Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent; however, comprehensive and current epidemiological data remain scarce. This study examined the global, national, and regional burden of UTIs by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2021. The 2021 Global Burden of Disease study included age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardised death rate (ASDR), and age-standardised disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDAR). The estimated annual percentage change was used to depict temporal trends, whereas Pearson correlation analysis explore its correlation with the human development index (HDI), the SDI, and age-standardised rates (ASRs). An autoregressive integrated moving average model forecasted the UTI burden trends. From 1990 to 2021, the number of UTI cases increased by 66.45%, reaching 4.49 billion cases, with an ASIR of 5,531.88 per 100,000 population. The greatest incidence of UTIs was seen in women and older adult men. Tropical Latin America and lowmiddle SDI regions exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, and ASDAR, while East Asia showed the lowest. ASDR and ASDAR decreased with higher SDI levels. ASR and HDI were weakly positively correlated with ASDR and ASDAR. ASIR, ASPR, and ASDAR are projected to increase until 2050. The global burden of UTIs is rising and is influenced by geographical location, age, sex, and economic development, crucial for guiding medical practices and forming relevant policies.

• #1 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a severe public health problem and are caused by a range of pathogens, but most commonly by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. High recurrence rates and increasing antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens threaten to greatly increase the economic burden of these infections. […] Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most common bacterial infections, affecting 150 million people each year worldwide. In 2007, in the United States alone, there were an estimated 10.5 million office visits for UTI symptoms (constituting 0.9% of all ambulatory visits) and 23 million emergency department visits. Currently, the societal costs of these infections, including health care costs and time missed from work, are approximately US$3.5 billion per year in the United States alone.

• #2 Incidence of Urinary Infections and Behavioral Risk Factors

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/3/446

  Globally, it is estimated that more than 404.6 million individuals were diagnosed with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 2019. This situation is constantly increasing: if we refer to statistics from 1990, 252.25 million cases were detected then. So, we are facing an increase of more than 50% (60.40%, to be exact) in terms of cases of UTIs. […] Knowing the risk factors that predispose to infections with uropathogenic microorganisms is the key to success in the primary prevention of UTIs. […] In the case of UTIs, there is a high probability of recurrence. This can be caused either by bacterial persistence (infection with the same microorganism coming from another region of the urinary tract) or by reinfection (infection with a different bacterium or the same uropathogen coming from outside the urinary tract).

• #2 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a severe public health problem and are caused by a range of pathogens, but most commonly by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. High recurrence rates and increasing antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens threaten to greatly increase the economic burden of these infections. […] Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most common bacterial infections, affecting 150 million people each year worldwide. In 2007, in the United States alone, there were an estimated 10.5 million office visits for UTI symptoms (constituting 0.9% of all ambulatory visits) and 23 million emergency department visits. Currently, the societal costs of these infections, including health care costs and time missed from work, are approximately US$3.5 billion per year in the United States alone.

• #3 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Diagnostic Solutions | Beckman Coulter

  https://www.beckmancoulter.com/solutions/urinary-tract-infection-diagnostic-solutions-

  A urinary tract infection, or UTI, is an infection that involves any part of the urinary system, including the urethra, bladder, ureters and kidneys. Urinary tract infections are the most common type of healthcare-associated infection reported to the CDCs National Healthcare Safety Network. They lead to more antibiotic prescriptions following doctor visits than any other types of infection. UTIs place an economic burden on healthcare organizations. In the U.S., they account for over 100,000 hospitalizations at an annual cost of $1.6 billion. […] Approximately 150 million develop UTIs in a given year. […] In the U.S. 3.6 million emergency department (ED) visits per year are related to UTIs. […] The economic burden in ED for UTI treatment is estimated at $2 billion annually. […] Antimicrobial stewardship involves the appropriate use of antibiotics. Effective antimicrobial stewardship is closely linked to the ability to diagnose infections, such as UTI. […] The iRICELL series streamlines workflow by highlighting possible patient samples for urine culture using a urine culture checklist, and offers standardization that enhances accuracy for confidence in results reporting.

• #4

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6502976/

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common outpatient infections, with a lifetime incidence of 5060% in adult women. […] The prevalence of UTI increases with age, and in women aged over 65 is approximately double the rate seen in the female population overall. […] In younger women, increased sexual activity is a major risk factor for UTIs and recurrence within 6months is common. […] Healthcare-associated UTIs (HAUTIs) are the most common form of healthcare-acquired infection. […] Large global surveys indicate that the nature of pathogens varies between the community and hospital setting. […] In addition, the pathogens responsible for HAUTIs vary according to region making adequate local data key to infection control. […] Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) (UPEC) is the dominant infectious agent in both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs.

• #5 Urinary tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection

  Urinary tract infections are the most frequent bacterial infection in women. They occur most frequently between the ages of 16 and 35 years, with 10% of women getting an infection yearly and more than 40-60% having an infection at some point in their lives. Recurrences are common, with nearly half of people getting a second infection within a year. Urinary tract infections occur four times more frequently in females than males. Pyelonephritis occurs between 20 and 30 times less frequently. They are the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections accounting for approximately 40%. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine increase with age from two to seven percent in women of child-bearing age to as high as 50% in elderly women in care homes. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine among men over 75 are between 7-10%. 2-10% of pregnant women have asymptomatic bacteria in the urine and higher rates are reported in women who live in some underdeveloped countries.

• #6 Epidemiology of urinary tract infection among community-living seniors aged 50 plus: population estimates and risk factors | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.16.24312133v1

  Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in all ages but risk factors among adults 50 and older are not well studied. […] Describe the UTI incidence among U.S. women and men aged 50 and older and the association between constipation and other risk factors and UTI. […] The 12-month UTI incidence was 19.8% among women and 6.4% among men. Recurrence was common: 10% of women and 7% of men with a UTI had 3 more UTIs in the previous 12 months. […] UTI incidence increased with more frequent constipation in a dose response manner among women and men. […] This is the first report of an association between UTI and constipation among older adults. Reducing constipation might reduce UTI incidence among older women and men.

• #7 Epidemiology of urinary tract infection among community-living seniors aged 50 plus: population estimates and risk factors | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.16.24312133v1

  Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in all ages but risk factors among adults 50 and older are not well studied. […] Describe the UTI incidence among U.S. women and men aged 50 and older and the association between constipation and other risk factors and UTI. […] The 12-month UTI incidence was 19.8% among women and 6.4% among men. Recurrence was common: 10% of women and 7% of men with a UTI had 3 more UTIs in the previous 12 months. […] UTI incidence increased with more frequent constipation in a dose response manner among women and men. […] This is the first report of an association between UTI and constipation among older adults. Reducing constipation might reduce UTI incidence among older women and men.

• #8 Urinary tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection

  Urinary tract infections are the most frequent bacterial infection in women. They occur most frequently between the ages of 16 and 35 years, with 10% of women getting an infection yearly and more than 40-60% having an infection at some point in their lives. Recurrences are common, with nearly half of people getting a second infection within a year. Urinary tract infections occur four times more frequently in females than males. Pyelonephritis occurs between 20 and 30 times less frequently. They are the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections accounting for approximately 40%. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine increase with age from two to seven percent in women of child-bearing age to as high as 50% in elderly women in care homes. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine among men over 75 are between 7-10%. 2-10% of pregnant women have asymptomatic bacteria in the urine and higher rates are reported in women who live in some underdeveloped countries.

• #9 Urinary tract infections: epidemiological and clinical aspects

  https://www.termedia.pl/Urinary-tract-infections-epidemiological-and-clinical-aspects,67,54368,1,1.html

  Urinary tract infections are considered one of the most common infectious diseases. They affect more than 150 million people annually. Complicated UTIs place the greatest burden on the health care system as the most common cause of hospitalisation. The incidence of UTIs results in 8 million visits to hospital emergency departments and 100,000 hospital admissions. Among patients presenting to the ED with septicaemia, the isolate is derived from urine in 27% of cases, a condition referred to as urosepsis. For hospitalised patients, the number of urosepsis cases increases to 42%. According to the ICD10, there is no diagnosis that uniquely identifies urosepsis and septicaemia with a point of origin in the urinary tract. Based on data from the Military Medical Institute National Research Institute, a hospital with 1000 beds, the number of cases of septicaemia caused by Gram-negative bacteria (the most common aetiological agent of urosepsis) is shown to be close to 100. In smaller health care units containing close to 500 beds, the number of cases of septicaemia originating in the urinary tract is around 50-60 per year, with a predominance among men. In the case of children, the number may be underestimated because they are most often treated in highly specialised centres dedicated to children. In women, UTIs usually occur between the ages of 16 and 35 years, with 10% of patients getting the disease every year and between 40% and 60% of women getting it at least once in their lifetime. Among women, recurrences are common, with nearly half having a second infection within a year. It is estimated that between 30% and 44% of women will have a second UTI within 6 months of their first infection. In men, urinary tract infections are much less common, with fewer than 10 cases for every 10,000 men under the age of 65 per year. Catheter-related urinary tract infections account for about 9% of all hospital-acquired infections, and it is believed that about 65-70% of these infections are preventable. Urinary tract infections are the second most common bacterial infection in children. They affect 8% of girls and up to 2% of boys during the first 7 years of life. There is a peak incidence in infancy, another in childhood, and increased incidence occurs again during adolescence. Children with the highest incidence of UTIs are newborns, infants, young girls, and uncircumcised boys.

• #10

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44197-023-00105-4

  Recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) occurs in sizable percentages of patients after a single episode and is a frequent cause of primary healthcare visits and hospital admissions, accounting for up to one quarter of emergency department visits. […] Urinary tract infections are frequent causes of primary healthcare visits and hospital admissions, accounting for up to one quarter of emergency department visits especially in certain high-risk groups. […] The overall prevalence of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in USA is between 8 and 11% while that of women over age of 65 is 20%. […] Recurrent urinary tract infection, defined as the occurrence of three episodes of UTIs in 12 months or two episodes in 6 months incidence may be as high as 44%. […] Risk factors for recurrences includes history of childhood UTI, back-to-front douching/wiping after bowel movement, younger age at first intercourse, increased frequency of sexual intercourse, obstructed urinary flow, and genital prolapse.

• #11 Urinary tract infections in adults | SMJ

  http://www.smj.org.sg/article/urinary-tract-infections-adults

  A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a collective term for infections that involve any part of the urinary tract. It is one of the most common infections in local primary care. The incidence of UTIs in adult males aged under 50 years is low, with adult women being 30 times more likely than men to develop a UTI. […] In general, 40% of women develop a UTI at some point in their life. In Singapore, 4% of young adult women are affected and the incidence increases to 7% at 50 years of age. […] According to statistics from Singapore’s Ministry of Health, a total of 4,144 patients were admitted to private and government hospitals in Singapore from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2015 for UTIs, with an average hospital stay of 24.8 days. […] A complicated UTI is an infection associated with a condition, such as a structural or functional abnormality of the genitourinary tract, or the presence of an underlying disease; this increases the risk of the outcome of a UTI being more serious than expected, as compared to its occurrence in individuals without any identified risk factors (i.e. uncomplicated UTI).

• #12

  https://bpac.org.nz/2021/uti.aspx

  Females have an increased UTI risk compared with males, predominantly due to the shorter length of their urethra and the shorter distance between their urethra and anus.5 It is estimated that one-third of females have a UTI before age 24 years, and more than 50% have one during their lifetime.6 […] Urinary tract infection in pregnancy. South Australian Perinatal Practice Guideline. 2021. Available from: https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/4bf52c004eee77c8bfa3bf6a7ac0d6e4/Urinary+Tract+Infection+in+Pregnancy_PPG_v4_0.pdf (Accessed Oct, 2021).

• #13 Urinary tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection

  Urinary tract infections are the most frequent bacterial infection in women. They occur most frequently between the ages of 16 and 35 years, with 10% of women getting an infection yearly and more than 40-60% having an infection at some point in their lives. Recurrences are common, with nearly half of people getting a second infection within a year. Urinary tract infections occur four times more frequently in females than males. Pyelonephritis occurs between 20 and 30 times less frequently. They are the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections accounting for approximately 40%. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine increase with age from two to seven percent in women of child-bearing age to as high as 50% in elderly women in care homes. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine among men over 75 are between 7-10%. 2-10% of pregnant women have asymptomatic bacteria in the urine and higher rates are reported in women who live in some underdeveloped countries.

• #14 Urinary tract infections: epidemiological and clinical aspects

  https://www.termedia.pl/Urinary-tract-infections-epidemiological-and-clinical-aspects,67,54368,1,1.html

  Urinary tract infections are considered one of the most common infectious diseases. They affect more than 150 million people annually. Complicated UTIs place the greatest burden on the health care system as the most common cause of hospitalisation. The incidence of UTIs results in 8 million visits to hospital emergency departments and 100,000 hospital admissions. Among patients presenting to the ED with septicaemia, the isolate is derived from urine in 27% of cases, a condition referred to as urosepsis. For hospitalised patients, the number of urosepsis cases increases to 42%. According to the ICD10, there is no diagnosis that uniquely identifies urosepsis and septicaemia with a point of origin in the urinary tract. Based on data from the Military Medical Institute National Research Institute, a hospital with 1000 beds, the number of cases of septicaemia caused by Gram-negative bacteria (the most common aetiological agent of urosepsis) is shown to be close to 100. In smaller health care units containing close to 500 beds, the number of cases of septicaemia originating in the urinary tract is around 50-60 per year, with a predominance among men. In the case of children, the number may be underestimated because they are most often treated in highly specialised centres dedicated to children. In women, UTIs usually occur between the ages of 16 and 35 years, with 10% of patients getting the disease every year and between 40% and 60% of women getting it at least once in their lifetime. Among women, recurrences are common, with nearly half having a second infection within a year. It is estimated that between 30% and 44% of women will have a second UTI within 6 months of their first infection. In men, urinary tract infections are much less common, with fewer than 10 cases for every 10,000 men under the age of 65 per year. Catheter-related urinary tract infections account for about 9% of all hospital-acquired infections, and it is believed that about 65-70% of these infections are preventable. Urinary tract infections are the second most common bacterial infection in children. They affect 8% of girls and up to 2% of boys during the first 7 years of life. There is a peak incidence in infancy, another in childhood, and increased incidence occurs again during adolescence. Children with the highest incidence of UTIs are newborns, infants, young girls, and uncircumcised boys.

• #15 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Males: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231574-overview

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur among adult males. After age 50 years, their incidence progressively increases. […] The incidence of true UTI in adult males younger than 50 years is low (approximately 5-8 per year per 10,000). In this population, the symptoms of dysuria or urinary frequency usually are due to sexually transmitted disease (STD) related infections of the urethra (eg, gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis) and prostate. […] Young men rarely develop UTIs, and the prevalence of bacteriuria is 0.1% or less. There is an early peak incidence during the first 3 months of life; in neonates, UTIs occur more frequently in boys than in girls (with a male-to-female ratio of 1.5:1), and they often are part of the syndrome of gram-negative sepsis. The cumulative incidence of symptomatic UTI (including pyelonephritis) in boys during the first 10 years of life has been reported at 1.1-1.6%.

• #16 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  Among adults aged 20 to 50 years, UTIs are much more common in women than in men (1, 2). […] The incidence of UTI increases in patients 50 years, but the female:male ratio decreases because of the increasing frequency of prostate enlargement and instrumentation in men. […] Urinary tract infections are a common cause of hospital-acquired bacteremia (1). […] Risk factors for development of UTI in women include the following: Sexual intercourse, Diaphragm and spermicide use, Antibiotic use, New sex partner within the past year, History of UTIs in first-degree female relatives, History of recurrent UTIs, First UTI at early age. […] Risk factors for UTI in males include the following: Benign prostatic hyperplasia with obstruction, common in men over 50 years, Any other cause of obstruction of the urinary tract (eg, prostate cancer, urethral stricture), Recent instrumentation or indwelling catheters, Structural abnormalities, such as bladder diverticula, Neurologic conditions that interfere with normal voiding (eg, spinal cord injury), Cognitive impairment, fecal incontinence or urinary incontinence.

• #17 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Males: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231574-overview

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur among adult males. After age 50 years, their incidence progressively increases. […] The incidence of true UTI in adult males younger than 50 years is low (approximately 5-8 per year per 10,000). In this population, the symptoms of dysuria or urinary frequency usually are due to sexually transmitted disease (STD) related infections of the urethra (eg, gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis) and prostate. […] Young men rarely develop UTIs, and the prevalence of bacteriuria is 0.1% or less. There is an early peak incidence during the first 3 months of life; in neonates, UTIs occur more frequently in boys than in girls (with a male-to-female ratio of 1.5:1), and they often are part of the syndrome of gram-negative sepsis. The cumulative incidence of symptomatic UTI (including pyelonephritis) in boys during the first 10 years of life has been reported at 1.1-1.6%.

• #18 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Males: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231574-overview

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur among adult males. After age 50 years, their incidence progressively increases. […] The incidence of true UTI in adult males younger than 50 years is low (approximately 5-8 per year per 10,000). In this population, the symptoms of dysuria or urinary frequency usually are due to sexually transmitted disease (STD) related infections of the urethra (eg, gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis) and prostate. […] Young men rarely develop UTIs, and the prevalence of bacteriuria is 0.1% or less. There is an early peak incidence during the first 3 months of life; in neonates, UTIs occur more frequently in boys than in girls (with a male-to-female ratio of 1.5:1), and they often are part of the syndrome of gram-negative sepsis. The cumulative incidence of symptomatic UTI (including pyelonephritis) in boys during the first 10 years of life has been reported at 1.1-1.6%.

• #19 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Males: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231574-overview

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur among adult males. After age 50 years, their incidence progressively increases. […] The incidence of true UTI in adult males younger than 50 years is low (approximately 5-8 per year per 10,000). In this population, the symptoms of dysuria or urinary frequency usually are due to sexually transmitted disease (STD) related infections of the urethra (eg, gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis) and prostate. […] Young men rarely develop UTIs, and the prevalence of bacteriuria is 0.1% or less. There is an early peak incidence during the first 3 months of life; in neonates, UTIs occur more frequently in boys than in girls (with a male-to-female ratio of 1.5:1), and they often are part of the syndrome of gram-negative sepsis. The cumulative incidence of symptomatic UTI (including pyelonephritis) in boys during the first 10 years of life has been reported at 1.1-1.6%.

• #20 Urinary tract infections in children: Epidemiology and risk factors – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/urinary-tract-infections-in-children-epidemiology-and-risk-factors

  Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common and important clinical problem in childhood. Upper UTIs (ie, acute pyelonephritis) may lead to kidney scarring, hypertension, and end-stage kidney disease. […] The epidemiology and risk factors for UTI and kidney scarring in children will be reviewed here. […] Awareness of the prevalence of UTI in various subgroups of children enables the clinician to grossly estimate the probability of infection in the patient (ie, the pretest probability). […] The overall prevalence of UTI is approximately 7 percent in febrile infants and young children but varies by age, sex, and circumcision status.

• #21 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of UTIs in Children—A Single-Center Observation

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/13/1/138

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of childhood’s most common bacterial infections. The study aimed to determine the clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, risk factors, and etiology of different UTIs in children admitted to pediatric hospitals for three years. […] Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections in childhood, affecting approximately 7.8% of children <19 years with urinary symptoms and/or fever. The prevalence of UTIs in children varies by age, race/ethnicity, sex, and circumcision status. [...] Many factors are associated with an increased risk of UTIs in children. These include female sex, CAKUT, bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD), a neurogenic bladder (NB), urolithiasis, diabetes mellites (DM), and immunodeficiency. [...] The most commonly isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (74%).

• #22

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6502976/

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common outpatient infections, with a lifetime incidence of 5060% in adult women. […] The prevalence of UTI increases with age, and in women aged over 65 is approximately double the rate seen in the female population overall. […] In younger women, increased sexual activity is a major risk factor for UTIs and recurrence within 6months is common. […] Healthcare-associated UTIs (HAUTIs) are the most common form of healthcare-acquired infection. […] Large global surveys indicate that the nature of pathogens varies between the community and hospital setting. […] In addition, the pathogens responsible for HAUTIs vary according to region making adequate local data key to infection control. […] Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) (UPEC) is the dominant infectious agent in both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs.

• #23 Urinary Tract Infection In Adults | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/urinary-tract-infection-in-adults

  Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common conditions presenting in primary care. UTI is also the most common hospital-acquired infection in the UK, accounting for 23% of all infections. The majority of hospital-acquired UTIs are associated with catheter use. The use of catheters is the source of 8% of hospital-acquired bacteraemia. […] Acute UTI occurs in up to 50% of women in their lifetimes. 20-30% of women who have had a UTI will have a recurrence. Studies have found a recurrence rate of 0.3-7.6 infections per person per year, with an average rate of 2.6 infections per year. […] A large study of women aged 65 years and older in England found that 21% had at least one clinically diagnosed UTI over the 10-year study period. Incidence was found to increase with increasing age.

• #24 Urinary tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection

  Urinary tract infections are the most frequent bacterial infection in women. They occur most frequently between the ages of 16 and 35 years, with 10% of women getting an infection yearly and more than 40-60% having an infection at some point in their lives. Recurrences are common, with nearly half of people getting a second infection within a year. Urinary tract infections occur four times more frequently in females than males. Pyelonephritis occurs between 20 and 30 times less frequently. They are the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections accounting for approximately 40%. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine increase with age from two to seven percent in women of child-bearing age to as high as 50% in elderly women in care homes. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine among men over 75 are between 7-10%. 2-10% of pregnant women have asymptomatic bacteria in the urine and higher rates are reported in women who live in some underdeveloped countries.

• #25 Urinary tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection

  Urinary tract infections are the most frequent bacterial infection in women. They occur most frequently between the ages of 16 and 35 years, with 10% of women getting an infection yearly and more than 40-60% having an infection at some point in their lives. Recurrences are common, with nearly half of people getting a second infection within a year. Urinary tract infections occur four times more frequently in females than males. Pyelonephritis occurs between 20 and 30 times less frequently. They are the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections accounting for approximately 40%. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine increase with age from two to seven percent in women of child-bearing age to as high as 50% in elderly women in care homes. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine among men over 75 are between 7-10%. 2-10% of pregnant women have asymptomatic bacteria in the urine and higher rates are reported in women who live in some underdeveloped countries.

• #26

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6502976/

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common outpatient infections, with a lifetime incidence of 5060% in adult women. […] The prevalence of UTI increases with age, and in women aged over 65 is approximately double the rate seen in the female population overall. […] In younger women, increased sexual activity is a major risk factor for UTIs and recurrence within 6months is common. […] Healthcare-associated UTIs (HAUTIs) are the most common form of healthcare-acquired infection. […] Large global surveys indicate that the nature of pathogens varies between the community and hospital setting. […] In addition, the pathogens responsible for HAUTIs vary according to region making adequate local data key to infection control. […] Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) (UPEC) is the dominant infectious agent in both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs.

• #27

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6502976/

  Infectious complications following urological procedures are a major issue, particularly in the context of increasing antimicrobial resistance. […] Healthcare-associated UTIs (HAUTIs) represent the largest subtype among all healthcare-associated infections. […] The prevalence of HAUTIs assessed in regional studies ranges from 12.9% in the US and 19.6% in Europe, to up to 24% in developing countries. […] The burden of recurrent UTIs has both personal and societal aspects. […] The societal burden includes the clinical and economic burden of the illness, and the personal burden includes social and psychological effects which have a negative impact on quality of life (QoL). […] Consultations for UTIs represent between 1% and 6% of all medical visits (~7million visits and ~US$1.6billionannually).

• #28 Healthcare Associated Urinary Tract Infections – ISID

  https://isid.org/guide/hospital/urinary-tract-infections/

  Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are one of the most common healthcare associated infection (HAI). The frequency of CAUTI is 12.9%, 19.6%, and 24% in the United States, Europe, and developing countries, respectively. […] According to the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (NICC), from 2012 to 2017, the CAUTI pooled mean rate for 45 countries was 4.8 per 1000 catheter-days, rates ranged of 2.2 UTI per 1000 catheter-days in surgical cardiothoracic ICUs to 6.7 UTI per 1000 catheter-days in respiratory ICUs. […] Overall, the occurrence of CAUTI increases cost and duration of hospital stay by 4 days. […] The most common pathogens associated with CAUTI are gram-negative bacilli. The most frequent pathogens associated with CAUTI in hospitals reporting to National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) between 2015-2017 were Escherichia coli (34.3%), Klebsiella (14.2%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.8%).

• #29 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #30 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #31 Healthcare Associated Urinary Tract Infections – ISID

  https://isid.org/guide/hospital/urinary-tract-infections/

  Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are one of the most common healthcare associated infection (HAI). The frequency of CAUTI is 12.9%, 19.6%, and 24% in the United States, Europe, and developing countries, respectively. […] According to the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (NICC), from 2012 to 2017, the CAUTI pooled mean rate for 45 countries was 4.8 per 1000 catheter-days, rates ranged of 2.2 UTI per 1000 catheter-days in surgical cardiothoracic ICUs to 6.7 UTI per 1000 catheter-days in respiratory ICUs. […] Overall, the occurrence of CAUTI increases cost and duration of hospital stay by 4 days. […] The most common pathogens associated with CAUTI are gram-negative bacilli. The most frequent pathogens associated with CAUTI in hospitals reporting to National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) between 2015-2017 were Escherichia coli (34.3%), Klebsiella (14.2%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.8%).

• #32 Healthcare Associated Urinary Tract Infections – ISID

  https://isid.org/guide/hospital/urinary-tract-infections/

  A continuously closed urinary drainage system is pivotal to the prevention of CAUTI. […] The most important risk factor reported in most studies was prolonged catheterization beyond 6 days; by the 30th day of catheterization, infection is almost 100%. […] Computer-generated reminders or automatic stop orders are important tools for early removal of urinary catheters. […] Overall, protocols should be implemented to promote the proper indications for urinary catheter placement and management. A continuously closed system of urinary drainage is the cornerstone of infection control and clear criteria for the removal of urinary catheters are part of bundled strategies for the reduction of CAUTI.

• #33 Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnant Individuals | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/clinical-consensus/articles/2023/08/urinary-tract-infections-in-pregnant-individuals

  Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the more common perinatal complications, affecting approximately 8% of pregnancies. These infections represent a spectrum, from asymptomatic bacteriuria, to symptomatic acute cystitis, to the most serious, pyelonephritis. The presence of UTIs has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including increased rates of preterm delivery and low birth weight. Screening for and treating asymptomatic bacteriuria have been shown in multiple studies to reduce the incidence of pyelonephritis in pregnancy. […] Urinary tract infections are classified based on the site of infection: lower urinary tract (ASB or cystitis) or upper urinary tract (pyelonephritis). Asymptomatic bacteriuria, the presence of significant bacterial counts in the urine without symptoms, is identified in 210% of pregnant patients. Screening for and treating ASB have been shown in multiple studies to reduce the incidence of pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Pyelonephritis has serious sequelae in pregnancy, including preterm birth, anemia, sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and ARDS.

• #34 Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnant Individuals | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/clinical-consensus/articles/2023/08/urinary-tract-infections-in-pregnant-individuals

  Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the more common perinatal complications, affecting approximately 8% of pregnancies. These infections represent a spectrum, from asymptomatic bacteriuria, to symptomatic acute cystitis, to the most serious, pyelonephritis. The presence of UTIs has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including increased rates of preterm delivery and low birth weight. Screening for and treating asymptomatic bacteriuria have been shown in multiple studies to reduce the incidence of pyelonephritis in pregnancy. […] Urinary tract infections are classified based on the site of infection: lower urinary tract (ASB or cystitis) or upper urinary tract (pyelonephritis). Asymptomatic bacteriuria, the presence of significant bacterial counts in the urine without symptoms, is identified in 210% of pregnant patients. Screening for and treating ASB have been shown in multiple studies to reduce the incidence of pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Pyelonephritis has serious sequelae in pregnancy, including preterm birth, anemia, sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and ARDS.

• #35 Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnant Individuals | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/clinical-consensus/articles/2023/08/urinary-tract-infections-in-pregnant-individuals

  Acute cystitis is estimated to occur in 12% of pregnant patients, with a similar incidence of acute pyelonephritis seen in pregnant patients, 12%. Pyelonephritis occurs most frequently in the second trimester and is one of the most common medical causes for hospitalization during pregnancy. […] Several anatomic and physiologic changes occur in the urinary tract during pregnancy that can predispose pregnant patients to UTIs.

• #36 Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnant Individuals | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/clinical-consensus/articles/2023/08/urinary-tract-infections-in-pregnant-individuals

  Acute cystitis is estimated to occur in 12% of pregnant patients, with a similar incidence of acute pyelonephritis seen in pregnant patients, 12%. Pyelonephritis occurs most frequently in the second trimester and is one of the most common medical causes for hospitalization during pregnancy. […] Several anatomic and physiologic changes occur in the urinary tract during pregnancy that can predispose pregnant patients to UTIs.

• #37 Urinary tract infections: epidemiological and clinical aspects

  https://www.termedia.pl/Urinary-tract-infections-epidemiological-and-clinical-aspects,67,54368,1,1.html

  Urinary tract infections are considered one of the most common infectious diseases. They affect more than 150 million people annually. Complicated UTIs place the greatest burden on the health care system as the most common cause of hospitalisation. The incidence of UTIs results in 8 million visits to hospital emergency departments and 100,000 hospital admissions. Among patients presenting to the ED with septicaemia, the isolate is derived from urine in 27% of cases, a condition referred to as urosepsis. For hospitalised patients, the number of urosepsis cases increases to 42%. According to the ICD10, there is no diagnosis that uniquely identifies urosepsis and septicaemia with a point of origin in the urinary tract. Based on data from the Military Medical Institute National Research Institute, a hospital with 1000 beds, the number of cases of septicaemia caused by Gram-negative bacteria (the most common aetiological agent of urosepsis) is shown to be close to 100. In smaller health care units containing close to 500 beds, the number of cases of septicaemia originating in the urinary tract is around 50-60 per year, with a predominance among men. In the case of children, the number may be underestimated because they are most often treated in highly specialised centres dedicated to children. In women, UTIs usually occur between the ages of 16 and 35 years, with 10% of patients getting the disease every year and between 40% and 60% of women getting it at least once in their lifetime. Among women, recurrences are common, with nearly half having a second infection within a year. It is estimated that between 30% and 44% of women will have a second UTI within 6 months of their first infection. In men, urinary tract infections are much less common, with fewer than 10 cases for every 10,000 men under the age of 65 per year. Catheter-related urinary tract infections account for about 9% of all hospital-acquired infections, and it is believed that about 65-70% of these infections are preventable. Urinary tract infections are the second most common bacterial infection in children. They affect 8% of girls and up to 2% of boys during the first 7 years of life. There is a peak incidence in infancy, another in childhood, and increased incidence occurs again during adolescence. Children with the highest incidence of UTIs are newborns, infants, young girls, and uncircumcised boys.

• #38 Urinary tract infections: epidemiological and clinical aspects

  https://www.termedia.pl/Urinary-tract-infections-epidemiological-and-clinical-aspects,67,54368,1,1.html

  Urinary tract infections are considered one of the most common infectious diseases. They affect more than 150 million people annually. Complicated UTIs place the greatest burden on the health care system as the most common cause of hospitalisation. The incidence of UTIs results in 8 million visits to hospital emergency departments and 100,000 hospital admissions. Among patients presenting to the ED with septicaemia, the isolate is derived from urine in 27% of cases, a condition referred to as urosepsis. For hospitalised patients, the number of urosepsis cases increases to 42%. According to the ICD10, there is no diagnosis that uniquely identifies urosepsis and septicaemia with a point of origin in the urinary tract. Based on data from the Military Medical Institute National Research Institute, a hospital with 1000 beds, the number of cases of septicaemia caused by Gram-negative bacteria (the most common aetiological agent of urosepsis) is shown to be close to 100. In smaller health care units containing close to 500 beds, the number of cases of septicaemia originating in the urinary tract is around 50-60 per year, with a predominance among men. In the case of children, the number may be underestimated because they are most often treated in highly specialised centres dedicated to children. In women, UTIs usually occur between the ages of 16 and 35 years, with 10% of patients getting the disease every year and between 40% and 60% of women getting it at least once in their lifetime. Among women, recurrences are common, with nearly half having a second infection within a year. It is estimated that between 30% and 44% of women will have a second UTI within 6 months of their first infection. In men, urinary tract infections are much less common, with fewer than 10 cases for every 10,000 men under the age of 65 per year. Catheter-related urinary tract infections account for about 9% of all hospital-acquired infections, and it is believed that about 65-70% of these infections are preventable. Urinary tract infections are the second most common bacterial infection in children. They affect 8% of girls and up to 2% of boys during the first 7 years of life. There is a peak incidence in infancy, another in childhood, and increased incidence occurs again during adolescence. Children with the highest incidence of UTIs are newborns, infants, young girls, and uncircumcised boys.

• #39 Urinary tract infections: epidemiological and clinical aspects

  https://www.termedia.pl/Urinary-tract-infections-epidemiological-and-clinical-aspects,67,54368,1,1.html

  Urinary tract infections are considered one of the most common infectious diseases. They affect more than 150 million people annually. Complicated UTIs place the greatest burden on the health care system as the most common cause of hospitalisation. The incidence of UTIs results in 8 million visits to hospital emergency departments and 100,000 hospital admissions. Among patients presenting to the ED with septicaemia, the isolate is derived from urine in 27% of cases, a condition referred to as urosepsis. For hospitalised patients, the number of urosepsis cases increases to 42%. According to the ICD10, there is no diagnosis that uniquely identifies urosepsis and septicaemia with a point of origin in the urinary tract. Based on data from the Military Medical Institute National Research Institute, a hospital with 1000 beds, the number of cases of septicaemia caused by Gram-negative bacteria (the most common aetiological agent of urosepsis) is shown to be close to 100. In smaller health care units containing close to 500 beds, the number of cases of septicaemia originating in the urinary tract is around 50-60 per year, with a predominance among men. In the case of children, the number may be underestimated because they are most often treated in highly specialised centres dedicated to children. In women, UTIs usually occur between the ages of 16 and 35 years, with 10% of patients getting the disease every year and between 40% and 60% of women getting it at least once in their lifetime. Among women, recurrences are common, with nearly half having a second infection within a year. It is estimated that between 30% and 44% of women will have a second UTI within 6 months of their first infection. In men, urinary tract infections are much less common, with fewer than 10 cases for every 10,000 men under the age of 65 per year. Catheter-related urinary tract infections account for about 9% of all hospital-acquired infections, and it is believed that about 65-70% of these infections are preventable. Urinary tract infections are the second most common bacterial infection in children. They affect 8% of girls and up to 2% of boys during the first 7 years of life. There is a peak incidence in infancy, another in childhood, and increased incidence occurs again during adolescence. Children with the highest incidence of UTIs are newborns, infants, young girls, and uncircumcised boys.

• #40 Urinary tract infections: epidemiological and clinical aspects

  https://www.termedia.pl/Urinary-tract-infections-epidemiological-and-clinical-aspects,67,54368,1,1.html

  Urinary tract infections are considered one of the most common infectious diseases. They affect more than 150 million people annually. Complicated UTIs place the greatest burden on the health care system as the most common cause of hospitalisation. The incidence of UTIs results in 8 million visits to hospital emergency departments and 100,000 hospital admissions. Among patients presenting to the ED with septicaemia, the isolate is derived from urine in 27% of cases, a condition referred to as urosepsis. For hospitalised patients, the number of urosepsis cases increases to 42%. According to the ICD10, there is no diagnosis that uniquely identifies urosepsis and septicaemia with a point of origin in the urinary tract. Based on data from the Military Medical Institute National Research Institute, a hospital with 1000 beds, the number of cases of septicaemia caused by Gram-negative bacteria (the most common aetiological agent of urosepsis) is shown to be close to 100. In smaller health care units containing close to 500 beds, the number of cases of septicaemia originating in the urinary tract is around 50-60 per year, with a predominance among men. In the case of children, the number may be underestimated because they are most often treated in highly specialised centres dedicated to children. In women, UTIs usually occur between the ages of 16 and 35 years, with 10% of patients getting the disease every year and between 40% and 60% of women getting it at least once in their lifetime. Among women, recurrences are common, with nearly half having a second infection within a year. It is estimated that between 30% and 44% of women will have a second UTI within 6 months of their first infection. In men, urinary tract infections are much less common, with fewer than 10 cases for every 10,000 men under the age of 65 per year. Catheter-related urinary tract infections account for about 9% of all hospital-acquired infections, and it is believed that about 65-70% of these infections are preventable. Urinary tract infections are the second most common bacterial infection in children. They affect 8% of girls and up to 2% of boys during the first 7 years of life. There is a peak incidence in infancy, another in childhood, and increased incidence occurs again during adolescence. Children with the highest incidence of UTIs are newborns, infants, young girls, and uncircumcised boys.

• #41 Urinary tract infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection

  Urinary tract infections may affect 10% of people during childhood. Among children, urinary tract infections are most common in uncircumcised males less than three months of age, followed by females less than one year. Estimates of frequency among children, however, vary widely. In a group of children with a fever, ranging in age between birth and two years, 22% were diagnosed with a UTI.

• #42 Urinary Tract Infections in Infants and Children – Walter Bushnell Healthcare Foundation

  https://wbhf.walterbushnell.com/publications/pedia-flash/item/389-urinary-tract-infections-in-infants-and-children

  UTI exhibits a higher rate of recurrence among children; the estimated recurrence rate of pediatric UTI is around 30-40%, with the majority of recurrences occurring in the first 12 months after the initial infection. Risk of recurrent UTI is greater in infants <6 months of age, severe vesico-ureteric reflux and abnormal nuclear renal scans at time of first infection.

• #43 Urinary Tract Infections in Infants and Children – Walter Bushnell Healthcare Foundation

  https://wbhf.walterbushnell.com/publications/pedia-flash/item/389-urinary-tract-infections-in-infants-and-children

  UTI exhibits a higher rate of recurrence among children; the estimated recurrence rate of pediatric UTI is around 30-40%, with the majority of recurrences occurring in the first 12 months after the initial infection. Risk of recurrent UTI is greater in infants <6 months of age, severe vesico-ureteric reflux and abnormal nuclear renal scans at time of first infection.

• #44 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  Thus far, detailed information regarding the global burden of UTIs remains limited. A systematic review and meta-analysis, encompassing 38 studies and 981,221 individuals worldwide, found that the incidence of UTIs varied from 1.1 to 3.7% across different regions. However, these studies primarily focused on developing countries, and differences in study design and sample size may have led to biased estimates of incidence rates, limiting their generalisability. […] To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to explore the correlation between economic development and UTIs, identify factors influencing the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), and predict disease burden trends up to 2050 utilising data from the GBD 2021. […] The burden of UTIs worldwide is closely related to the SDI level. In 2021. The middlelow SDI region exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, ASDAR, while the middlehigh SDI region showed the lowest ASIR, ASPR and ASDR, and high SDI region had the lowest ASDAR. […] The global incidence rate is projected to continue increasing until 2050, with an expected growth rate of 17.04%. These findings provide valuable information and data for addressing the global health challenges posed by UTIs.

• #45 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent; however, comprehensive and current epidemiological data remain scarce. This study examined the global, national, and regional burden of UTIs by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2021. The 2021 Global Burden of Disease study included age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardised death rate (ASDR), and age-standardised disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDAR). The estimated annual percentage change was used to depict temporal trends, whereas Pearson correlation analysis explore its correlation with the human development index (HDI), the SDI, and age-standardised rates (ASRs). An autoregressive integrated moving average model forecasted the UTI burden trends. From 1990 to 2021, the number of UTI cases increased by 66.45%, reaching 4.49 billion cases, with an ASIR of 5,531.88 per 100,000 population. The greatest incidence of UTIs was seen in women and older adult men. Tropical Latin America and lowmiddle SDI regions exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, and ASDAR, while East Asia showed the lowest. ASDR and ASDAR decreased with higher SDI levels. ASR and HDI were weakly positively correlated with ASDR and ASDAR. ASIR, ASPR, and ASDAR are projected to increase until 2050. The global burden of UTIs is rising and is influenced by geographical location, age, sex, and economic development, crucial for guiding medical practices and forming relevant policies.

• #46 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent; however, comprehensive and current epidemiological data remain scarce. This study examined the global, national, and regional burden of UTIs by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2021. The 2021 Global Burden of Disease study included age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardised death rate (ASDR), and age-standardised disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDAR). The estimated annual percentage change was used to depict temporal trends, whereas Pearson correlation analysis explore its correlation with the human development index (HDI), the SDI, and age-standardised rates (ASRs). An autoregressive integrated moving average model forecasted the UTI burden trends. From 1990 to 2021, the number of UTI cases increased by 66.45%, reaching 4.49 billion cases, with an ASIR of 5,531.88 per 100,000 population. The greatest incidence of UTIs was seen in women and older adult men. Tropical Latin America and lowmiddle SDI regions exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, and ASDAR, while East Asia showed the lowest. ASDR and ASDAR decreased with higher SDI levels. ASR and HDI were weakly positively correlated with ASDR and ASDAR. ASIR, ASPR, and ASDAR are projected to increase until 2050. The global burden of UTIs is rising and is influenced by geographical location, age, sex, and economic development, crucial for guiding medical practices and forming relevant policies.

• #47 Prevalence of urinary tract infection and antimicrobial resistance patterns of uropathogens with biofilm forming capacity among outpatients in morogoro, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-023-08641-x

  Our results indicate the diverse burden of UTI across different geographical locations, which might explain the differences in social determinants of UTI. […] The findings underscore the need for integrating urine culture and sensitivity to properly manage UTI in our health facilities. […] High prevalence rates of antibiotic resistance were also observed in clinical bacterial isolates. […] A need to strengthen AMR stewardship programs in health facilities is urgently advocated in order to halt the spread of AMR.

• #48 Rural–urban differences in antibiotic prescribing for uncomplicated urinary tract infection | Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/ruralurban-differences-in-antibiotic-prescribing-for-uncomplicated-urinary-tract-infection/E2927104A8CB31226B8E31339A697C7C

  The rural health disparity has been a recent focus in the United States, and its improvement is a priority of the Department of Health and Human Services. […] To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed ruralurban differences in real-world antibiotic treatment patterns for the outpatient treatment of uncomplicated UTIs in a large cohort of US commercially insured, premenopausal women. […] We observed little ruralurban difference in the receipt of inappropriate agents in the overall population, but results varied across geographic regions, provider specialties, and calendar time. […] We observed ruralurban differences in receipt of antibiotic prescriptions for inappropriate durations, wherein rural women were more likely to receive inappropriately long durations. […] Overall, we observed slight decline in inappropriate antibiotic use for UTI (both by agent and duration) over time.

• #49 Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Women: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/0915/p638.html

  The definition of complicated UTI is imprecise, but the term usually is applied to patients with a predisposing structural or functional abnormality of the genitourinary tract. […] Diabetes mellitus, neurologic conditions, chronic institutional residence, and chronic indwelling urinary catheterization are important predisposing factors for complicated UTIs. […] The strongest risk factor for recurrent UTIs in young women is frequency of sexual intercourse. […] A variety of factors place patients at risk of complicated UTIs, and recurrent infection is common. […] Key steps in the diagnostic evaluation for recurrent UTIs include confirming the presence of a bacterial UTI, assessing the patient for risk factors and predisposing factors for complicated infection, and identifying a potentially causative organism.

• #50 Urinary tract infection (UTI) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353447

  A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of the urinary system. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract the bladder and the urethra. […] Women are at greater risk of developing a UTI than are men. […] The most common UTIs occur mainly in women and affect the bladder and urethra. […] UTIs are common in women. Many women experience more than one UTI during their lifetimes. […] Risk factors for UTIs that are specific to women include: Female anatomy. Women have a shorter urethra than men do. As a result, there’s less distance for bacteria to travel to reach the bladder. […] Complications of a UTI may include: Repeated infections, which means you have two or more UTIs within six months or three or more within a year. Women are especially prone to having repeated infections. […] When treated promptly and properly, lower urinary tract infections rarely lead to complications. But left untreated, UTIs can cause serious health problems.

• #51 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  Among adults aged 20 to 50 years, UTIs are much more common in women than in men (1, 2). […] The incidence of UTI increases in patients 50 years, but the female:male ratio decreases because of the increasing frequency of prostate enlargement and instrumentation in men. […] Urinary tract infections are a common cause of hospital-acquired bacteremia (1). […] Risk factors for development of UTI in women include the following: Sexual intercourse, Diaphragm and spermicide use, Antibiotic use, New sex partner within the past year, History of UTIs in first-degree female relatives, History of recurrent UTIs, First UTI at early age. […] Risk factors for UTI in males include the following: Benign prostatic hyperplasia with obstruction, common in men over 50 years, Any other cause of obstruction of the urinary tract (eg, prostate cancer, urethral stricture), Recent instrumentation or indwelling catheters, Structural abnormalities, such as bladder diverticula, Neurologic conditions that interfere with normal voiding (eg, spinal cord injury), Cognitive impairment, fecal incontinence or urinary incontinence.

• #52 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  Among adults aged 20 to 50 years, UTIs are much more common in women than in men (1, 2). […] The incidence of UTI increases in patients 50 years, but the female:male ratio decreases because of the increasing frequency of prostate enlargement and instrumentation in men. […] Urinary tract infections are a common cause of hospital-acquired bacteremia (1). […] Risk factors for development of UTI in women include the following: Sexual intercourse, Diaphragm and spermicide use, Antibiotic use, New sex partner within the past year, History of UTIs in first-degree female relatives, History of recurrent UTIs, First UTI at early age. […] Risk factors for UTI in males include the following: Benign prostatic hyperplasia with obstruction, common in men over 50 years, Any other cause of obstruction of the urinary tract (eg, prostate cancer, urethral stricture), Recent instrumentation or indwelling catheters, Structural abnormalities, such as bladder diverticula, Neurologic conditions that interfere with normal voiding (eg, spinal cord injury), Cognitive impairment, fecal incontinence or urinary incontinence.

• #53 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  Among adults aged 20 to 50 years, UTIs are much more common in women than in men (1, 2). […] The incidence of UTI increases in patients 50 years, but the female:male ratio decreases because of the increasing frequency of prostate enlargement and instrumentation in men. […] Urinary tract infections are a common cause of hospital-acquired bacteremia (1). […] Risk factors for development of UTI in women include the following: Sexual intercourse, Diaphragm and spermicide use, Antibiotic use, New sex partner within the past year, History of UTIs in first-degree female relatives, History of recurrent UTIs, First UTI at early age. […] Risk factors for UTI in males include the following: Benign prostatic hyperplasia with obstruction, common in men over 50 years, Any other cause of obstruction of the urinary tract (eg, prostate cancer, urethral stricture), Recent instrumentation or indwelling catheters, Structural abnormalities, such as bladder diverticula, Neurologic conditions that interfere with normal voiding (eg, spinal cord injury), Cognitive impairment, fecal incontinence or urinary incontinence.

• #54 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  Among adults aged 20 to 50 years, UTIs are much more common in women than in men (1, 2). […] The incidence of UTI increases in patients 50 years, but the female:male ratio decreases because of the increasing frequency of prostate enlargement and instrumentation in men. […] Urinary tract infections are a common cause of hospital-acquired bacteremia (1). […] Risk factors for development of UTI in women include the following: Sexual intercourse, Diaphragm and spermicide use, Antibiotic use, New sex partner within the past year, History of UTIs in first-degree female relatives, History of recurrent UTIs, First UTI at early age. […] Risk factors for UTI in males include the following: Benign prostatic hyperplasia with obstruction, common in men over 50 years, Any other cause of obstruction of the urinary tract (eg, prostate cancer, urethral stricture), Recent instrumentation or indwelling catheters, Structural abnormalities, such as bladder diverticula, Neurologic conditions that interfere with normal voiding (eg, spinal cord injury), Cognitive impairment, fecal incontinence or urinary incontinence.

• #55 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  Among adults aged 20 to 50 years, UTIs are much more common in women than in men (1, 2). […] The incidence of UTI increases in patients 50 years, but the female:male ratio decreases because of the increasing frequency of prostate enlargement and instrumentation in men. […] Urinary tract infections are a common cause of hospital-acquired bacteremia (1). […] Risk factors for development of UTI in women include the following: Sexual intercourse, Diaphragm and spermicide use, Antibiotic use, New sex partner within the past year, History of UTIs in first-degree female relatives, History of recurrent UTIs, First UTI at early age. […] Risk factors for UTI in males include the following: Benign prostatic hyperplasia with obstruction, common in men over 50 years, Any other cause of obstruction of the urinary tract (eg, prostate cancer, urethral stricture), Recent instrumentation or indwelling catheters, Structural abnormalities, such as bladder diverticula, Neurologic conditions that interfere with normal voiding (eg, spinal cord injury), Cognitive impairment, fecal incontinence or urinary incontinence.

• #56 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  Among adults aged 20 to 50 years, UTIs are much more common in women than in men (1, 2). […] The incidence of UTI increases in patients 50 years, but the female:male ratio decreases because of the increasing frequency of prostate enlargement and instrumentation in men. […] Urinary tract infections are a common cause of hospital-acquired bacteremia (1). […] Risk factors for development of UTI in women include the following: Sexual intercourse, Diaphragm and spermicide use, Antibiotic use, New sex partner within the past year, History of UTIs in first-degree female relatives, History of recurrent UTIs, First UTI at early age. […] Risk factors for UTI in males include the following: Benign prostatic hyperplasia with obstruction, common in men over 50 years, Any other cause of obstruction of the urinary tract (eg, prostate cancer, urethral stricture), Recent instrumentation or indwelling catheters, Structural abnormalities, such as bladder diverticula, Neurologic conditions that interfere with normal voiding (eg, spinal cord injury), Cognitive impairment, fecal incontinence or urinary incontinence.

• #57

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6502976/

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common outpatient infections, with a lifetime incidence of 5060% in adult women. […] The prevalence of UTI increases with age, and in women aged over 65 is approximately double the rate seen in the female population overall. […] In younger women, increased sexual activity is a major risk factor for UTIs and recurrence within 6months is common. […] Healthcare-associated UTIs (HAUTIs) are the most common form of healthcare-acquired infection. […] Large global surveys indicate that the nature of pathogens varies between the community and hospital setting. […] In addition, the pathogens responsible for HAUTIs vary according to region making adequate local data key to infection control. […] Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) (UPEC) is the dominant infectious agent in both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs.

• #58 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  Among adults aged 20 to 50 years, UTIs are much more common in women than in men (1, 2). […] The incidence of UTI increases in patients 50 years, but the female:male ratio decreases because of the increasing frequency of prostate enlargement and instrumentation in men. […] Urinary tract infections are a common cause of hospital-acquired bacteremia (1). […] Risk factors for development of UTI in women include the following: Sexual intercourse, Diaphragm and spermicide use, Antibiotic use, New sex partner within the past year, History of UTIs in first-degree female relatives, History of recurrent UTIs, First UTI at early age. […] Risk factors for UTI in males include the following: Benign prostatic hyperplasia with obstruction, common in men over 50 years, Any other cause of obstruction of the urinary tract (eg, prostate cancer, urethral stricture), Recent instrumentation or indwelling catheters, Structural abnormalities, such as bladder diverticula, Neurologic conditions that interfere with normal voiding (eg, spinal cord injury), Cognitive impairment, fecal incontinence or urinary incontinence.

• #59 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  Among adults aged 20 to 50 years, UTIs are much more common in women than in men (1, 2). […] The incidence of UTI increases in patients 50 years, but the female:male ratio decreases because of the increasing frequency of prostate enlargement and instrumentation in men. […] Urinary tract infections are a common cause of hospital-acquired bacteremia (1). […] Risk factors for development of UTI in women include the following: Sexual intercourse, Diaphragm and spermicide use, Antibiotic use, New sex partner within the past year, History of UTIs in first-degree female relatives, History of recurrent UTIs, First UTI at early age. […] Risk factors for UTI in males include the following: Benign prostatic hyperplasia with obstruction, common in men over 50 years, Any other cause of obstruction of the urinary tract (eg, prostate cancer, urethral stricture), Recent instrumentation or indwelling catheters, Structural abnormalities, such as bladder diverticula, Neurologic conditions that interfere with normal voiding (eg, spinal cord injury), Cognitive impairment, fecal incontinence or urinary incontinence.

• #60 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  Among adults aged 20 to 50 years, UTIs are much more common in women than in men (1, 2). […] The incidence of UTI increases in patients 50 years, but the female:male ratio decreases because of the increasing frequency of prostate enlargement and instrumentation in men. […] Urinary tract infections are a common cause of hospital-acquired bacteremia (1). […] Risk factors for development of UTI in women include the following: Sexual intercourse, Diaphragm and spermicide use, Antibiotic use, New sex partner within the past year, History of UTIs in first-degree female relatives, History of recurrent UTIs, First UTI at early age. […] Risk factors for UTI in males include the following: Benign prostatic hyperplasia with obstruction, common in men over 50 years, Any other cause of obstruction of the urinary tract (eg, prostate cancer, urethral stricture), Recent instrumentation or indwelling catheters, Structural abnormalities, such as bladder diverticula, Neurologic conditions that interfere with normal voiding (eg, spinal cord injury), Cognitive impairment, fecal incontinence or urinary incontinence.

• #61 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  Among adults aged 20 to 50 years, UTIs are much more common in women than in men (1, 2). […] The incidence of UTI increases in patients 50 years, but the female:male ratio decreases because of the increasing frequency of prostate enlargement and instrumentation in men. […] Urinary tract infections are a common cause of hospital-acquired bacteremia (1). […] Risk factors for development of UTI in women include the following: Sexual intercourse, Diaphragm and spermicide use, Antibiotic use, New sex partner within the past year, History of UTIs in first-degree female relatives, History of recurrent UTIs, First UTI at early age. […] Risk factors for UTI in males include the following: Benign prostatic hyperplasia with obstruction, common in men over 50 years, Any other cause of obstruction of the urinary tract (eg, prostate cancer, urethral stricture), Recent instrumentation or indwelling catheters, Structural abnormalities, such as bladder diverticula, Neurologic conditions that interfere with normal voiding (eg, spinal cord injury), Cognitive impairment, fecal incontinence or urinary incontinence.

• #62 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  Among adults aged 20 to 50 years, UTIs are much more common in women than in men (1, 2). […] The incidence of UTI increases in patients 50 years, but the female:male ratio decreases because of the increasing frequency of prostate enlargement and instrumentation in men. […] Urinary tract infections are a common cause of hospital-acquired bacteremia (1). […] Risk factors for development of UTI in women include the following: Sexual intercourse, Diaphragm and spermicide use, Antibiotic use, New sex partner within the past year, History of UTIs in first-degree female relatives, History of recurrent UTIs, First UTI at early age. […] Risk factors for UTI in males include the following: Benign prostatic hyperplasia with obstruction, common in men over 50 years, Any other cause of obstruction of the urinary tract (eg, prostate cancer, urethral stricture), Recent instrumentation or indwelling catheters, Structural abnormalities, such as bladder diverticula, Neurologic conditions that interfere with normal voiding (eg, spinal cord injury), Cognitive impairment, fecal incontinence or urinary incontinence.

• #63 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections – Genitourinary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/urinary-tract-infections-utis/bacterial-urinary-tract-infections

  Among adults aged 20 to 50 years, UTIs are much more common in women than in men (1, 2). […] The incidence of UTI increases in patients 50 years, but the female:male ratio decreases because of the increasing frequency of prostate enlargement and instrumentation in men. […] Urinary tract infections are a common cause of hospital-acquired bacteremia (1). […] Risk factors for development of UTI in women include the following: Sexual intercourse, Diaphragm and spermicide use, Antibiotic use, New sex partner within the past year, History of UTIs in first-degree female relatives, History of recurrent UTIs, First UTI at early age. […] Risk factors for UTI in males include the following: Benign prostatic hyperplasia with obstruction, common in men over 50 years, Any other cause of obstruction of the urinary tract (eg, prostate cancer, urethral stricture), Recent instrumentation or indwelling catheters, Structural abnormalities, such as bladder diverticula, Neurologic conditions that interfere with normal voiding (eg, spinal cord injury), Cognitive impairment, fecal incontinence or urinary incontinence.

• #64 Everything you should know about urinary tract infections

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189953

  UTIs are one of the most common types of outpatient infections in the United States, leading to more than 8.1 million visits to the doctor every year. […] According to 2022 research, groups at a higher risk of complicated UTIs include: males, pregnant people, immunocompromised people, older people, those using catheters, those having radiotherapy treatment. […] The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) writes that bladder infections simple UTIs are the most common type. […] Overall, females are more likely to develop a UTI than males, with 4060% of females developing an infection at least once in their life and 10% of females developing a UTI once a year. […] The NIDDK notes that females are more likely to develop UTIs than males. […] According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, pregnant people have a higher risk of UTIs than other people.

• #65 Everything you should know about urinary tract infections

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189953

  UTIs are one of the most common types of outpatient infections in the United States, leading to more than 8.1 million visits to the doctor every year. […] According to 2022 research, groups at a higher risk of complicated UTIs include: males, pregnant people, immunocompromised people, older people, those using catheters, those having radiotherapy treatment. […] The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) writes that bladder infections simple UTIs are the most common type. […] Overall, females are more likely to develop a UTI than males, with 4060% of females developing an infection at least once in their life and 10% of females developing a UTI once a year. […] The NIDDK notes that females are more likely to develop UTIs than males. […] According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, pregnant people have a higher risk of UTIs than other people.

• #66 Everything you should know about urinary tract infections

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189953

  UTIs are one of the most common types of outpatient infections in the United States, leading to more than 8.1 million visits to the doctor every year. […] According to 2022 research, groups at a higher risk of complicated UTIs include: males, pregnant people, immunocompromised people, older people, those using catheters, those having radiotherapy treatment. […] The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) writes that bladder infections simple UTIs are the most common type. […] Overall, females are more likely to develop a UTI than males, with 4060% of females developing an infection at least once in their life and 10% of females developing a UTI once a year. […] The NIDDK notes that females are more likely to develop UTIs than males. […] According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, pregnant people have a higher risk of UTIs than other people.

• #67 Everything you should know about urinary tract infections

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189953

  UTIs are one of the most common types of outpatient infections in the United States, leading to more than 8.1 million visits to the doctor every year. […] According to 2022 research, groups at a higher risk of complicated UTIs include: males, pregnant people, immunocompromised people, older people, those using catheters, those having radiotherapy treatment. […] The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) writes that bladder infections simple UTIs are the most common type. […] Overall, females are more likely to develop a UTI than males, with 4060% of females developing an infection at least once in their life and 10% of females developing a UTI once a year. […] The NIDDK notes that females are more likely to develop UTIs than males. […] According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, pregnant people have a higher risk of UTIs than other people.

• #68 Everything you should know about urinary tract infections

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189953

  UTIs are one of the most common types of outpatient infections in the United States, leading to more than 8.1 million visits to the doctor every year. […] According to 2022 research, groups at a higher risk of complicated UTIs include: males, pregnant people, immunocompromised people, older people, those using catheters, those having radiotherapy treatment. […] The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) writes that bladder infections simple UTIs are the most common type. […] Overall, females are more likely to develop a UTI than males, with 4060% of females developing an infection at least once in their life and 10% of females developing a UTI once a year. […] The NIDDK notes that females are more likely to develop UTIs than males. […] According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, pregnant people have a higher risk of UTIs than other people.

• #69 Everything you should know about urinary tract infections

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/189953

  UTIs are one of the most common types of outpatient infections in the United States, leading to more than 8.1 million visits to the doctor every year. […] According to 2022 research, groups at a higher risk of complicated UTIs include: males, pregnant people, immunocompromised people, older people, those using catheters, those having radiotherapy treatment. […] The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) writes that bladder infections simple UTIs are the most common type. […] Overall, females are more likely to develop a UTI than males, with 4060% of females developing an infection at least once in their life and 10% of females developing a UTI once a year. […] The NIDDK notes that females are more likely to develop UTIs than males. […] According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, pregnant people have a higher risk of UTIs than other people.

• #70 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of UTIs in Children—A Single-Center Observation

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/13/1/138

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of childhood’s most common bacterial infections. The study aimed to determine the clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, risk factors, and etiology of different UTIs in children admitted to pediatric hospitals for three years. […] Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections in childhood, affecting approximately 7.8% of children <19 years with urinary symptoms and/or fever. The prevalence of UTIs in children varies by age, race/ethnicity, sex, and circumcision status. [...] Many factors are associated with an increased risk of UTIs in children. These include female sex, CAKUT, bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD), a neurogenic bladder (NB), urolithiasis, diabetes mellites (DM), and immunodeficiency. [...] The most commonly isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (74%).

• #71 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of UTIs in Children—A Single-Center Observation

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/13/1/138

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of childhood’s most common bacterial infections. The study aimed to determine the clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, risk factors, and etiology of different UTIs in children admitted to pediatric hospitals for three years. […] Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections in childhood, affecting approximately 7.8% of children <19 years with urinary symptoms and/or fever. The prevalence of UTIs in children varies by age, race/ethnicity, sex, and circumcision status. [...] Many factors are associated with an increased risk of UTIs in children. These include female sex, CAKUT, bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD), a neurogenic bladder (NB), urolithiasis, diabetes mellites (DM), and immunodeficiency. [...] The most commonly isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (74%).

• #72 Uncomplicated vs Complicated UTIs – Infectious Disease Advisor

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/features/complicated-vs-uncomplicated-uti/

  Complicated UTIs are more likely to cause symptomatic illness or death. […] In women, UTIs can be diagnosed through signs and symptoms such as fever and painful, urgent, and frequent urination. […] An HCP may order a urine culture a test designed to detect signs of infection in the urine for patients who experience recurrent UTIs and for those who are pregnant or are immunocompromised. […] Patients with complicated UTIs may undergo antibiotic susceptibility testing to determine the most effective antibiotic treatment option. Hospitalization and intravenous (IV) antibiotic therapy may be necessary for those who show signs and symptoms of a more serious infection. […] Unlike an uncomplicated UTI, complicated UTIs are more difficult to treat because they may require a longer treatment course and be caused by bacteria that are resistant to medication. […] There are some strategies for prevention still under review, including cranberry supplements, probiotics, and vaccines. […] Patients who experience recurrent UTIs defined as at least 2 symptomatic UTIs within 6 months or 3 within in 12 months may be prescribed preventive antibiotic therapy.

• #73 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #74 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #75 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #76 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #77 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #78 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #79 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #80 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #81 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #82 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #83 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #84 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #85 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #86 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #87 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #88 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  In the United States, 70-80% of complicated UTIs are attributable to indwelling catheters, accounting for 1 million cases per year. Catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and are collectively the most common cause of secondary bloodstream infections. […] UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). […] The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For uncomplicated UTIs, other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. For complicated UTIs, the other causative agents are (in order of prevalence) Enterococcus spp., K. pneumoniae, Candida spp., S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa and GBS.

• #89 Healthcare Associated Urinary Tract Infections – ISID

  https://isid.org/guide/hospital/urinary-tract-infections/

  Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are one of the most common healthcare associated infection (HAI). The frequency of CAUTI is 12.9%, 19.6%, and 24% in the United States, Europe, and developing countries, respectively. […] According to the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (NICC), from 2012 to 2017, the CAUTI pooled mean rate for 45 countries was 4.8 per 1000 catheter-days, rates ranged of 2.2 UTI per 1000 catheter-days in surgical cardiothoracic ICUs to 6.7 UTI per 1000 catheter-days in respiratory ICUs. […] Overall, the occurrence of CAUTI increases cost and duration of hospital stay by 4 days. […] The most common pathogens associated with CAUTI are gram-negative bacilli. The most frequent pathogens associated with CAUTI in hospitals reporting to National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) between 2015-2017 were Escherichia coli (34.3%), Klebsiella (14.2%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.8%).

• #90 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  UTIs are becoming increasingly difficult to treat owing to the widespread emergence of an array of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Of particular concern are members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, including E. coli and K. pneumoniae, which have both acquired plasmids encoding extended-spectrum -lactamases (ESBLs). […] Multidrug-resistant uropathogenic organisms are becoming an expanding public health threat, as Enterobacteriaceae family members increasingly acquire extended-spectrum -lactamases (ESBLs) such as cefotaximases (CTX-Ms) and oxacillinases (OXAs), AmpC-type -lactamases and carbapenemases.

• #91 Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4457377/

  UTIs are becoming increasingly difficult to treat owing to the widespread emergence of an array of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Of particular concern are members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, including E. coli and K. pneumoniae, which have both acquired plasmids encoding extended-spectrum -lactamases (ESBLs). […] Multidrug-resistant uropathogenic organisms are becoming an expanding public health threat, as Enterobacteriaceae family members increasingly acquire extended-spectrum -lactamases (ESBLs) such as cefotaximases (CTX-Ms) and oxacillinases (OXAs), AmpC-type -lactamases and carbapenemases.

• #92 Prevalence of urinary tract infection and antimicrobial resistance patterns of uropathogens with biofilm forming capacity among outpatients in morogoro, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-023-08641-x

  Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the second most common infectious disease affecting more than 150 million people globally annually. […] There is a data gap on global AMR patterns from low-income settings, including Tanzania. […] Data on antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in relation to biofilm formation will help in the proper selection of antibiotics and the fight against AMR. […] The prevalence of UTIs was 41% (141/344) and elders (=60 years) had five times higher odds of having UTI as compared to adolescents (p0.001). […] A total of 72 (51%) of all isolated bacteria were multi-drug resistant. […] All isolated bacteria demonstrated high resistance (85%) against ampicillin and co-trimoxazole. […] A need to strengthen stewardship programs is urgently advocated. […] Data regarding the prevalence of UTI among children and pregnant women are largely available, probably because of their susceptibility to secondary complications.

• #93 Prevalence of urinary tract infection and antimicrobial resistance patterns of uropathogens with biofilm forming capacity among outpatients in morogoro, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-023-08641-x

  Our results indicate the diverse burden of UTI across different geographical locations, which might explain the differences in social determinants of UTI. […] The findings underscore the need for integrating urine culture and sensitivity to properly manage UTI in our health facilities. […] High prevalence rates of antibiotic resistance were also observed in clinical bacterial isolates. […] A need to strengthen AMR stewardship programs in health facilities is urgently advocated in order to halt the spread of AMR.

• #94 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and Cystitis (Bladder Infection) in Females: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233101-overview

  Rates of infection are high in postmenopausal women because of bladder or uterine prolapse causing incomplete bladder emptying; loss of estrogen with attendant changes in vaginal flora (notably, loss of lactobacilli), which allows periurethral colonization with gram-negative aerobes, such as E coli; and higher likelihood of concomitant medical illness, such as diabetes. […] Most complicated UTIs are nosocomial in origin. Increasingly, UTIs in patients in healthcare institutions and in those with frequent antibiotic exposure are caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens, such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase producers. However, the prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens varies by locale. […] The most important risk factor for bacteriuria is the presence of a catheter. […] Eighty percent of nosocomial UTIs are related to urethral catheterization, whereas 5-10% are related to genitourinary manipulation. […] UTIs occur in 3-50% of renal transplant patients and frequently are silent.

• #95 Rural–urban differences in antibiotic prescribing for uncomplicated urinary tract infection | Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/ruralurban-differences-in-antibiotic-prescribing-for-uncomplicated-urinary-tract-infection/E2927104A8CB31226B8E31339A697C7C

  To examine ruralurban differences in temporal trends and risk of inappropriate antibiotic use by agent and duration among women with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI). […] Of 670,450 women with uncomplicated UTI, a large proportion received antibiotic prescriptions for inappropriate agents (46.7%) or durations (76.1%). […] Compared to urban women, rural women were more likely to receive prescriptions with inappropriately long durations (adjusted risk ratio 1.10, 95% CI, 1.101.10), which was consistent across subgroups. […] Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing is quite common for the treatment of uncomplicated UTI. Rural women are more likely to receive inappropriately long antibiotic durations. […] Given the high burden of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing among women with uncomplicated UTIs in the United States, research on contemporary patterns of treatment is needed to identify disparities in appropriate antibiotic use.

• #96 Urinary Tract Infection Program | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Health-Topics/Antimicrobial-Stewardship/UTI-Program

  We have developed the Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) program to respond to concerns about the overuse of antibiotics for presumed UTIs in residents in long-term care homes (LTCHs) and the associated antibiotic-related harms. […] The UTI program supports long-term care homes to improve the management of UTIs for non-catheterized residents in their homes and helps them implement the organizational and individual practice changes required. […] It is common to find bacteria in the urine of the elderly but it does not always mean that they have a UTI. […] Older people are often given antibiotics for what health care providers and other caregivers assume to be UTIs. […] It can be harmful to treat somebody with antibiotics when they dont need them. […] Antibiotic use can increase the risk of antibiotic resistance, which can make it more difficult to treat future infections.

• #97 Urinary Tract Infection Program | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Health-Topics/Antimicrobial-Stewardship/UTI-Program

  We have developed the Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) program to respond to concerns about the overuse of antibiotics for presumed UTIs in residents in long-term care homes (LTCHs) and the associated antibiotic-related harms. […] The UTI program supports long-term care homes to improve the management of UTIs for non-catheterized residents in their homes and helps them implement the organizational and individual practice changes required. […] It is common to find bacteria in the urine of the elderly but it does not always mean that they have a UTI. […] Older people are often given antibiotics for what health care providers and other caregivers assume to be UTIs. […] It can be harmful to treat somebody with antibiotics when they dont need them. […] Antibiotic use can increase the risk of antibiotic resistance, which can make it more difficult to treat future infections.

• #98 Urinary Tract Infection Program | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Health-Topics/Antimicrobial-Stewardship/UTI-Program

  The three phases of the UTI Program (assess, plan, implement) are designed to help LTCHs adopt and sustain best practices for managing and treating UTIs. […] The UTI Program has been designed to support practice change to reduce the number of inappropriate urine culture submissions and inappropriate treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria for residents in LTCHs. […] By participating in this program, LTCHs could potentially see: fewer total urine cultures being sent out for laboratory analysis, reduced costs related to testing and treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria, reduced risk that residents will experience antibiotic harms.

• #99 Urinary Tract Infection Program | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Health-Topics/Antimicrobial-Stewardship/UTI-Program

  The three phases of the UTI Program (assess, plan, implement) are designed to help LTCHs adopt and sustain best practices for managing and treating UTIs. […] The UTI Program has been designed to support practice change to reduce the number of inappropriate urine culture submissions and inappropriate treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria for residents in LTCHs. […] By participating in this program, LTCHs could potentially see: fewer total urine cultures being sent out for laboratory analysis, reduced costs related to testing and treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria, reduced risk that residents will experience antibiotic harms.

• #100 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  Thus far, detailed information regarding the global burden of UTIs remains limited. A systematic review and meta-analysis, encompassing 38 studies and 981,221 individuals worldwide, found that the incidence of UTIs varied from 1.1 to 3.7% across different regions. However, these studies primarily focused on developing countries, and differences in study design and sample size may have led to biased estimates of incidence rates, limiting their generalisability. […] To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to explore the correlation between economic development and UTIs, identify factors influencing the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), and predict disease burden trends up to 2050 utilising data from the GBD 2021. […] The burden of UTIs worldwide is closely related to the SDI level. In 2021. The middlelow SDI region exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, ASDAR, while the middlehigh SDI region showed the lowest ASIR, ASPR and ASDR, and high SDI region had the lowest ASDAR. […] The global incidence rate is projected to continue increasing until 2050, with an expected growth rate of 17.04%. These findings provide valuable information and data for addressing the global health challenges posed by UTIs.

• #101 Epidemiological trends and predictions of urinary tract infections in the global burden of disease study 2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89240-5

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent; however, comprehensive and current epidemiological data remain scarce. This study examined the global, national, and regional burden of UTIs by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2021. The 2021 Global Burden of Disease study included age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardised prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardised death rate (ASDR), and age-standardised disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDAR). The estimated annual percentage change was used to depict temporal trends, whereas Pearson correlation analysis explore its correlation with the human development index (HDI), the SDI, and age-standardised rates (ASRs). An autoregressive integrated moving average model forecasted the UTI burden trends. From 1990 to 2021, the number of UTI cases increased by 66.45%, reaching 4.49 billion cases, with an ASIR of 5,531.88 per 100,000 population. The greatest incidence of UTIs was seen in women and older adult men. Tropical Latin America and lowmiddle SDI regions exhibited the highest ASIR, ASPR, ASDR, and ASDAR, while East Asia showed the lowest. ASDR and ASDAR decreased with higher SDI levels. ASR and HDI were weakly positively correlated with ASDR and ASDAR. ASIR, ASPR, and ASDAR are projected to increase until 2050. The global burden of UTIs is rising and is influenced by geographical location, age, sex, and economic development, crucial for guiding medical practices and forming relevant policies.

• #102 Rural–urban differences in antibiotic prescribing for uncomplicated urinary tract infection | Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/ruralurban-differences-in-antibiotic-prescribing-for-uncomplicated-urinary-tract-infection/E2927104A8CB31226B8E31339A697C7C

  Given the large quantity of inappropriate prescriptions annually in the United States, as well as the negative patient- and society-level consequences of unnecessary exposure to antibiotics, antimicrobial stewardship interventions are needed to improve outpatient UTI antibiotic prescribing, particularly in rural settings.

• #103 Recurrent UTI in Women: Risk Factors Identified Among Those With Cystitis

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/news/recurrent-urinary-tract-infection-risk-factors-in-women-with-cystitis/

  Recurrent urinary tract infection in women with cystitis was associated with immunocompromised status, diabetes, frequent antibiotic use and medical encounters within the previous year, older age, and antibiotic-resistant infection. […] Although UTIs are among the most common bacterial infections, epidemiologic information about recurrent UTIs among women with cystitis is limited. […] Current assessment of the epidemiology of rUTI provided by this report may help guide development and use of preventive therapies, including potential vaccines against common uropathogens. […] According to the researchers, Current assessment of the epidemiology of rUTI [recurrent UTI] provided by this report may help guide development and use of preventive therapies, including potential vaccines against common uropathogens.

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