Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Periodontal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554590/

  Periodontal diseases are disease processes involving the periodontium, a term used to describe the supportive apparatus surrounding a tooth, which includes the gingival tissue, alveolar bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament. […] Periodontitis is when the periodontal condition has progressed beyond gingivitis into a chronic, destructive, irreversible inflammatory disease state. The bacteria then can penetrate deeper into the tissues and surrounding periodontium. This triggers a host response in an attempt to defend against the invading bacteria. However, during the process of protecting against the bacteria, the host defenses also lead to the destruction of the periodontium. Periodontitis leads to loss of attachment of the periodontium, which subsequently progresses to alveolar bone loss, potentially resulting in loss of the affected tooth. This activity describes the evaluation and management of periodontal diseases and highlights the role of the interprofessional healthcare team in identifying and treating patients with these conditions.

• #2 Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21482-gum-periodontal-disease

  Periodontal disease is inflammation and infection of your gums and the bone that supports your teeth. […] Symptoms may include bad breath, loose teeth and bleeding, swollen gums. […] There are many treatments available, depending on the severity of disease. […] As periodontal disease progresses, you lose more bone and tissue around your teeth. […] This can lead to many complications, including gum recession and tooth loss. […] Periodontal disease also called gum disease refers to inflammation and infection of the tissues that support your teeth. […] Poor oral hygiene can result in gum disease. […] Almost half of all adults in the United States have some form of gum disease. […] Its the leading cause of tooth loss. […] Periodontal disease symptoms may include: Reddish or purplish gums. Bleeding. Soreness. Bad breath (halitosis). Unpleasant taste. Pain when chewing. Gum recession (gums that pull away from your teeth). Loose teeth. A change in the way your teeth fit together.

• #3 Periodontitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/periodontitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354479

  To tell whether you have periodontitis and how severe it is, your dentist may: […] Review your medical history to identify any factors that could be linked to your symptoms. Examples include smoking or taking certain medicines that cause dry mouth. […] Examine your mouth to look for plaque and tartar buildup and check for easy bleeding. […] Measure how deep the pockets are between your gums and teeth by placing a tiny ruler called a dental probe between your teeth and gumline. Pockets are measured at several places in your upper and lower gums. In a healthy mouth, the pocket depth is usually between 1 and 3 millimeters (mm). Pockets deeper than 4 mm may indicate periodontitis. Pockets deeper than 5 mm cannot be cleaned well with routine care. […] Take dental X-rays to check for bone loss in areas where your dentist sees deeper pockets. […] Your dentist may assign a stage and a grade to periodontitis based on how severe the disease is, the complexity of treatment, your risk factors and your health. Then a treatment plan is made.

• #4 Periodontitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16620-periodontitis

  Periodontitis is an oral health condition that causes sore, bleeding, swollen gums. […] Healthcare providers classify periodontitis as mild, moderate or severe. They base this on how much bone you’ve lost around each tooth and on how much inflammation you have in your gums. […] Dentists typically diagnose periodontitis during routine examinations. During your appointment, they’ll likely: Ask about your symptoms, medical history and smoking history. Examine your gums for signs of inflammation. Take dental X-rays to check for bone loss. Use a periodontal probe, which is like a tiny ruler, to measure areas of bone loss (periodontal pockets) around your teeth. […] Periodontitis treatment depends on the severity of the condition. Options include nonsurgical and surgical procedures. Your dentist should refer you to a gum specialist (periodontist) unless your disease is mild.

• #5 Periodontitis Diagnosis and Treatment | Delta Dental

  https://www.deltadental.com/us/en/protect-my-smile/oral-health-conditions/gum-periodontal-disease/periodontitis/diagnosis-and-treatment.html

  Most people occasionally have some inflammation and bleeding of the gums. This usually isnt a major problem, at least at first. However, when left untreated, this inflammation, otherwise known as gingivitis, may worsen and cause damage to the soft tissue and bone responsible for keeping our teeth anchored. This more severe form of gum disease is an infection referred to as periodontitis. Over time, periodontitis can cause teeth to loosen or be lost. […] Lets take a closer look at how periodontitis is diagnosed and treated. […] During a routine dental checkup, your dentist will be able to detect signs of periodontitis at an early stage. Therefore, it is important to schedule regular dental visits at least once a year. Your dentist can determine whether you have or are at risk for periodontitis and its level of severity using the following method:

• #6 Periodontitis Diagnosis and Treatment | Delta Dental

  https://www.deltadental.com/us/en/protect-my-smile/oral-health-conditions/gum-periodontal-disease/periodontitis/diagnosis-and-treatment.html

  Your dentist will review your medical history to identify potential risk factors that could contribute to your periodontal symptoms, such as smoking, teeth grinding, poor nutrition, stress, certain diseases like diabetes, and some medications. […] Your dentist will assess your mouth for plaque or tartar buildup and check for gums that bleed easily. […] Your dentist may place a dental probe at sites around your teeth to check the attachment of the gums to the teeth. Pockets deeper than 4 millimeters may be an indicator of periodontitis. […] If your dentist observes pocket depths that are deeper than normal, they will usually take dental X-rays to check for potential bone loss. […] Periodontitis treatment aims first to thoroughly clean plaque and tartar from the pockets around teeth and prevents further damage to the surrounding bone and gum tissues.

• #7 Diagnosis | Peace Periodontics | Periodontist in Grande Prairie Alberta

  https://www.peaceperio.com/procedures/periodontal-disease/diagnosis/

  The diagnosis of periodontal disease involves a careful examination. At Peace Periodontics, our Dental Team will conduct a complete periodontal examination to determine the type of periodontal disease we are treating. […] Despite our increased understanding of periodontal infections, the best diagnosis is through a traditional clinical exam. To arrive at a periodontal diagnosis of your condition, we will perform the following assessment: […] We will determine the presence or absence of clinical signs of inflammation (e.g., whether there is any bleeding upon instrument probing) […] We will probe the depths of your gum pockets […] We will determine the extent and pattern of loss of clinical attachment and bone […] We will go over your specific medical and dental history […] We will determine the presence (or absence) of miscellaneous signs and symptoms, including pain and/or ulceration, along with the amount of observable plaque and calculus present on your teeth.

• #8 Periodontitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/periodontitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354479

  To tell whether you have periodontitis and how severe it is, your dentist may: […] Review your medical history to identify any factors that could be linked to your symptoms. Examples include smoking or taking certain medicines that cause dry mouth. […] Examine your mouth to look for plaque and tartar buildup and check for easy bleeding. […] Measure how deep the pockets are between your gums and teeth by placing a tiny ruler called a dental probe between your teeth and gumline. Pockets are measured at several places in your upper and lower gums. In a healthy mouth, the pocket depth is usually between 1 and 3 millimeters (mm). Pockets deeper than 4 mm may indicate periodontitis. Pockets deeper than 5 mm cannot be cleaned well with routine care. […] Take dental X-rays to check for bone loss in areas where your dentist sees deeper pockets. […] Your dentist may assign a stage and a grade to periodontitis based on how severe the disease is, the complexity of treatment, your risk factors and your health. Then a treatment plan is made.

• #9 Periodontitis – Dental Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dental-disorders/periodontal-disorders/periodontitis

  Diagnosis is based on inspection, periodontal probing, and x-rays. […] Inspection of the teeth and gingiva combined with probing of the pockets and measurement of their depth are usually sufficient for diagnosis. Pockets deeper than 4 mm indicate periodontitis. […] Dental x-rays reveal alveolar bone loss adjacent to the periodontal pockets.

• #10 Periodontitis diagnosis and treatment | Gentle Dental of New England

  https://www.gentledental.com/resources/articles/periodontitis-diagnosis-treatment

  Periodontitis diagnosis and treatment […] Confirming a diagnosis of periodontitis first typically starts with a thorough dental examination performed by your dental professionals. They will review your medical and dental history, take X-rays of your teeth to check for tooth decay and examine your bone levels, and probe the gums surrounding each tooth. The dental probe will help your dentist measure the gum pocket depth and evaluate gum recession and root exposure. On average, a measurement of 1-3 mm is considered normal pocket depth. Pockets ranging from 4-5 mm indicate early periodontitis. Pocket depths greater than 5 mm suggest a more advanced stage of periodontitis. After evaluation, your dentist may classify what stage of periodontitis is present and may recommend more frequent dental visits depending on your specific needs. […] Periodontitis can lead to permanent negative changes in your mouth if untreated. Common complications of periodontitis include: Tooth mobility, Tooth loss, Bone loss, Painful abscesses, Changes in your bite due to migration of your teeth, Gum recession and root exposure, Toothaches. Plus, since the mouth is a window into the rest of your body, periodontitis can increase your risk of developing other health conditions like heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and respiratory illnesses. Periodontitis may even result in complications for pregnant women, such as increasing the likelihood of premature birth, low birth weight, and preeclampsia.

• #11 Diagnosing Periodontal Diseases Sterling VA | Abel, Phan, & Associates

  https://www.potomacfallsdentist.com/periodontal-disease-diagnosis/

  More than four of every 10 American adults have some form of gum disease. The earlier that at Abel, Phan, Associates in Sterling, Virginia, we can pinpoint and detect gum (periodontal) inflammation, the better. […] When a diagnosis is made early into the condition, Drs Anna Abel and Chuong Phan can promptly design an effective treatment plan personalized to your needs. […] Understanding the extent of the condition empowers us to prescribe the best procedure or products to resolve the infection and restore the gums to health effectively. […] Pocket measurements (and what they mean) are as follows: 1 to 3 mm = baseline or healthy tissue, 4 mm = gingivitis (early-stage gum disease), 5 to 6 mm = minor periodontitis (advanced gum disease), 6 to 8 mm = moderate periodontitis, 8 to 12 mm = severe periodontitis. […] Additionally, depending on what we find during your exam, we may recommend a deep clean, known as scaling and root planing, or surgical periodontal pocket reduction.

• #12 Detection and diagnosis of periodontal conditions amenable to prevention | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6831-15-S1-S5

  Radiographic assessment of alveolar bone levels is driven by the clinical situation, and is required to assess bone destruction in patients with periodontitis. […] This article provides guidance to the oral health care team regarding methods and frequencies of appropriate clinical and radiographic examinations to assess periodontal status, to enable appropriate detection and diagnosis of periodontal conditions. […] This paper will review the methods for detection and diagnosis of gingivitis and chronic periodontitis, these being periodontal lesions that are amenable to prevention, and will take the form of a narrative review. […] The examination of the gingival and periodontal tissues should occur in a logical sequence. […] The probing force that is used during the clinical examination clearly has the potential to influence the recorded measurements, as does the degree of inflammation in the gingival and periodontal tissues.

• #13 Oral diagnosis and treatment planning: part 3. Periodontal disease and assessment of risk | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2012.666

  The periodontal diagnosis aims to capture in a few words an impression of what affects a patient’s periodontal tissues. […] Informs that the initial periodontal examination is a visual examination of the marginal periodontal tissues and the teeth in relation to these. […] Periodontal diseases are diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs, with radiographs assisting in treatment planning decisions and in the delivery of periodontal care. […] The full diagnostic approach relies on periodontal probing and the response to probing. […] A periodontal diagnosis is basically a 'label(s)’ applied to a patient’s periodontal condition(s) given on the basis of the findings from the case history and the clinical examination. […] The periodontal diagnosis should indicate the severity (mild/moderate/severe) and extent (localised/generalised).

• #14 Periodontitis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/periodontitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354479

  To tell whether you have periodontitis and how severe it is, your dentist may: […] Review your medical history to identify any factors that could be linked to your symptoms. Examples include smoking or taking certain medicines that cause dry mouth. […] Examine your mouth to look for plaque and tartar buildup and check for easy bleeding. […] Measure how deep the pockets are between your gums and teeth by placing a tiny ruler called a dental probe between your teeth and gumline. Pockets are measured at several places in your upper and lower gums. In a healthy mouth, the pocket depth is usually between 1 and 3 millimeters (mm). Pockets deeper than 4 mm may indicate periodontitis. Pockets deeper than 5 mm cannot be cleaned well with routine care. […] Take dental X-rays to check for bone loss in areas where your dentist sees deeper pockets. […] Your dentist may assign a stage and a grade to periodontitis based on how severe the disease is, the complexity of treatment, your risk factors and your health. Then a treatment plan is made.

• #15 Diagnosing periodontitis – Read all info at periodontal-health.com

  https://www.periodontal-health.com/diagnosis/

  An examination by the dentist is the only way to correctly assess the condition of the gums. In addition to the clinical assessment with a gum probe, X-rays must also be taken to assess the condition of the bone. […] The precise clinical probing with the gum probe to measure the gum pockets and height of the jawbone within a millimeter is indispensable for diagnosing periodontitis. […] The diagnosis of gingivitis and periodontitis is based on the internationally recognized classification of periodontal disease. […] The diagnosis of periodontitis can be definitely confirmed only with the necessary X-rays. […] The cost of this additional diagnostic effort is justified if the information obtained leads to improved treatment or if unnecessary treatment can be avoided. […] The diagnosis of gingivitis and periodontitis is based on the internationally recognized classification of periodontal disease.

• #16 Periodontitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16620-periodontitis

  Periodontitis is an oral health condition that causes sore, bleeding, swollen gums. […] Healthcare providers classify periodontitis as mild, moderate or severe. They base this on how much bone you’ve lost around each tooth and on how much inflammation you have in your gums. […] Dentists typically diagnose periodontitis during routine examinations. During your appointment, they’ll likely: Ask about your symptoms, medical history and smoking history. Examine your gums for signs of inflammation. Take dental X-rays to check for bone loss. Use a periodontal probe, which is like a tiny ruler, to measure areas of bone loss (periodontal pockets) around your teeth. […] Periodontitis treatment depends on the severity of the condition. Options include nonsurgical and surgical procedures. Your dentist should refer you to a gum specialist (periodontist) unless your disease is mild.

• #17 Detection and diagnosis of periodontal conditions amenable to prevention | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6831-15-S1-S5

  Radiographic assessment of alveolar bone levels is driven by the clinical situation, and is required to assess bone destruction in patients with periodontitis. […] This article provides guidance to the oral health care team regarding methods and frequencies of appropriate clinical and radiographic examinations to assess periodontal status, to enable appropriate detection and diagnosis of periodontal conditions. […] This paper will review the methods for detection and diagnosis of gingivitis and chronic periodontitis, these being periodontal lesions that are amenable to prevention, and will take the form of a narrative review. […] The examination of the gingival and periodontal tissues should occur in a logical sequence. […] The probing force that is used during the clinical examination clearly has the potential to influence the recorded measurements, as does the degree of inflammation in the gingival and periodontal tissues.

• #18 Periodontal Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554590/

  The diagnosis of periodontal diseases requires the comparison of findings in relation to the normal periodontium. This comparison uses visual inspection, periodontal probing, and evaluation of bone levels seen radiographically. The normal periodontium consists of stippled, pale pink gingiva that is well adapted to the underlying bone. Between the gingiva and the tooth, there is a 1 to 3 mm physiological sulcus that normally displays no signs of bleeding. Comparatively, signs of periodontal disease include active bleeding in response to mild or no tissue manipulation, pain, bad taste/odor, periodontal pocketing, radiographic bone loss, clinical attachment loss, and tooth loss. The radiographs of a patient with periodontitis will show an alveolar bone loss in close proximity to a deep periodontal probing depth. These findings suggest that there is a deep periodontal pocket associated with the tooth that contains the periodontal pathogens that are actively triggering the host response. If left untreated, the bone loss will progress until there is inadequate tooth support, and the associated tooth will become mobile and eventually be lost.

• #19 Periodontitis | American Dental Association

  https://www.ada.org/resources/ada-library/oral-health-topics/periodontitis

  Roughly 42 percent of all dentate U.S. adults 30 years of age or older have periodontitis. […] In 2018, the American Academy of Periodontology and the European Federation of Periodontology published the World Workshop Classification System for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions, which established a new approach to diagnosing periodontal disease to replace the system developed in 1999. […] Notably, the 2017 system published by AAP/EFP eliminates use of the diagnostic categories Chronic and Aggressive periodontitis. These are now considered under the general category of periodontitis, owing to the determination that extent and severity does not distinguish these as separate disease. […] Periodontitis is categorized by signs and symptoms of inflammation and attachment/radiographic bone loss.

• #20 Periodontal diagnosis in the context of the 2017 classification system of periodontal diseases and conditions – implementation in clinical practice | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2019.3

  Describes BSP recommendations for the implementation of the 2017 classification of periodontal diseases and conditions in UK dental practice. […] Illustrates a diagnostic pathway for patients with dental biofilm-induced periodontitis, building on the BPE. […] Describes grading and staging of periodontitis and assessment of current periodontal status to reach a diagnostic statement. […] The 2017 World Workshop Classification system for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions was developed in order to accommodate advances in knowledge derived from both biological and clinical research, that have emerged since the 1999 International Classification of Periodontal Diseases. […] A particular focus was to describe how the new classification system integrates with established diagnostic parameters and pathways, such as the basic periodontal examination (BPE).

• #21 Periodontitis | American Dental Association

  https://www.ada.org/resources/ada-library/oral-health-topics/periodontitis

  Once the determination of periodontitis has been made, the disease is classified according to one of four Stages (I-IV) based upon the most severe area of disease presentation, which describe the disease severity and extent of disease, focusing on attachment and bone loss. […] After the Stage is determined, the case is assigned one of three Grades (A, B, C) that indicate the potential for disease progression and treatment outcome.

• #22 Periodontal diagnosis in the context of the 2017 classification system of periodontal diseases and conditions – implementation in clinical practice | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2019.3

  However, it is important to recognise that the BPE is of limited value in patients who have already been diagnosed with periodontitis. […] Following a radiological analysis and report and, where appropriate, additional diagnostic tests, a final diagnosis of the type of periodontal disease is made. […] The BSP implementation group felt that the staging and grading system needed to be sufficiently simple and pragmatic to be adopted by clinicians, and therefore that it should be based upon parameters that are readily available in the surgery and which could be measured with reasonable reproducibility as part of appropriate routine clinical care for the majority of patients. […] The staging of periodontitis reflects the severity of disease at presentation, which is also associated with the complexity of overall patient management.

• #23 Steps for Determining a Diagnosis of Periodontitis – The 2018 AAP/EFP Classification of Periodontal & Peri-implant Diseases – Dentalcare

  https://www.dentalcare.com/en-us/ce-courses/ce610/steps-determining-diagnosis-periodontitis

  A simple 4-step process has been suggested by Kornman and Papapanou to assist clinicians in developing a diagnosis for each individual case using the new classification. […] Examine full mouth radiographs. […] Examine full mouth probing depths. […] Document number of missing teeth. […] This will help to first determine whether the case is: Mild/Moderate or Severe/Very Severe. […] Determine maximum Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) or Radiographic Bone Loss (RBL). […] Confirm pattern of bone loss (horizontal or vertical). […] Determine number of missing teeth due to periodontitis. […] Determine complexity of case (i.e., probing depths, furcations, occlusion/function, need for extensive rehabilitation, etc.). […] Decision made using Table 9. […] Always start with the default Grade of B. […] Consider history/rate of progression/age. […] Response to previous therapy (Plaque control/SRP). […] Medical history/systemic conditions. […] Risk factors. […] Adjust default Grade using Table 10.

• #24 Periodontal diagnosis in the context of the 2017 classification system of periodontal diseases and conditions – implementation in clinical practice | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2019.3

  Once a patient has been diagnosed with periodontitis, staging and grading should be performed. […] Therefore, determining a patient’s current disease status is an important second step, particularly in patients who have received periodontal therapy in the past. […] Importantly, a successfully treated periodontitis patient remains a periodontitis patient for life because the disease may progress at any time if periodontal maintenance is sub-optimal and risk factors are not controlled. […] The purpose of this paper is to describe the practical implementation of the new classification system in clinical practice, and how it integrates with established diagnostic parameters and pathways, for plaque-induced periodontal diseases only. […] The principle change from current practice is that a complete diagnosis of a patient with periodontitis will include staging and grading of the disease.

• #25 Gum Disease Information – American Academy of Periodontology

  https://www.perio.org/for-patients/gum-disease-information/

  Periodontitis diagnosis is typically classified by stage and grade. After your periodontist conducts a thorough assessment of your unique case, he or she may assign a stage ranging from initial to severe that describes the acuteness of disease. Additionally, your periodontist may assign a grade which communicates the rate of disease progression and anticipated response to treatment.

• #26 How to make a Periodontal Diagnosis – Revise Dental

  https://revisedental.com/lesson/how-to-make-a-periodontal-diagnosis/

  The Stage is worked out based on the amount of bone loss, in the worst site in the mouth, and then scored I-IV which indicate the stages mild to very severe respectively. […] The Grade is worked out my dividing the percentage of bone loss in the worst site in the mouth, by the patients age. […] The patient is then given an assessment of their current periodontal status. […] The risks factors are then assessed. […] Example diagnosis Periodontitis, Stage, Grade, Stability and Risk Factor(s) […] As shown, radiographs are an essential tool to allow the clinician to make a periodontal diagnosis. […] The majority of periodontitis diagnosis relies on the radiographs. […] If a patient shows evidence of interdental recession or radiographic bone loss attributable to periodontitis (and not for example due to an extracted tooth), then the patient is a periodontitis patient. […] This is because periodontitis is a chronic, lifelong disease; therefore, despite evidence of its progression ceasing or stabilising (for example a BPE of 0), the damage is irreversible meaning that the patient will always be a periodontitis patient.

• #27 Steps for Determining a Diagnosis of Periodontitis – The 2018 AAP/EFP Classification of Periodontal & Peri-implant Diseases – Dentalcare

  https://www.dentalcare.com/en-us/ce-courses/ce610/steps-determining-diagnosis-periodontitis

  A simple 4-step process has been suggested by Kornman and Papapanou to assist clinicians in developing a diagnosis for each individual case using the new classification. […] Examine full mouth radiographs. […] Examine full mouth probing depths. […] Document number of missing teeth. […] This will help to first determine whether the case is: Mild/Moderate or Severe/Very Severe. […] Determine maximum Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) or Radiographic Bone Loss (RBL). […] Confirm pattern of bone loss (horizontal or vertical). […] Determine number of missing teeth due to periodontitis. […] Determine complexity of case (i.e., probing depths, furcations, occlusion/function, need for extensive rehabilitation, etc.). […] Decision made using Table 9. […] Always start with the default Grade of B. […] Consider history/rate of progression/age. […] Response to previous therapy (Plaque control/SRP). […] Medical history/systemic conditions. […] Risk factors. […] Adjust default Grade using Table 10.

• #28 Periodontal diagnosis in the context of the 2017 classification system of periodontal diseases and conditions – implementation in clinical practice | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2019.3

  Once a patient has been diagnosed with periodontitis, staging and grading should be performed. […] Therefore, determining a patient’s current disease status is an important second step, particularly in patients who have received periodontal therapy in the past. […] Importantly, a successfully treated periodontitis patient remains a periodontitis patient for life because the disease may progress at any time if periodontal maintenance is sub-optimal and risk factors are not controlled. […] The purpose of this paper is to describe the practical implementation of the new classification system in clinical practice, and how it integrates with established diagnostic parameters and pathways, for plaque-induced periodontal diseases only. […] The principle change from current practice is that a complete diagnosis of a patient with periodontitis will include staging and grading of the disease.

• #29 Periodontitis | Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Diseases in Primary Care

  https://www.periodontalcare.sdcep.org.uk/guidance/diagnosis/establishing-a-periodontal-diagnosis/periodontitis/

  Establishing a periodontal diagnosis […] A diagnosis of periodontitis should include identification of the disease type and extent, the stage and grade of the disease, the current periodontal status and a risk factor profile. […] An example of a diagnostic statement for a patient with periodontitis is: Generalised periodontitis; Stage II, Grade B; currently unstable; risk factor: current smoker 10 cigarettes/day. […] Diagnosis of early-stage periodontitis may be difficult, and overdiagnosis of disease can be an issue, especially if only bitewing radiographs are available. […] The Grade of periodontitis is a measure of the rate at which bone loss has occurred and reflects the patients susceptibility to disease. […] Determining current disease status is important to monitor the response to previous periodontal treatment and for onward treatment planning. […] Identifying risk factors for disease allows assessment of features which impact a patients current status and their risk of disease progression, and which may also impact their response to treatment and future prognosis.

• #30 Periodontal diagnosis in the context of the 2017 classification system of periodontal diseases and conditions – implementation in clinical practice | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2019.3

  Once a patient has been diagnosed with periodontitis, staging and grading should be performed. […] Therefore, determining a patient’s current disease status is an important second step, particularly in patients who have received periodontal therapy in the past. […] Importantly, a successfully treated periodontitis patient remains a periodontitis patient for life because the disease may progress at any time if periodontal maintenance is sub-optimal and risk factors are not controlled. […] The purpose of this paper is to describe the practical implementation of the new classification system in clinical practice, and how it integrates with established diagnostic parameters and pathways, for plaque-induced periodontal diseases only. […] The principle change from current practice is that a complete diagnosis of a patient with periodontitis will include staging and grading of the disease.

• #31 How to make a Periodontal Diagnosis – Revise Dental

  https://revisedental.com/lesson/how-to-make-a-periodontal-diagnosis/

  The Stage is worked out based on the amount of bone loss, in the worst site in the mouth, and then scored I-IV which indicate the stages mild to very severe respectively. […] The Grade is worked out my dividing the percentage of bone loss in the worst site in the mouth, by the patients age. […] The patient is then given an assessment of their current periodontal status. […] The risks factors are then assessed. […] Example diagnosis Periodontitis, Stage, Grade, Stability and Risk Factor(s) […] As shown, radiographs are an essential tool to allow the clinician to make a periodontal diagnosis. […] The majority of periodontitis diagnosis relies on the radiographs. […] If a patient shows evidence of interdental recession or radiographic bone loss attributable to periodontitis (and not for example due to an extracted tooth), then the patient is a periodontitis patient. […] This is because periodontitis is a chronic, lifelong disease; therefore, despite evidence of its progression ceasing or stabilising (for example a BPE of 0), the damage is irreversible meaning that the patient will always be a periodontitis patient.

• #32 Oral Diagnostic Methods for the Detection of Periodontal Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8005070/

  Periodontitis is a common immune-inflammatory oral disease. Early detection plays an important role in its prevention and progression. […] The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of diagnostic salivary tests to determine periodontal status. […] Periodontal biomarker analysis using test strips may be considered rapid and easy tool for distinguishing between periodontitis and healthy patients. The increase in lactoferrin, hemoglobin, and leucocytes determined by strip tests may provide a non-invasive method of periodontal diagnosis. […] To better clinically identify the biological progression or phases of periodontitis within the new classification system, the development of new diagnostic tests is still required. […] The aim of this study is to evaluate a simple, well-established, and cost-effective urine analysis test to indicate and diagnose periodontitis.

• #33 Oral Diagnostic Methods for the Detection of Periodontal Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8005070/

  The results showed that saliva is a suitable medium to identify inflammation by using fast and cost-effective urine test strips. […] The final results of this study indicate the value of a rapid, cost-effective screening tool for periodontitis diagnostics. […] The analyses performed in this study show that the periodontal biomarkers lactoferrin, hemoglobin, and leukocytes are elevated in unstimulated and stimulated saliva in stage III grade B generalized periodontitis patients and their identification may complement current periodontal diagnostics.

• #34 Laboratory diagnostics for periodontal diseases

  https://www.imd-berlin.de/en/special-areas-of-competence/a-z/dentistry/laboratory-diagnostics-for-periodontal-diseases

  Perceptions about the pathogenesis of periodontitis have changed considerably in recent years. […] In most cases, progressive periodontitis is caused by a periodontal inflammation system that responds excessively to bacteria (referred to as high responders). […] To clarify the cause and make a prognosis as well as to determine the choice of accompanying therapy, the following laboratory tests are available: Detection of high respondersDetermination of the genetic predisposition to inflammation (IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-1RN, TNF-A, where applicable also IL-6, IL-10) […] The course of the periodontal inflammatory response is thus determined by the ratio of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. […] For patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis, the genetic degree of inflammation should first be determined if an excessive inflammatory pathogenesis is suspected.

• #35 Laboratory diagnostics for periodontal diseases

  https://www.imd-berlin.de/en/special-areas-of-competence/a-z/dentistry/laboratory-diagnostics-for-periodontal-diseases

  Quantitative detection of the active collagenase aMMP-8 (matrix metalloproteinase-8) in the sulcus fluid is an innovative test for early diagnosis of periodontal or peri-implant tissue destruction. […] aMMP-8 determination provides information about the inflammatory status of the periodontium often before clinical signs become apparent. […] The aMMP-8 levels fall within 10-12 weeks back to the normal range after successful periodontal treatment. […] Determination of aMMP-8 levels in the peri-implant sulcus fluid (PISF) can be used for routine monitoring of the implant or early detection of mucositis or to promptly initiate therapeutic measures for suspected peri-implantitis / mucositis. […] Determining the aMMP-8 is a valuable tool for diagnostics, particularly for these coincidental associations. […] Regularly determining the aMMP-8 level is therefore recommended for all patients with the systemic diseases mentioned above.

• #36 Periodontal Disease | MicroGen Diagnostics

  https://microgendx.com/patients/periodontal-disease-infection/

  Periodontal disease is diagnosed by an examination of your mouth, X-rays to check for bone loss and measurement of the depth of the pockets between the gum and your tooth. A pocket depth deeper than 4 mm may indicate periodontal disease. […] Your dentist may take a sample of fluid from the pocket and it send to a lab to identify the bacteria and biofilms (groups of bacteria) that are contributing to your periodontal disease. […] The MicroGenDX PerioDX test detects the DNA of all microbes (including those in biofilms) in your sample, along with how much of each is present, and uses that information to identify the causes of your infection and the drugs that can best treat it.

• #37 Periodontal diagnosis in the context of the 2017 classification system of periodontal diseases and conditions – implementation in clinical practice | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2019.3

  For a patient diagnosed with periodontitis, we propose a simplified staging grid based on radiographic bone loss alone. […] Grading is designed to reflect the patient’s susceptibility to periodontitis because historical disease experience at a given age essentially accommodates all risk determinants that have conspired to cause periodontal bone loss over that patient’s life course. […] A periodontal assessment should begin with a comprehensive history. […] If a patient has clear and obvious evidence for a history of periodontitis, either from the history or because of blatant interproximal attachment loss, a full periodontal assessment is carried out, where some assessment of bone loss is necessary. […] The final diagnosis would embed all of these components in a 'diagnostic statement’.

• #38 Periodontitis | Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Diseases in Primary Care

  https://www.periodontalcare.sdcep.org.uk/guidance/diagnosis/establishing-a-periodontal-diagnosis/periodontitis/

  Establishing a periodontal diagnosis […] A diagnosis of periodontitis should include identification of the disease type and extent, the stage and grade of the disease, the current periodontal status and a risk factor profile. […] An example of a diagnostic statement for a patient with periodontitis is: Generalised periodontitis; Stage II, Grade B; currently unstable; risk factor: current smoker 10 cigarettes/day. […] Diagnosis of early-stage periodontitis may be difficult, and overdiagnosis of disease can be an issue, especially if only bitewing radiographs are available. […] The Grade of periodontitis is a measure of the rate at which bone loss has occurred and reflects the patients susceptibility to disease. […] Determining current disease status is important to monitor the response to previous periodontal treatment and for onward treatment planning. […] Identifying risk factors for disease allows assessment of features which impact a patients current status and their risk of disease progression, and which may also impact their response to treatment and future prognosis.

• #39 Periodontitis | Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Diseases in Primary Care

  https://www.periodontalcare.sdcep.org.uk/guidance/diagnosis/establishing-a-periodontal-diagnosis/periodontitis/

  Establishing a periodontal diagnosis […] A diagnosis of periodontitis should include identification of the disease type and extent, the stage and grade of the disease, the current periodontal status and a risk factor profile. […] An example of a diagnostic statement for a patient with periodontitis is: Generalised periodontitis; Stage II, Grade B; currently unstable; risk factor: current smoker 10 cigarettes/day. […] Diagnosis of early-stage periodontitis may be difficult, and overdiagnosis of disease can be an issue, especially if only bitewing radiographs are available. […] The Grade of periodontitis is a measure of the rate at which bone loss has occurred and reflects the patients susceptibility to disease. […] Determining current disease status is important to monitor the response to previous periodontal treatment and for onward treatment planning. […] Identifying risk factors for disease allows assessment of features which impact a patients current status and their risk of disease progression, and which may also impact their response to treatment and future prognosis.

• #40 Understanding Gum Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment | The Perio Group

  https://www.theperiogroup.com/blog/understanding-gum-disease-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Early diagnosis and treatment of gum disease are crucial for maintaining optimal oral health. […] The diagnostic process for gum disease is designed to identify any signs of infection or inflammation in your gums and surrounding tissues. […] During your dental check-up, we will perform a visual examination of your teeth and gums, looking for signs of inflammation, gum recession, or other abnormalities. […] In some cases, we may also recommend dental X-rays to evaluate the bone structure supporting your teeth and identify any areas of bone loss. […] Early detection of gum disease is crucial, as it allows for more conservative and successful treatment options.

• #41 Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21482-gum-periodontal-disease

  Possible periodontal disease risk factors include: Smoking or other tobacco use. Poor oral hygiene. Diabetes. Autoimmune diseases, including lupus, scleroderma and Crohns disease. Hormonal changes, particularly during puberty, pregnancy and menopause. Stress. Genetics (youre more likely to get gum disease if your parents, grandparents or siblings have it). Heart disease. […] A dentist can tell you if you have gum disease during a routine examination. […] Theyll look for plaque buildup on your teeth and ask you about your symptoms. […] They may refer you to a periodontist (gum specialist) for further evaluation and treatment. […] A dentist or periodontist will measure the pockets around your teeth using an instrument called a periodontal probe. […] This tells them how much bone youve lost around your teeth.

• #42 Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21482-gum-periodontal-disease

  Left untreated, gum disease can cause destruction of your underlying jawbone, leading to possible tooth loss. […] The breakdown of tissues around your teeth happens gradually. […] In fact, most people dont experience pain with gum disease especially during the early stages. […] There are four stages of gum disease: Gingivitis, Mild periodontitis, Moderate periodontitis, Advanced periodontitis. […] When treated early enough, gum disease is reversible. […] But if youve already lost bone around your teeth due to infection, the disease is too advanced to reverse. […] However, you can manage it with proper treatment and consistent, diligent oral hygiene. […] Buildup of dental plaque is the No. 1 cause of periodontal disease. […] A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition.

• #43 Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21482-gum-periodontal-disease

  The deeper the pockets, the more severe the gum disease you have. […] Your periodontist will check your bite, how loose your teeth are and how much your gums are pulling away from your teeth (receding). […] Additionally, theyll take dental X-rays. […] These images show the areas of bone loss in detail. […] Gum disease isnt curable, but its manageable with appropriate treatment. […] You cant cure it because once you lose structural support around your teeth, you dont usually get all of it back. […] However, periodontal treatment can reduce infection and rebuild your bone and tissue to some degree. […] One stage of gum disease is totally reversible gingivitis (very early periodontal disease). […] If you detect gingivitis early enough, you can reverse it with regular dental cleaning and diligent oral hygiene.

• #44 Periodontitis diagnosis and treatment | Gentle Dental of New England

  https://www.gentledental.com/resources/articles/periodontitis-diagnosis-treatment

  Periodontitis diagnosis and treatment […] Confirming a diagnosis of periodontitis first typically starts with a thorough dental examination performed by your dental professionals. They will review your medical and dental history, take X-rays of your teeth to check for tooth decay and examine your bone levels, and probe the gums surrounding each tooth. The dental probe will help your dentist measure the gum pocket depth and evaluate gum recession and root exposure. On average, a measurement of 1-3 mm is considered normal pocket depth. Pockets ranging from 4-5 mm indicate early periodontitis. Pocket depths greater than 5 mm suggest a more advanced stage of periodontitis. After evaluation, your dentist may classify what stage of periodontitis is present and may recommend more frequent dental visits depending on your specific needs. […] Periodontitis can lead to permanent negative changes in your mouth if untreated. Common complications of periodontitis include: Tooth mobility, Tooth loss, Bone loss, Painful abscesses, Changes in your bite due to migration of your teeth, Gum recession and root exposure, Toothaches. Plus, since the mouth is a window into the rest of your body, periodontitis can increase your risk of developing other health conditions like heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and respiratory illnesses. Periodontitis may even result in complications for pregnant women, such as increasing the likelihood of premature birth, low birth weight, and preeclampsia.

• #45 Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21482-gum-periodontal-disease

  Left untreated, gum disease can cause destruction of your underlying jawbone, leading to possible tooth loss. […] The breakdown of tissues around your teeth happens gradually. […] In fact, most people dont experience pain with gum disease especially during the early stages. […] There are four stages of gum disease: Gingivitis, Mild periodontitis, Moderate periodontitis, Advanced periodontitis. […] When treated early enough, gum disease is reversible. […] But if youve already lost bone around your teeth due to infection, the disease is too advanced to reverse. […] However, you can manage it with proper treatment and consistent, diligent oral hygiene. […] Buildup of dental plaque is the No. 1 cause of periodontal disease. […] A risk factor is something that increases your chance of getting a disease or condition.

• #46 Periodontitis diagnosis and treatment | Gentle Dental of New England

  https://www.gentledental.com/resources/articles/periodontitis-diagnosis-treatment

  Periodontitis diagnosis and treatment […] Confirming a diagnosis of periodontitis first typically starts with a thorough dental examination performed by your dental professionals. They will review your medical and dental history, take X-rays of your teeth to check for tooth decay and examine your bone levels, and probe the gums surrounding each tooth. The dental probe will help your dentist measure the gum pocket depth and evaluate gum recession and root exposure. On average, a measurement of 1-3 mm is considered normal pocket depth. Pockets ranging from 4-5 mm indicate early periodontitis. Pocket depths greater than 5 mm suggest a more advanced stage of periodontitis. After evaluation, your dentist may classify what stage of periodontitis is present and may recommend more frequent dental visits depending on your specific needs. […] Periodontitis can lead to permanent negative changes in your mouth if untreated. Common complications of periodontitis include: Tooth mobility, Tooth loss, Bone loss, Painful abscesses, Changes in your bite due to migration of your teeth, Gum recession and root exposure, Toothaches. Plus, since the mouth is a window into the rest of your body, periodontitis can increase your risk of developing other health conditions like heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and respiratory illnesses. Periodontitis may even result in complications for pregnant women, such as increasing the likelihood of premature birth, low birth weight, and preeclampsia.

• #47 Tracking periodontal disease to improve diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.regenstrief.org/article/tracking-periodontal-disease-improves-diagnosis-treatment/

  I think the advantage of our approaches is that, using routinely collected data, we can automate and monitor gum disease treatments and changes that are visible only clinically, so we can catch gum disease at an early, potentially reversible, stage. […] Factors increasing risk of periodontal disease include tobacco use, diabetes, poor oral hygiene, stress, defective dental fillings and bridges, as well as medications that cause dry mouth. […] There is a bidirectional relationship between certain risk factors and gum disease, said Dr. Thyvalikakath. For example, having diabetes increases risk of periodontal disease and having periodontal disease negatively affects the course of diabetes. A similar relationship exists between cardiovascular disease and periodontal disease. Recognizing, monitoring, and treating gum disease is an important part of overall patient health. […] Feasibility of utilizing electronic dental record data and periodontitis case definition to automate diagnosis was presented by Dr.Thyvalikakath at MedInfo 2023: the 19th World Congress on Medical and Health Informatics, held in Sydney, Australia.

• #48 Detection and diagnosis of periodontal conditions amenable to prevention | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6831-15-S1-S5

  Gingivitis and chronic periodontitis are highly prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases. […] The detection and diagnosis of these common diseases is a fundamentally important component of oral health care. […] All patients should undergo periodontal assessment as part of routine oral examination. […] Periodontal screening using methods such as the Basic Periodontal Examination/Community Periodontal Index or Periodontal Screening Record should be performed for all new patients, and also on a regular basis as part of ongoing oral health care. […] If periodontitis is identified, full periodontal assessment is required, involving recording of full mouth probing and bleeding data, together with assessment of other relevant parameters such as plaque levels, furcation involvement, recession and tooth mobility.

• #49 Severe Periodontal Disease: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention | Body Expert

  https://www.bodyexpert.online/en/severe-periodontal-disease

  Recognising the symptoms and causes of periodontitis is crucial for prevention, to avoid complications affecting the jawbone and the patients overall wellbeing. […] Periodontitis, a chronic or aggressive inflammation of the gums leading to progressive destruction of the periodontium and loss of the tooths supporting structures, is one of the most prevalent dental diseases. […] Without early treatment, periodontitis can progressively destroy a tooth and its surrounding bone until reaching an advanced stage, eventually causing tooth loss and complicating rehabilitation. […] Several therapeutic solutions exist to overcome this bone deficit, from All-On-4 or All-On-6 implant-supported prostheses to sinus lifts, bone grafts and zygomatic implants. […] If a patient notices any of these symptoms, they should see a dentist immediately for diagnosis and to determine the level of disease progression.

• #50 Periodontitis Diagnosis and Treatment | Delta Dental

  https://www.deltadental.com/us/en/protect-my-smile/oral-health-conditions/gum-periodontal-disease/periodontitis/diagnosis-and-treatment.html

  Successful treatment is only possible when you adopt a daily routine of good oral care and manage health conditions and habits that may impact your dental health. […] If periodontitis isnt advanced, treatment may involve minimally invasive procedures, including: […] Scaling removes tartar and plaque bacteria from the tooth and root surfaces above and beneath gums. […] Root planning smooths the root surfaces to discourage further tartar and bacteria buildup. […] If periodontitis is advanced, surgical treatments may be required, such as: […] During flap surgery, tiny excisions are made in your gum. […] Bone grafting is performed when periodontal disease has destroyed some of the bone surrounding your tooth root. […] If you start to lose gum tissue and your gum line recedes, then graft surgery can help cover the exposed root, protect the remaining gum tissue, and prevent further recession and bone loss. […] Periodontitis can be prevented if early gum problems like gingivitis are detected and treated early enough. But if you have periodontitis, then routine dental checkups with your dentist are crucial to ensure that your periodontal disease doesnt progress.

• #51

• #52

• #53 Periodontal diagnosis in the context of the 2017 classification system of periodontal diseases and conditions – implementation in clinical practice | British Dental Journal

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sj.bdj.2019.3

  It is important to understand that the new classification system of periodontal diseases and conditions is not a diagnostic system or diagnostic algorithm, the diagnosis must accommodate both the classification (type of periodontal disease and, if applicable, staging and grading based on bone loss or clinical attachment loss [CAL]), and also current disease status (based on PPD and BoP). […] The diagnostic work-up of periodontal patients will always include a detailed medical and dental history, oral examination and further investigations (including, where appropriate special tests, radiographs and a radiological report) which will allow the differentiation between the different types of periodontal disease. […] The BPE is a clinical application of the epidemiological community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) (or community periodontal index [CPI]) tool, developed by the British Society of Periodontology in order to rapidly screen for periodontal disease in patients with no overt signs of periodontal disease based on visual inspection alone.

• #54 Detection and diagnosis of periodontal conditions amenable to prevention | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6831-15-S1-S5

  When recording full mouth periodontal probing depths (in the case of a patient with periodontitis), a systematic approach is again used. […] Detection of periodontal conditions is complex and requires a high degree of skill, both as a communicator to understand the patient’s problems, and as a clinical operator to detect disease. […] The periodontal diagnosis is a summation of the information from the medical and dental histories, combined with the findings of the clinical and radiographic examination. […] In broad terms, and with regards to plaque-induced periodontal conditions, the diagnosis is typically health, gingivitis, or chronic periodontitis. […] Assigning a diagnosis is frequently very challenging, and requires an assimilation of all the available evidence and findings. […] It is important to note, however, that the descriptors of localised and generalised in the context of aggressive periodontitis have more specific connotations.

• #55 Steps for Determining a Diagnosis of Periodontitis – The 2018 AAP/EFP Classification of Periodontal & Peri-implant Diseases – Dentalcare

  https://www.dentalcare.com/en-us/ce-courses/ce610/steps-determining-diagnosis-periodontitis

  A simple 4-step process has been suggested by Kornman and Papapanou to assist clinicians in developing a diagnosis for each individual case using the new classification. […] Examine full mouth radiographs. […] Examine full mouth probing depths. […] Document number of missing teeth. […] This will help to first determine whether the case is: Mild/Moderate or Severe/Very Severe. […] Determine maximum Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) or Radiographic Bone Loss (RBL). […] Confirm pattern of bone loss (horizontal or vertical). […] Determine number of missing teeth due to periodontitis. […] Determine complexity of case (i.e., probing depths, furcations, occlusion/function, need for extensive rehabilitation, etc.). […] Decision made using Table 9. […] Always start with the default Grade of B. […] Consider history/rate of progression/age. […] Response to previous therapy (Plaque control/SRP). […] Medical history/systemic conditions. […] Risk factors. […] Adjust default Grade using Table 10.

• #56 Periodontitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16620-periodontitis

  Periodontitis is an oral health condition that causes sore, bleeding, swollen gums. […] Healthcare providers classify periodontitis as mild, moderate or severe. They base this on how much bone you’ve lost around each tooth and on how much inflammation you have in your gums. […] Dentists typically diagnose periodontitis during routine examinations. During your appointment, they’ll likely: Ask about your symptoms, medical history and smoking history. Examine your gums for signs of inflammation. Take dental X-rays to check for bone loss. Use a periodontal probe, which is like a tiny ruler, to measure areas of bone loss (periodontal pockets) around your teeth. […] Periodontitis treatment depends on the severity of the condition. Options include nonsurgical and surgical procedures. Your dentist should refer you to a gum specialist (periodontist) unless your disease is mild.

• #57 Periodontitis Diagnosis and Treatment | Delta Dental

  https://www.deltadental.com/us/en/protect-my-smile/oral-health-conditions/gum-periodontal-disease/periodontitis/diagnosis-and-treatment.html

  Successful treatment is only possible when you adopt a daily routine of good oral care and manage health conditions and habits that may impact your dental health. […] If periodontitis isnt advanced, treatment may involve minimally invasive procedures, including: […] Scaling removes tartar and plaque bacteria from the tooth and root surfaces above and beneath gums. […] Root planning smooths the root surfaces to discourage further tartar and bacteria buildup. […] If periodontitis is advanced, surgical treatments may be required, such as: […] During flap surgery, tiny excisions are made in your gum. […] Bone grafting is performed when periodontal disease has destroyed some of the bone surrounding your tooth root. […] If you start to lose gum tissue and your gum line recedes, then graft surgery can help cover the exposed root, protect the remaining gum tissue, and prevent further recession and bone loss. […] Periodontitis can be prevented if early gum problems like gingivitis are detected and treated early enough. But if you have periodontitis, then routine dental checkups with your dentist are crucial to ensure that your periodontal disease doesnt progress.

Zobacz więcej