Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Sick building syndrome (SBS) | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/sick-building-syndrome

  sick building syndrome (SBS), term applied to a situation in which some or all the people occupying a building (usually working or living in it) experience non-specific health effects such as headache; dizziness; nausea; irritated eyes, nose, or throat; dry cough; or skin irritation. […] SBS was first identified in the 1970s, and a 1984 report by the World Health Organization suggested that up to 30% of new and remodeled buildings may have problems with IAQ sufficient to cause health symptoms. […] Investigation of SBS requires first ascertaining whether the complaints are actually due to poor IAQ; if so, the investigation will gather information about the buildings ventilation, heating and air conditioning system, possible sources of internal contaminants, and possible pathways for exterior pollutants to enter the building.

• #2 Sick Building Syndrome

  https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-i-47946/systematic-conditions/item/493-sick-building-syndrome

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) is a term used to describe office worker discomfort and medical symptoms that are related to building characteristics, to pollutant exposures and to work organization, and that are mediated through personal risk factors. […] Since the mid-1970s, increasingly voiced office worker discomfort has been studied in formal ways. These have included field epidemiological studies using a building or a workstation as the sampling unit to identify risk factors and causes, population-based surveys to define prevalence, chamber studies of humans to define effects and mechanisms, and field intervention studies. […] Approximately 30 cross-sectional surveys have been published. Many of these have included primarily non-problem buildings, selected at random. These studies consistently demonstrate an association between mechanical ventilation and increased symptom reporting. Additional risk factors have been defined in several case-control studies.

• #3 Building and Health: Mapping the Knowledge Development of Sick Building Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/3/287

  At present, with more and more attention paid to the impact of buildings on the health and well-being of occupants, sick building syndrome (SBS) has become a global concern. […] Since the introduction of SBS by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1983, thousands of research literatures have been published in this field. […] It has been shown that the incidence of SBS is 57% in offices, 31% in university laboratories and 23–41% in university administrative buildings, and this has become a most common environmental health problem. […] SBS was first introduced by WHO in 1983 and is defined as a collection of nonspecific symptoms for ill health caused by exposure to harmful agents associated with the occupancy of certain workplaces. […] Fisk et al. has indicated a significant association between low ventilation rate and SBS as increasing natural ventilation can control humidity and remove indoor pollutants, which is an effective strategy to relieve SBS.

• #4 Sick building syndrome (SBS) | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/sick-building-syndrome

  sick building syndrome (SBS), term applied to a situation in which some or all the people occupying a building (usually working or living in it) experience non-specific health effects such as headache; dizziness; nausea; irritated eyes, nose, or throat; dry cough; or skin irritation. […] SBS was first identified in the 1970s, and a 1984 report by the World Health Organization suggested that up to 30% of new and remodeled buildings may have problems with IAQ sufficient to cause health symptoms. […] Investigation of SBS requires first ascertaining whether the complaints are actually due to poor IAQ; if so, the investigation will gather information about the buildings ventilation, heating and air conditioning system, possible sources of internal contaminants, and possible pathways for exterior pollutants to enter the building.

• #5 Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty

  https://www.dukeupress.edu/sick-building-syndrome-and-the-problem-of-uncertainty/

  Before 1980, sick building syndrome did not exist. By the 1990s, it was among the most commonly investigated occupational health problems in the United States. […] Sick building syndrome embodied a politics of uncertainty that continues to characterize contemporary American environmental debates. […] They show how uncertainty emerged from a complex confluence of feminist activism, office worker protests, ventilation engineering, toxicology, popular epidemiology, corporate science, and ecology. […] This book is valuable to people studying social health movements and social epidemiology.

• #6 Project MUSE – Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty

  https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/monograph/book/69450

  Before 1980, sick building syndrome did not exist. By the 1990s, it was among the most commonly investigated occupational health problems in the United States. […] Sick building syndrome embodied a politics of uncertainty that continues to characterize contemporary American environmental debates. Murphy explores the production of uncertainty by juxtaposing multiple histories, each of which explains how an expert or lay tradition made chemical exposures perceptible or imperceptible, existent or nonexistent. […] They show how uncertainty emerged from a complex confluence of feminist activism, office worker protests, ventilation engineering, toxicology, popular epidemiology, corporate science, and ecology.

• #7 Sick Building Syndrome

  https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-i-47946/systematic-conditions/item/493-sick-building-syndrome

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) is a term used to describe office worker discomfort and medical symptoms that are related to building characteristics, to pollutant exposures and to work organization, and that are mediated through personal risk factors. […] Since the mid-1970s, increasingly voiced office worker discomfort has been studied in formal ways. These have included field epidemiological studies using a building or a workstation as the sampling unit to identify risk factors and causes, population-based surveys to define prevalence, chamber studies of humans to define effects and mechanisms, and field intervention studies. […] Approximately 30 cross-sectional surveys have been published. Many of these have included primarily non-problem buildings, selected at random. These studies consistently demonstrate an association between mechanical ventilation and increased symptom reporting. Additional risk factors have been defined in several case-control studies.

• #8 Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty

  https://www.dukeupress.edu/sick-building-syndrome-and-the-problem-of-uncertainty/

  Before 1980, sick building syndrome did not exist. By the 1990s, it was among the most commonly investigated occupational health problems in the United States. […] Sick building syndrome embodied a politics of uncertainty that continues to characterize contemporary American environmental debates. […] They show how uncertainty emerged from a complex confluence of feminist activism, office worker protests, ventilation engineering, toxicology, popular epidemiology, corporate science, and ecology. […] This book is valuable to people studying social health movements and social epidemiology.

• #9 Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty | Department of History

  https://www.history.utoronto.ca/publications/sick-building-syndrome-and-problem-uncertainty

  Before 1980, sick building syndrome did not exist. […] By the 1990s, it was among the most commonly investigated occupational health problems in the United States. […] Sick building syndrome embodied a politics of uncertainty that continues to characterize contemporary American environmental debates. […] She shows how uncertainty emerged from a complex confluence of feminist activism, office worker protests, ventilation engineering, toxicology, popular epidemiology, corporate science, and ecology. […] In an illuminating case study, she reflects on EPA scientists’ efforts to have their headquarters recognized as a sick building.

• #10 Building and Health: Mapping the Knowledge Development of Sick Building Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/3/287

  At present, with more and more attention paid to the impact of buildings on the health and well-being of occupants, sick building syndrome (SBS) has become a global concern. […] Since the introduction of SBS by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1983, thousands of research literatures have been published in this field. […] It has been shown that the incidence of SBS is 57% in offices, 31% in university laboratories and 23–41% in university administrative buildings, and this has become a most common environmental health problem. […] SBS was first introduced by WHO in 1983 and is defined as a collection of nonspecific symptoms for ill health caused by exposure to harmful agents associated with the occupancy of certain workplaces. […] Fisk et al. has indicated a significant association between low ventilation rate and SBS as increasing natural ventilation can control humidity and remove indoor pollutants, which is an effective strategy to relieve SBS.

• #11 Sick Building Syndrome

  https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-i-47946/systematic-conditions/item/493-sick-building-syndrome

  To date, three population-based studies have been published in Sweden, Germany and the United States. The questionnaires differed considerably, and thus prevalence estimates cannot be directly compared. Nevertheless, between 20 and 35% of respondents from various buildings not known to be sick were found to have complaints. […] In all studies where it has been examined, work stress was clearly associated with SBS symptoms. Workers perceptions of job pressures, task conflicts, and non-work stressors such as spousal or parental demands may clearly lead to the subjective experience of stronger irritation as a function of illness behaviour.

• #12 Sick Building Syndrome

  https://iloencyclopaedia.org/part-i-47946/systematic-conditions/item/493-sick-building-syndrome

  To date, three population-based studies have been published in Sweden, Germany and the United States. The questionnaires differed considerably, and thus prevalence estimates cannot be directly compared. Nevertheless, between 20 and 35% of respondents from various buildings not known to be sick were found to have complaints. […] SBS is a phenomenon that can be experienced by an individual, but is usually seen in groups; it is associated with engineering deficiencies and is likely caused by a series of pollutants and pollutant categories.

• #13 Epidemiology of sick building syndrome and its associated risk factors in Singapore

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1757565/

  OBJECTIVES: To investigate the occurrence of sick building syndrome in a tropical city, and its relation to indoor air quality and other factors. […] RESULTS: Symptoms typical of the sick building syndrome were reported in 19.6% of the respondents. […] CONCLUSION: The survey confirmed the presence of sick building syndrome and its risk factors in the tropics.

• #14 Sick building syndrome and associated risk factors among the population of Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia | Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine | Full Text

  https://environhealthprevmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12199-018-0745-9

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) consists of a group of mucosal, skin, and general symptoms temporally related to residential and office buildings of unclear causes. These symptoms are common in the general population. However, SBS symptoms and their contributing factors are poorly understood, and the community associates it with bad spirits. This community-based cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to assess the prevalence and associated factors of SBS in Gondar town. […] The prevalence of SBS in Gondar town was 21.7% (95% CI=20.323.0%). Of this, the mucosal symptoms account for 64%, the general symptoms account for 54%, and the skin symptoms account for 10%. From study participants who reported SBS symptoms, 44% had more than one symptom. Headache (15.7%), asthma (8.3%), rhinitis (8.0%), and dizziness (7.5%) were the commonest reported symptoms. SBS was significantly associated with fungal growth in the building [AOR=1.25, 95% CI=(1.05, 1.49)], unclean building [AOR=1.26, 95% CI=(1.03, 1.55)], houses with no functional windows [AOR=1.35, 95% CI=(1.12, 1.63)], houses with no fan [AOR=1.90, 95% CI=(1.22, 2.96)], utilization of charcoal as a cooking energy source [AOR=1.40, 95% CI=(1.02, 1.91)], cooking inside the living quarters [AOR=1.31, 95% CI=(1.09, 1.58)], and incensing and joss stick use [AOR=1.48, 95% CI=(1.23, 1.77)].

• #15 Frontiers | Sick building syndrome and its associated factors among adult people living in Hodan district Moqadishu Somalia

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1218659/full

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) consists of a group of mucosal, skin, and general symptoms temporally that is related to residential buildings of unclear causes. Consequently, a cross-sectional study was carried out to identify the prevalence and contributing factors of SBS in adult people living in Hodan district, Mogadishu Somalia. […] The prevalence of SBS was 41% from the total of 261 participants. […] SBS had a significant association with being female [AOR = 3.044, 95% CI = (1.813, 5.110)], lack of functional windows [AOR = 3.543, 95% CI = (1.293, 9.710)], fungal growth in the buildings [AOR = 3.433, 95% CI = (1.223, 9.638)], recent use of pesticides, paints, and solvents [AOR = 2.541, 95% CI = (1.018, 6.343)], cooking inside building [AOR = 4.709, 95% CI = (1.469, 15.095)], outdoor air pollutant [AOR = 6.364, 95% CI = (2.387, 16.966)], use of charcoal for cooking [AOR = 1.846, 95% CI = (1.013, 3.365)], incensing habits of occupants [AOR = 4.375, 95% CI = (2.303, 8.308)] fan use [AOR = 2.067, 95% CI = (1.099, 3.886)] and dust in the living rooms [AOR = 5.151, 95% CI = (2.380, 11.152)].

• #16 Epidemiology And Risk Factors Of Sick-building Syndromeamong Health Care Workers At Primary Health Care Center In Al-ahsa,saudi Arabia

  https://www.journalijar.com/article/45231/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-of-sick-building-syndromeamong-health-care-workers-at-primary-health-care-center-in-al-ahsa,saudi-arabia/

  Objective: This study aimed to investigate the Epidemiology and risk factors of Sick-building Syndrome among health care workers at primary health care center in Al- Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. […] Results: 18.1% of individuals reported experiencing symptoms associated with SBS. The results revealed a significant association between air quality and the presence of SBS symptoms (p = 0.001), with SBS symptoms being more prevalent in perceived stuffy air conditions. […] Conclusion: The findings suggest that air quality, particularly the perception of stuffy air, is significantly associated with the occurrence of SBS symptoms. These results align with previous research highlighting the importance of proper ventilation and reducing pollutant sources to mitigate SBS symptoms. With prevalence of SBS OF 18.1% among participants. Additionally, the study emphasizes the impact of noise pollution on SBS symptoms during the winter season. Further research is needed to explore the complex interactions between individual susceptibility, specific pollutant exposures, and building characteristics in the development of SBS symptoms.

• #17 Sick building syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome

  Some studies have found that women have higher reports of SBS symptoms than men. […] A 2001 study published in the Journal Indoor Air, gathered 1464 office-working participants to increase the scientific understanding of gender differences under the Sick Building Syndrome phenomenon. […] There might be a gender difference in reporting rates of sick building syndrome, because women tend to report more symptoms than men do.

• #18 Sick building syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome

  Some studies have found that women have higher reports of SBS symptoms than men. […] A 2001 study published in the Journal Indoor Air, gathered 1464 office-working participants to increase the scientific understanding of gender differences under the Sick Building Syndrome phenomenon. […] There might be a gender difference in reporting rates of sick building syndrome, because women tend to report more symptoms than men do.

• #19 Frontiers | Sick building syndrome and its associated factors among adult people living in Hodan district Moqadishu Somalia

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1218659/full

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) consists of a group of mucosal, skin, and general symptoms temporally that is related to residential buildings of unclear causes. Consequently, a cross-sectional study was carried out to identify the prevalence and contributing factors of SBS in adult people living in Hodan district, Mogadishu Somalia. […] The prevalence of SBS was 41% from the total of 261 participants. […] SBS had a significant association with being female [AOR = 3.044, 95% CI = (1.813, 5.110)], lack of functional windows [AOR = 3.543, 95% CI = (1.293, 9.710)], fungal growth in the buildings [AOR = 3.433, 95% CI = (1.223, 9.638)], recent use of pesticides, paints, and solvents [AOR = 2.541, 95% CI = (1.018, 6.343)], cooking inside building [AOR = 4.709, 95% CI = (1.469, 15.095)], outdoor air pollutant [AOR = 6.364, 95% CI = (2.387, 16.966)], use of charcoal for cooking [AOR = 1.846, 95% CI = (1.013, 3.365)], incensing habits of occupants [AOR = 4.375, 95% CI = (2.303, 8.308)] fan use [AOR = 2.067, 95% CI = (1.099, 3.886)] and dust in the living rooms [AOR = 5.151, 95% CI = (2.380, 11.152)].

• #20 Sick building syndrome and associated risk factors among the population of Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia | Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine | Full Text

  https://environhealthprevmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12199-018-0745-9

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) consists of a group of mucosal, skin, and general symptoms temporally related to residential and office buildings of unclear causes. These symptoms are common in the general population. However, SBS symptoms and their contributing factors are poorly understood, and the community associates it with bad spirits. This community-based cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to assess the prevalence and associated factors of SBS in Gondar town. […] The prevalence of SBS in Gondar town was 21.7% (95% CI=20.323.0%). Of this, the mucosal symptoms account for 64%, the general symptoms account for 54%, and the skin symptoms account for 10%. From study participants who reported SBS symptoms, 44% had more than one symptom. Headache (15.7%), asthma (8.3%), rhinitis (8.0%), and dizziness (7.5%) were the commonest reported symptoms. SBS was significantly associated with fungal growth in the building [AOR=1.25, 95% CI=(1.05, 1.49)], unclean building [AOR=1.26, 95% CI=(1.03, 1.55)], houses with no functional windows [AOR=1.35, 95% CI=(1.12, 1.63)], houses with no fan [AOR=1.90, 95% CI=(1.22, 2.96)], utilization of charcoal as a cooking energy source [AOR=1.40, 95% CI=(1.02, 1.91)], cooking inside the living quarters [AOR=1.31, 95% CI=(1.09, 1.58)], and incensing and joss stick use [AOR=1.48, 95% CI=(1.23, 1.77)].

• #21 Sick building syndrome and associated risk factors among the population of Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia | Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine | Full Text

  https://environhealthprevmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12199-018-0745-9

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) consists of a group of mucosal, skin, and general symptoms temporally related to residential and office buildings of unclear causes. These symptoms are common in the general population. However, SBS symptoms and their contributing factors are poorly understood, and the community associates it with bad spirits. This community-based cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to assess the prevalence and associated factors of SBS in Gondar town. […] The prevalence of SBS in Gondar town was 21.7% (95% CI=20.323.0%). Of this, the mucosal symptoms account for 64%, the general symptoms account for 54%, and the skin symptoms account for 10%. From study participants who reported SBS symptoms, 44% had more than one symptom. Headache (15.7%), asthma (8.3%), rhinitis (8.0%), and dizziness (7.5%) were the commonest reported symptoms. SBS was significantly associated with fungal growth in the building [AOR=1.25, 95% CI=(1.05, 1.49)], unclean building [AOR=1.26, 95% CI=(1.03, 1.55)], houses with no functional windows [AOR=1.35, 95% CI=(1.12, 1.63)], houses with no fan [AOR=1.90, 95% CI=(1.22, 2.96)], utilization of charcoal as a cooking energy source [AOR=1.40, 95% CI=(1.02, 1.91)], cooking inside the living quarters [AOR=1.31, 95% CI=(1.09, 1.58)], and incensing and joss stick use [AOR=1.48, 95% CI=(1.23, 1.77)].

• #22 The potential risk of sick building syndrome of the emergency department areas in a medical center in Taiwan – Chen – Health Technology

  https://ht.amegroups.org/article/view/5005/html

  Previous studies have shown that architectural design was significantly associated with some symptoms, meaning that people feel uncomfortable in an environmentally poor building, a phenomenon known as sick building syndrome (SBS). […] Symptoms of SBS include dizziness, headache, fatigue, dry throat, stinging eyes, wheezing, dizziness, nasal sensitivity, sneezing, nasal congestion, inability to concentrate, nausea, upper respiratory mucosal irritation, etc. […] Therefore, if the offices concentration of CO2 is too high, the employees work efficiency will be significantly reduced. […] The ER is a high-risk and harsh environment where it is easy to generate air pollution, as well as a high concentration of CO2. […] Therefore, maintaining emergency environment and improving air conditioning is a very important issue. […] The ventilation of outdoor airflow and filtration of particles of air conditioning systems should be well-designed since the initial construction of ER building to avoid SBS.

• #23 Sick Building Syndrome: What It Is and Tips for Prevention — Occupational Health & Safety

  https://ohsonline.com/articles/2016/10/01/sick-building-syndrome.aspx

  Sick building syndrome is the name given to a collection of illnesses and symptoms that afflict multiple occupants of particular buildings. The symptoms include sniffles; stuffy noses; itchy eyes; sinus infections; scratchy throats; dry, irritated skin; upset stomachs; headaches; difficulty concentrating; and fatigue or lethargy. The key factors in diagnosing sick building syndrome are a rapid recovery and the disappearance of symptoms after an affected individual leaves the building. […] Occurrences are not rare, nor is there a simple solution. Sick building syndrome is common enough that many government agencies have published research on causes and symptoms. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health included it as a recognized health issue in its Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Third Edition. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration also calls out sick building syndrome, which it refers to simply as „indoor air quality,” and makes several recommendations for remediation, especially increased ventilation.

• #24 Sick building syndrome and associated risk factors among the population of Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia | Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine | Full Text

  https://environhealthprevmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12199-018-0745-9

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) consists of a group of mucosal, skin, and general symptoms temporally related to residential and office buildings of unclear causes. These symptoms are common in the general population. However, SBS symptoms and their contributing factors are poorly understood, and the community associates it with bad spirits. This community-based cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to assess the prevalence and associated factors of SBS in Gondar town. […] The prevalence of SBS in Gondar town was 21.7% (95% CI=20.323.0%). Of this, the mucosal symptoms account for 64%, the general symptoms account for 54%, and the skin symptoms account for 10%. From study participants who reported SBS symptoms, 44% had more than one symptom. Headache (15.7%), asthma (8.3%), rhinitis (8.0%), and dizziness (7.5%) were the commonest reported symptoms. SBS was significantly associated with fungal growth in the building [AOR=1.25, 95% CI=(1.05, 1.49)], unclean building [AOR=1.26, 95% CI=(1.03, 1.55)], houses with no functional windows [AOR=1.35, 95% CI=(1.12, 1.63)], houses with no fan [AOR=1.90, 95% CI=(1.22, 2.96)], utilization of charcoal as a cooking energy source [AOR=1.40, 95% CI=(1.02, 1.91)], cooking inside the living quarters [AOR=1.31, 95% CI=(1.09, 1.58)], and incensing and joss stick use [AOR=1.48, 95% CI=(1.23, 1.77)].

• #25 Sick Building Syndrome: What It Is and Tips for Prevention — Occupational Health & Safety

  https://ohsonline.com/articles/2016/10/01/sick-building-syndrome.aspx

  Sick building syndrome is the name given to a collection of illnesses and symptoms that afflict multiple occupants of particular buildings. The symptoms include sniffles; stuffy noses; itchy eyes; sinus infections; scratchy throats; dry, irritated skin; upset stomachs; headaches; difficulty concentrating; and fatigue or lethargy. The key factors in diagnosing sick building syndrome are a rapid recovery and the disappearance of symptoms after an affected individual leaves the building. […] Occurrences are not rare, nor is there a simple solution. Sick building syndrome is common enough that many government agencies have published research on causes and symptoms. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health included it as a recognized health issue in its Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Third Edition. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration also calls out sick building syndrome, which it refers to simply as „indoor air quality,” and makes several recommendations for remediation, especially increased ventilation.

• #26 Building health: an epidemiological study of “sick building syndrome” in the Whitehall II study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2078095/

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) is described as a group of symptoms attributed to the physical environment of specific buildings. Isolating particular environmental features responsible for the symptoms has proved difficult. This study explores the role and significance of the physical and psychosocial work environment in explaining SBS. […] The physical environment of office buildings appears to be less important than features of the psychosocial work environment in explaining differences in the prevalence of symptoms. […] These results emphasise the potentially confounding effects of age, sex, socioeconomic position, and psychosocial aspects of work in explaining the prevalence of symptoms. They suggest that sick building syndrome may be wrongly named—raised symptom reporting appears to be due less to poor physical conditions than to a working environment characterised by poor psychosocial conditions. […] The results imply that if SBS is reported in a building, management should consider causes beyond the physical design and operation of the workplace and should widen their investigation to include the organisation of work roles and the autonomy of the workforce.

• #27 An Update on Sick Building Syndrome

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/701739_6

  This activity is intended for primary care clinicians, pulmonologists, occupational clinicians, and other clinicians who care for patients with sick building syndrome. […] The goal of this activity is to review features of sick building syndrome, potential causes and remedies, and ways to recognize and prevent the condition. […] There are a number of well established environmental risk factors for SBS described in previous review articles, and recent research has only added limited new knowledge in this field. […] Room temperature is related to SBS and at temperatures above 22C increased mucosal irritation and general symptoms such as headache and tiredness may occur in temperate climate. […] Low relative air humidity is related to ocular and upper respiratory symptoms and dermal symptoms as demonstrated in experimental intervention studies.

• #28 An Update on Sick Building Syndrome

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/701739_6

  Building ventilation can be measured either as CO2 levels, personal outdoor air flow or air exchange rate. […] There are a large number of mainly cross-sectional studies indicating an association between reported or observed building dampness and indoor moulds and a 50-100% increase of SBS. […] There are a few studies on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and SBS, suggesting that ETS exposure increases the risk for SBS. […] Disturbed blinking behaviour at intensive video display terminal (VDT) work may disturb the tear film and cause ocular symptoms. […] Indoor sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) include building materials, consumer products and human emissions. […] There are only a few studies on associations between indoor particulate matter in the air and SBS.

• #29 Sick building syndrome and associated risk factors among the population of Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia | Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine | Full Text

  https://environhealthprevmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12199-018-0745-9

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) consists of a group of mucosal, skin, and general symptoms temporally related to residential and office buildings of unclear causes. These symptoms are common in the general population. However, SBS symptoms and their contributing factors are poorly understood, and the community associates it with bad spirits. This community-based cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to assess the prevalence and associated factors of SBS in Gondar town. […] The prevalence of SBS in Gondar town was 21.7% (95% CI=20.323.0%). Of this, the mucosal symptoms account for 64%, the general symptoms account for 54%, and the skin symptoms account for 10%. From study participants who reported SBS symptoms, 44% had more than one symptom. Headache (15.7%), asthma (8.3%), rhinitis (8.0%), and dizziness (7.5%) were the commonest reported symptoms. SBS was significantly associated with fungal growth in the building [AOR=1.25, 95% CI=(1.05, 1.49)], unclean building [AOR=1.26, 95% CI=(1.03, 1.55)], houses with no functional windows [AOR=1.35, 95% CI=(1.12, 1.63)], houses with no fan [AOR=1.90, 95% CI=(1.22, 2.96)], utilization of charcoal as a cooking energy source [AOR=1.40, 95% CI=(1.02, 1.91)], cooking inside the living quarters [AOR=1.31, 95% CI=(1.09, 1.58)], and incensing and joss stick use [AOR=1.48, 95% CI=(1.23, 1.77)].

• #30 Frontiers | Sick building syndrome and its associated factors among adult people living in Hodan district Moqadishu Somalia

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1218659/full

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) consists of a group of mucosal, skin, and general symptoms temporally that is related to residential buildings of unclear causes. Consequently, a cross-sectional study was carried out to identify the prevalence and contributing factors of SBS in adult people living in Hodan district, Mogadishu Somalia. […] The prevalence of SBS was 41% from the total of 261 participants. […] SBS had a significant association with being female [AOR = 3.044, 95% CI = (1.813, 5.110)], lack of functional windows [AOR = 3.543, 95% CI = (1.293, 9.710)], fungal growth in the buildings [AOR = 3.433, 95% CI = (1.223, 9.638)], recent use of pesticides, paints, and solvents [AOR = 2.541, 95% CI = (1.018, 6.343)], cooking inside building [AOR = 4.709, 95% CI = (1.469, 15.095)], outdoor air pollutant [AOR = 6.364, 95% CI = (2.387, 16.966)], use of charcoal for cooking [AOR = 1.846, 95% CI = (1.013, 3.365)], incensing habits of occupants [AOR = 4.375, 95% CI = (2.303, 8.308)] fan use [AOR = 2.067, 95% CI = (1.099, 3.886)] and dust in the living rooms [AOR = 5.151, 95% CI = (2.380, 11.152)].

• #31 Frontiers | Sick building syndrome and its associated factors among adult people living in Hodan district Moqadishu Somalia

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1218659/full

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) consists of a group of mucosal, skin, and general symptoms temporally that is related to residential buildings of unclear causes. Consequently, a cross-sectional study was carried out to identify the prevalence and contributing factors of SBS in adult people living in Hodan district, Mogadishu Somalia. […] The prevalence of SBS was 41% from the total of 261 participants. […] SBS had a significant association with being female [AOR = 3.044, 95% CI = (1.813, 5.110)], lack of functional windows [AOR = 3.543, 95% CI = (1.293, 9.710)], fungal growth in the buildings [AOR = 3.433, 95% CI = (1.223, 9.638)], recent use of pesticides, paints, and solvents [AOR = 2.541, 95% CI = (1.018, 6.343)], cooking inside building [AOR = 4.709, 95% CI = (1.469, 15.095)], outdoor air pollutant [AOR = 6.364, 95% CI = (2.387, 16.966)], use of charcoal for cooking [AOR = 1.846, 95% CI = (1.013, 3.365)], incensing habits of occupants [AOR = 4.375, 95% CI = (2.303, 8.308)] fan use [AOR = 2.067, 95% CI = (1.099, 3.886)] and dust in the living rooms [AOR = 5.151, 95% CI = (2.380, 11.152)].

• #32 Frontiers | Sick building syndrome and its associated factors among adult people living in Hodan district Moqadishu Somalia

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1218659/full

  The study revealed a high prevalence of Sick building syndrome (SBS), with 41% of participants experiencing symptoms. […] SBS had a significant association with occupants’ sex, lack of functional windows, fungal growth in the buildings, recent use of pesticides, paints, and solvents, cooking inside the building, outdoor air pollutants, use of charcoal for cooking, incensing habits of occupants, fan use, and dust in the living rooms. […] Residents living in building without functional windows were nearly four times more likely to be at risk of developing sick building syndrome (SBS) compared to those living in building with functional windows. […] Additionally, building located in close proximity to outdoor pollution sources had a six-fold higher likelihood of experiencing SBS.

• #33 Frontiers | Sick building syndrome and its associated factors among adult people living in Hodan district Moqadishu Somalia

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1218659/full

  The study revealed a high prevalence of Sick building syndrome (SBS), with 41% of participants experiencing symptoms. […] SBS had a significant association with occupants’ sex, lack of functional windows, fungal growth in the buildings, recent use of pesticides, paints, and solvents, cooking inside the building, outdoor air pollutants, use of charcoal for cooking, incensing habits of occupants, fan use, and dust in the living rooms. […] Residents living in building without functional windows were nearly four times more likely to be at risk of developing sick building syndrome (SBS) compared to those living in building with functional windows. […] Additionally, building located in close proximity to outdoor pollution sources had a six-fold higher likelihood of experiencing SBS.

• #34 Building health: an epidemiological study of “sick building syndrome” in the Whitehall II study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2078095/

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) is described as a group of symptoms attributed to the physical environment of specific buildings. Isolating particular environmental features responsible for the symptoms has proved difficult. This study explores the role and significance of the physical and psychosocial work environment in explaining SBS. […] The physical environment of office buildings appears to be less important than features of the psychosocial work environment in explaining differences in the prevalence of symptoms. […] These results emphasise the potentially confounding effects of age, sex, socioeconomic position, and psychosocial aspects of work in explaining the prevalence of symptoms. They suggest that sick building syndrome may be wrongly named—raised symptom reporting appears to be due less to poor physical conditions than to a working environment characterised by poor psychosocial conditions. […] The results imply that if SBS is reported in a building, management should consider causes beyond the physical design and operation of the workplace and should widen their investigation to include the organisation of work roles and the autonomy of the workforce.

• #35 Sick Building Syndrome

  https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-i-47946/systematic-conditions/item/493-sick-building-syndrome

  To date, three population-based studies have been published in Sweden, Germany and the United States. The questionnaires differed considerably, and thus prevalence estimates cannot be directly compared. Nevertheless, between 20 and 35% of respondents from various buildings not known to be sick were found to have complaints. […] In all studies where it has been examined, work stress was clearly associated with SBS symptoms. Workers perceptions of job pressures, task conflicts, and non-work stressors such as spousal or parental demands may clearly lead to the subjective experience of stronger irritation as a function of illness behaviour.

• #36 An Update on Sick Building Syndrome

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/701739_7

  An unbalanced psychosocial work environment, with high demands, particularly in combination with lack of control and lack of support from superiors and colleagues, increases the risk for cardiovascular disease. […] Two recent studies have reported association between psychosocial work environment and SBS. […] There are few studies on the relationship between socioeconomic status and SBS. […] Another study showed that residents in single-family houses reported less SBS than residents in multifamily houses, although measurements suggested a less favourable indoor environment in single-family houses. […] One study on SBS from Japan concluded that sufficient sleep, moderate alcohol consumption for men and fewer working hours for women might alleviate SBS symptoms.

• #37 Building health: an epidemiological study of “sick building syndrome” in the Whitehall II study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2078095/

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) is described as a group of symptoms attributed to the physical environment of specific buildings. Isolating particular environmental features responsible for the symptoms has proved difficult. This study explores the role and significance of the physical and psychosocial work environment in explaining SBS. […] The physical environment of office buildings appears to be less important than features of the psychosocial work environment in explaining differences in the prevalence of symptoms. […] These results emphasise the potentially confounding effects of age, sex, socioeconomic position, and psychosocial aspects of work in explaining the prevalence of symptoms. They suggest that sick building syndrome may be wrongly named—raised symptom reporting appears to be due less to poor physical conditions than to a working environment characterised by poor psychosocial conditions. […] The results imply that if SBS is reported in a building, management should consider causes beyond the physical design and operation of the workplace and should widen their investigation to include the organisation of work roles and the autonomy of the workforce.

• #38 Sick building syndrome 'is result of poor management’ 
 | UCL News – UCL – University College London

  https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2006/mar/sick-building-syndrome-result-poor-management

  The workplace illness 'sick building syndrome’, which is said to cost businesses millions of pounds each year, is caused by poor managers rather than a poor environment, a study says today. […] Researchers found that the 10 symptoms commonly associated with the illness, which was identified by the World Health Organisation more than 20 years ago, were linked to long hours and lack of support at work. […] Dr Mai Stafford [UCL Epidemiology Public Health] said: „We found no evidence that the buildings themselves are important in 'sick building syndrome’. It seems to be wrongly named. […] „Psychological factors of work – stress brought on by lack of control, long hours and unsupportive managers – were far more important.” […] The new study of 4,000 Civil Service workers in 44 offices suggests that the only cure could be through better management.

• #39 An Update on Sick Building Syndrome

  https://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/701739_7

  This activity is intended for primary care clinicians, pulmonologists, occupational clinicians, and other clinicians who care for patients with sick building syndrome. […] The goal of this activity is to review features of sick building syndrome, potential causes and remedies, and ways to recognize and prevent the condition. […] Personal risk factors for SBS have been described in previous review articles. […] Recent research has mainly added new knowledge on the role of personality traits and psychosocial work environment for SBS. […] There are a number of studies reporting that women have a higher prevalence of SBS than men. […] Self-reported allergy (e.g. hay fever) is associated with a higher prevalence of SBS. […] Tendency to somatization and neuroticism has been shown to be associated with SBS.

• #40 Sick building syndrome (SBS) | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/sick-building-syndrome

  sick building syndrome (SBS), term applied to a situation in which some or all the people occupying a building (usually working or living in it) experience non-specific health effects such as headache; dizziness; nausea; irritated eyes, nose, or throat; dry cough; or skin irritation. […] SBS was first identified in the 1970s, and a 1984 report by the World Health Organization suggested that up to 30% of new and remodeled buildings may have problems with IAQ sufficient to cause health symptoms. […] Investigation of SBS requires first ascertaining whether the complaints are actually due to poor IAQ; if so, the investigation will gather information about the buildings ventilation, heating and air conditioning system, possible sources of internal contaminants, and possible pathways for exterior pollutants to enter the building.

• #41 Sick building syndrome (SBS) | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/sick-building-syndrome

  sick building syndrome (SBS), term applied to a situation in which some or all the people occupying a building (usually working or living in it) experience non-specific health effects such as headache; dizziness; nausea; irritated eyes, nose, or throat; dry cough; or skin irritation. […] SBS was first identified in the 1970s, and a 1984 report by the World Health Organization suggested that up to 30% of new and remodeled buildings may have problems with IAQ sufficient to cause health symptoms. […] Investigation of SBS requires first ascertaining whether the complaints are actually due to poor IAQ; if so, the investigation will gather information about the buildings ventilation, heating and air conditioning system, possible sources of internal contaminants, and possible pathways for exterior pollutants to enter the building.

• #42 Sick Building Syndrome: What It Is and Tips for Prevention — Occupational Health & Safety

  https://ohsonline.com/articles/2016/10/01/sick-building-syndrome.aspx

  There is no specific medical test to diagnose sick building syndrome. Physicians usually treat the symptoms individually, but the real identification of a „sick building” is subjective. Telltale clues include increased absenteeism among the building occupants, a large number of occupants complaining about vague but similar symptoms, and a common history of symptom resolution when people are not in the building.

• #43

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2011/01001/The_Efficiency_of_Chemical_Sensitivity_Screening.112.aspx

  Chemiless Town Project of Chiba University is one of the projects of preventive medicine that tries to prevent Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) by improving indoor air quality. […] Our previous studies revealed that people who are sensitive to chemicals tend to claim some symptoms of SBS. It means that in order to prevent SBS, more sensitive people had better avoid chemical exposure as much as possible. […] As a result, the percentage of high-risk group to have SBS was 62% and low-risk group was 38%, respectively. Among high-risk group, more than 84% people estimated as SBS and Chemical Sensitivity. […] It means that recognition is important to take actions to prevent SBS.

• #44

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2011/01001/The_Efficiency_of_Chemical_Sensitivity_Screening.112.aspx

  Chemiless Town Project of Chiba University is one of the projects of preventive medicine that tries to prevent Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) by improving indoor air quality. […] Our previous studies revealed that people who are sensitive to chemicals tend to claim some symptoms of SBS. It means that in order to prevent SBS, more sensitive people had better avoid chemical exposure as much as possible. […] As a result, the percentage of high-risk group to have SBS was 62% and low-risk group was 38%, respectively. Among high-risk group, more than 84% people estimated as SBS and Chemical Sensitivity. […] It means that recognition is important to take actions to prevent SBS.

• #45 Building health: an epidemiological study of “sick building syndrome” in the Whitehall II study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2078095/

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) is described as a group of symptoms attributed to the physical environment of specific buildings. Isolating particular environmental features responsible for the symptoms has proved difficult. This study explores the role and significance of the physical and psychosocial work environment in explaining SBS. […] The physical environment of office buildings appears to be less important than features of the psychosocial work environment in explaining differences in the prevalence of symptoms. […] These results emphasise the potentially confounding effects of age, sex, socioeconomic position, and psychosocial aspects of work in explaining the prevalence of symptoms. They suggest that sick building syndrome may be wrongly named—raised symptom reporting appears to be due less to poor physical conditions than to a working environment characterised by poor psychosocial conditions. […] The results imply that if SBS is reported in a building, management should consider causes beyond the physical design and operation of the workplace and should widen their investigation to include the organisation of work roles and the autonomy of the workforce.

• #46 The potential risk of sick building syndrome of the emergency department areas in a medical center in Taiwan – Chen – Health Technology

  https://ht.amegroups.org/article/view/5005/html

  Indoor air pollution is a constant problem in the current society, especially in the emergency department (ED). […] A solution to organize the medical working environment and prevent the underlying threat of nosocomial infection is becoming an increasingly important issue; therefore, a research project is designed to study the air quality in the ED of a medical center in Taiwan. […] Our research indicates that the current emergency environment could be harmful to healthcare staff, and poor air quality in the ER is observed especially during busy hours, in older buildings, at intensive medical disposal areas and also in confined spaces. […] Therefore, improvement of air quality in ER and maintenance of emergency environment at the ideal air condition is significantly important. […] The ventilation of outdoor airflow and filtration of particles of the air conditioning systems should be thoughtfully planned as early as when designing an ER construction in order to avoid sick building syndrome (SBS).

• #47 Building health: an epidemiological study of “sick building syndrome” in the Whitehall II study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2078095/

  Sick building syndrome (SBS) is described as a group of symptoms attributed to the physical environment of specific buildings. Isolating particular environmental features responsible for the symptoms has proved difficult. This study explores the role and significance of the physical and psychosocial work environment in explaining SBS. […] The physical environment of office buildings appears to be less important than features of the psychosocial work environment in explaining differences in the prevalence of symptoms. […] These results emphasise the potentially confounding effects of age, sex, socioeconomic position, and psychosocial aspects of work in explaining the prevalence of symptoms. They suggest that sick building syndrome may be wrongly named—raised symptom reporting appears to be due less to poor physical conditions than to a working environment characterised by poor psychosocial conditions. […] The results imply that if SBS is reported in a building, management should consider causes beyond the physical design and operation of the workplace and should widen their investigation to include the organisation of work roles and the autonomy of the workforce.

• #48 Sick building syndrome 'is result of poor management’ 
 | UCL News – UCL – University College London

  https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2006/mar/sick-building-syndrome-result-poor-management

  Dr Stafford, reporting the findings in the 'British Medical Journal’ today, said: „The only area of the physical environment that had a significant effect on health was in control over the desk space. If employees could choose what lighting and heat they worked in, they were less likely to report symptoms. […] „It shows that employers need to consider job stress above an audit of physical properties.” […] Although more than half of women said they had experienced headaches, and a third said they were tired for no reason, this was linked to job stress rather than a common environmental problem, the study said. […] The researchers said that the quality of buildings was still „very important” and could play some factor in a person’s health.

• #49 Building and Health: Mapping the Knowledge Development of Sick Building Syndrome

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/12/3/287

  All of these studies have enriched the investigation of risk factors of SBS. […] The latest research, on the other hand, believes that solutions of SBS should be committed at the architectural design stage with the purpose of making it more consistent with the behaviors, preferences, health and well-being of occupants, providing novel concept and development direction for the study of SBS.

• #50 Epidemiology And Risk Factors Of Sick-building Syndromeamong Health Care Workers At Primary Health Care Center In Al-ahsa,saudi Arabia

  https://www.journalijar.com/article/45231/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-of-sick-building-syndromeamong-health-care-workers-at-primary-health-care-center-in-al-ahsa,saudi-arabia/

  Objective: This study aimed to investigate the Epidemiology and risk factors of Sick-building Syndrome among health care workers at primary health care center in Al- Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. […] Results: 18.1% of individuals reported experiencing symptoms associated with SBS. The results revealed a significant association between air quality and the presence of SBS symptoms (p = 0.001), with SBS symptoms being more prevalent in perceived stuffy air conditions. […] Conclusion: The findings suggest that air quality, particularly the perception of stuffy air, is significantly associated with the occurrence of SBS symptoms. These results align with previous research highlighting the importance of proper ventilation and reducing pollutant sources to mitigate SBS symptoms. With prevalence of SBS OF 18.1% among participants. Additionally, the study emphasizes the impact of noise pollution on SBS symptoms during the winter season. Further research is needed to explore the complex interactions between individual susceptibility, specific pollutant exposures, and building characteristics in the development of SBS symptoms.

• #51 Sick building syndrome (SBS) | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/sick-building-syndrome

  SBS is difficult to study because its symptoms are commonplace and could have many causes, such as allergies or stress, and may be influenced by psychological factors, such as dislike of a job or workplace. […] In addition, some clinicians believe that SBS is not a meaningful term and should be abandoned, while others have argued that investigations into SBS should include evaluation of psychological and social as well as physical, environmental, and biomedical factors.

• #52 Sick Building Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Treatment and More

  https://www.medicinenet.com/sick_building_syndrome/article.htm

  Others who say there is no evidence for this syndrome agree that certain chemicals, biologics, and physical agents found in some buildings can cause disease, but once these are identified (for example, lead, Legionnaires’ disease, asbestos), then the disease is identified and is not a new „syndrome.” […] The complications of this alleged syndrome include increasing symptoms, interference with job productivity, job loss, the necessity of relocation, extensive and expensive building testing (materials and airflow testing), and many medical tests to try to achieve a definitive diagnosis. […] Because there is no known cause(s), no way to perform a definitive diagnosis, and doubt by many professionals that a sick building syndrome even exists, in general, the prognosis is unclear. […] However, some people who have had their symptoms treated may have a prognosis that ranges from fair to good. […] The EPA cites World Health Organization (WHO) statistics that indicate as many as 30% of all buildings worldwide that are new or refurbished have air-quality problems.

• #53 Sick Building Syndrome | Los Angeles County Department of Public Health – Environmental Health

  http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov/eh/safety/sick-building-syndrome.htm

  More than half of all Americans spend their working time in offices or office-like setting thatat least on the surfacelook like healthy environments. Ironically, up to 60 percent of office workers report at least one health problem attributable to their workplace. […] When such complaints affect a significant number of workers in a particular site, the problem is often referred to as „sick building syndrome” or „building-related illness”. […] Most of the time, however, no specific cause for the symptoms can be found in the building. Some experts speculate that, in many of these cases, poor indoor air quality may play a role. […] A number of factors can contribute to poor indoor air quality in an office setting, inadequate ventilation being among the most important. Poor ventilation clearly compromises the health of a building’s occupants.

• #54 Sick Building Syndrome | Los Angeles County Department of Public Health – Environmental Health

  http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov/eh/safety/sick-building-syndrome.htm

  If indoor air quality is a concern, several steps can be taken to reduce the likelihood of sick-building complaints. The first step is to eliminate, or at least minimize, exposure to all sources of known airborne irritants. […] Ventilation rates must also be maintained at appropriate levels for a building’s size and occupancy. Changes in ventilation can dramatically influence levels of indoor pollutants, particularly when ventilation rates are low. Several studies show that improving ventilation not only enhances workers’ comfort level, it makes them more productive as well.

• #55 The potential risk of sick building syndrome of the emergency department areas in a medical center in Taiwan – Chen – Health Technology

  https://ht.amegroups.org/article/view/5005/html

  Previous studies have shown that architectural design was significantly associated with some symptoms, meaning that people feel uncomfortable in an environmentally poor building, a phenomenon known as sick building syndrome (SBS). […] Symptoms of SBS include dizziness, headache, fatigue, dry throat, stinging eyes, wheezing, dizziness, nasal sensitivity, sneezing, nasal congestion, inability to concentrate, nausea, upper respiratory mucosal irritation, etc. […] Therefore, if the offices concentration of CO2 is too high, the employees work efficiency will be significantly reduced. […] The ER is a high-risk and harsh environment where it is easy to generate air pollution, as well as a high concentration of CO2. […] Therefore, maintaining emergency environment and improving air conditioning is a very important issue. […] The ventilation of outdoor airflow and filtration of particles of air conditioning systems should be well-designed since the initial construction of ER building to avoid SBS.

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