Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353711

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is an emergency condition that occurs when a tear forms in a wall of a heart artery. […] SCAD can slow or block blood flow to the heart, causing a heart attack, heart rhythm problems or sudden death. […] SCAD can cause sudden death if it isn’t treated promptly. Get emergency medical help if you have heart attack symptoms even if you think you aren’t at risk of a heart attack. […] Symptoms of SCAD can include: Chest pain or pressure. Pain in the arms, shoulders, back or jaw. Shortness of breath. Unusual sweating. Extreme tiredness. Upset stomach. A rapid heartbeat or fluttery feeling in the chest. Feeling dizzy. […] A possible complication of SCAD is heart attack. SCAD slows or stops blood flow through an artery. This weakens the heart and may lead to a heart attack. […] Even with successful treatment, SCAD can happen more than once. It might happen soon after the first episode or years later. People who have SCAD also may have a higher risk of other heart problems. These problems include heart failure due to the heart attack damage.

• #2 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17503-spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-scad

  Postpartum and postmenopausal people are most at risk for spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). The inner layer of a coronary artery separates or tears, slowing blood flow to the heart. It can cause acute coronary syndrome, angina (chest pain) or a heart attack. This life-threatening condition requires immediate care. […] SCAD increases your risk of acute coronary syndrome. This is a type of coronary artery disease that causes chest pain or angina. Youre also at risk of having a life-threatening heart attack. […] Lack of blood flow from SCAD can cause a heart attack or a type of chest pain called unstable angina. This dangerous form of angina increases your risk of heart attack. […] SCAD is a medical emergency. Call 911 if you experience heart attack symptoms, such as: Dizziness or fainting (syncope). Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) or clamminess. Heart palpitations or arrhythmia. Musculoskeletal pain in your arm, shoulder or jaw. Nausea and vomiting or indigestion. Shortness of breath.

• #2 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17503-spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-scad

  SCAD can be life-threatening, claiming the lives of up to 5% of people who develop it. An artery tear increases your risk for: Chronic angina: A small number of people develop this ongoing chest pain or pressure. It doesnt respond well to traditional treatments like nitroglycerin. Disease recurrence: About 1 in 10 people have a recurrence of SCAD within three years of the initial treatment. Your healthcare provider may order more frequent tests to detect tears sooner. Heart inflammation: SCAD can contribute to pericarditis, inflammation of the sac that covers your heart. Your provider may order cardiac MRIs or angiograms to check for this problem. […] Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) causes heart attack-like symptoms among people who are at low risk for heart problems. Females are most at risk. You should call 911 anytime you experience heart attack symptoms. If tests indicate SCAD, your healthcare provider will discuss treatment options. Even with treatment, you have a higher chance of having another artery tear. Your provider will closely monitor your heart health to lower this risk.

• #3 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection or „SCAD”

  https://www.svhhearthealth.com.au/conditions/spontanous-coronary-artery-dissection

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection, or SCAD, is when a tear suddenly occurs within the layers of one or more of the coronary arteries. This can slow down or block the blood flow to the heart, leading to a heart attack. […] Signs and symptoms of SCAD are similar to heart attack symptoms and may include: Chest pain or pressure, Shortness of breath, Sweating, Nausea and/or vomiting, Dizziness, Fast heartbeat, Pain in your jaw, arm or shoulder, Extreme tiredness. […] The treatment for SCAD depends on the size and the location of the tear. The goal of treatment is to restore blood flow to the heart and let the torn blood vessel heal on its own. Medication is often the preferred treatment for SCAD, as it is less invasive than surgery.

• #4 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) – Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

  https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/scad

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare but serious condition that results when an inner layer of one of the blood vessels in the heart tears. Blood seeps between the artery layers, forms a blockage and can slow or block blood flow to the heart, causing angina, heart attack, abnormalities in heart rhythm or sudden death. […] Signs and symptoms of spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) may vary from mild discomfort in the chest to common heart attack warning signs. If you experience any of the below, it is best to seek medical advice immediately: A rapid heartbeat or fluttery feeling in your chest, Chest pain, Dizziness, Nausea, Pain in your arms, shoulders or jaw, Shortness of breath, Sweating, Unusual or extreme tiredness. […] SCAD is responsible for approximately 25% of heart attacks in women under the age of 50. It is the most common cause of heart attack associated with pregnancy.

• #4 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) – Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

  https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/scad

  Our collective research has shown that anxiety, stress, and depression are more common in women after a SCAD heart attack than a traditional heart attack. […] In particular, research has highlighted lack of information on SCAD as a contributor to emotional distress among patients diagnosed with SCAD.

• #5 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) Heart Attack Symptoms & Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/heart-health/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-scad

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a sudden tear in the wall of a coronary artery. […] SCAD heart attack symptoms are the same as a heart attack due to atherosclerosis. Common symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, profuse sweating, and anxiety. But keep in mind that women often experience different symptoms of heart attack. This can include fatigue, weakness, and back or jaw pain. […] A SCAD heart attack has similar symptoms to a heart attack due to atherosclerosis. Although heart attack symptoms can differ, the classic one is crushing chest pain. However, not everyone will have chest pain with a heart attack. Symptoms can be mild or vague, such as dizziness or weakness. In addition, women often experience symptoms other than chest pain. They are more likely to feel tired or have back or jaw pain.

• #5 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) Heart Attack Symptoms & Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/heart-health/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-scad

  SCAD is a life-threatening condition. Seek immediate medical care (call 911) if you, or someone you are with, have any of these life-threatening symptoms including: Chest pain, pressure, squeezing, tightness or fullness; Fatigue, fainting, or passing out; Nausea and vomiting; Pain in the jaw, neck, back, shoulders or arms, either alone or radiating from the chest; Paleness or a bluish discoloration to the lips, skin or nails; Profuse sweating; Sudden anxiety, restlessness, or shortness of breath or labored breathing. […] It can be challenging to recognize SCAD. Most women are otherwise healthy and do not have risk factors for heart disease. But it’s vital to seek treatment because it can be fatal. Seek immediate medical care (call 911) for symptoms of a heart attack, such as chest pain and difficulty breathing, which may occur with dizziness, sweating, fainting and anxiety.

• #6 Clinical presentation of patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28244197/

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an infrequent but important cause of myocardial infarction (MI) especially in younger women. […] The majority were women (178/196; 90.8%) and all presented with MI (24.0% STEMI). The most frequent presenting symptom was chest discomfort, reported by 96%. Other symptoms included arm pain (49.5%), neck pain (22.1%), nausea or vomiting (23.4%), diaphoresis (20.9%), dyspnea (19.3%), and back pain (12.2%). […] Overall, 34.2% had unstable symptoms upon arrival for coronary angiography. Those with unstable symptoms were more likely to undergo repeat angiography (65.7% vs. 50.4%, P = 0.049), and repeat or unplanned revascularization (14.9% vs. 5.4%, P = 0.033) during acute hospitalization. […] Chest discomfort was the most frequent presenting symptom with SCAD and one-third had unstable symptoms prompting urgent invasive angiography.

• #7 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD)

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-scad

  SCAD symptoms often mimic those of a heart attack and therefore warrant emergency medical attention. Some common signs include: […] Stabbing, sharp or crushing chest pain that may radiate to the back, neck, jaw or arm […] Difficulty breathing and shortness of breath […] Weakness, lightheadedness and overwhelming fatigue […] Profuse sweating (diaphoresis) […] Nausea and vomiting.

• #8 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) | Heart and Stroke Foundation

  https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/conditions/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection

  Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) is a tear in an artery wall in your heart that allows blood to build up in the space between the layers of your artery wall. This leads to a reduction or blockage of blood flow to your heart, which causes damage to your heart muscle and affects your heart rhythm. Reduced blood flow could cause a heart attack or cardiac arrest (cardiopulmonary arrest). […] If you experience a SCAD episode you may have these symptoms: chest pain, pressure, tightness or heaviness; rapid heartbeat, fluttery feeling; pain in arms, shoulders, jaw, neck, back or stomach; excessive sweating; unusual/extreme exhaustion; nausea, vomiting; dizziness/lightheadedness; fainting/loss of consciousness; headache. […] SCAD is not widely understood and is often misdiagnosed. […] Managing SCAD will depend on the location and length of your tear and the damage done to your artery, with the hope that your artery will heal itself. SCAD treatment is usually conservative because surgery and aggressive treatments can be high risk.

• #8 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) | Heart and Stroke Foundation

  https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/conditions/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection

  SCAD recurrences are common (20%) so you should have frequent check-ups with your doctor. […] Lifestyle changes that may prevent SCAD from recurring include: avoiding emotional stress; regular exercise, without intense weight lifting or competitive sports; achieving a healthy weight and diet to manage blood pressure; pregnancy might be discouraged because of the risk of peripartum SCAD or P-SCAD.

• #9 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection – Fraser Health AuthoritySpontaneous coronary artery dissection – Fraser Health Authority

  https://www.fraserhealth.ca/health-topics-a-to-z/heart-health/heart-disease/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a tear in the coronary arterial wall that is not related to trauma or medical instrumentation. This leads to a reduction or blockage of blood flow to your heart, which causes damage to your heart muscle and affects your heart rhythm. Reduced blood flow could cause a heart attack or cardiac arrest. […] Common symptoms of spontaneous coronary artery dissection include: Chest pain, pressure, tightness or heaviness; Rapid heartbeat, fluttery feeling; Pain in arms, shoulders, jaw, neck, back or stomach; Excessive sweating; Unusual/extreme exhaustion; Nausea, vomiting; Dizziness/lightheadedness; Fainting/loss of consciousness; Headache.

• #10

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ack1533

  A spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a condition that may cause a heart attack. A heart attack occurs when one or more of the coronary arteries is blocked. The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood. If the heart does not get enough oxygen-rich blood, part of the heart starts to die. […] SCAD occurs most often in young women. It usually happens without warning. […] Heart attack symptoms from a SCAD include: Chest pain or pressure, or a strange feeling in the chest. Sweating. Shortness of breath. Nausea or vomiting. Pain, pressure, or a strange feeling in the back, neck, jaw, or upper belly or in one or both shoulders or arms. Light-headedness or sudden weakness. A fast or irregular heartbeat. […] Treatment for a SCAD isn’t the same as treatment for most heart attacks, which are caused by blood clots.

• #11 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: A review of diagnostic methods and management strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9627356/

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare non-atherosclerotic cause of acute coronary syndromes defined as non-iatrogenic, non-traumatic separation of the coronary artery wall. Patients with SCAD usually present at the emergency department with chest discomfort, chest pain, and rapid heartbeat or fluttery. During the last decades, the most common problem of SCAD was the lack of awareness about this condition which has led to significant underdiagnosis and misdiagnosis. However, modern imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography, intravascular ultrasound, coronary angiography or magnetic resonance imaging have contributed to the early diagnosis of the disease. The prognosis of SCAD is usually good and long-term mortality seems to be low in these patients. Follow-up should be performed on a regular basis.

• #12 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: contemporary aspects of diagnosis and patient management | Open Heart

  https://openheart.bmj.com/content/5/2/e000884

  SCAD is believed to be underdiagnosed at patient level (misdiagnosis of ACS in young otherwise healthy women) and in angiographic studies (oversight of angiographic subtle signs). […] Triggering factors frequently precede the event. […] A minority of SCAD cases occur during or soon after pregnancy. Pregnancy-associated SCAD appear to entail a worse prognosis. […] Nearly all patients with SCAD present as typical ACS. […] A high index of suspicion is required to avoid misdiagnosis and appropriately refer the patient for coronary angiography. […] The proportion of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI varies significantly among SCAD series: STEMI 26%87% (weighed average 37 %), non-STEMI 13%77% (weighed average 63%). […] Although most patients with SCAD present with acute onset chest pain with raise in cardiac biomarkers, a smaller proportion (11%16%) present with cardiogenic shock or ventricular arrhythmias.

• #12 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: contemporary aspects of diagnosis and patient management | Open Heart

  https://openheart.bmj.com/content/5/2/e000884

  The diagnosis of SCAD should raise the suspicion of a coexisting medical disorder. Fibromuscular dysplasia is the commonest systemic condition associated to SCAD. […] The diagnosis of SCAD is primarily based on coronary angiography. […] SCAD typically presents in mid to distal segments, with about 10% involving proximal vessels. […] The preference of conservative management resides in the natural history of spontaneous healing in SCAD coupled with the challenging scenario that the dissected coronary vessels means for PCI (fragile vessels, often mid-distal location) and the consequent high rates of failure and/or complications. […] Most cases can be safely discharged after a few days of convalescence, yet this should be individualised to each case. […] Reported long-term MACE of patients with SCAD vary from 6% to 28% in the different series, and this is not explained by different follow-up times. […] Long-term mortality rate is very low across the series (0%5% with follow-up medians of 36 years). […] True or de novo recurrences occurred in 10.4% at a median of 3.1 years in the largest series published.

• #13 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a clinically oriented narrative review | npj Cardiovascular Health

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44325-024-00004-y

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an important cause of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), with a higher incidence in younger female patients. […] SCAD is typically characterised by the sudden formation of an intramural haematoma between any of the three layers (intima, media, and adventitia) of the coronary artery wall, forming a false lumen. […] SCAD tends to cause an acute obstruction of coronary blood flow, ACS is the most common presentation. […] In a large prospective SCAD registry in Canada, the proportion of ST elevation MI, non-ST elevation MI, and unstable angina were 27.9%, 69.9%, and 0.4%, respectively. […] Most cases of SCAD heal spontaneously with time. […] A recent retrospective study reported the rate of SCAD healing on computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) 80 days after the index event to be 71.4%. […] In one study, the 3-year risk of SCAD extension and recurrence were 3.5% and 2.4%, respectively. […] SCAD is one of the most common causes of MI in pregnant women with the post-partum period the most at-risk period.

• #14 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: A review of diagnostic methods and management strategies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9627356/

  Patients with SCAD usually present at the emergency department with chest discomfort as the most common symptom, chest pain, and rapid heartbeat or fluttery. Less frequent symptoms include pain to the arms or neck, nausea or vomiting, unusual or extreme tiredness, shortness of breath and back pain. A percentage between 24% and 87% of patients with SCAD demonstrate STEMI alterations in the ECG and elevation of cardiac enzymes. A smaller percentage of patients present complications such as ventricular arrhythmias (3% to 10%), cardiogenic shock (3%) and sudden cardiac death (1%). Another characteristic of SCAD is reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) (50%), observed in almost 44%-49% of patients. However, there are usually significant improvements in the EF after treatment of the arterial dissection.

• #15 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_coronary_artery_dissection

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an uncommon but potentially lethal condition in which one of the coronary arteries that supply the heart, spontaneously develops a blood collection, or hematoma, within the artery wall due to a tear in the wall. SCAD is a major cause of heart attacks in young, otherwise healthy women who usually lack typical cardiovascular risk factors. SCAD often presents like a heart attack in young to middle-aged, healthy women. This pattern usually includes chest pain, rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, sweating, extreme tiredness, nausea, and dizziness. A minority of people with SCAD may also present in cardiogenic shock (2-5%), ventricular arrhythmias (3-11%), or after sudden cardiac death. SCAD symptoms are the result of a restriction in the size of the lumen of the affected coronary artery. The restriction of blood flow in the 'true’ lumen limits the availability of oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle, or myocardium. As a result, the myocardium continues to demand oxygen but is not adequately supplied by the coronary artery. This imbalance leads to ischemia, damage, and in some cases can lead to death of the myocardium tissue, causing a heart attack (myocardial infarction). SCAD has a high recurrence risk at 30% within 10 years, often at a different site than the initial lesion – meaning that stents placed in the location of the first lesion may not protect against a second. SCAD is the most common cause of heart attacks in pregnant and postpartum women.

• #16 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection history and symptoms – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Spontaneous_coronary_artery_dissection_history_and_symptoms

  Patients may present with: […] Myocardial infarction […] STEMI (26% to 87%) […] NSTEMI (13% to 69%) […] Cardiogenic shock (2% to 5%) […] Ventricular arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death (3% to 11%) […] Sudden cardiac death due to dissections in the left main coronary artery. […] Patients are typically asymptomatic on follow up.

• #17 What is spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)? – Sunnybrook Hospital

  https://sunnybrook.ca/content/?page=what-is-scad

  The majority of patients with SCAD have new chest pain, much like a regular heart attack. […] Rarely, patients can have more severe symptoms including dangerous heart rhythms known as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation (2-8%), cardiogenic shock (a life-threatening condition where your heart cant pump enough blood to your organs) or sudden death.

• #18 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) | Frankel Cardiovascular Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umcvc.org/conditions-treatments/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-scad

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a type of heart attack caused by a tear within the layers of one or more arteries that supply blood to the heart. […] SCAD may also lead to cardiac arrest, acute coronary syndrome and even sudden death. […] SCAD often affects seemingly healthy women and, less commonly, men who have no traditional risk factors for heart attack such as smoking, diabetes, being overweight or having a family history of heart disease. […] Symptoms of SCAD include: Nausea, lightheadedness and sweating, Pain in one or both arms, neck, back or jaw, Shortness of breath, Chest pain or discomfort, Stomach pain, Fatigue. […] Early and proper diagnosis of SCAD is critical to saving lives. […] Often, SCAD isn’t diagnosed until doctors look for artery defects following a heart attack.

• #19 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection Leads to Heart Attack | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/blog/articles/2021/11/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-leads-to-heart-attack

  Like Devi, SCAD patients are generally healthy and have no or few risk factors for heart disease. They aren’t overweight, smokers or diabetic, so even if they seek treatment for classic heart attack symptoms, they’re often misdiagnosed with problems like anxiety or indigestion. Misdiagnosis can lead to treatment that may cause more damage.

• #20 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection | Norton Healthcare

  https://nortonhealthcare.com/services-and-conditions/heart-and-vascular-care/programs/heart-disease-in-women/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection/

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection affects women more than men, especially women around menopausal age. Young women in particular with no risk factors for common heart attack, but having symptoms like chest pain, may be evaluated for this disease. […] Symptoms are similar to heart attacks in general and can include: Chest pain or discomfort at the center of the chest that persists for more than a few minutes. It can feel like pressure, squeezing or pain. […] Common heart attack symptoms in women include: Shortness of breath, Nausea or vomiting, Back pain, Jaw pain, Arm pain or discomfort, Lightheadedness or dizziness, Cold sweat.

• #21 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) | UMass Memorial Health

  https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-scad

  SCAD is an emergency condition. It occurs when a tear develops in the wall of one of the arteries that supplies blood to the heart muscle. […] Coronary artery dissection is a rare cause of heart attacks. But it can occur in people with no risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This condition is more common in younger people and in people assigned female at birth. The average age of SCAD is 40 to 50. But it can occur at any age. SCAD can also happen in men. […] A heart attack is often the first and only sign of SCAD. Symptoms of heart attack include: […] Like men, women most commonly have chest pain or discomfort as a heart attack symptom. But women are somewhat more likely than men to have some of the less common symptoms. These include shortness of breath, heartburn, nausea and vomiting, back pain, arm pain, or jaw pain. […] Older people may also have different symptoms. The symptoms include fainting (syncope), weakness, or confusion (delirium). These symptoms should be looked at right away. Ignoring them can lead to critical illness or death.

• #22 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD)

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/blog/scad

  Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection or SCAD is an uncommon medical event because it occurs spontaneously in otherwise healthy younger people without prior symptoms. […] The signs and symptoms vary widely with some people reporting the classic heart attack symptoms of an elephant sitting on my chest to just mild discomfort. Many women still think that heart disease affects only men, but more than half of the 500,000 Americans who die each year of a heart attack are women. Womens heart attack symptoms can be more subtle than mens; so many women brush them off as insignificant because they dont see themselves at risk. Women are more likely to experience the following: Chest discomfort or fullness, Blackouts or fainting, Shortness of breath during activities or upon waking up, Chronic fatigue that interrupts routine activities, Dizziness, Swelling (especially the lower legs and ankles), Rapid heartbeats that may cause pain or difficulty breathing, Nausea or vomiting thats unrelated to diet, indigestion or abdominal pain, Sweating, Impending feeling of doom. […] If you experience any of these symptoms frequently (about once a day), dont wait, call 911 immediately. Minutes count during a heart attack. Time is muscle. These symptoms are serious and should not be ignored.

• #23 Symptoms | SCAI – Seconds Count

  https://www.secondscount.org/condition/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection/symptoms

  Since spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) occurs suddenly without warning, there arent any symptoms of it until youre actually having a heart attack. Heart attack symptoms include the following: Chest pain or tightness, sometimes extending to the arms, shoulders, or jaw […] The heart attack severity associated with SCAD can range from mild to severe. It should be noted that women can present with atypical symptoms, especially those with connective tissue disorder. These symptoms may include the following: Sudden onset of weakness […] Shortness of breath […] Nausea […] Vomiting […] Indigestion […] Body aches […] An overall feeling of illness […] Unusual feeling or mild discomfort in the back, chest, arm, neck, or jaw (with or without chest pain) […] Sleep disturbance.

• #24 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Clinical Considerations in Diagnosis and Treatment – American College of Cardiology

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2019/12/20/11/41/Spontaneous-Coronary-Artery-Dissection

  Early and accurate diagnosis of SCAD is vital because the management strategy employed in this condition significantly differs from that of atherosclerotic disease. Because patients with SCAD are generally younger and possess less-conventional cardiovascular risk factors, they are often more prone to misdiagnosis. […] A paucity of data exists regarding optimal management of SCAD due to lack of randomized trials comparing medical therapy and revascularization strategies. Observational data have shown that when repeat angiography is performed, 70-97% of conservatively managed patients displayed angiographic healing of SCAD lesions. As such, a conservative treatment strategy is recommended in most cases, which includes an extended inpatient monitoring period of 3-5 days. The backbone of long-term medical therapy in SCAD is a combination of aspirin and beta-blocker. Beta-blocker use has been associated with a lower risk of recurrent SCAD (hazard ratio 0.36) and is therefore an essential part of long-term therapy at our institution.

• #25 Management of SCAD | Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD)

  https://scad.ubc.ca/management-of-scad/

  The long-term prognosis for SCAD survivors after their initial SCAD presentation is good. Recurrent SCAD events, however, are frequent and these patients must be followed closely. […] Medical management of SCAD deviates from standard ACS therapy. In particular, thrombolytic therapy should be avoided for patients with SCAD. […] While there have been anecdotal reports of successful thrombolysis with SCAD, these reports are limited and most data suggest negative effects with thrombolysis for SCAD. […] The choice to revascularize a dissected artery depends on both the affected coronary anatomy and the patients clinical status. […] However, patients with ongoing chest pain, ischemia, ST elevation, or hemodynamic instability should undergo PCI, especially when the dissection affects major arteries with sizable myocardial jeopardy. […] The natural history of the dissected segments is such that the vast majority heals spontaneously, and patients appear to have good long-term outcome if they survive their initial event.

• #26 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Principles of management | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/88/11/623

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an acute noniatrogenic tear in the coronary arterial wall, leading to disruption of coronary blood flow and myocardial infarction. Previously considered rare, it is now recognized as a common cause of acute coronary syndrome, particularly in young women. […] Diagnosing SCAD requires a high index of suspicion for young patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome. […] SCAD is primarily managed medically in clinically stable patients. […] Long-term management includes screening for fibromuscular dysplasia and other arteriopathies, monitoring for recurrence, and cardiac rehabilitation. […] The natural history of SCAD appears to be spontaneous gradual healing of the vessel wall, with complete angiographic resolution of the lesion reported in most cases (73% to 97%) within 4 to 6 weeks.

• #26 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Principles of management | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/88/11/623

  Observational studies have consistently demonstrated that PCI in the setting of SCAD is associated with worse outcomes and high complication rates. […] In a prospective series of 327 patients, the recurrent SCAD rate was 10.4% over a median follow-up of 3.1 years. […] Patients should therefore be monitored closely for new or worsening cardiac symptoms, which should prompt further testing. […] Cardiac rehabilitation is an important component of management following SCAD, but it remains significantly underused.

• #27 About SCAD – SCAD Research Inc

  https://scadresearch.com.au/about-scad/

  SCAD is the leading cause of heart attacks in pregnant women, new mums and women under 50 but can occur in women and men of all ages. […] While the statistics do vary, according to major studies, there is an approximate 30% chance of reoccurrence over a 10 year time frame. […] Chest pain in the months following a SCAD heart attack is not uncommon which can increase anxiety levels, and SCAD patients can also suffer from post traumatic stress disorder. […] Experiencing a SCAD heart attack can be an extremely unexpected and frightening event as it often affects people who have very few or no risk factors for heart disease. It can be traumatic for the sufferer and their families. The good news is that the prognosis for those treated in a hospital is excellent and generally the tear in the coronary artery heals within 35 days. […] Some SCAD survivors experience mild unexplained chest pain following their heart attack – it is important to give yourself time to recover to undergo cardiac rehabilitation and to seek urgent medical advice if you have any concerns.

• #27 About SCAD – SCAD Research Inc

  https://scadresearch.com.au/about-scad/

  Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) is an uncommon emergency heart condition that occurs when a tear forms in one of the blood vessels in the heart, which causes a clot to form within the wall of the blood vessel. As the clot expands, the wall of the artery bulges into the vessel, which blocks or slows blood flow to the heart, causing a heart attack, abnormalities in heart rhythm or sudden death. […] SCAD often occurs in people who aren’t ‘typical’ heart attack patients– healthy & fit women (and much less commonly, men), who lead an active lifestyle and often have no family history of heart disease. […] The same as for any heart attack, although they may differ between men and women. Women are more likely to experience pain in their jaw, neck or back, nausea and feeling light headed or unusually tired.

• #28 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) – Heart Foundation NZ

  https://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/your-heart/heart-conditions/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) occurs when blood flow in the heart slows or stops because of a tear in the wall of an artery. SCAD happens suddenly and without warning. The signs and symptoms can closely resemble a heart attack caused by coronary artery disease. These symptoms may include: Chest pain, Heaviness or tightness in chest, Pain or discomfort in arms, neck, jaw, back or stomach, A rapid heartbeat or fluttery feeling in chest, Shortness of breath, Dizziness, Sweating, Nausea and sickness, Extreme tiredness, Loss of consciousness. Because SCAD can be life threatening, call 111 for an ambulance if you’re suffering any of these symptoms even if you don’t have the typical heart disease risk factors. SCAD reoccurs in about 10% of people who have experienced it once. In rare cases, it may occur on multiple occasions. Subsequent dissections are more likely to occur within the first few months of the first event, with the risk reducing as time goes by. The good news is that the large majority of people who have experienced SCAD go on to live healthy lives without further problems.

• #29 58 Facts About Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD)

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/what_is_life_after_scad/article_em.htm

  Most people with SCAD (spontaneous coronary artery dissection) will have a full recovery if they get treatment early on. SCAD can cause abnormal heart rhythms, heart attack, or cardiac arrest. […] SCAD (spontaneous coronary artery dissection) occurs suddenly and without warning and symptoms may resemble a heart attack, including: Chest pain, Heaviness or tightness in chest, Pain or discomfort in arms, neck, jaw, back, or stomach, Fast heartbeat or fluttery feeling in chest, Shortness of breath, Dizziness, Sweating, Extreme tiredness, Nausea, Vomiting, Loss of consciousness. […] SCAD is a medical emergency because it can lead to a heart attack or cardiac arrest. Call 911 and get to a hospitals emergency department (do not drive yourself) immediately if you experience any signs or symptoms of SCAD. […] In about 10% of patients, SCAD reoccurs. In rare cases, it may occur multiple times. These recurrences are more likely to occur within the first few months of the first event, and the risk goes down over time.

• #30 Coronary artery dissection: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/coronary-artery-dissection

  Without treatment, SCAD can lead to major complications. These can include blocked blood flow to the heart, heart failure, arrhythmia, cardiac-related death. […] With prompt medical attention, a person will likely survive SCAD. However, they will often need continued monitoring due to the risk of relapse. […] About 15% of people who develop SCAD will not survive it, with another 14% needing hospitalization to treat the condition. […] Females, particularly those who are postpartum, tend to have a worse outlook than others. […] With treatment, most people recover from SCAD, though they have a higher chance of developing it again than someone who has never had SCAD.

• #31 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) • LITFL • CCC Cardiology

  https://litfl.com/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-scad/

  Almost all presentations experience classical symptoms of atherosclerotic ACS, with chest pain the most prevalent feature: […] Chest pain (96%) […] Syncope is rare and is seen in less than 0.5% of cases. […] Around half of patients report some form of preceding extreme physical or emotional stress: […] Recurrent MI may occur in 5-10%, usually due to extension of dissection in the first week after onset. […] Post-SCAD chest pain syndrome (50%) recurrent chest pain, without inducible ischaemia on stress testing. […] SCAD is an underrecognised cause of ACS, especially in the low risk young female population. An initial normal troponin does not exclude the diagnosis. […] Following diagnosis, conservative therapy is the current preferred management option. […] Invasive therapies including PCI/CABG may be indicated in patients with haemodynamic instability, ongoing ischaemia, or large proximal vessel dissections.

• #32 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (Burst Heart Artery) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/heart-health/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-burst-heart-artery/

  The outcome for women experiencing SCAD during pregnancy is often poor. They tend to have larger heart attacks, are more likely to have disease in the main or multiple blood vessels, decreased heart pumping effectiveness, shock due to heart failure, heart attack caused by a completely blocked artery, and heart rhythm issues. […] Many patients also report chest pain after spontaneous coronary artery dissection, a rare condition where a tear forms in one of the blood vessels in the heart. This might be a consequence of the initial dissection or it could be related to non-heart related issues as these patients often experience high levels of stress, anxiety, or depression.

• #33 What Expectant Moms Should Know About Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD)  – Northeast Georgia Health System

  https://www.nghs.com/2022/02/25/what-expectant-moms-should-know-about-spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-scad

  When you’re expecting a new addition to the family, your heart health may be the last thing on your mind. But because pregnancy changes your body in multiple ways, it’s a good idea to keep an eye on your heart. Here’s what to know about one concern— Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection or SCAD. […] But while these pregnancy-related heart health challenges are well-known, another potential risk isn’t. Otherwise healthy women can develop what’s known as spontaneous coronary artery dissection, or SCAD, a specific cause of heart attack. […] SCAD can occur in both men and women of any age. But what makes SCAD unique is that while it is rare there is a higher risk it is particularly common among women just after pregnancy. […] In fact, according to the American Heart Association, nearly one-third of all SCAD patients recently gave birth. Researchers aren’t quite sure why the risk of SCAD is so high in the postpartum phase, but it may be associated with the stress and strain of pregnancy and childbirth.

• #34 The Relationship Between Migraine and SCAD

  https://www.migrainedisorders.org/the-relationship-between-migraine-and-scad/

  SCAD is more likely to occur in the last trimester of pregnancy or during the postpartum period and is the most common cause of pregnancy related heart attacks. The stress of childbirth can result in SCAD through an unknown etiology. […] The associations between SCAD and migraine are unknown but risk factors may include blood vessel abnormalities, hormonal fluctuations, depression and more. The underlying physiologies among both conditions are unknown. Although those with certain types of migraine have an increased risk of heart attack and stroke, it is unclear if migraine can predispose someone to SCAD.

• #35 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Clinical Considerations in Diagnosis and Treatment – American College of Cardiology

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2019/12/20/11/41/Spontaneous-Coronary-Artery-Dissection

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a unique clinical entity and an important cause of myocardial infarction (MI), particularly among young and middle-aged women. SCAD is defined as a non-iatrogenic, non-traumatic separation of the coronary artery wall, not associated with atherosclerosis. The predominant mechanism of myocardial injury is coronary artery obstruction caused by an intramural hematoma (IMH) or intimal disruption compromising the true lumen at the site of dissection. The original studies implicated SCAD as the cause of acute coronary syndrome in 0.1% to 4% of cases, but more recent studies have shown SCAD to be the underlying cause of MI in 22-43% of women <50 years. Although remarkable progress has been made in our understanding of SCAD in recent years, a significant proportion of patients continue to be misdiagnosed and improperly treated.

• #36 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/s/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-scad/

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection — sometimes referred to as SCAD — is an uncommon emergency condition that occurs when a tear forms in a blood vessel in the heart. […] SCAD can slow or block blood flow to the heart, causing a heart attack, abnormalities in heart rhythm or sudden death. […] SCAD most commonly affects women in their 40s and 50s, though it can occur at any age and can occur in men. People who have SCAD often don’t have risk factors for heart disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol or diabetes. […] SCAD can cause sudden death if it isn’t diagnosed and treated promptly. Seek emergency attention if you experience heart attack symptoms — even if you think you aren’t at risk of a heart attack. […] Signs and symptoms of SCAD may include: […] Chest pain […] A rapid heartbeat or fluttery feeling in your chest […] Pain in your arms, shoulders or jaw […] Shortness of breath […] Sweating […] Unusual, extreme tiredness […] Nausea […] Dizziness.

• #37 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) | Treatment & Diagnosis | UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute | University Hospitals | Cleveland, Ohio | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/vascular-disease/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an uncommon emergency condition in which a tear forms in an artery in the heart, usually leading to a heart attack. Because SCAD is a medical emergency that can lead to a heart attack and even sudden death, obtaining medical care as quickly as possible is critical. The demographic most commonly affected by SCAD are women in their 40s and 50s, though the disease can strike at any age and also occurs in men. People who experience SCAD often do not have high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or other traditional risk factors for heart disease. […] SCAD is most often discovered only after it causes a heart attack. As such, the symptoms of SCAD are those commonly associated with heart attack, including: Pain, pressure or tightness in the chest that may also travel to the neck/jaw or arms/shoulders (angina), Trouble breathing, Nausea and/or vomiting, Excessive sweating with no clear cause, Dizziness or passing out due to abnormal heart rhythm and low blood pressure. […] Anyone experiencing heart attack symptoms should seek immediate emergency medical services.

• #38 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) – REBEL EM – Emergency Medicine Blog

  https://rebelem.com/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-scad/

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), once thought of as a rare zebra diagnosis that was universally fatal, is now being increasingly recognized as a cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), particularly in women due to increased vigilance, greater utilization of coronary angiography and advanced imaging. […] SCAD is defined as a non-traumatic and non-iatrogenic tear in the coronary arterial wall. […] It is most common among women typically lacking classic cardiac disease risk factors. […] Highest incidence is within the subgroup of women less than 50 years of age, ranging from 8.7% to 35%. […] SCAD has also been identified as the most common cause of pregnancy-associated MI. […] Patients present with symptoms and physical examination that are consistent with ACS and frequently exhibit increased levels of cardiac enzymes.

• #38 Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) – REBEL EM – Emergency Medicine Blog

  https://rebelem.com/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-scad/

  Diagnosis is difficult and patients may be mistakenly discharged or have an incomplete work-up done due to their relatively young age and lack of risk factors for ACS. […] Accurate diagnosis in the acute stages of ACS is paramount as the management and investigation of SCAD is different from other causes of ACS. […] Cardiac enzymes are frequently increased in patients with SCAD. […] Majority of patients have angiographic healing of SCAD lesions without intervention. […] SCAD patients with high-risk features: Left Main Coronary Artery Dissection, Ongoing or Recurrent Ischemia or Chest Pain, Ventricular Tachycardia or Ventricular Fibrillation, Cardiogenic Shock.

• #39 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an emergency condition when a tear appears in the wall of a coronary artery, which supplies blood to your heart. In some cases this can lead to a heart attack or cardiac arrest. […] SCAD is a rare heart condition that happens suddenly with no apparent warning. It is most common in women who are in their 40s and 50s, but can happen to anyone. The condition cant currently be predicted or prevented. […] People with no risk factors often ignore symptoms, as they dont think theyd be at risk of a heart attack. But its important to get checked out if you get any SCAD symptoms, so it can be diagnosed as early as possible. […] The symptoms are very similar to those of angina (chest pain or discomfort) or a heart attack. They may include: chest pain, tightness or pain in the arms, neck, jaw, back or stomach, feeling dizzy or lightheaded, feeling tired or out of breath, nausea, feeling sweaty or clammy. […] If you have chest pain or any of the symptoms above, call 999 immediately.

• #40 What we know about Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/womens-health/womens-heart-health-leading-cause-heart-attacks-young-women

  When you ask people what they think is the number one cause of death for women, heart disease is not always their first guess. And when asked to name a leading cause of heart attacks for women under 50, you dont often hear mention of a lesser-known condition called Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection, or SCAD. […] However, SCAD is more common in women and people assigned female at birth (AFAB) than in men, and it is the number one cause of heart attacks during pregnancy and early postpartum. It can happen at any age, but most commonly affects women in their 40s and 50s. […] It is important not to ignore symptoms such as persistent, severe chest pain or a tearing, burning sensation in the chest, even if you are otherwise healthy. […] Most commonly, people who experience SCAD have severe, persistent chest discomfort that can sometimes feel like pressure, tearing, ripping or burning. The pain can be in the neck, jaw or arm. Other symptoms may include the following: […] Seek care immediately if you have symptoms of a heart attack, even if you dont think you are at risk.

• #41 Coronary Artery Dissection: Not Just a Heart Attack | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/about-heart-attacks/coronary-artery-dissection-not-just-a-heart-attack

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) happens when an artery wall suddenly tears. […] SCAD can cause a heart attack. […] Recognizing the symptoms of a heart attack is crucial for SCAD patients. Warning signs may include: Chest pain or pressure, Shortness of breath, Profuse sweating, Dizziness. […] SCAD can cause a life-threatening heart attack. Still, SCAD patients don’t typically have other heart disease risk factors. […] Physical or emotional stress are often reported to have happened before SCAD. Emotional stressors have been reported more in women. Physical stressors have more often occurred before SCAD in men. […] SCAD can happen in men and people of nearly any age. But it does happen most in women in their 40s and 50s. […] Treatment for SCAD patients may differ from other heart attack patients. Typical heart attack patients may need a stent to hold the artery open or bypass surgery. SCAD treatment may be more conservative with blood pressure control and medication to lower cholesterol. SCAD patients who are unstable with ongoing signs of a heart attack may need stent placement or bypass surgery. […] People who have a SCAD are at high risk of another.

• #42 SCAD Research, Inc Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection | What is SCAD

  https://scadresearch.org/about/

  Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) is a little known and poorly understood type of a heart attack caused when a sudden tear occurs within the layers of one or more coronary arteries. This tear partially or completely blocks blood flow to the heart and causes a heart attack. SCAD may also lead to cardiac arrest and sometimes death. […] Symptoms vary widely in Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) cases, with some reporting mild discomfort to others experiencing classic heart attack symptoms. If you’re experiencing symptoms including chest pain, shortness of breath or other signs of a heart attack, you need emergency diagnosis and treatment. If you think you are having a heart attack, call for help immediately. […] SCAD is known to occur both during exercise and at rest. […] Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) can recur, so vigilance, evaluation of associated conditions and staying up-to-date on emerging research is also important. Statins do not appear to prevent another SCAD heart attack and one study found more recurrence in those taking statins.

• #43 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353716

  SCAD is usually diagnosed in an emergency setting. You may be asked questions about your personal and family medical history. Tests are done to check your heart. […] Tests to diagnose SCAD are similar to tests used to detect a heart attack. They may include: […] A coronary angiogram can diagnose SCAD. It also can show any twisted arteries. […] The goals of SCAD treatment are to: Restore blood flow to the heart. Manage chest pain. Prevent SCAD from happening again. […] Treatment may include medicines and a procedure or surgery to open the artery and restore blood flow. Sometimes SCAD heals on its own. […] Some people with SCAD only need medicines to treat symptoms. If chest pain or other symptoms continue, other treatments also might be needed. […] Medicines called nitrates and calcium channel blockers can help treat chest pain after SCAD.

• #43 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353716

  Some people with SCAD need a surgery or procedure to fix the artery and improve blood flow to the heart. […] If you’ve had SCAD, talk to a health care professional before becoming pregnant. Pregnancy may not be safe after having SCAD. […] After treatment for SCAD, you need regular checkups with your health care team. […] A personalized program of exercise and education may be suggested. This is called cardiac rehabilitation, also known as cardiac rehab. It’s created to help you recover from a serious heart condition. […] SCAD usually is diagnosed in an emergency situation. If you have chest pain or think that you’re having a heart attack, immediately call 911 or your local emergency number.

• #44 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-14/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare non-atherosclerotic cause of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). More cases are now being identified due to increased awareness and earlier use of invasive angiography in patients presenting with acute chest pain. […] It is important to recognise SCAD, as patient characteristics and management differ substantially from typical ACS cases. SCAD patients are often younger, and more likely to be female without the classic cardiovascular risk factors. […] ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI) is present in up to 50% of patients presenting with SCAD, with non-ST-elevation MI in the rest. Most patients with SCAD will have an elevated troponin level. Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death are recognised early complications.

• #45 How and when to suspect spontaneous coronary artery dissection: novel insights from a single-centre series on prevalence and angiographic appearance | EuroIntervention

  https://eurointervention.pcronline.com/article/how-and-when-to-suspect-spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-novel-insights-from-a-single-centre-series-on-prevalence-and-angiographic-appearance

  Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an underdiagnosed entity of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Its overall prevalence remains unclear, varying from 0.1% to 1.1% in most angiographic series. Several reasons indicate that this is an underdiagnosed condition. First, presentation as sudden death, with the diagnosis established post mortem on autopsy findings in early reports, may at least partially explain the underrecognition of this condition. Second, the widespread belief among physicians that young women are at low risk of acute coronary events is responsible for an underuse of coronary angiography in young females with chest pain. Third, the well-known limitations of coronary angiography in visualising the vessel wall contribute to the misdiagnosis of SCAD, especially in cases of intramural haematoma without intimal rupture. SCAD accounts for approximately one third of ACS in young women with 1 CRF. The combination of specific angiographic signs and OCT imaging facilitates the diagnosis of ambiguous cases without intimal rupture. The prevalence of SCAD among ACS patients rose dramatically in instances of women with low CRF, such that the younger the patient and the lower the CRF, the greater the probability of having SCAD. The spontaneous healing of a large proportion of conservatively managed SCAD has been well observed at late follow-up. SCAD is a specific entity of ACS and currently underdiagnosed. The combination of specific angiographic features facilitates the diagnosis and may help the clinician confronted with the suspicion of a SCAD diagnosis.

• #46 Learning About Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.learning-about-spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-scad.ack1533

  A spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a condition that may cause a heart attack. SCAD occurs most often in young women. It usually happens without warning. Heart attack symptoms from a SCAD include: Chest pain or pressure, or a strange feeling in the chest. Sweating. Shortness of breath. Nausea or vomiting. Pain, pressure, or a strange feeling in the back, neck, jaw, or upper belly or in one or both shoulders or arms. Lightheadedness or sudden weakness. A fast or irregular heartbeat. […] Treatment for a SCAD isn’t the same as treatment for most heart attacks, which are caused by blood clots.

• #47 Understanding Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection | Banner

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/heart/heart-disease/scad

  If you have symptoms of SCAD, call 911 to get emergency medical care right away. […] SCAD can lead to heart attack, acute coronary syndrome and arrhythmias. […] Your health care team will work with you to come up with the best treatment plan. […] SCAD patients are usually treated with medication and certain procedures. […] In about 75% of cases, close monitoring, lifestyle changes and medication can manage it. […] If youve had SCAD, your health care provider will want to see you at regular follow-up appointments to make sure youre doing well and that your treatments are working. […] After a SCAD diagnosis, youll want to care for yourself physically and emotionally. If youve had SCAD, youre at higher risk of having it again.

• #48 Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection-scad

  SCAD is usually diagnosed in an emergency setting. You may be asked questions about your personal and family medical history. Tests are done to check your heart. Tests to diagnose SCAD are similar to tests used to detect a heart attack. […] The goals of SCAD treatment are to: Restore blood flow to the heart. Manage chest pain. Prevent SCAD from happening again. Treatment may include medicines and a procedure or surgery to open the artery and restore blood flow. Sometimes SCAD heals on its own. […] If you’ve had SCAD, talk to a health care professional before becoming pregnant. Pregnancy may not be safe after having SCAD.

• #49 SCAD Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/spontaneous-coronary-artery-dissection

  SCAD is an emergency condition that requires immediate diagnosis and treatment. […] SCAD occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to your heart muscle, have a tear or dissection. […] As the hematoma gets larger, it can block normal blood flow to the coronary arteries and cause symptoms of a heart attack. […] SCAD causes heart attack symptoms. Women who have these symptoms should seek care right away, even if they don’t have heart attack risk factors. […] Symptoms include one or many of the following: Chest pain or discomfort. Fast heartbeat. Nausea. Pain in the arms, jaw, or shoulder. Shortness of breath. Sweating. […] SCAD is a dangerous condition that must be treated as an emergency. However, most patients live healthy lives after being treated for SCAD. […] The goal of SCAD treatment is to ensure constant normal blood flow to the heart. Medications are often enough to restore blood flow to the heart. […] Its important to know that SCAD can happen again, particularly after childbirth or when entering menopause.

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