Materiały źródłowe

• #1 What is Zenker’s Diverticulum? (Causes, Signs, and Treatment)

  https://www.houstonent.com/blog/what-is-zenkers-diverticulum-symptoms-and-signs

  Zenker diverticulum is the most common form of esophageal diverticulum, according to the National Institutes of Health, with a 0.01 to 0.11 percent reported prevalence rate targeting mostly elderly or middle-aged patients. […] It’s believed the primary cause of Zenker diverticulum is tightness or malfunctioning of your cricopharyngeal muscle as you age. This muscle is located right below the level of your voice box and as mentioned needs to relax while you swallow to allow your food to be pushed into your esophagus. When it fails to relax, it causes the slight bulging of your pharynx posterior wall. […] Your cricopharyngeal muscle may also malfunction due to neurologic medical disorders like a stroke, for instance. The built up pressure in your lower throat causes ballooning out from the weakest portion of your pharyngeal wall that leads to a diverticulum to form that may develop several centimeters in diameter. […] The combined pressure, obstruction and bulging, when repeated with repetitious swallowing, can eventually lead to Zenker’s diverticulum and this keeps getting larger as more food is pressed into it.

• #2 Managing Your Zenker’s Diverticulum – Symptoms & Treatment | Carle.org

  https://carle.org/conditions/pharyngeal-(kenker-s)-diverticulum

  Zenkers diverticulum is rare, occurring in less than 0.01% of the population. […] The cause is unknown, but it may result from increased pressure in the esophagus. This pressure may occur if the esophagus doesnt relax completely when food is swallowed. The pressure leads to a tear or break (herniation) in muscle tissues lining the esophagus. The result is a diverticulum. […] Zenkers diverticulum isnt passed from parents to children and isnt contagious.

• #3 Zenker Diverticulum – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499996/

  Zenker’s diverticulum is a type of diverticulum that develops in the hypopharynx, typically between the cricopharyngeus (CP) muscle and the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. […] The etiology of Zenker’s diverticulum is not fully understood, but most of the hypotheses revolve around the abnormal structure and physiology of the cricopharyngeus muscle. Professionals believe that abnormal pressure during swallowing causes dehiscence of this muscle leading to the formation of a Zenker diverticulum. Therefore, this diverticulum is an acquired mucosal herniation between the horizontal and oblique fibers of the cricopharyngeus muscle. […] The diverticulum develops between the transverse fibers of the CP muscle and the oblique fibers of the inferior constrictor muscle; this area is often known as Killian triangle.

• #4 Zenker’s diverticulum: Symptoms, causes, and surgery

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/zenker-diverticulum

  Scientists believe Zenkers diverticulum (ZD) results from increased tension in the top muscle of the esophagus, called the cricopharyngeus muscle. This can lead to a pouch forming in the weakened area above. […] Researchers do not fully understand the cause of ZD. According to a 2022 review, most researchers believe that the condition relates to an atypical structure and function of a neck muscle called the cricopharyngeus. Atypical pressure during swallowing can cause the muscle to split, resulting in the formation of a diverticulum. […] Older age is also a risk factor for ZD. […] Most medical professionals believe that ZD occurs due to an issue with the cricopharyngeus muscle in the neck.

• #5 Zenker Diverticulum: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/836858-overview

  A complete understanding of the etiology of Zenker diverticulum formation is not available. Further studies focused on the function of the CP muscle are likely to be fruitful. […] Zenker diverticula occur in a muscular dehiscence that is present most commonly between the oblique muscle fibers of the inferior constrictor muscle and the transverse fibers of the CP muscle. This area is known as the Killian triangle. Other areas of muscular dehiscence occur between the oblique and transverse fibers of the CP muscle (ie, Killian-Jamieson area) and between the CP muscle and the esophageal muscles (ie, Laimer triangle). More inferiorly positioned Zenker diverticula may occur in one of these latter sites.

• #6 Zenker diverticulum | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/zenker-diverticulum-1?lang=us

  Zenker diverticulum, also known as a pharyngeal pouch, is a posterior outpouching of the hypopharynx, just proximal to the upper esophageal sphincter through a weakness in the muscle layer called the Killian dehiscence. […] A Zenker diverticulum is a pulsion-pseudodiverticulum and results from herniation of mucosa and submucosa through the Killian triangle (or Killian dehiscence), a focal weakness in the hypopharynx at the normal cleavage plane between the fibers of the two parts of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle – the cricopharyngeus and thyropharyngeus. […] This phenomenon may lead to the creation of a sac with a narrow neck that can trap liquid and food. The distended sac may compress the cervical esophagus.

• #7 Zenker’s Diverticulum – Esophageal Health | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/gastro/esophageal-health/diseases-we-treat/zenkers-diverticulum

  A diverticulum is an abnormal out-pouching or pocket forming off the wall of the gastrointestinal wall. A Zenkers diverticulum is a pouch that forms in the throat at the very beginning of the digestive tract just above the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). […] The cause of Zenkers diverticulum is abnormal tightening of the upper esophageal sphincter (also called the cricopharyngeus muscle). As a result of tightening of this muscle, pressure builds along the wall of the throat above this sphincter muscle. Just above this muscle there is a relative weak point of the throat wall and the diverticulum forms as a result of the relative increased pressure exerted on this weak area during swallowing. […] Because the UES below the pouch is tighter than normal, food and liquids are harder to pass into the esophagus and instead tend to pass into the diverticulum pocket or even back into the throat causing regurgitation.

• #8 Zenker’s Diverticulum | Temple Health

  https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/zenkers-diverticulum

  A Zenkers diverticulum occurs when a pouch forms at a weak spot where the pharynx (the passage in back of the throat) meets the esophagus. Zenkers diverticulum is thought to be a disorder of the upper esophageal sphincter, the opening through which food enters the stomach. It develops when the cricopharyngeal muscle, located near the upper esophageal sphincter, doesnt relax as it should. As a result, the upper esophageal sphincter doesnt open properly and pressure begins to build up in the pharynx when someone swallows. If a weak spot exists in his or her pharynx, a diverticulum could develop. […] The primary risk factor for Zenkers diverticulum is age, and risks for the condition include: […] Adults usually in their 70s and 80s are primarily affected. […] Chronic reflux.

• #9 Zenker’s diverticulum – WikEM

  https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Zenker%27s_diverticulum

  An out-pouching of the pharyngeal mucosa and submucosa through the cricopharyngeus muscle […] Classified as false diverticulum in that it does not contain all layers of the intestinal wall, but only the mucosa and submucosa […] Zenker’s diverticulum.

• #10 Zenker’s diverticulum (patient information) – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Zenker%27s_diverticulum_(patient_information)

  Zenker’s diverticulum is an acquired sac-like outpouching of the mucosa and submucosa layers originating from the food pipe. Since it involves only the mucosa and submucosa it is a false diverticulum. […] ZD occurs due to increased pressure within the food pipe. […] A subsequent incomplete opening of the sphincter of the food pipe, causing the protrusion of the muscles of the food pipe. […] ZD causes the disorder of the swallowing, affecting the functions such as chewing, initiating the swallowing.

• #11 Zenker’s diverticulum | Clinical Gate

  https://clinicalgate.com/zenkers-diverticulum-2/

  Zenkers diverticulum is a pulsion diverticulum that occurs between the lowermost fibers of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor and the cricopharyngeal (CP) segment. […] The etiology of Zenkers diverticulum is a failure of timely opening of the CP segment. […] The diverticular sac forms in a relative weak spot in the posterior pharyngeal wall as contraction of the tongue and pharyngeal musculature builds pressure above a closed CP segment.

• #12 Telltale Symptoms of Zenker’s Diverticulum: Center for Advanced Surgery: Gastro-Esophageal and Endoscopic Surgeons

  https://www.texasadvancedsurgery.com/blog/telltale-symptoms-of-zenkers-diverticulum

  A diverticulum (plural diverticula), can form at various places along your digestive tract. Diverticula are abnormal pouches of digestive tract tissue. Diverticula often form in response to unusual areas of pressure. […] If you develop a diverticulum in the part of your throat where your esophagus joins with your pharynx, your condition is known as Zenker’s diverticulum. A Zenker’s diverticulum develops when your upper esophageal sphincter (UES) doesnt open properly when you try to swallow food. […] Pressure on your pharyngeal wall causes a diverticulum to form.

• #13 Zenker’s Diverticulum – Pacific Eye & Ear Specialists

  https://www.pacificheadandneck.com/throat-neck/zenkers-diverticulum/

  A Zenkers diverticulum typically arises due to tightness of the cricopharyngeus muscle. This muscle makes up the upper esophageal sphincter, and is located just below the level of the voice box. Normally, it relaxes during swallowing to allow food to pass into the esophagus. When this muscle fails to relax, the pressure of swallowing pushes the food against the posterior wall of the hypopharynx, causing it to bulge slightly. The combination of obstruction, pressure and bulging, repeated over thousands of swallows, eventually leads to a permanent bulge or pouch a Zenkers diverticulum. The diverticulum continues to enlarge as more and more food is pressed into it.

• #14 Zenker’s Diverticulum: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/zenkers-diverticulum

  In Zenkers diverticulum, you have a pouch in the back of your throat. Zenkers diverticulum typically affects people ages 70 to 90 and develops over time. […] Researchers dont know the exact cause but think issues with your cricopharyngeus muscle are to blame. This muscle is at the top of your esophagus. It opens (relaxes) to let food in and then closes. When you swallow food, powerful muscles in your throat push food down toward your cricopharyngeus muscle. When this muscle doesnt relax as it should, food gets caught in a muscular squeeze play that puts pressure on your pharynx wall. Over time, the pressure pushes tissue through the wall to make a pouch. […] Risk factors for developing Zenkers diverticulum include: Age. (Zenkers diverticulum typically affects people ages 70 to 90.) […] The outlook is good, but Zenkers diverticulum may come back after surgery.

• #15 Zenker’s Diverticulum | Tampa General Hospital 

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/zenkers-diverticulum

  A Zenkers diverticulum may form if the cricopharyngeal (CP) muscle does not fully relax during swallowing, creating pressure within the esophagus. […] Known risk factors for Zenkers diverticula include: Advanced age Most cases are diagnosed after age 70, possibly due to age-related muscle weakness in the esophagus. […] Certain medical conditions Chronic conditions that affect the esophagus, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and achalasia, can cause changes in its pressure dynamics. […] Esophageal motility disorders Conditions that affect the function of the esophagus, such as esophageal spasms and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), can weaken its walls. […] Lifestyle factors Smoking and excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages have been linked to a higher risk of developing esophageal conditions, such as Zenker’s diverticula.

• #16 Zenker’s Diverticulum | Southwest Idaho ENT

  https://www.swient.com/throat-pages/throat/zenkers-diverticulum/

  Zenkers diverticulum is the most common type of esophageal diverticulum. […] The most common cause of Zenkers diverticulum is increased muscle pressure in the upper esophagus or pharynx. This extra pressure causes a pouch to form in the muscle. It may be attributed to loss of elasticity or atrophy of the muscle, abnormal timing of the muscle while swallowing, a central nervous system disorder, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or an abnormality in the upper esophageal sphincter. […] Zenkers diverticulum is more common in men than women, and largely confined to older adults over the age of 50.

• #17 Unveiling the Causes of Esophageal Diverticulum | Dr. Nilesh Chordiya

  https://mumbaicancersurgeons.com/blog/esophageal-diverticulum-causes-types/

  Esophageal diverticula are classified into three main types: Zenkers diverticulum, traction diverticulum, and epiphanic diverticulum. […] Zenkers diverticulum occurs due to a weakness in the wall of the esophagus, specifically in the area where the esophagus joins the throat. This weakness allows for forming a pouch to collect food or liquid when swallowing. […] The exact reason for the weakness is not fully understood, but it may be related to age-related changes in muscle tone and motility. […] Muscle weakness in the upper esophagus can contribute to the development of Zenkers diverticulum. Over time, the weakened muscles cannot propel swallowed substances smoothly into the stomach, forming a pouch. Dysmotility, or abnormal muscle contractions, can also play a role in diverticulum formation.

• #18 Zenker’s Diverticulum | San Diego ENT

  https://sandiegoent.com/throat/voice-swallowing/zenkers-diverticulum/

  A diverticulum is a sac or pocket that forms on a portion of the body. A Zenkers diverticulum is a pouch that develops on the pharynx, in the upper esophagus of the neck. […] The most common cause of Zenkers diverticulum is increased muscle pressure in the upper esophagus or pharynx. This extra pressure causes a pouch to form in the muscle. It may be attributed to loss of elasticity or atrophy of the muscle, abnormal timing of the muscle while swallowing, a central nervous system disorder, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or an abnormality in the upper esophageal sphincter. […] Zenkers diverticulum is more common in men than women, and largely confined to older adults over the age of 50.

• #19 Zenker’s Diverticulum – Inspire ENT & Pulmonology

  https://inspire-med.com/ent/throat/zenkers-diverticulum/

  A diverticulum is a sac or pocket that forms on a portion of the body. A Zenkers diverticulum is a pouch that develops on the pharynx, in the upper esophagus of the neck. The most common cause of Zenkers diverticulum is increased muscle pressure in the upper esophagus or pharynx. This extra pressure causes a pouch to form in the muscle. It may be attributed to loss of elasticity or atrophy of the muscle, abnormal timing of the muscle while swallowing, a central nervous system disorder, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or an abnormality in the upper esophageal sphincter. […] Zenkers diverticulum is more common in men than women, and largely confined to older adults over the age of 50.

• #20 Zenker’s Diverticulum Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/zenker-diverticulum

  Zenker’s diverticulum (ZD) refers to a muscular pouch formed at the lower end of the throat and the beginning of the esophagus (food pipe). The pouch is formed because a muscle called cricopharyngeal fails to relax during swallowing. […] The exact cause is unknown as Zenkers diverticulum is a very rare condition. It is believed to result from the extreme pressure on the esophagus resulting in the malfunctioning of the cricopharyngeal muscle. Pressure can also cause the tissue of the esophagus to split apart, leading to the formation of Zenkers diverticulum. […] Some common risk factors of the Zenker’s diverticulum (ZD) include: Old age (seventh and eighth decade of life), Male gender, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Pre-existing hiatal hernia, Oesophageal motility disorder, Esophagitis, Neurological disorders like a stroke.

• #21 Unveiling the Causes of Esophageal Diverticulum | Dr. Nilesh Chordiya

  https://mumbaicancersurgeons.com/blog/esophageal-diverticulum-causes-types/

  Chronic inflammation within the esophagus can contribute to the development of traction diverticulum. Inflammatory conditions, such as eosinophilic esophagitis or chronic esophagitis, can cause changes in the esophageal wall, forming a diverticulum. […] Epiphrenic diverticulum is a type of esophageal diverticulum that forms near the lower esophageal sphincter, which is the muscle that separates the esophagus from the stomach. This type of diverticulum is often associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus. […] The exact cause of the epiphanic diverticulum is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the increased pressure within the lower esophagus due to GERD. […] GERD is a common digestive disorder when the lower esophageal sphincter weakens or relaxes inappropriately, allowing stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus.

• #22 Zenker’s diverticulum: aetiopathogenesis, symptoms and diagnosis. Comparison of operative methods

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4027817/

  Zenkers diverticulum occurrence is the consequence of esophageal mucosa membrane weakening with coexisting increase in UES tension. The increase in pressure during ingesta swallowing pushes esophageal tissue layers outside the esophagus to the mediastinum retropharyngeal space, forming a pouch with gates limited by muscles […] Individual susceptibility to diverticula occurrence is caused by fibrosis and histologically described inflammation within Killians triangle muscles fibers. The muscle dysfunction may be the consequence of diseases causing esophagus contraction, e.g. achalasia. In other cases the reason may by gastro-esophageal reflux disease with cricopharyngeal muscle cramp. […] A genetic predisposition to ZD occurrence has not been proven so far. The existence of such a predisposition is possible due to described congenital UES muscle weakness. Zenkers diverticulum is located more often on the left side of the esophageal wall, which has given rise to the suggestion that ZD occurrence may be dependent on whether the individual is right- or left-handed. In right-handed patients diverticulum more often occurs on the left side of the esophagus.

• #23 Zenker’s Diverticulum: Frequently Asked Questions

  https://www.fauquierent.net/zenkersquestions

  Zenker’s diverticulum is most common in people over the age of 60. However, we have seen patients in their 30s who have Zenkers diverticulum. […] The cause of Zenkers diverticulum is not precisely known, though there are several hypothesis researchers have conjectured about. Some thoughts include reflux, baseline high cricopharyngeal muscle contraction, unusually weak posterior cervical esophageal wall, etc. It could also be a combination of factors. However, upon further study, none of these ideas have explained why some people develop it and others do not. The formation of the pouch does not appear to be hereditary. In many patients who have a Zenkers diverticulum, other problems of the esophagus are present, though not always. […] There are no other non-surgical treatments presently available to effectively treat patients with Zenkers diverticulum. Surgery is the only treatment that will permanently relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life for patients.

• #24 What Causes Diverticulum?: Center for Advanced Surgery: Gastro-Esophageal and Endoscopic Surgeons

  https://www.texasadvancedsurgery.com/blog/what-causes-diverticulum

  Your risk of diverticula also relates to lifestyle factors, including your weight, your exercise habits, and smoking cigarettes. Eating high amounts of animal fat, not getting enough fiber, and using medications including steroids, opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can also increase your risk of diverticulitis.

• #25 Dysphagia – Zenker’s diverticulum – Medizinonline

  https://medizinonline.com/en/dysphagia-zenkers-diverticulum/

  Zenkers diverticulum causes passenger disturbances in the pharyngoesophageal junction. […] The most common diverticulum of the esophagus is Zenkers diverticulum. […] The first description was made by Ludlow already in 1769. In 1877, the Erlangen pathologist Friedrich von Zenker analyzed and described the association of the existence of this diverticulum with an increase in intrapharyngeal pressure. […] Typical localization is a preexistent weak point of the dorsal wall of the pharynx between the cricopharyngeal and inferior constrictor pharyngis muscles, the Kilian triangle. Due to pressure, there may be an outpouching of the posterior pharyngeal wall with formation of a diverticulum, favored by increased tone of the cricopharyngeal muscle and impaired relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter. […] Depending on the location and size, obstruction of the swallowing process may result. […] Zenkers diverticulum can lead to extensive clinical symptoms.

• #26 Zenker’s diverticulum – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenker%27s_diverticulum

  When there is excessive pressure within the lower pharynx, the weakest portion of the pharyngeal wall balloons out, forming a diverticulum which may reach several centimetres in diameter. […] While traction and pulsion mechanisms have long been deemed the main factors promoting development of a Zenker’s diverticulum, current consensus considers occlusive mechanisms to be most important: uncoordinated swallowing, impaired relaxation and spasm of the cricopharyngeus muscle lead to an increase in pressure within the distal pharynx, so that its wall herniates through the point of least resistance (known as Killian’s triangle, located superior to the cricopharyngeus muscle and inferior to the thyropharyngeus muscle). […] The result is an outpouching of the posterior pharyngeal wall, just above the esophagus.

• #27 1.44: Surgery for Pharyngeal Pouch / Zenker’s Diverticulum – Medicine LibreTexts

  https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Atlas_of_Otolaryngology_Head_and_Neck_Operative_Surgery/01%3A_Head_and_Neck/1.44%3A_Surgery_for_Pharyngeal_Pouch___Zenker’s_Diverticulum

  The etiology has been debated for more than a century. Historically, authors have theorized that trauma, congenital upper esophageal strictures, thyroid goiter, or foreign bodies may play role. Gastroesophageal reflux, cricopharyngeal achalasia, persistently elevated resting tone of the cricopharyngeus, structural abnormality of the cricopharyngeus muscle, and central or peripheral neurologic disease have also been proposed as contributing or causal factors, though convincing evidence is lacking. […] However, it was Zenker who correctly described it as a pulsing diverticulum and put earlier theories to rest. Since that time most authors agree that anatomic predisposition plays a central role in the pathogenesis, though the exact aetiology is still a subject of debate. […] It is now widely accepted that dysfunction of the cricopharyngeus muscle plays a central aetiological role. High intraluminal pressures at the level of Killians triangle result in herniation of esophageal mucosa and submucosa through this area of inherent muscular weakness. Some advocate that high intraluminal pressures produced by incoordination of the inferior constrictor muscle against a closed cricopharyngeus is responsible, while others state that high pressures are a result of the anatomic relationship between the relatively wide hypopharynx and a narrower esophageal inlet through which food boluses pass. Killians triangle itself is of variable size, and patients with larger areas of inherent muscular weakness are likely more predisposed to a ZD.

• #28 Zenker’s Diverticulum | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/zenkers-diverticulum/

  Zenkers diverticulum is the most common of the hypopharyngeal diverticula. […] ZD is extremely rare in Asia and Africa, where gastroesophageal reflux disease is also uncommon, suggesting that reflux may play a role in its etiology. […] Although it is widely accepted that ZD is an acquired pulsion diverticulum, considerable controversy exists about the mechanism of its formation. […] Several writers in the early 1970s suggested that spasm or persistently elevated resting tone of the cricopharyngeus secondary to reflux could cause ZD, although others refuted a direct causal association. […] Regardless of the theory, the cricopharyngeal muscle is the common theoretical culprit behind the formation of ZD, and whether to address this muscle during surgical management has been debated through the years.

• #29 Zenker’s diverticulum – ENT Info

  https://www.entinfo.nz/zenkers-diverticulum/

  Causes of ZDs development have been a topic of much debate. […] The most accepted theory involves building up of pressure within the throat as a result of 1) abnormal tightening of a ring of muscle at the junction of the throat and food pipe called cricopharynxgeus and 2) excessive muscular activity in the throat. […] There are some conditions that predisposed patients to ZD formation. The examples include various disorders of muscular activity and acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). […] Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) rarely occurs as a complication of ZD as a result of chronic irritation and inflammation secondary to food stasis. […] Rarely, cancer of the esophagus can occur as a result of chronic irritation and inflammation from prolonged food retention. The risk of cancer development is higher in older patient, male sex, patient with long history of ZD, and large ZD size. […] Association between Zenker diverticulum and gastroesophageal reflux disease: development of a working hypothesis.

• #30 Zenker’s Diverticulum Surgery – Larian, MD

  https://larianmd.com/areas-of-focus/head-neck/zenkers-diverticulum-surgery/

  Most often found in individuals over the age of 50 (but possible at even younger ages), Zenkers diverticulum is a disorder of the throat in which a diverticulum, a pouch, develops in the throat wall. […] The pouch forms because of poorly functioning throat muscles that are not coordinated: the Cricopharyngeus muscle which is a valve at the bottom of the throat does not open when food is being pushed down by the back of the tongue and throat muscles. […] The two main causes of a malfunctioning cricopharyngeus muscle are chronic acid reflux or neurologic problem. Both of these conditions make the cricopharyngeus muscle become less coordinated and not open at a the right time during swallowing.

• #31 Zenker’s Diverticulum Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://throatdisorder.com/swallowing-disorders/zenkers-diverticulum/

  Zenkers Diverticulum a sac or pouch in the back of the throat which causes difficulty swallowing by collecting and retaining food and saliva. […] The cricopharyngeus muscle is located at the bottom of the throat. This muscle is normally contracted, to prevent reflux, or the flow of food and acid backwards from the esophagus into the throat. When this muscle is overactive, the tissue above it stretches and dilates. This dilation turns into a pouch in the back of the throat known as a Zenkers Diverticulum. Food, pills and saliva get stuck in the Zenkers diverticulum while swallowing.

• #32 Zenker Diverticulum – Etiology, Symptoms, and Treatment — TIMS Medical

  https://www.tims.com/blog/zenker-diverticulum-etiology-symptoms-and-treatment

  A Zenkers diverticulum often develops in the hypopharynx between the cricopharyngeus muscle and the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. […] The etiology of Zenkers diverticulum is not completely understood. It is hypothesized that Zenkers diverticulum is the result of abnormal structure and physiology of the cricopharyngeus muscle, with the thought that abnormal pressure during swallowing results in splitting of the muscle, in turn causing a Zenker diverticulum.

• #33 Zenker Diverticulum – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/gut-health/zenker-diverticulum/

  The cause of Zenkers diverticulum, a pouch that can form at the junction of your throat and esophagus, isnt entirely known. However, most theories suggest it has something to do with the abnormal structure and functioning of a muscle in your throat called the cricopharyngeus muscle. Experts think that unusual pressure while swallowing can cause this muscle to split apart, leading to the creation of a Zenker diverticulum. So, this pouch is considered a condition that people acquire, not one they are born with. Its a sort of hernia, which is to say, a part of the body pushes through a weak spot in a muscle wall. […] The diverticulum, or pouch, forms in a specific area between two parts of the cricopharyngeus muscle. This area is often called the Killian triangle. […] The cause of Zenker’s diverticulum is not entirely known, but it is believed to be related to the abnormal structure and functioning of a muscle in the throat called the cricopharyngeus muscle. Unusual pressure while swallowing can cause this muscle to split apart, leading to the formation of a Zenker diverticulum. It is a condition that people acquire, not one they are born with.

• #34 Zenker’s Diverticulum – Laryngopedia

  https://laryngopedia.com/zenkers-diverticulum/

  Zenkers Diverticulum (ZD) is an outpouching or, in effect, a hernia of the swallowing passage just above a non-relaxing cricopharyngeus muscle. […] Hence, unknown to many, the Zenkers diverticulum is only the reflection of the main problem, which is cricopharyngeal dysfunction. […] In this photo, blue-stained water has just been swallowed, and the vocal cords are beginning to open. […] This swallow study reinforces that impression as well as the likely presence of a Zenkers diverticulum. […] This is seen commonly when there is a Zenkers diverticulum, which, again, was subsequently diagnosed here. […] This patient with cricopharyngeal dysfunction is just beginning to form a Zenkers pouch. Note that the cricopharyngeus muscle (light grey thumb at asterisk) is beginning to turn upwards and become more slender. The volume of barium below the dotted line is inside the incipient Zenkers pouch. Over months or years, this pouch would stretch and develop into a true Zenkers pouch.

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