Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Xerostomia | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/xerostomia?embed_domain=hackmd.io%252F%2540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%252Fbnjhjgjghjghjgh&lang=us

  Xerostomia is the most frequently observed salivary abnormality in clinical practice 1. […] Xerostomia is the medical term for a dry mouth, and is most commonly due to hyposalivation.

• #2 Colgate Oral Health Network

  https://www.colgateoralhealthnetwork.com/article/trends-and-demographics-dry-mouth/

  Dry mouth (hyposalivation) is a significant risk factor for poor oral health, contributing to the global oral disease burden, and poor oral health-related quality of life (OHRQL). […] In a recent systematic review of 29 studies, 14 studies reported an overall prevalence for dry mouth of 20% (range 15 to 25%) and for xerostomia an overall prevalence of 23% (range 18% to 28%). […] The reported overall prevalence of dry mouth varies depending on the study and methodology, and dry mouth is recognized as being more common in the elderly. However, dry mouth varies across population groups at various stages of life. Therefore, caution is necessary against the misconception that younger individuals are minimally affected – trends and demographics show otherwise. […] Caution is necessary against the misconception that younger individuals are minimally affected by dry mouth.

• #3 SciELO Brazil – How Common is Dry Mouth? Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Prevalence Estimates How Common is Dry Mouth? Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Prevalence Estimates

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bdj/a/zyjgvkJkWxkVXRs6wvrwGXg/

  The aim of this paper is to systematically review the literature to estimate the overall prevalence of xerostomia/hyposalivation in epidemiological studies. […] The overall estimated prevalence of dry mouth was 22.0% (95%CI 17.0-26.0%). Higher prevalence of xerostomia was observed in studies conducted only with elderly people. […] Epidemiological studies of dry mouth situations from the last two decades have shown prevalence estimates ranging from 1% to 62%. […] Despite the research effort, much remains unanswered about the epidemiology of dry mouth. […] The overall prevalence of xerostomia was estimated to be 23.0% (95%CI 18.0-28.0%), with high heterogeneity among studies (I2 99.8%; chi square p value0.001). The overall prevalence of hyposalivation was estimated to be 20.0% (95%CI 15.0 – 25.0%) with high heterogeneity among studies (I2 99.4%; chi square p value0.001). The overall prevalence of dry mouth (xerostomia or hyposalivation) was estimated to be 22.0% (95%CI 17.0-26.0%), also with high heterogeneity among studies (I2 99.8%; chi square p-value0.001).

• #4 Xerostomia (Dry Mouth) | American Dental Association

  https://www.ada.org/resources/ada-library/oral-health-topics/xerostomia

  Severity of dry mouth symptoms ranges from mild oral discomfort to significant oral disease that can compromise the patients health, dietary intake, and quality of life. […] Estimates of xerostomia prevalence in the general population vary widely depending on case definitions used and differences in study samples (e.g., age range, health status). Previous studies reported xerostomia prevalence estimates ranging from 10 to 26% in men to 10 to 33% in women. A 2018 systematic review reported an overall estimated prevalence of xerostomia in approximately 22% of the global population. Xerostomia prevalence is generally higher among older individuals, typically due to polypharmacy and with the onset of various medical conditions over time. Virtually all patients with Sjgren disease or radiation therapy for head and neck cancer develop dry mouth.

• #5 Xerostomia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545287/

  Data regarding the sex predominance of xerostomia vary. In 1996, a statistically significant study in Sweden concluded that 21.3% of men and 27.3% of women reported xerostomia. According to a study in 2006, the prevalence of xerostomia ranged from 0.9% to 64.8%. Most data collected for these studies was in Scandinavia (most patients were over 50, and the rest were over 18). In contrast, 100% of patients who received radiation for head and neck cancer or were diagnosed with Sjgren syndrome complained of xerostomia. The prevalence of xerostomia is increasing due to the increasing aging population. Age by itself is not a cause of xerostomia, but older patients tend to be on multiple medications and have a higher incidence of comorbid conditions.

• #6 SciELO Brazil – How Common is Dry Mouth? Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Prevalence Estimates How Common is Dry Mouth? Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Prevalence Estimates

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bdj/a/zyjgvkJkWxkVXRs6wvrwGXg/

  The aim of this paper is to systematically review the literature to estimate the overall prevalence of xerostomia/hyposalivation in epidemiological studies. […] The overall estimated prevalence of dry mouth was 22.0% (95%CI 17.0-26.0%). Higher prevalence of xerostomia was observed in studies conducted only with elderly people. […] Epidemiological studies of dry mouth situations from the last two decades have shown prevalence estimates ranging from 1% to 62%. […] Despite the research effort, much remains unanswered about the epidemiology of dry mouth. […] The overall prevalence of xerostomia was estimated to be 23.0% (95%CI 18.0-28.0%), with high heterogeneity among studies (I2 99.8%; chi square p value0.001). The overall prevalence of hyposalivation was estimated to be 20.0% (95%CI 15.0 – 25.0%) with high heterogeneity among studies (I2 99.4%; chi square p value0.001). The overall prevalence of dry mouth (xerostomia or hyposalivation) was estimated to be 22.0% (95%CI 17.0-26.0%), also with high heterogeneity among studies (I2 99.8%; chi square p-value0.001).

• #7 Prevalence of dry mouth in adult patients in primary health care – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35617454/

  Objectives: To determine the prevalence and severity of dry mouth by age, gender, presence of disease, and medication intake for patients aged 18 years and over, seeking primary health care on the west coast of Sweden (Region of Vstra Gtaland, VGR). […] The overall prevalence of xerostomia was 43.6% with a female dominance (61.2%). […] Medication was a significant predictor of the prevalence of xerostomia, regardless of age and gender (p<.001). [...] Patients seeking primary care on the west coast of Sweden have a high prevalence of xerostomia. Factors associated with xerostomia were female gender and medications and/or diseases. Awareness is required to manage patients with xerostomia in medical and dental care.

• #8 Dry Mouth – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/dry-mouth/

  Population studies on xerostomia are based on questionnaires asking if and how frequently the screened persons suffer from dry mouth symptoms. According to recent reports the prevalence (occurrence) of xerostomia (which means persons complaining of dry mouth either “frequently” or “always”), in the adult population is as follows: 24% of females and 18% of males, 19-88 years old Rochester (New York, USA) residents […] 27.3% of females and 21.3% of males, 20-80 years old Swedish residents […] 29% of 18-83 year old New York City residents […] 9.7% of adult Barcelona (Spain) residents. Xerostomia is especially frequent in the elderly. In this specific population, xerostomia has been reported to occur in 17 to 39% of the persons aged 65 years or more. In addition, xerostomia is more frequent among women than men. Based on available data, a conservative analysis of the occurrence of xerostomia in the developed world shows a prevalence of 80 million people. As to the prevalence of hyposalivation, very few population-based data are available. This condition has been found in over 22% of older South Australians and in almost 12% of Israeli elderly people.

• #9 Drug-Induced Dry Mouth

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/drug-induced-dry-mouth

  Up to 30% of Americans experience xerostomia, with elders affected more. […] Several hundred medications can cause or exacerbate xerostomia, including antihypertensives, antidepressants, analgesics, tranquilizers, diuretics, and antihistamines. […] The chewing gum manufacturer Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company’s Web site provides a searchable list of drugs associated with dry mouth. Their explanation of the complexities of identifying drugs that cause dry mouth highlights the inadequacies of our current adverse event, adverse effect, and side effect monitoring systems. […] For drug-induced xerostomia, using the lowest effective dose or switching to an alternative medication may help. […] Patients should see a dentist and have fluoride-containing sealants applied to seal pits, fissures, and rough restorative margins.

• #10 Xerostomia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerostomia

  Xerostomia is a very common symptom. A conservative estimate of prevalence is about 20% in the general population, with increased prevalences in females (up to 30%) and the elderly (up to 50%). […] Estimates of the prevalence of persistent dry mouth vary between 10 and 50%.

• #11 Xerostomia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545287/

  Data regarding the sex predominance of xerostomia vary. In 1996, a statistically significant study in Sweden concluded that 21.3% of men and 27.3% of women reported xerostomia. According to a study in 2006, the prevalence of xerostomia ranged from 0.9% to 64.8%. Most data collected for these studies was in Scandinavia (most patients were over 50, and the rest were over 18). In contrast, 100% of patients who received radiation for head and neck cancer or were diagnosed with Sjgren syndrome complained of xerostomia. The prevalence of xerostomia is increasing due to the increasing aging population. Age by itself is not a cause of xerostomia, but older patients tend to be on multiple medications and have a higher incidence of comorbid conditions.

• #12 Prevalence of dry mouth in adult patients in primary health care – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35617454/

  Objectives: To determine the prevalence and severity of dry mouth by age, gender, presence of disease, and medication intake for patients aged 18 years and over, seeking primary health care on the west coast of Sweden (Region of Vstra Gtaland, VGR). […] The overall prevalence of xerostomia was 43.6% with a female dominance (61.2%). […] Medication was a significant predictor of the prevalence of xerostomia, regardless of age and gender (p<.001). [...] Patients seeking primary care on the west coast of Sweden have a high prevalence of xerostomia. Factors associated with xerostomia were female gender and medications and/or diseases. Awareness is required to manage patients with xerostomia in medical and dental care.

• #13 What Causes Dry Mouth After Surgery? | Colgate®

  https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/dry-mouth/dry-mouth-after-surgery

  According to a study by the National Institute of Health published on Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, the occurrence of dry mouth in adults has ranged from 10% among persons over age 50 to 40% for persons over age 65. […] Overall, the observed prevalence of dry mouth was 24% among females and 18% among males. While dry mouth was more commonly observed in women than men, this association was only clear after age 50.

• #14 Iatrogenic Xerostomia – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/iatrogenic-xerostomia/

  Xerostomia means dry mouth. […] There are now population studies on the prevalence of xerostomia or reduced salivary flow. However, among elderly people, xerostomia has been reported in more than 50% of the subjects and 10 – 25% of the elderly experience it constantly. […] Patients who underwent cancer treatment and received radiotherapy to the head and neck region, where salivary glands are subjected to primary radiation, often suffer severe and irreversible xerostomia due to damage to the secretory tissue. […] Other subjects that can be affected by dry mouth include patients with autoimmune diseases (in particular Sjögren’s disease, in its secondary presentation often combined with rheumatic diseases), individual taking drugs and post menopausal women. […] In general, complaints of dry mouth are more common among women than men.

• #15 Xerostomia (Dry Mouth) | American Dental Association

  https://www.ada.org/resources/ada-library/oral-health-topics/xerostomia

  Severity of dry mouth symptoms ranges from mild oral discomfort to significant oral disease that can compromise the patients health, dietary intake, and quality of life. […] Estimates of xerostomia prevalence in the general population vary widely depending on case definitions used and differences in study samples (e.g., age range, health status). Previous studies reported xerostomia prevalence estimates ranging from 10 to 26% in men to 10 to 33% in women. A 2018 systematic review reported an overall estimated prevalence of xerostomia in approximately 22% of the global population. Xerostomia prevalence is generally higher among older individuals, typically due to polypharmacy and with the onset of various medical conditions over time. Virtually all patients with Sjgren disease or radiation therapy for head and neck cancer develop dry mouth.

• #16 Dry Mouth – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/dry-mouth/

  Population studies on xerostomia are based on questionnaires asking if and how frequently the screened persons suffer from dry mouth symptoms. According to recent reports the prevalence (occurrence) of xerostomia (which means persons complaining of dry mouth either “frequently” or “always”), in the adult population is as follows: 24% of females and 18% of males, 19-88 years old Rochester (New York, USA) residents […] 27.3% of females and 21.3% of males, 20-80 years old Swedish residents […] 29% of 18-83 year old New York City residents […] 9.7% of adult Barcelona (Spain) residents. Xerostomia is especially frequent in the elderly. In this specific population, xerostomia has been reported to occur in 17 to 39% of the persons aged 65 years or more. In addition, xerostomia is more frequent among women than men. Based on available data, a conservative analysis of the occurrence of xerostomia in the developed world shows a prevalence of 80 million people. As to the prevalence of hyposalivation, very few population-based data are available. This condition has been found in over 22% of older South Australians and in almost 12% of Israeli elderly people.

• #17 Xerostomia (Dry Mouth) | American Dental Association

  https://www.ada.org/resources/ada-library/oral-health-topics/xerostomia

  Xerostomia affects an estimated 30% of patients older than 65 years and up to 40% of patients older than 80 years; this is primarily an adverse effect of medication(s), although it can also result from comorbid conditions such as diabetes, Alzheimers disease, or Parkinsons disease. […] Sjgren disease (formerly known as Sjgren syndrome) is the second most common autoimmune connective-tissue disease, and is the systemic condition most frequently associated with salivary dysfunction and xerostomia. Approximately 90 percent of those with Sjgren disease are women, and patients often experience associated symptoms such as fatigue and joint pain. […] Primary Sjgren disease (i.e., Sjgren disease alone) affects approximately 1 in 70 people; this number approximately doubles if patients with other major autoimmune or rheumatic disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) in addition to Sjgren disease are included (i.e., secondary Sjgren disease).

• #18 Estimating the cut-off point of Xerostomia Inventory questionnaire score to diagnose dry mouth based on non-stimulating saliva test: a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-025-05576-4

  Xerostomia is defined as a subjective complaint of dry mouth and is a prevalent condition. […] Xerostomia prevalence estimates in the general population vary significantly due to differences in measurement, case definitions, and study characteristics, ranging from 5.5% to 46%. […] A high prevalence of dry mouth has been reported in the elderly, with Johnson et al. estimating it at 33.3% among older adults. […] Additionally, xerostomia is often a side effect of certain medications, affecting about 30% of users, and is also prevalent in individuals with systemic diseases. […] Dry mouth is clinically diagnosed based on the patient’s description and physical examination, with subjective symptoms often sufficient for diagnosis and treatment initiation, even if there is no measurable decrease in saliva flow.

• #19 The relationship between ocular and oral dryness in a cohort from the 65-year-old population in Norway | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-13985-6

  In the present study, the relationship between dry eyes and dry mouth was explored in 150 65-year-old subjects randomly selected from the general population in Oslo, Norway. […] Symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth are common in the elderly population. Dry eyes and dry mouth are separately reported in up to 30% of the general population above 65 years of age, being more common among women than in men. […] The participants with current or previous systemic diseases had significantly more ocular and oral symptoms and significantly more oral clinical findings than the participants without a history of disease. […] A significant correlation between the total number of drugs and the presence of ocular and oral symptoms was also noted. […] The results in the present study call for increased awareness and an interdisciplinary approach in matters related to dry eyes and dry mouth.

• #20 Mouth conditions in older adults in Minnesota – MN Public Health Data Access – MN Dept. of Health – MN Data

  https://data.web.health.state.mn.us/oa-mouth-conditions

  Severe dry mouth (xerostomia) […] In 2016, almost 7 percent of older adults living in Minnesota nursing homes had severe dry mouth (xerostomia). […] Dry mouth is common among older adults. It can occur with certain prescription medications, cancer therapies, or diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and autoimmune diseases. Dry mouth can make it difficult to chew, swallow, taste and speak. It is also a risk factor for tooth decay, gum disease, infections, tooth sensitivity, and periodontal (gum) disease. Early detection and treatment is important to prevent oral diseases and improve quality of life.

• #21 Iatrogenic Xerostomia – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/iatrogenic-xerostomia/

  Xerostomia means dry mouth. […] There are now population studies on the prevalence of xerostomia or reduced salivary flow. However, among elderly people, xerostomia has been reported in more than 50% of the subjects and 10 – 25% of the elderly experience it constantly. […] Patients who underwent cancer treatment and received radiotherapy to the head and neck region, where salivary glands are subjected to primary radiation, often suffer severe and irreversible xerostomia due to damage to the secretory tissue. […] Other subjects that can be affected by dry mouth include patients with autoimmune diseases (in particular Sjögren’s disease, in its secondary presentation often combined with rheumatic diseases), individual taking drugs and post menopausal women. […] In general, complaints of dry mouth are more common among women than men.

• #22 Xerostomia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545287/

  Data regarding the sex predominance of xerostomia vary. In 1996, a statistically significant study in Sweden concluded that 21.3% of men and 27.3% of women reported xerostomia. According to a study in 2006, the prevalence of xerostomia ranged from 0.9% to 64.8%. Most data collected for these studies was in Scandinavia (most patients were over 50, and the rest were over 18). In contrast, 100% of patients who received radiation for head and neck cancer or were diagnosed with Sjgren syndrome complained of xerostomia. The prevalence of xerostomia is increasing due to the increasing aging population. Age by itself is not a cause of xerostomia, but older patients tend to be on multiple medications and have a higher incidence of comorbid conditions.

• #23 Iatrogenic Xerostomia – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/iatrogenic-xerostomia/

  Xerostomia means dry mouth. […] There are now population studies on the prevalence of xerostomia or reduced salivary flow. However, among elderly people, xerostomia has been reported in more than 50% of the subjects and 10 – 25% of the elderly experience it constantly. […] Patients who underwent cancer treatment and received radiotherapy to the head and neck region, where salivary glands are subjected to primary radiation, often suffer severe and irreversible xerostomia due to damage to the secretory tissue. […] Other subjects that can be affected by dry mouth include patients with autoimmune diseases (in particular Sjögren’s disease, in its secondary presentation often combined with rheumatic diseases), individual taking drugs and post menopausal women. […] In general, complaints of dry mouth are more common among women than men.

• #24 Dry Mouth and Dry Eyes | Pocket Dentistry

  https://pocketdentistry.com/dry-mouth-and-dry-eyes/

  Up to 30% of various populations self-report dry mouth or have proven low salivary flow rates (hyposalivation). […] Many older patients complain of a dry mouth: indeed, in the older age groups, 16%25% report xerostomia, but this is usually caused by drugs. […] Xerostomia in SS is generally associated with reduced quantities of saliva rather than altered properties, and reduced sulfated oligosaccharide levels in salivary mucous acini may result in altered sulfation of sulfated and sialylated oligosaccharides, which may underlie xerostomia. […] Bone-marrow (hematopoietic stem cell) transplants and cancer treatment (especially irradiation of the major salivary glands) may be associated with troublesome xerostomia. […] Patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy or surgery, report xerostomia as one of the most frequent complaints, and this has a significant impact on the more general quality of life.

• #25 Xerostomia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545287/

  Data regarding the sex predominance of xerostomia vary. In 1996, a statistically significant study in Sweden concluded that 21.3% of men and 27.3% of women reported xerostomia. According to a study in 2006, the prevalence of xerostomia ranged from 0.9% to 64.8%. Most data collected for these studies was in Scandinavia (most patients were over 50, and the rest were over 18). In contrast, 100% of patients who received radiation for head and neck cancer or were diagnosed with Sjgren syndrome complained of xerostomia. The prevalence of xerostomia is increasing due to the increasing aging population. Age by itself is not a cause of xerostomia, but older patients tend to be on multiple medications and have a higher incidence of comorbid conditions.

• #26 Frontiers | An Update on the Lived Experience of Dry Mouth in Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oral-health/articles/10.3389/froh.2021.767568/full

  This paper aims to provide an update on research findings on the lived experience of dry mouth in Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS) patients. Dry mouth is a significant condition that impacts on the daily lives of people with SS. […] SS is estimated to affect 0.5–1.0% of the population and occurs more commonly in middle-aged women. Dry mouth has a subjective component of xerostomia, and an objective component of salivary gland hypofunction (SGH). In the Sjögren’s International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) registry of 1578 SS participants, 90% reported symptoms of dry mouth and 62% were measured to have salivary gland hypofunction. Health related quality of life (HRQoL) indices have been used to measure the negative affect of dry mouth on the quality of life of SS patients. […] It is clear from these findings that dry mouth (and its associated symptoms) can be detrimental to the physical, emotional, and social domains of SS patients’ lives, in a complex and multi-faceted manner which is detectable at the group level. […] The quantitative studies using quality of life indices demonstrate the range of impacts that dry mouth has on SS sufferers. The physical lack of saliva was found to be related to poorer OHIP-14 scores and oral health impacted on the general health and social function.

• #27 Frontiers | An Update on the Lived Experience of Dry Mouth in Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oral-health/articles/10.3389/froh.2021.767568/full

  This paper aims to provide an update on research findings on the lived experience of dry mouth in Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS) patients. Dry mouth is a significant condition that impacts on the daily lives of people with SS. […] SS is estimated to affect 0.5–1.0% of the population and occurs more commonly in middle-aged women. Dry mouth has a subjective component of xerostomia, and an objective component of salivary gland hypofunction (SGH). In the Sjögren’s International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) registry of 1578 SS participants, 90% reported symptoms of dry mouth and 62% were measured to have salivary gland hypofunction. Health related quality of life (HRQoL) indices have been used to measure the negative affect of dry mouth on the quality of life of SS patients. […] It is clear from these findings that dry mouth (and its associated symptoms) can be detrimental to the physical, emotional, and social domains of SS patients’ lives, in a complex and multi-faceted manner which is detectable at the group level. […] The quantitative studies using quality of life indices demonstrate the range of impacts that dry mouth has on SS sufferers. The physical lack of saliva was found to be related to poorer OHIP-14 scores and oral health impacted on the general health and social function.

• #28 Frontiers | An Update on the Lived Experience of Dry Mouth in Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oral-health/articles/10.3389/froh.2021.767568/full

  This paper aims to provide an update on research findings on the lived experience of dry mouth in Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS) patients. Dry mouth is a significant condition that impacts on the daily lives of people with SS. […] SS is estimated to affect 0.5–1.0% of the population and occurs more commonly in middle-aged women. Dry mouth has a subjective component of xerostomia, and an objective component of salivary gland hypofunction (SGH). In the Sjögren’s International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) registry of 1578 SS participants, 90% reported symptoms of dry mouth and 62% were measured to have salivary gland hypofunction. Health related quality of life (HRQoL) indices have been used to measure the negative affect of dry mouth on the quality of life of SS patients. […] It is clear from these findings that dry mouth (and its associated symptoms) can be detrimental to the physical, emotional, and social domains of SS patients’ lives, in a complex and multi-faceted manner which is detectable at the group level. […] The quantitative studies using quality of life indices demonstrate the range of impacts that dry mouth has on SS sufferers. The physical lack of saliva was found to be related to poorer OHIP-14 scores and oral health impacted on the general health and social function.

• #29 Sjogren Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332125-overview

  In the United States, Sjgren syndrome is estimated to be the second most common rheumatologic disorder, behind SLE. Sjgren syndrome affects 0.1-4% of the population. This wide range, in part, reflects the lack of uniform diagnostic criteria. […] Internationally, comparative studies between different ethnic groups have suggested that Sjgren syndrome is a homogeneous disease that occurs worldwide with similar prevalence and affects 1-2 million people. […] The female-to-male ratio of Sjgren syndrome is 9:1. Sjgren syndrome can affect individuals of any age but is most common in elderly people. Onset typically occurs in the fourth to fifth decade of life. […] The systemic phenotype of primary Sjgren syndrome is strongly influenced by personal factors (eg, age, gender, ethnicity, place of residence, according to an analysis by the Sjgren Big Data Consortium, a five-continent multicenter registry, of a cohort that included 10,007 patients (9352 female, mean age 53 years) with recorded European League Against Rheumatism’s Sjgren syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI) scores available. Findings (all P 0.001) were as follows: […] Systemic activity and disease activity was higher in patients from southern countries.

• #30 Sjogren Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332125-overview

  In the United States, Sjgren syndrome is estimated to be the second most common rheumatologic disorder, behind SLE. Sjgren syndrome affects 0.1-4% of the population. This wide range, in part, reflects the lack of uniform diagnostic criteria. […] Internationally, comparative studies between different ethnic groups have suggested that Sjgren syndrome is a homogeneous disease that occurs worldwide with similar prevalence and affects 1-2 million people. […] The female-to-male ratio of Sjgren syndrome is 9:1. Sjgren syndrome can affect individuals of any age but is most common in elderly people. Onset typically occurs in the fourth to fifth decade of life. […] The systemic phenotype of primary Sjgren syndrome is strongly influenced by personal factors (eg, age, gender, ethnicity, place of residence, according to an analysis by the Sjgren Big Data Consortium, a five-continent multicenter registry, of a cohort that included 10,007 patients (9352 female, mean age 53 years) with recorded European League Against Rheumatism’s Sjgren syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI) scores available. Findings (all P 0.001) were as follows: […] Systemic activity and disease activity was higher in patients from southern countries.

• #31

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00520-019-04908-9

  Dry mouth is a highly prevalent and significant symptom in patients with advanced progressive diseases. It is a poorly understood area of research, and currently, there is no standardised outcome measure or assessment tool for dry mouth. […] The estimated prevalence of dry mouth in the general population is between 21 and 27%. In a UK study of 197 terminally ill cancer patients, it was the most prevalent symptom, occurring in 77%. […] One of the first studies on the epidemiology, aetiology and clinical features of dry mouth in advanced cancer patients was published in 2001. In this study, 78% of 120 patients reported dry mouth; it was the fourth most common symptom reported on a Memorial symptom assessment scale (MSAS) and the 3rd most distressing symptom. […] Dry mouth in patients with advanced progressive diseases is a poorly understood area of research. Studies reporting on the assessment of dry mouth and outcomes of interventions have used varying scales and tools.

• #32

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00520-019-04908-9

  Dry mouth is a highly prevalent and significant symptom in patients with advanced progressive diseases. It is a poorly understood area of research, and currently, there is no standardised outcome measure or assessment tool for dry mouth. […] The estimated prevalence of dry mouth in the general population is between 21 and 27%. In a UK study of 197 terminally ill cancer patients, it was the most prevalent symptom, occurring in 77%. […] One of the first studies on the epidemiology, aetiology and clinical features of dry mouth in advanced cancer patients was published in 2001. In this study, 78% of 120 patients reported dry mouth; it was the fourth most common symptom reported on a Memorial symptom assessment scale (MSAS) and the 3rd most distressing symptom. […] Dry mouth in patients with advanced progressive diseases is a poorly understood area of research. Studies reporting on the assessment of dry mouth and outcomes of interventions have used varying scales and tools.

• #33 Prevalence of dry mouth in adult patients in primary health care – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35617454/

  Objectives: To determine the prevalence and severity of dry mouth by age, gender, presence of disease, and medication intake for patients aged 18 years and over, seeking primary health care on the west coast of Sweden (Region of Vstra Gtaland, VGR). […] The overall prevalence of xerostomia was 43.6% with a female dominance (61.2%). […] Medication was a significant predictor of the prevalence of xerostomia, regardless of age and gender (p<.001). [...] Patients seeking primary care on the west coast of Sweden have a high prevalence of xerostomia. Factors associated with xerostomia were female gender and medications and/or diseases. Awareness is required to manage patients with xerostomia in medical and dental care.

• #34 Drug-Induced Dry Mouth

  https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/drug-induced-dry-mouth

  Up to 30% of Americans experience xerostomia, with elders affected more. […] Several hundred medications can cause or exacerbate xerostomia, including antihypertensives, antidepressants, analgesics, tranquilizers, diuretics, and antihistamines. […] The chewing gum manufacturer Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company’s Web site provides a searchable list of drugs associated with dry mouth. Their explanation of the complexities of identifying drugs that cause dry mouth highlights the inadequacies of our current adverse event, adverse effect, and side effect monitoring systems. […] For drug-induced xerostomia, using the lowest effective dose or switching to an alternative medication may help. […] Patients should see a dentist and have fluoride-containing sealants applied to seal pits, fissures, and rough restorative margins.

• #35 The relationship between ocular and oral dryness in a cohort from the 65-year-old population in Norway | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-13985-6

  In the present study, the relationship between dry eyes and dry mouth was explored in 150 65-year-old subjects randomly selected from the general population in Oslo, Norway. […] Symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth are common in the elderly population. Dry eyes and dry mouth are separately reported in up to 30% of the general population above 65 years of age, being more common among women than in men. […] The participants with current or previous systemic diseases had significantly more ocular and oral symptoms and significantly more oral clinical findings than the participants without a history of disease. […] A significant correlation between the total number of drugs and the presence of ocular and oral symptoms was also noted. […] The results in the present study call for increased awareness and an interdisciplinary approach in matters related to dry eyes and dry mouth.

• #36 The relationship between ocular and oral dryness in a cohort from the 65-year-old population in Norway | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-13985-6

  The main finding in the present study was the demonstration of a significant positive correlation between ocular and oral symptoms in the young elderly population. […] We also revealed that participants with current or previous systemic diseases had more ocular and oral symptoms, and more oral objective findings. […] The presence of significantly more severe ocular and oral symptoms and oral objective findings in the participants with current or previous systemic diseases calls for increased awareness and an interdisciplinary approach.

• #37 Dry Mouth (Xerostomia): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10902-dry-mouth-xerostomia

  Dry mouth is common, affecting about 1 in 5 people. Your risk for dry mouth increases with age. […] Chronic dry mouth (when your mouth is dry all the time) could point to an underlying health condition. […] Most often, xerostomia is a side effect of certain medications, including antihistamines, decongestants and some antidepressants. […] Hundreds of medications (prescription and over-the-counter) can decrease your body’s saliva production. If you check the information that comes with your medication, you may see dry mouth listed as a side effect. […] Certain medical conditions are more likely to cause dry mouth, including: Salivary stones (sialolithiasis), Salivary gland inflammation (sialadenitis), Diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Stroke, Sjögren’s syndrome. […] When you have chronic dry mouth, you’re more likely to develop: Cavities, Gum disease, Mouth sores, Cracked lips, Oral thrush.

• #38 Xerostomia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545287/

  Data regarding the sex predominance of xerostomia vary. In 1996, a statistically significant study in Sweden concluded that 21.3% of men and 27.3% of women reported xerostomia. According to a study in 2006, the prevalence of xerostomia ranged from 0.9% to 64.8%. Most data collected for these studies was in Scandinavia (most patients were over 50, and the rest were over 18). In contrast, 100% of patients who received radiation for head and neck cancer or were diagnosed with Sjgren syndrome complained of xerostomia. The prevalence of xerostomia is increasing due to the increasing aging population. Age by itself is not a cause of xerostomia, but older patients tend to be on multiple medications and have a higher incidence of comorbid conditions.

• #39 Colgate Oral Health Network

  https://www.colgateoralhealthnetwork.com/article/trends-and-demographics-dry-mouth/

  Over recent decades, life expectancy has steadily climbed from 70 years in 1960 to 79 years currently and is expected to increase to 83 years by 2050. […] Dry mouth is a significant health burden, and the elderly population is significantly affected overall by diseases and medication use (including polypharmacy). Nonetheless, when one considers the prevalence of some of the diseases/conditions for which these medications are prescribed by age group, it becomes clear that a significant number of individuals in age groups under 65 years-of-age are impacted by medication-induced dry mouth and polypharmacy.

• #40 Colgate Oral Health Network

  https://www.colgateoralhealthnetwork.com/article/trends-and-demographics-dry-mouth/

  Dry mouth (hyposalivation) is a significant risk factor for poor oral health, contributing to the global oral disease burden, and poor oral health-related quality of life (OHRQL). […] In a recent systematic review of 29 studies, 14 studies reported an overall prevalence for dry mouth of 20% (range 15 to 25%) and for xerostomia an overall prevalence of 23% (range 18% to 28%). […] The reported overall prevalence of dry mouth varies depending on the study and methodology, and dry mouth is recognized as being more common in the elderly. However, dry mouth varies across population groups at various stages of life. Therefore, caution is necessary against the misconception that younger individuals are minimally affected – trends and demographics show otherwise. […] Caution is necessary against the misconception that younger individuals are minimally affected by dry mouth.

• #41 Colgate Oral Health Network

  https://www.colgateoralhealthnetwork.com/article/trends-and-demographics-dry-mouth/

  Over recent decades, life expectancy has steadily climbed from 70 years in 1960 to 79 years currently and is expected to increase to 83 years by 2050. […] Dry mouth is a significant health burden, and the elderly population is significantly affected overall by diseases and medication use (including polypharmacy). Nonetheless, when one considers the prevalence of some of the diseases/conditions for which these medications are prescribed by age group, it becomes clear that a significant number of individuals in age groups under 65 years-of-age are impacted by medication-induced dry mouth and polypharmacy.

• #42 Prevalence of dry mouth in adult patients in primary health care – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35617454/

  Objectives: To determine the prevalence and severity of dry mouth by age, gender, presence of disease, and medication intake for patients aged 18 years and over, seeking primary health care on the west coast of Sweden (Region of Vstra Gtaland, VGR). […] The overall prevalence of xerostomia was 43.6% with a female dominance (61.2%). […] Medication was a significant predictor of the prevalence of xerostomia, regardless of age and gender (p<.001). [...] Patients seeking primary care on the west coast of Sweden have a high prevalence of xerostomia. Factors associated with xerostomia were female gender and medications and/or diseases. Awareness is required to manage patients with xerostomia in medical and dental care.

• #43 SciELO Brazil – How Common is Dry Mouth? Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Prevalence Estimates How Common is Dry Mouth? Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Prevalence Estimates

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bdj/a/zyjgvkJkWxkVXRs6wvrwGXg/

  The final meta-regression analysis explained about 16% of the between-study variability. […] A higher prevalence estimate for dry mouth was noted in studies conducted with older people only and in studies conducted in Americas. […] There is still much to find out about dry mouth and its associations. Despite diverse approaches to the conditions measurement, just over one in four people in adult age or older suffer from xerostomia, with higher rates observed among elderly.

• #44 Colgate Oral Health Network

  https://www.colgateoralhealthnetwork.com/article/trends-and-demographics-dry-mouth/

  Over recent decades, life expectancy has steadily climbed from 70 years in 1960 to 79 years currently and is expected to increase to 83 years by 2050. […] Dry mouth is a significant health burden, and the elderly population is significantly affected overall by diseases and medication use (including polypharmacy). Nonetheless, when one considers the prevalence of some of the diseases/conditions for which these medications are prescribed by age group, it becomes clear that a significant number of individuals in age groups under 65 years-of-age are impacted by medication-induced dry mouth and polypharmacy.

• #45 Dental Update – Dry mouth

  https://www.dental-update.co.uk/content/oral-medicine/dry-mouth/

  Dry mouth is common in the general population, with widespread implications for dental health and patients’ quality of life. […] Patients known to have reduced salivary flow, therefore, require regular surveillance by the general dental practitioner, to detect early dental disease development or change. […] Sjgren’s syndrome, a systemic autoimmune condition, has an incidence of 3.95.3 cases per 100,000 of the population. […] Diagnosis of Sjgren’s syndrome requires holistic patient assessment and in the UK, is currently guided by the 2016 guidelines published by the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Classification group for primary Sjgren’s. […] Management of Sjgren’s syndrome can be viewed as either symptomatic therapy or disease controlling. […] Patients with xerostomia should be informed of their increased risk of dental disease, such as caries and periodontal disease. […] Dry mouth can have a profound impact on a patient’s oral health and quality of life.

• #46 Dry Mouth – European Association of Oral Medicine

  https://eaom.eu/education/eaom-handbook/dry-mouth/

  Population studies on xerostomia are based on questionnaires asking if and how frequently the screened persons suffer from dry mouth symptoms. According to recent reports the prevalence (occurrence) of xerostomia (which means persons complaining of dry mouth either “frequently” or “always”), in the adult population is as follows: 24% of females and 18% of males, 19-88 years old Rochester (New York, USA) residents […] 27.3% of females and 21.3% of males, 20-80 years old Swedish residents […] 29% of 18-83 year old New York City residents […] 9.7% of adult Barcelona (Spain) residents. Xerostomia is especially frequent in the elderly. In this specific population, xerostomia has been reported to occur in 17 to 39% of the persons aged 65 years or more. In addition, xerostomia is more frequent among women than men. Based on available data, a conservative analysis of the occurrence of xerostomia in the developed world shows a prevalence of 80 million people. As to the prevalence of hyposalivation, very few population-based data are available. This condition has been found in over 22% of older South Australians and in almost 12% of Israeli elderly people.

• #47 Xerostomia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545287/

  Data regarding the sex predominance of xerostomia vary. In 1996, a statistically significant study in Sweden concluded that 21.3% of men and 27.3% of women reported xerostomia. According to a study in 2006, the prevalence of xerostomia ranged from 0.9% to 64.8%. Most data collected for these studies was in Scandinavia (most patients were over 50, and the rest were over 18). In contrast, 100% of patients who received radiation for head and neck cancer or were diagnosed with Sjgren syndrome complained of xerostomia. The prevalence of xerostomia is increasing due to the increasing aging population. Age by itself is not a cause of xerostomia, but older patients tend to be on multiple medications and have a higher incidence of comorbid conditions.

• #48 The relationship between ocular and oral dryness in a cohort from the 65-year-old population in Norway | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-13985-6

  In the present study, the relationship between dry eyes and dry mouth was explored in 150 65-year-old subjects randomly selected from the general population in Oslo, Norway. […] Symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth are common in the elderly population. Dry eyes and dry mouth are separately reported in up to 30% of the general population above 65 years of age, being more common among women than in men. […] The participants with current or previous systemic diseases had significantly more ocular and oral symptoms and significantly more oral clinical findings than the participants without a history of disease. […] A significant correlation between the total number of drugs and the presence of ocular and oral symptoms was also noted. […] The results in the present study call for increased awareness and an interdisciplinary approach in matters related to dry eyes and dry mouth.

• #49 The relationship between ocular and oral dryness in a cohort from the 65-year-old population in Norway | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-13985-6

  The main finding in the present study was the demonstration of a significant positive correlation between ocular and oral symptoms in the young elderly population. […] We also revealed that participants with current or previous systemic diseases had more ocular and oral symptoms, and more oral objective findings. […] The presence of significantly more severe ocular and oral symptoms and oral objective findings in the participants with current or previous systemic diseases calls for increased awareness and an interdisciplinary approach.

• #50

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00520-019-04908-9

  To date, there is no consensus on the most valid approach to assessing dry mouth. This study describes the important factors required in a clinical assessment of dry mouth and reminds clinicians to consider the functional impact as well as the severity of the symptom on the patient. […] Given the prevalence and impact of dry mouth in advanced disease, and the paucity of the existing evidence base, more research is needed if improvements in quality of life are to be realised for these patients.

• #51 Dry Mouth (Xerostomia): Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/dry-mouth-xerostomia

  Xerostomia is common in the elderly, particularly in females with poor general health. It is also seen in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. […] The diagnosis of xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction requires a thorough medical history. […] Most of the methods to measure the salivary flow are easy to perform and require little time. Salivary flow rates are usually measured for at least five minutes after an overnight fast or two hours after a meal. […] Some studies have found that acupuncture can be effective for the prevention of xerostomia when administered concurrently with radiotherapy, but studies of acupuncture for xerostomia generally have found insufficient evidence.

• #52 Dry Mouth (Xerostomia): Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/dry-mouth-xerostomia

  Xerostomia is common in the elderly, particularly in females with poor general health. It is also seen in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. […] The diagnosis of xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction requires a thorough medical history. […] Most of the methods to measure the salivary flow are easy to perform and require little time. Salivary flow rates are usually measured for at least five minutes after an overnight fast or two hours after a meal. […] Some studies have found that acupuncture can be effective for the prevention of xerostomia when administered concurrently with radiotherapy, but studies of acupuncture for xerostomia generally have found insufficient evidence.

• #53 Estimating the cut-off point of Xerostomia Inventory questionnaire score to diagnose dry mouth based on non-stimulating saliva test: a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-025-05576-4

  One of less-explored method for measuring dry mouth involves using standardized questionnaires to identify a cutoff point that predicts a decrease in saliva flow. […] The objective of this study is to determine an appropriate cutoff point for the Xerostomia Inventory Questionnaire based on sialometry (saliva testing) to accurately diagnose a reduction in saliva secretion. […] The optimal cutoff point for diagnosing dry Mouth was determined to be 23.5, with a sensitivity and specificity above 80%, respectively. […] The diagnostic power of the xerostomia inventory questionnaire for diagnosing clinical dry mouth is 89.8%. The cutoff point for the XI questionnaire is 23.5, with a sensitivity and specificity of 82.5% and 81.5%, respectively.

• #54 Estimating the cut-off point of Xerostomia Inventory questionnaire score to diagnose dry mouth based on non-stimulating saliva test: a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-025-05576-4

  One of less-explored method for measuring dry mouth involves using standardized questionnaires to identify a cutoff point that predicts a decrease in saliva flow. […] The objective of this study is to determine an appropriate cutoff point for the Xerostomia Inventory Questionnaire based on sialometry (saliva testing) to accurately diagnose a reduction in saliva secretion. […] The optimal cutoff point for diagnosing dry Mouth was determined to be 23.5, with a sensitivity and specificity above 80%, respectively. […] The diagnostic power of the xerostomia inventory questionnaire for diagnosing clinical dry mouth is 89.8%. The cutoff point for the XI questionnaire is 23.5, with a sensitivity and specificity of 82.5% and 81.5%, respectively.

• #55

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00520-019-04908-9

  To date, there is no consensus on the most valid approach to assessing dry mouth. This study describes the important factors required in a clinical assessment of dry mouth and reminds clinicians to consider the functional impact as well as the severity of the symptom on the patient. […] Given the prevalence and impact of dry mouth in advanced disease, and the paucity of the existing evidence base, more research is needed if improvements in quality of life are to be realised for these patients.

• #56 Dry Mouth Diagnosis

  https://www.haleonhealthpartner.com/en-ca/oral-health/conditions/dry-mouth/diagnosis/

  Dry mouth is more prevalent in women than in men. […] Dry mouth is more prevalent in the elderly population due to increased use of medication and susceptibility to disease. […] The group most at risk of impaired dental health from dry mouth are patients with dentures taking concomitant medications. […] The ADA Council on Scientific Affairs outlines three diagnostic tests that you can use to support a dry mouth diagnosis.

• #57 Estimating the cut-off point of Xerostomia Inventory questionnaire score to diagnose dry mouth based on non-stimulating saliva test: a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity study | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-025-05576-4

  Xerostomia is defined as a subjective complaint of dry mouth and is a prevalent condition. […] Xerostomia prevalence estimates in the general population vary significantly due to differences in measurement, case definitions, and study characteristics, ranging from 5.5% to 46%. […] A high prevalence of dry mouth has been reported in the elderly, with Johnson et al. estimating it at 33.3% among older adults. […] Additionally, xerostomia is often a side effect of certain medications, affecting about 30% of users, and is also prevalent in individuals with systemic diseases. […] Dry mouth is clinically diagnosed based on the patient’s description and physical examination, with subjective symptoms often sufficient for diagnosis and treatment initiation, even if there is no measurable decrease in saliva flow.

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