Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Rectal cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352884

  The exact cause of most rectal cancers isn’t known. […] Rectal cancer happens when cells in the rectum develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells. […] Factors that may increase the risk of rectal cancer are the same as those that increase the risk of colon cancer. Colorectal cancer risk factors include: A personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps. Your risk of colorectal cancer is higher if you’ve already had rectal cancer, colon cancer or adenomatous polyps.

• #2 Rectal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21733-rectal-cancer

  Rectal cancer happens when cancerous cells develop in your rectum. […] Having a biological family history of rectal cancer or certain inherited disorders increases your rectal cancer risk. […] The exact cause of rectal cancer is unknown. But there are certain risk factors that increase your chance of developing the disease, including: […] Several health conditions can increase your risk for rectal cancer, including inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. […] People who eat a lot of red meat and processed meat have a higher risk of developing rectal cancer. […] If you have a biological family member whos been diagnosed with rectal cancer, your chance of developing it is almost double. […] Statistically, people who are Black are more likely to develop rectal cancer. The reasons for this arent fully understood yet. […] Recent research suggests that people who smoke tobacco are more likely to die from rectal cancer than people who dont.

• #3 Rectal Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Staging & Treatment

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/colorectal-cancer/types/rectal-cancer

  Rectal cancer occurs when cells in the rectum mutate and grow out of control. […] The cause of rectal cancer is unknown, but the risk of developing the disease increases with age. People with a family history of colorectal cancer or certain hereditary cancer syndromes have a higher risk. Other known risk factors for rectal cancer include: Diet, Smoking, Alcohol use, Sedentary lifestyle, Obesity, Diabetes.

• #4 Rectal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493202/

  The transformation of normal rectal or colonic epithelium to a precancerous lesion (adenomas) and ultimately to invasive carcinoma requires an accumulation of genetic mutations either somatic (acquired) and/or germline (inherited). The theory of colorectal carcinogenesis features a clonal mutation evolution that gives a cell survival-immortality advantage and allows for the development of more mutations providing for cancer hallmarks such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and others.

• #5 Rectal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493202/

  Colon and rectal cancers together are the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States and the second deadliest. Rectal cancer has distinct environmental associations and genetic risk factors different from colon cancer. […] The majority of colorectal cancer, including rectal cancer, is sporadic (70%), with an average age diagnosis after 50 years old. A minority of patients (10%) show a true inheritance pattern (which carries a higher risk in patients younger than 50), and the remaining 20% of rectal cancer is seen as familial clustering in the absence of identifiable inherited syndrome. Approximately 5% of all CRC cancers are attributed to familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome (hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer [HNPCC]), the most common named cancer syndromes.

• #6 Rectal cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352884

  Obesity. People who are obese have an increased risk of colorectal cancer compared with people considered to be at a healthy weight. […] Older age. Colorectal cancer can be diagnosed at any age, but most people with this type of cancer are older than 50. The rates of colorectal cancer in people younger than 50 have been increasing, but healthcare professionals aren’t sure why. […] Radiation therapy for previous cancer. Radiation therapy directed at the abdomen to treat previous cancers may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. […] Smoking. People who smoke may have an increased risk of colorectal cancer. […] Too little exercise. If you’re inactive, you’re more likely to develop colorectal cancer. Getting regular physical activity may reduce your risk of cancer.

• #7 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes

  Alcohol increases the risk of bowel cancer. It has been estimated that around 6 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 6%) in the UK are linked to drinking alcohol. […] Bowel cancer is more common in older people. More than 40 out of 100 bowel cancers (more than 40%) in the UK each year are diagnosed in people aged 75 or over. […] Your risk of bowel cancer is increased if you have a first degree relative diagnosed with bowel cancer. […] There are some rare inherited conditions or syndromes associated with certain gene changes. Family members have an increased risk of bowel cancer if they inherit these gene changes. […] Having either of these diseases for many years increases your risk of bowel cancer. […] You have an increased risk of developing another bowel cancer if you have already had a bowel cancer in the past.

• #8 Risk Factors for Rectal Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/rectal/prevention-risk-factors

  Understanding your risk factors for rectal cancer can help you keep healthy habits and have more-informed discussions with your doctor about colorectal cancer screening. You can control some risk factors for rectal cancer but others you cant. […] The following risk factors increase your chance of developing rectal cancer: a diet high in red, processed, or charred meats, a lack of exercise, obesity, particularly extra fat around the waist, smoking (studies show that smokers are 30 to 40 percent more likely to die of colorectal cancer), drinking too much alcohol. […] Most rectal cancers occur after age 50 (unless there is a family history of the disease or a hereditary cause). However, in recent years there has been a troubling rise in rectal cancer rates among people as young as their 20s and 30s.

• #8 Risk Factors for Rectal Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/rectal/prevention-risk-factors

  Some inherited disorders dramatically increase your risk of developing rectal cancer. These include Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis. […] If youve had rectal cancer before, youre at an increased risk of developing it again. […] Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohns colitis, increase your risk of rectal cancer. […] You have an increased risk of rectal cancer if: a close family member, such as a parent or sibling, had rectal cancer before age 50, several blood relatives have had rectal cancer, there is a family pattern of certain other cancers, including endometrial, ovarian, gastric, urinary tract, brain, and pancreatic cancers. […] Some people who regularly use aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may have a lower risk of rectal cancer and polyps. […] Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) consists of estrogen and progesterone. Women who use HRT after menopause may have a reduced risk of rectal cancer.

• #9 Colorectal Cancer Rising among Young Adults – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/colorectal-cancer-rising-younger-adults

  Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among people under 50 in the United States, with rates of new diagnoses still climbing in this age group. […] Since the 1990s, the rate of colorectal cancer (which includes cancers of the colon and rectum) has been rising steadily among adults younger than 50. Not only that, but more younger people are dying from the disease. […] We dont understand a lot about the causes, the biology, or how to prevent early onset of the disease, said Phil Daschner, a program director in NCIs Division of Cancer Biology. […] Experts dont know whats causing the jump in colorectal cancer among young adults. But they do know some factors that raise the risk of colorectal cancer in older adults, including obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking. […] Some of those [risk factors] have become more common over the last 45 years, along with this rise in early-onset cases, said Daschner, who helped plan the think tank.

• #10 Rectal cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rectal-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352884

  Black race. Black people in the United States have a greater risk of colorectal cancer than do people of other races. […] Diabetes. People with type 2 diabetes may have an increased risk of colorectal cancer. […] Drinking alcohol. Heavy drinking increases the risk of colorectal cancer. […] A diet low in vegetables. Colorectal cancer may be related to a diet low in vegetables and high in red meat. […] Family history of colorectal cancer. You’re more likely to develop colorectal cancer if you have a parent, sibling or child with colon or rectal cancer. […] Inflammatory bowel disease. Chronic inflammatory diseases of the colon and rectum, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, increase your risk of colorectal cancer. […] Inherited syndromes that increase colorectal cancer risk. In some families, DNA changes passed from parents to children may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. These changes are involved in only a small percentage of rectal cancers. Inherited syndromes may include familial adenomatous polyposis, also known as FAP, and Lynch syndrome. Genetic testing can detect these and other, rarer inherited colorectal cancer syndromes.

• #11 Rectal Cancer | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/rectal-cancer

  Rectal cancer occurs when cancerous cells develop in the tissue of the rectum. […] Although the exact causes of rectal cancer are unknown, certain factors have been identified that may increase a person’s chance of developing the disease. […] These same factors also increase the risk of colon cancer. […] Most rectal cancers are diagnosed in people age 50 or older, although the disease affects all ages. […] A history of colorectal cancer, intestinal polyps or inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease). […] A diet high in fat, particularly from animal sources, and a sedentary lifestyle. […] Jews of Eastern European descent (Ashkenazi Jews), African Americans, Native Americans and Alaska Natives have higher rates of colorectal cancer. […] Specific genes may significantly increase a person’s chance of developing colorectal cancer.

• #12 Rectal Cancer Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://cd.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/rectal-cancer

  In most cases, the cause of rectal cancer is unknown. But many lifestyle factors can lead to the development of rectal cancer, including: […] Genetic factors that can increase the risk for rectal cancer include: […] People with non-insulin-dependent diabetes are at greater risk for rectal cancer. […] African Americans and individuals from Eastern Europe have higher incidents of rectal cancer. […] Risk factors that can contribute to rectal cancer include: […] Diseases of the colon that are inflammatory and chronic, including Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis, can increase the risk of developing rectal cancer. […] African-Americans and Ashkenazi Jews face a higher risk of developing rectal cancer.

• #13

  https://fascrs.org/patients/diseases-and-conditions/a-z/rectal-cancer

  Colon and rectal cancers both arise from the inner lining. […] Risk factors include a family history of colon or rectal cancer, especially involving a parent or sibling, a history of inflammatory bowel disease, colon or rectal polyps, as well as a history of certain other types of cancer or familial cancer syndromes. […] Most colon and rectal cancers start as polyps, which are growths of abnormal tissue inside the colon and rectum. […] Evidence also suggests that a high fiber, low fat diet may decrease the risk of developing colon or rectal cancer. […] The stage of the cancer (how far advanced the cancer is at diagnosis and spread of disease) is generally the most important factor, however other things that can affect outcomes are location of the tumor in the rectum, tumor causing blockage of the bowel or perforation (a hole in the rectum) as well as the patients general health and ability to tolerate treatment.

• #14 Rectal Cancer | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/rectal-cancer

  People with a strong family history defined by cancer or polyps in a first-degree relative (parent, sibling or child) under 60 years old or two first-degree relatives of any age are at elevated risk. […] Research suggests that smokers and heavy drinkers have an increased chance of developing rectal cancer.

• #15 Rectal Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/rectal-cancer

  While the exact cause of rectal cancer is unknown, malignant tumors develop when cancerous cells grow out of control and multiply. These cells can penetrate and destroy healthy tissue. What sets off this process isn’t always clear. […] There are some inherited gene mutations that can increase your risk for rectal cancer. One of these is hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome. This disorder significantly raises the risk of colon and other cancers. In some cases, your doctor may recommend removing your colon as a preventive measure. […] Another genetic condition that may cause rectal cancer is familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). This is a rare disorder that can cause polyps to grow in the lining of the colon and rectum. […] While these polyps start off as noncancerous, they may become malignant. In fact, most people with FAP develop cancer before the age of 50. Large bowel removal may also be a preventive surgery your doctor may recommend.

• #16 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  About 5% of people who develop colorectal cancer have inherited gene changes (mutations) that cause family cancer syndromes and can lead to them getting the disease. […] Lynch syndrome is the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. […] FAP is caused by changes (mutations) in the APC gene that a person inherits from their parents. […] People with this inherited condition tend to have freckles around the mouth (and sometimes on their hands and feet) and a special type of polyp called hamartomas in their digestive tract. […] CF is an inherited condition in which the cells in some body organs make mucus that is thicker and stickier than normal.

• #16 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Colorectal cancer has been linked to moderate to heavy alcohol use. […] Your risk of colorectal cancer goes up as you age. […] American Indian and Alaska Native people have the highest rates of colorectal cancer in the United States, followed by African American men and women. […] If you have a history of adenomatous polyps (adenomas), you are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] If you have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including either ulcerative colitis or Crohns disease, your risk of colorectal cancer is increased. […] If you survived cancer in the past and as part of your treatment, received radiation to the area where your colon is (abdomen and pelvis area), your risk of colorectal cancer is increased. […] Most colorectal cancers are found in people without a family history of colorectal cancer.

• #17 Colorectal Cancer Causes, Risks, Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/colorectal-cancer-causes

  Most cases of colorectal cancer begin as a type of polyp called an adenoma. These polyps are noncancerous, but can turn into cancer. […] In many cases, doctors dont know what causes the polyps or what causes them to turn into cancer. However, there are genes that can increase your risk of colorectal cancer. These genes cause a small percentage of colorectal cancers but significantly increase risk. […] Genetic conditions that increase your risk for colorectal cancer include: […] Lynch syndrome increases your risk of colorectal cancer, as well as endometrial, ovarian, gastric, urinary tract, brain, and pancreas cancers. An estimated 3 percent of colon cancers are caused by Lynch syndrome. […] MYH-associated polyposis caused polyps in the colon and rectum, similarly to the milder form of FAP. Its a recessive trait, which means you have to inherit a mutation in the MYH gene from both parents to develop MYH-associated polyposis. Research on this condition is still in early stages but suggests that it can significantly increase risk for colorectal cancer. […] Some cases of colorectal cancer are due to genetic factors, but in many others, doctors do not know the cause.

• #18 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer

  Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine). Most colorectal cancers are due to lifestyle factors and genetic disorders. Risk factors include diet, obesity, smoking, and lack of physical activity. […] Dietary factors that increase the risk include red meat, processed meat, and alcohol. Another risk factor is inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Some of the inherited genetic disorders that can cause colorectal cancer include familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer; however, these represent less than 5% of cases. […] 7595% of colorectal cancer cases occur in people with little or no genetic risk. Risk factors include older age, male sex, high intake of fat, sugar, alcohol, red meat, processed meats, obesity, smoking, and a lack of physical exercise.

• #19 Rectal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493202/

  Risk factors include: personal or family history of colorectal cancer, adenomatous polyps, and polyps with villous or tubulovillous dysplasia. Patients with these features are at high risk for synchronous or metachronous colorectal primary cancer (up to 3% to 5% at five years) and require close screening. Inflammatory bowel disease (more commonly ulcerative colitis (UC) than Crohn disease) with rectal involvement increases cancer risk. […] Epidemiologic studies indicate strong environmental and lifestyle associations for colorectal cancer, and distinct patterns between colon and rectum potentially exist. There is a modestly increased risk of colon cancer seen with risk factors such as obesity, red/processed meat, tobacco, alcohol, androgen deprivation therapy, and cholecystectomy (among others) without any increased risk of rectal cancer.

• #20 Rectal Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/rectal-cancer

  While there’s no single known cause of rectal cancer, a number of known factors may increase your risk for developing this cancer at some point. […] Genetics. Lynch syndrome or FAP are two genetic conditions that may increase your risk. […] Other conditions that may increase risk include: inflammatory bowel disease, especially if you’ve lived with it for 8 years or longer. […] Some lifestyle factors that may play a role in colorectal cancer are: eating a diet low in vegetables and fiber, eating a diet high in red and processed meat, a lack of exercise, smoking, consuming three or more alcoholic drinks per day.

• #21 Causes and Treatment of Colon Cancer | Anadolu Sağlık Merkezi

  https://www.anadolumedicalcenter.com/health-guide/causes-and-treatment-of-colon-cancer

  A rare condition characterized by hereditary polyps in the colon and rectum. It occurs due to changes in a specific gene called APC. The treatment involves the removal of the entire colon. If FAP is not treated, colorectal cancer can develop around the age of 40. FAP accounts for less than 1% of all colorectal cancer cases. […] Individuals with these inflammatory bowel diseases have an increased risk of colorectal cancer, with a risk that is 10 times higher than that of the general population. […] Diets rich in animal fats and low in calcium, folate, and fiber increase the risk of colorectal cancer. A diet low in fruits and vegetables also elevates this risk. […] Smokers have an increased risk of developing polyps and colorectal cancer.

• #22 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes

  Your risk of developing bowel (colon and rectal) cancer depends on many things including age, genetics and lifestyle factors. […] Different cancers have different risk factors. Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean you will definitely get that cancer. […] Many studies have shown that eating lots of red and processed meat increases the risk of bowel cancer. It is estimated that around 13 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 13%) in the UK are linked to eating processed meats. […] Eating lots of fibre reduces your risk of bowel cancer. Eating too little fibre causes 28 in 100 bowel cancers (28%) in the UK. […] Obesity is a cause of bowel cancer. It is estimated that 11 out of 100 bowel cancers (11%) in the UK are linked to being overweight or obese. […] 7 out of 100 bowel cancers (7%) in the UK are linked to smoking. The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked a day.

• #23 Colorectal Cancer: An Overview – Gastrointestinal Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586003/

  Colorectal cancer is a multifactorial disease. The etiology of colorectal cancer remains unclear. […] The etiology of CRC remains unclear, but it may be related to the following factors: […] About 20% of CRC cases are related to genetic factors, and investigations have shown a three-fold increased risk of cancer in the first-generation relatives of CRC patients. […] It is currently believed that high fat, high animal protein, and low cellulose diet are related to the incidence of CRC. […] Non-cancerous diseases such as colorectal polyps, colorectal adenomas, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, etc. can contribute to CRC. […] Carcinogenic exposure and lifestyle, such as sedentary and overweight, are risk factors for CRC, and the incidence of sigmoid and rectal cancer is higher in patients undergoing pelvic radiation therapy.

• #24 Colon Cancer: Types, Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms & Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact N

  https://www.pacehospital.com/colon-cancer-types-causes-risk-factors-symptoms-treatment-prevention

  Colon cancer develops as a result of a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Some common colorectal cancer causes include: […] Genetic Mutations and DNA Changes: Colon cancer typically begins when healthy (normal) cells in the colon develop mutations in their DNA, which leads to uncontrolled cell growth. Genetic mutations like Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) also contribute. […] Diet High in Red and Processed Meats: A diet rich in red meats (pork, beef, liver or lamb) and processed meats increases the risk of colorectal cancer. […] High-Temperature Cooking Methods: Cooking meats at very high temperatures (such as frying, broiling, or grilling) can create chemicals that may raise the risk of developing colon cancer. […] Low Vitamin D Levels: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer.

• #25 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Researchers have found several risk factors that might increase a persons chance of developing colorectal polyps or colorectal cancer. […] Many lifestyle-related factors have been linked to colorectal cancer. In fact, more than half of all colorectal cancers are linked to risk factors that can be changed. […] If you have excess body weight (overweight or obesity), your risk of developing and dying from colorectal cancer is higher. […] People with type 2 diabetes mellitus are more likely than people who dont to develop colorectal cancer. […] A long-term diet that’s high in red meats (such as beef, pork, lamb, or liver) and processed meats (like hot dogs and some lunch meats) raises your colorectal cancer risk. […] People who have smoked tobacco for a long time are more likely to develop and die from colorectal cancer than people who don’t smoke.

• #26 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes

  People with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of bowel cancer. […] People with acromegaly also have an increased risk of bowel cancer, although studies are still trying to find out why. […] Certain types of polyps called adenomas can develop into cancer over a long period of time. In fact, most bowel cancers develop from an adenoma. […] Around 2 in 100 (around 2%) of bowel cancers in the UK are linked to high energy (ionising) radiation exposure. […] There is some evidence that the risk of bowel cancer is higher in people who have an infection called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).

• #27 Colon Cancer Is Rising In Young People: What to Know About Causes and Symptoms – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/27/well/colon-cancer-symptoms-treatment.html

  That means diagnoses are likely to “continue going up as these higher-risk generations age,” Dr. Murphy said. […] When cancer is found at a younger-than-usual age, doctors usually suspect that genetic mutations may be to blame. […] Some research has linked lifestyle and dietary changes to increased rates of colorectal cancer in both young people and older adults. […] Experts are beginning to investigate if there are other environmental drivers of early-onset cancer. […] Some experts believe exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment may also be to blame. […] There are also geographic disparities in the increase in cancer, with experts seeing more cases emerge in cities and towns along the Mississippi River, in Southeastern states and in Appalachia, which may be explained by occupational exposures to trace elements like arsenic, chromium, and nickel, which are often used in coal production, chemical plants and other industries in those regions.

• #28 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer

  People with inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease) are at increased risk of colon cancer. The risk increases the longer a person has the disease, and the worse the severity of inflammation. […] Those with a family history in two or more first-degree relatives (such as a parent or sibling) have a two to threefold greater risk of disease, and this group accounts for about 20% of all cases. Several genetic syndromes are also associated with higher rates of colorectal cancer. […] Associated with a diet high in fats, elevated levels of bile acids appear to increase the risk of colorectal cancer. […] The polyp to cancer progression sequence is the classical model of colorectal cancer pathogenesis. In this adenoma-carcinoma sequence, normal epithelial cells progress to dysplastic cells such as adenomas, and then to carcinoma, by a process of progressive genetic mutation.

• #29 Colorectal Cancer Facts and Causes – Color Health

  https://www.color.com/learn/cancer/colorectal-cancer-facts-and-causes

  Most colorectal cancers start from non-cancerous growths called polyps, which usually form on the inner wall of the colon or rectum. […] African Americans and people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent have higher risks of developing colorectal cancer than individuals of other ethnicities. Researchers are still investigating why this is the case. […] Having a family history of colorectal cancer increases risk. […] Certain types of polyps, especially adenomatous polyps, increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] Having a previous colorectal cancer increases the risks of a second colorectal cancer even after successful treatment. […] Certain conditions that cause inflammation of the lining of the colon over a long period of time increase the risks of colorectal cancer. […] People with type 2 diabetes (usually non-insulin dependent) may have an increased risk of colon cancer. […] Both heavy alcohol use and long-term smoking have been linked to increasing the risk of colorectal cancer.

• #30 Causes of Colorectal Cancer | Is Colon Cancer Hereditary? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  In many cases, the first mutation occurs in the APC gene. This leads to an increased growth of colorectal cells because of the loss of this brake on cell growth. Further mutations may then occur in other genes, which can lead the cells to grow and spread uncontrollably. Other genes that arent known yet are probably involved as well.

• #31 Rectal Cancer: Symptoms, Signs, Stages, Treatment & Survival Rate

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/rectal_cancer/article_em.htm

  Rectal cancer develops usually over years; its actual cause is not known, but risk factors include increasing age (over 50), smoking, family history, high-fat diet, or a history of polyps or colorectal cancer or inflammatory bowel disease. […] The actual cause of rectal cancer is unclear. However, the following are risk factors for developing rectal cancer: Advancing age, Smoking, Family history of colon or rectal cancer, High-fat diet and/or a diet mostly from animal sources (a diet usually found in developed countries such as the United States), Personal or family history of polyps or colorectal cancer, Inflammatory bowel disease. […] An often forgotten risk factor, but perhaps the most important, is the lack of screening for rectal cancer. Routine cancer screening of the colon and rectum is the best way to prevent rectal cancer.

• #32

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/colorectal-cancer

  Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, accounting for approximately 10% of all cancer cases and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. […] Several lifestyle factors contribute to the development of colorectal cancer such as a high intake of processed meats and low intake of fruits and vegetables, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. […] The risk of colorectal cancer increases with age. Most cases affect people over 50 years old. […] Factors that may increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer include: age: the risk of developing colorectal cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in individuals over 50 years old; family history: a family history of colorectal cancer or certain genetic conditions, such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), can increase the risk; personal history: individuals who have had colorectal cancer before or certain types of polyps are at a higher risk; and lifestyle factors: unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as a diet high in processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables, sedentary behaviour, obesity, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, can increase the risk. […] Studies have shown that screening can reduce both the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer through early detection and removal of precancerous growths.

• #33 Bowel cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/bowel-cancer

  Bowel cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, colon cancer or rectal cancer, develops from the inner lining of the bowel. […] Some factors that increase your risk of bowel cancer include: a diet low in fibre, high red meat consumption, especially processed meats, being overweight or obese, alcohol consumption, smoking tobacco, inherited genetic risk and family history, inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohns disease, polyps, having a previous diagnosis of bowel cancer. […] The risk of bowel cancer can be reduced by a healthy diet with plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables, limiting consumption of red meat, avoiding processed meats, not smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, being physically active, and maintaining a healthy body weight.

• #34 What Causes Rectal Cancer? Exploring Risk Factors And Prevention

  https://drniveditapandey.com/rectal-cancer/what-causes-rectal-cancer-exploring-risk-factors-and-prevention/

  While theres no guaranteed way to avoid rectal cancer, certain steps can help lower your risk. These include changing diet and lifestyle habits. Eat lots of fruits, veggies, and whole grains. Cut down on red and processed meats. Keep a healthy weight and stay active. These choices can significantly reduce your chances of getting rectal cancer.

• #35 Bowel cancer | What causes cancer? | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/bowel-cancer/

  Bowel cancer starts when cells in the bowel lining are damaged and grow uncontrollably, forming a tumour. […] Evidence for what causes bowel cancer comes from large population studies (called epidemiology) and biological studies (where scientists look at cells in a laboratory). […] In addition to the findings on diet, nutrition and physical activity outlined above, other established causes of colorectal cancer include: Smoking increases risk of colorectal cancer by about 40% and nearly doubles the risk of colorectal cancer death. […] Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis) increases the risk of colon cancer. […] Long-term use (5 years or more) of at least 75 mg per day of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug aspirin can reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.

• #36 Risk factors for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/risks

  Risk factors are generally listed in order from most to least important. But in most cases, it is impossible to rank them with absolute certainty. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for colorectal cancer. […] A family history of colorectal cancer means that one or more close blood relatives have or had colorectal cancer. Some families have more cases of colorectal cancer than would be expected by chance. […] If you have had colorectal cancer, you have a higher risk of developing a second colorectal cancer. […] FAP is a rare, inherited condition usually caused by a mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. FAP causes hundreds to thousands of adenomatous polyps to develop on the inner lining (mucosa) of the colon and rectum. […] Lynch syndrome (also called hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, or HNPCC) is an inherited condition caused by mutations in the genes that correct mistakes when cells divide and DNA is copied.

• #37 Colon Cancer Is Rising In Young People: What to Know About Causes and Symptoms – The New York Times

  https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/27/well/colon-cancer-symptoms-treatment.html

  Marisa Peters had been experiencing symptoms for years: blood on her toilet paper after going to the bathroom, changes in her stool and difficulty controlling the urge to poop. […] A report published by the American Cancer Society in January suggests that rates of colorectal cancer are rising rapidly among people in their 20s, 30s and 40s — even as incidence is declining in people over the age of 65. […] He added that early-onset colorectal cancers have been increasing by about 2 percent per year since the mid-1990s. […] Studies, however, show that the increase in diagnoses is mainly driven by a rise in rectal cancers and cancers found in the left, or distal, side of the colon, near the rectum. […] But most people affected by early-onset colorectal cancer are too young to be recommended for routine cancer screenings, which have helped decrease rates in adults over 50.

• #38 Colon and rectal cancer on the rise in young adults

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/news/features/colon-and-rectal-cancer-on-the-rise-in-young-adults-/2024/03

  Colorectal cancer is now the No. 1 cause of cancer death for men under 50 and the No. 2 cause of cancer death in women in that age group. […] Experts arent sure why theres an increase in young adults getting colon and rectal cancer. Researchers are exploring factors such as diet, obesity, lack of exercise, tobacco and alcohol use as well as environmental impacts such as exposure to chemicals. Family history also plays a role. […] We have seen a significant change in the management of rectal cancer in the last decade and in a proportion of these patients, putting down the knife is the best thing a surgeon can do, said Ankit Sarin, chief of the division of colorectal surgery. […] We are constantly adapting our care based on emerging evidence, Sarin said. Shifting chemotherapy to before surgery, adding immunotherapy in select patients and using cell-free DNA technology are all part of this new approach.

• #39 Colorectal Cancer Rising among Young Adults – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/colorectal-cancer-rising-younger-adults

  On the other hand, there may be a set of unique risk factors for colorectal cancer in younger adults that researchers havent yet identified, he added. […] Although certain genetic conditionslike Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposisraise the risk of developing colorectal cancer at a young age, only 10% to 20% of early-onset colorectal cancers are caused by inherited factors, explained Kimmie Ng, M.D., of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. […] Most of the discussions about the possible causes of early-onset disease converged on three interrelated factors: diet, bacteria in the gut, and inflammation. […] Theres mounting evidence linking an unhealthy dietin particular, one high in processed meat and fat, and low in fruits and vegetablesto early-onset colorectal cancer. […] Likewise, several studies have found that being overweight or obese may raise someones chance of getting early-onset colorectal cancer.

• #40 Colorectal Cancer Rising among Young Adults – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/colorectal-cancer-rising-younger-adults

  In addition, Americans are spending more time sitting and less time being active. […] Other scientists have turned their focus to bacteria that live in the gut, also called the gut microbiome. […] Changes in the gut microbiome may be influencing the increasing rates of colorectal cancer in adults under 50. […] Scientists are also examining factors in the environment as potential causes of early-onset colorectal cancer. […] The National Toxicology Program, led by NIEHS, has identified 18 chemicals that cause cancer in the intestines of mice or rats, said NIEHS Director Rick Woychik, Ph.D., who also heads the National Toxicology Program. […] Defining the causes and risk factors for early-onset colorectal cancer will likely help inform approaches for prevention, screening, and treatment, Daschner said.

• #41 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Why-More-Young-Adults-Are-Getting-Colorectal-Cancer.aspx

  The gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in CRC development. Dysbiosis (an imbalance in gut microbial composition) has been linked to CRC. Studies have identified specific microbial strains, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides fragilis, that promote tumorigenesis by triggering inflammatory pathways and immune evasion. Conversely, beneficial bacteria like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium help maintain gut homeostasis and may protect against CRC. […] Obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption are well-established lifestyle risk factors for CRC. Obesity alters gut microbiota composition and increases systemic inflammation, which fosters a pro-carcinogenic environment. […] While environmental and lifestyle factors play significant roles, genetic predisposition also influences CRC risk. Individuals with Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) have a much higher lifetime risk of CRC. […] Traditionally considered a disease of older adults, CRC now increasingly affects individuals under 50. Studies suggest genetic predispositions, microbiome alterations, and dietary habits play a role in this trend.

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