Medicover Genetics

  https://medicover-genetics.com/does-hay-fever-have-a-genetic-cause/

  Twin studies are useful to look at the effect of genetics versus environmental factors and to assess the influence of genetics on hay fever. One study reported that identical twins were more likely to both be sufferers of hay fever than non-identical twins were, a fact that immediately supports the role of genetics. It went on to say that, additive genetic effects accounted for 71% of the individual susceptibility to hay fever and non-shared environmental effects accounted for 29%. […] The genetic relationship between hay fever, asthma and eczema has been well studied and genetic links have been established. One study in 2018 found that asthma, hay fever and eczema share a large number (136) of genetic risk variants that dysregulate the expression of immune-related genes. Indeed, the number of genes thought to be shared between these three conditions continues to increase, with a more recent study from 2020 reporting 150 shared risk genes, including 60 that were previously unknown. While these two studies and others have helped to establish a genetic link between hay fever, asthma and eczema, they provide information about shared risk genes rather than elucidating a genetic cause.

• #1 Investigating the causal effect of smoking on hay fever and asthma: a Mendelian randomization meta-analysis in the CARTA consortium | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01977-w

  Observational studies on smoking and risk of hay fever and asthma have shown inconsistent results. […] However, observational studies may be biased by confounding and reverse causation. […] We examined the causal effect of smoking on hay fever and asthma by using the smoking-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs16969968/rs1051730. […] Observational analyses showed that current vs never smokers had lower risk of hay fever (odds ratio (OR)=068, 95% confidence interval (CI): 061, 076; P0001) and allergic sensitization (OR=074, 95% CI: 064, 086; P0001), but similar asthma risk (OR=100, 95% CI: 091, 109; P=0967). […] Mendelian randomization analyses in current smokers showed a slightly lower risk of hay fever (OR=0958, 95% CI: 0920, 0998; P=0041), a lower risk of allergic sensitization (OR=092, 95% CI: 084, 102; P=0117), but higher risk of asthma (OR=106, 95% CI: 101, 111; P=0020) per smoking-increasing allele.

• #1 Allergic rhinitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis

  Allergic rhinitis is the type of allergy that affects the greatest number of people. In Western countries, between 10 and 30 percent of people are affected in a given year. It is most common between the ages of twenty and forty. […] The first accurate description is from the 10th century physician Rhazes. Pollen was identified as the cause in 1859 by Charles Blackley. In 1906 the mechanism was determined by Clemens von Pirquet. The link with hay came about due to an early (and incorrect) theory that the symptoms were brought about by the smell of new hay. Although the scent per se is irrelevant, the correlation with hay checks out, as peak hay-harvesting season overlaps with peak pollen season, and hay-harvesting work puts people in close contact with seasonal allergens.

• #1 BMC Series blog Can Twitter be used for Hay Fever surveillance purposes? Deep Learning application for relevant knowledge extraction

  https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bmcseriesblog/2019/11/14/can-twitter-be-used-for-hay-fever-surveillance-purposes-deep-learning-application-for-relevant-knowledge-extraction/

  The accuracy of relevant posts detection (e.g. symptoms, treatments) was up to 88% for the highest performing model (GRU) and pre-trained word embeddings (GloVe). […] The results prove promising for real-time health surveillance from an alternative source such as Social Media source, and serves as an attractive complement to currently limited approaches to Pollen Allergy prevalence and severity estimation.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13755-019-0084-2

  The usual peak in hay fever occurrences is observed around spring and summer period. However, climate changes observed are lengthening the pollen seasons as well as introducing an increased intensity of allergens, and unexpected new pollens in certain areas. […] Additionally, the increasing air pollution, especially around urban areas further affects the respiratory health of the population. This in turn adds an uncertainty to the accurate hay fever prevalence estimation. […] The study demonstrates and validates the practical application of state-of-art deep learning in the context of pollen allergy surveillance from social media.

• #2 Allergic Rhinitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538186/

  The prevalence of allergic rhinitis based on physician diagnosis is approximately 15%; however, the prevalence is estimated to be as high as 30% based on patients with nasal symptoms. AR is known to peak in the second to fourth decades of life and then gradually decline. […] According to data from the International Study for Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, 14.6% in the 13 to 14 year age group and 8.5% in the 6 to 7 year age group display symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis linked to allergic rhinitis. […] A systematic review from 2018 estimated that 3.6% of adults had missed work, and 36% had impaired work performance due to allergic rhinitis. Economic evaluations have shown that indirect costs associated with lost work productivity account for the majority of the cost burden for AR. […] Risk factors for developing AR include a family history of atopy, male sex, a presence of allergen-specific IgE, a serum IgE greater than 100 IU/mL before age 6, and higher socioeconomic status. […] There is a growing interest in the „farm effect” on the development of allergies, and a meta-analysis of 8 studies showed a 40% lower risk in subjects who had lived on a farm during their first year of life.

• #2 Allergy Statistics

  https://www.aaaai.org/about/news/for-media/allergy-statistics

  Roughly 7.8% of people 18 and over in the U.S. have hay fever.4 […] In 2012, 7.5% or 17.6 million adults were diagnosed with hay fever in the past 12 months.5 […] In 2012, 9.0% or 6.6 million children reported hay fever in the past 12 months.6 […] In 2010, 11.1 million visits to physician offices resulted with a primary diagnosis of allergic rhinitis.7 […] Worldwide, allergic rhinitis affects between 10% and 30 % of the population.3

• #2 Hay Fever (Allergic Rhinitis) | Diagnosis & Treatment in Dublin, Ireland

  https://www.allergy-ireland.ie/allergy/hay-fever-allergic-rhinitis

  Allergic Rhinitis is a common condition with a global impact. It is estimated that allergic rhinitis affects at least 400 million people worldwide and that the prevalence in Europe is between 17 and 29%. In Ireland, we are likely to have a prevalence of about 26% in line with UK studies. […] The prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis is increasing globally. This was corroborated by this ISAAC study which found an increase in prevalence of Allergic Rhinitis from 13% to 19% over an 8 year period in a cohort of 13-14 year olds. A smaller research study in Cork demonstrated an increase in prevalence from 7.6% to 10.6% over a 5 year period in a cohort of 6-9 year olds. […] It is estimated that Allergic Rhinitis affects at least 400 million people worldwide and the prevalence within Europe is between 17% and 29%. The UK has a prevalence of 26% and Ireland is likely to be similar to this.

• #2 Does hay fever have a genetic cause? | Medicover Genetics

  https://medicover-genetics.com/does-hay-fever-have-a-genetic-cause/

  In 2018, approximately 24 million people in the United States alone were diagnosed with this seasonal allergy. In the UK, it is estimated that hay fever affects anywhere between 10 and 16 million people. The large European Community Respiratory Health survey, which included 48 centers in 22 countries, predominantly in Europe, but also in other countries including India, Australia and New Zealand, reported that nasal allergy and hay fever have a prevalence of 9.5% to 40.9% with a median value of 20.9%. What is clear, even with the geographical differences, is that hay fever affects many people; it may even be under reported if people with only mild symptoms seek to manage their condition without visiting a medical professional. […] Unfortunately, this question does not have a simple answer. We can say that the tendency to have an allergy, such as hay fever, is inherited and that hay fever is known to have a genetic component. However, it is probable that the development of hay fever is also influenced by other factors, such as the environment and diet, and that the interactions between genetic risk factors and these factors are clearly complicated.

• #2 Allergic Rhinitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/134825-overview

  The prevalence of allergic rhinitis in the United States is estimated to be 7.7% affecting roughly 19.2 million adults each year. In 2018, 7.2% of children younger than 18 years reported symptoms of allergic rhinitis in the past 12 months. […] The development of allergic rhinitis before 20 years of age occurs in 80% of cases. […] Throughout the world, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis has slightly escalated. […] Currently, approximately 10 to 30% of adults and 40% of children are affected. […] The European Community Resporatory Health survey recorded a prevalence of 10 to 41% in adults with allergic rhinitis. […] Scandinavian studies have demonstrated a cumulative prevalence rate of 15% in men and 14% in women. […] The prevalence of allergic rhinitis may vary within and among countries.

• #2 Allergic rhinitis: Clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/allergic-rhinitis-clinical-manifestations-epidemiology-and-diagnosis

  Allergic rhinitis, or allergic rhinosinusitis, is characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa leading to paroxysms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction, often accompanied by itching of the eyes, nose, and palate. […] The clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and diagnosis of allergic rhinitis are presented in this topic review. […] It is a common condition affecting 10 to 30 percent of children and adults in the United States and other resource-abundant countries. […] There has been an increase in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis over the years. […] The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, and eczema were systematically evaluated in approximately 1.2 million children in 98 countries in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). […] Allergic rhinitis is more common in males in childhood, but this changes to a female predominance in adolescence.

• #2 Seasonal Allergies on the Rise? | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/spotlight/season-allergies/114451

  About one-third to one-half of the self-reported cases are seasonal, with the remainder categorized as perennial disease or both seasonal and perennial, noted a report from the AHRQ. […] There has been an increase in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis over the years, with one recent meta-analysis showing a rise in physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis among children, from 8% in 2012-2015 to 20% in 2016-2022. […] Evidence is mounting that climate change is having a significant impact on exacerbations of rhinitis, a review in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice noted. […] Allergic rhinitis is more common in males in childhood but more common among females after adolescence. […] Prevalence has a modestly U-shaped relationship with age in adulthood. […] Allergic rhinitis and allergic diseases have generally higher prevalence in urban and industrialized areas than in rural areas, with up to a fourfold difference.

• #2 Statistics and Figures | Allergy UK | National Charity

  https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/

  The prevalence of rhinitis symptoms in the International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) varied between 0.8% and 14.9% in 6-7 year olds and between 1.4% and 39.7% in 13-14 year olds. Countries with a very low prevalence include Indonesia, Albania, Romania, Georgia and Greece. […] Countries with a very high prevalence include Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom (WAO, 2017) […] National surveys show prevalence rates of rhinitis of between 5.9% (France) and 29% (United Kingdom) with a mean of 16%. Perennial (persistent) rhinitis is probably more common in adults than in children (WAO, 2017)

• #2 Urban-Rural Differences in Asthma and Allergies in Nigeria | JAA

  https://www.dovepress.com/urbanrural-differences-in-the-epidemiology-of-asthma-and-allergies-in–peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA

  Living in urban areas significantly increased the odds of having asthma [aOR: 5.6 (95% CI:1.6 19.6)] and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis [aOR: 1.7 (95% CI: 1.2 2.4)]. […] This study shows that urban residents frequently reported more allergic and respiratory symptoms and were at risk of having asthma and allergic rhinitis compared to rural residents. […] The findings would assist the physicians in understanding the urbanrural differences in the occurrence of allergic conditions, symptom triggers, and comorbidity, which are relevant in patients clinical evaluation, treatment, and disease prevention. […] The results show that the age-adjusted prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and skin allergy by different definitions were higher in UAs than in RAs. […] Living in UAs significantly increased the risk of having asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.

• #2 Does hay fever have a genetic cause? | Medicover Genetics

  https://medicover-genetics.com/does-hay-fever-have-a-genetic-cause/

  The number of people with an allergy has been increasing over the last 20-30 years. For example, a two- to three-fold increase in the number of people with allergic rhinitis (this can include non-seasonal allergies to allergens such as dust or pet fur) has been reported in the UK in the last 20 years. Researchers do not believe that genetics alone can account for this increase. Indeed, the interaction of risk genes with environmental and lifestyle factors is suspected to be driving the increase. […] Hay fever or allergic rhinitis is a common, widespread allergy with typical allergy symptoms. Although hay fever is known to have a genetic component and risk genes have been identified, it is highly likely that other factors such as environment and diet are just as important in its development. Research continues into the genetics of hay fever and the relationships between hay fever and other atopic diseases in the hope that one day an understanding of what causes hay fever will open up new treatment solutions for sufferers.

• #2 Associations between alteration in plant phenology and hay fever prevalence among US adults: Implication for changing climate | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0212010

  These studies, among others, provide indirect evidence of how climate change is impacting the exposure dynamics of allergenic pollen, resulting in more severe and frequent exacerbations of allergic diseases. […] Our findings are likely tied to changes in pollen dynamics, i.e early onset of spring increases the duration of exposure to tree pollen, while very late onset of spring increases the propensity of exposure because of simultaneous blooming. […] Our results provide the first ever national-scale assessment of the association between climate change related alteration in plant phenology and hay fever among nationally representative sample of US adults.

• #2 Pollen Allergy: A Growing Problem | Bayer Global

  https://www.bayer.com/en/news-stories/the-pollen-problem

  Climate change could also impact other airborne allergens. A rise in carbon dioxide emissions could substantially worsen mold allergies. […] We are also becoming a more urban society, with around 68% of the world’s population predicted to live in towns and cities by 2050. […] Atmospheric pollutants such as exhaust fumes have been found to have direct effects on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of pollen grains making them more allergenic. […] An overly hygienic Western lifestyle is, of course, intended to limit infections and while it does this very successfully, it also likely reduces general microbial exposure. […] The impact of climate change, urbanization and our increasingly sterilized lifestyles are creating an environment where we are increasingly likely to develop allergies to airborne allergens.

• #2 Pediatric Allergic Rhinitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/889259-overview

  Incidence continues to increase until the fourth decade of life, when symptoms begin to fade; however, individuals can develop symptoms at any age. […] AR-like symptoms (runny nose, blocked nose, or sneezing apart from a cold) may begin as early as age 18 months. […] Mortality is not associated with allergic rhinitis (AR), but significant morbidity occurs. Morbidity is manifested in several ways. Annually, an estimated 824,000 school days are missed, and an estimated 4,230,000 days of reduced quality-of-life functions are reported. […] Comorbidity of other atopic diseases (asthma, atopic dermatitis) or upper airway inflammation (sinusitis, otitis media) is significant in AR. Individuals with AR have a higher frequency of these conditions than individuals without AR. […] The financial cost of AR is difficult to estimate. Self-treating patients are estimated to spend an average of 56 dollars per year. The direct cost of prescription medication exceeds 6 billion dollars per year worldwide, and lost productivity is estimated at 1.5 billion dollars per year.

• #2 Statistics and Figures | Allergy UK | National Charity

  https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/

  Allergic rhinitis is the most common form of non-infectious rhinitis, affecting between 10-15% of children and 26% of adults in the UK. (GK Scadding et al, 2017). […] However, in recent research around 49% of people reported suffering with Hay fever symptoms. (Allergy UK / Kleenex®, 2020). […] AR accounts for 16.7 million physician office visits annually (Pawankar R, et al, 2013) […] In Europe, the European Community Respiratory Health Survey established the prevalence of AR as being from 4% to 32% (Pawankar R, et al, 2013) […] More than 40% of patients with AR have asthma, and more than 80% of asthmatic patients suffer concomitant rhinitis. Also, patients with rhinitis have an increased risk of developing asthma (Pawankar R, et al, 2013) […] Up to 57% of adult patients and up to 88% of children with AR have sleep problems, including micro-arousals, leading to daytime fatigue and somnolence, and decreased cognitive functioning (Pawankar R, et al, 2013)

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13755-019-0084-2

  Recently, social media data mining for public health surveillance has been growing in popularity in the research communities to account for the limitations of the existing methods. […] In the case of pollen allergy surveillance, De Quincey et al. demonstrated that Twitter enables researchers to access information regarding the specific pollen allergy symptoms, as well as the medications usage and effectiveness. […] The comparison with UK Pollen Hotzones further proved that geolocated Twitter data is a good proxy for the condition prevalence estimation due to the similar distribution. […] The real-time monitoring proves invaluable for allergy sufferers, health practitioners, and policy makers. […] The exact estimations of hay fever prevalence proves a challenging task due to the limited resources, i.e. time- and cost-consuming official statistics, marketing surveys, pharmaceuticals data, etc.

• #2 Journal of Medical Internet Research – Causal Relationships Among Pollen Counts, Tweet Numbers, and Patient Numbers for Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis Surveillance: Retrospective Analysis

  https://www.jmir.org/2019/2/e10450/

  In this study, we analyzed data on pollen count, the number of tweets, and the number of patients during the 2017 seasonal allergic rhinitis season in Japan using the Granger causality test and shed light on the causal relationships among these variables. Increases in pollen count were found to increase the number of tweets and patients. […] The main seasonal allergic rhinitis phase and the concluding phase of the season appeared to have different characteristics. Accordingly, disease surveillance based on social media data should be adjusted to account for these time-based differences.

• #2 Investigating the causal effect of smoking on hay fever and asthma: a Mendelian randomization meta-analysis in the CARTA consortium | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01977-w

  In general, our MR findings supported our observational analyses. […] The observed inverse associations of smoking and hay fever among current smokers in both observational and Mendelian randomization analyses are somewhat in contrast with a meta-analysis by Saulyte et al. who found no association between smoking and allergic rhinitis. […] Our results from the Mendelian randomization approach seem to support the results of the traditional observational approach in that smoking increases risk of asthma but decreases risk of hay fever. […] This large Mendelian randomization meta-analysis suggests that smoking may be causally related to a higher risk of asthma, and asthma should maybe be added to the long list of smoking-induced diseases.

• #2 BMC Series blog Can Twitter be used for Hay Fever surveillance purposes? Deep Learning application for relevant knowledge extraction

  https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bmcseriesblog/2019/11/14/can-twitter-be-used-for-hay-fever-surveillance-purposes-deep-learning-application-for-relevant-knowledge-extraction/

  Can Twitter data for Hay Fever surveillance purposes and validate the effectiveness of relevant content curation using state-of-the-art Deep Learning models. […] At the same time, 1 in 5 Australian suffered from Hay Fever in 2014-15, becoming one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases. […] Current attempts to Hay Fever estimation include either official statistics or marketing polls. […] Given the limitations, Social Media has become an attractive alternative as the real-time data is extracted automatically in an unobtrusive manner. […] The study conducted in Australia aimed to investigate the potential of Twitter data for Hay Fever surveillance purposes and validate the effectiveness of relevant content curation using state-of-the-art Deep Learning models (still in infancy in health informatics domain).

• #3 Allergy Facts

  https://aafa.org/allergies/allergy-facts/

  In 2021, approximately 81 million people in the U.S. were diagnosed with seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay fever). This equals around 26% (67 million) of adults and 19% (14 million) of children. […] Seasonal allergic rhinitis is an allergic reaction to pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds. This type of rhinitis occurs mainly when pollen from trees (spring), grasses (summer), and weeds (fall) are in the air.

• #3 Statistics and Figures | Allergy UK | National Charity

  https://www.allergyuk.org/about-allergy/statistics-and-figures/

  Allergic rhinitis is the most common form of non-infectious rhinitis, affecting between 10-15% of children and 26% of adults in the UK. (GK Scadding et al, 2017). […] However, in recent research around 49% of people reported suffering with Hay fever symptoms. (Allergy UK / Kleenex®, 2020). […] AR accounts for 16.7 million physician office visits annually (Pawankar R, et al, 2013) […] In Europe, the European Community Respiratory Health Survey established the prevalence of AR as being from 4% to 32% (Pawankar R, et al, 2013) […] More than 40% of patients with AR have asthma, and more than 80% of asthmatic patients suffer concomitant rhinitis. Also, patients with rhinitis have an increased risk of developing asthma (Pawankar R, et al, 2013) […] Up to 57% of adult patients and up to 88% of children with AR have sleep problems, including micro-arousals, leading to daytime fatigue and somnolence, and decreased cognitive functioning (Pawankar R, et al, 2013)

• #3 Allergic Rhinitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/134825-overview

  Highest prevalence of severe allergic rhinitis symptoms in children were observed in Africa and Latin America. […] While allergic rhinitis itself is not life-threatening (unless accompanied by severe asthma or anaphylaxis), morbidity from the condition can be significant. […] Allergic rhinitis often coexists with other disorders, such as asthma, and may be associated with asthma exacerbations. […] Allergic rhinitis is also associated with otitis media, eustachian tube dysfunction, sinusitis, nasal polyps, allergic conjunctivitis, and atopic dermatitis. […] Numerous complications that can lead to increased morbidity or even mortality can occur secondary to allergic rhinitis. […] Possible complications include otitis media, eustachian tube dysfunction, acute sinusitis, and chronic sinusitis.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-007-9205-3

  Aim of this study was to examine the effect of hay fever in childhood for asthma onset from childhood to adulthood in a prospective cohort of 3,199 asthma-free children, initially aged 5-13 years, which were followed for up to 12 years in East-Germany. […] Overall 142 incident cases of asthma were observed. Prevalence of hay fever at baseline was 4%. Crude and adjusted IRR were essentially the same and showed overall and in each age group a substantial higher risk of asthma onset due to hay fever. The adjusted IRR was 4 overall and ranged between 3 and 5 within the three age groups. […] Hay fever in childhood is a strong predictor of asthma onset later in life up to adulthood. The preventive potential of early and efficient treatment of allergic rhinitis to avoid asthma development needs to be investigated.

• #4 Products – Data Briefs – Number 460 – January 2023

  https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db460.htm

  In 2021, 25.7% of adults had a seasonal allergy, 7.3% had eczema, and 6.2% had a food allergy. […] The prevalence of seasonal allergies varied by sex, age, and race and Hispanic origin. […] In 2021, nearly one-third of adults aged 18 and over had a diagnosed seasonal allergy, eczema, or food allergy. Overall, seasonal allergy was the most common of the three allergies, with about one-quarter (25.7%) of adults having a diagnosed seasonal allergy, followed by eczema (7.3%) and food allergy (6.2%). […] The prevalence of diagnosed seasonal allergies was highest in non-Hispanic White adults, whereas the prevalence of diagnosed eczema and food allergies was highest in non-Hispanic Black adults.

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