Hemoroidy
Etiologia i przyczyny

Hemoroidy to patologiczne przemieszczenie i powiększenie poduszeczek odbytu, spowodowane degeneracją tkanek podporowych oraz rozszerzeniem naczyń żylnych w dolnej części odbytnicy i okolicy odbytu. Aktualnie dominująca teoria ślizgania się wyściółki kanału odbytu wskazuje na osłabienie tkanek podporowych jako główną przyczynę, a nie klasyczne żylaki. Dodatkowo, teoria naczyniowa podkreśla zaburzenia przepływu tętniczo-żylnego, prowadzące do obrzęku i wypadania hemoroidów, natomiast teoria mechaniczna wiąże rozwój hemoroidów z wiekiem i postępującym osłabieniem tkanek. W badaniach histologicznych wykazano obecność rozszerzonych naczyń oraz aktywność metaloproteinaz macierzy (MMP), które degradują białka pozakomórkowe, takie jak elastyna, fibronektyna i kolagen, co sprzyja osłabieniu struktury poduszeczek.

Etiologia hemoroidów

Hemoroidy (żylaki odbytu) to powiększone, obrzęknięte naczynia krwionośne w dolnej części odbytnicy i okolicy odbytu. Chociaż dokładna patofizjologia powstawania objawowych hemoroidów nie jest w pełni wyjaśniona, istnieje kilka teorii tłumaczących ich rozwój oraz wiele czynników ryzyka, które przyczyniają się do ich występowania.123

Teorie powstawania hemoroidów

Przez lata dominowała teoria żylaków, która sugerowała, że hemoroidy są spowodowane żylakami w kanale odbytu. Obecnie teoria ta jest przestarzała, ponieważ udowodniono, że hemoroidy i żylaki odbytnicy to odrębne jednostki chorobowe.4

Obecnie powszechnie akceptowana jest teoria ślizgania się wyściółki kanału odbytu. Zakłada ona, że hemoroidy rozwijają się, gdy tkanki podporowe poduszeczek odbytu ulegają degeneracji lub osłabieniu. Hemoroidy są zatem patologicznym terminem opisującym nieprawidłowe przemieszczenie się poduszeczek odbytu w dół, powodujące rozszerzenie naczyń żylnych.5

Istnieją również dwie inne teorie dotyczące powstawania hemoroidów:6

  • Teoria naczyniowa – rozpatruje obrzęk hemoroidów jako skutek zaburzenia przepływu tętniczo-żylnego. Pod wpływem nadmiernego przepływu krwi poduszeczki hemoroidalne rozciągają się i powiększają. Wzrost napływu tętniczego i zmniejszenie odpływu żylnego prowadzi do wybrzuszenia hemoroidów, a w ciężkich przypadkach do wypadania hemoroidów poza odbyt.7
  • Teoria mechaniczna – przypisuje wypadanie hemoroidów postępującemu osłabieniu tkanki otaczającej poduszeczki hemoroidalne. Jedną z przyczyn osłabienia tkanek jest wiek. Z wiekiem tkanki podtrzymujące poduszeczki w okolicy odbytniczo-odbytowej stają się bardziej kruche i rozciągliwe, a ryzyko wypadania hemoroidów jest większe.8

W badaniu histologicznym nieprawidłowych poduszeczek hemoroidalnych wykazano obecność rozszerzonych i zniekształconych naczyń, co sugeruje, że dysregulacja napięcia naczyniowego może odgrywać rolę w rozwoju hemoroidów.9

Stwierdzono obecność kilku enzymów lub mediatorów uczestniczących w degradacji tkanek podporowych w poduszeczkach odbytu. Wśród nich metaloproteinaza macierzy (MMP), proteinaza zależna od cynku, jest jednym z najbardziej aktywnych enzymów, zdolnym do degradacji białek pozakomórkowych, takich jak elastyna, fibronektyna i kolagen.10

Zwiększone ciśnienie w odbytnicy

Istnieje wiele czynników, które przyczyniają się do zwiększonego ciśnienia w żyłach odbytu i odbytnicy. Hemoroidy rozwijają się, gdy ciśnienie w tych naczyniach krwionośnych wzrasta, powodując ich obrzęk i stan zapalny.1112

Najczęstsze przyczyny związane ze zwiększonym ciśnieniem to:

Zaparcia i forsowanie wypróżnienia

Zaparcia i forsowanie podczas wypróżniania są powszechnie uważane za główne przyczyny hemoroidów. Twarde stolce i zwiększone ciśnienie wewnątrzbrzuszne mogą powodować utrudnienie odpływu żylnego, co prowadzi do przekrwienia splotu hemoroidalnego.1314

Dieta uboga w błonnik prowadzi do formowania się stolców o małej objętości, co skutkuje wytężaniem się podczas defekacji. To zwiększone ciśnienie powoduje przekrwienie hemoroidów, prawdopodobnie poprzez zakłócanie odpływu żylnego.15

Długotrwałe siedzenie na toalecie również zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju hemoroidów.1617 Może to prowadzić do wzrostu nacisku na naczynia krwionośne w odbycie i odbytnicy, utrudniając prawidłowy przepływ krwi.

Ciąża i poród

Ciąża wyraźnie predysponuje kobiety do objawów hemoroidów, chociaż etiologia nie jest do końca poznana.18 Podczas ciąży rosnący nacisk na obszar miednicy oraz zmiany hormonalne mogą powodować rozszerzanie i obrzęk naczyń krwionośnych.19

Zwiększona masa ciała związana z rozwijającym się płodem i macicą wywiera nacisk na miednicę.20 Hemoroidy mogą występować nawet u 35% kobiet w ciąży.21

Zmiany hormonalne podczas ciąży mogą również wpływać na naczynia krwionośne, powodując ich większą podatność na obrzęk i stan zapalny.22 Hormony mogą powodować rozluźnienie żył i zwiększać ich skłonność do puchnięcia.23

Podnoszenie ciężkich przedmiotów

Powtarzające się podnoszenie ciężkich przedmiotów może prowadzić do rozwoju hemoroidów.2425 Podczas podnoszenia ciężarów zwiększa się ciśnienie wewnątrzbrzuszne, co może spowodować ucisk na żyły odbytnicy.26

Niektóre zawody wymagające podnoszenia ciężkich przedmiotów lub osoby regularnie ćwiczące z obciążeniem są bardziej narażone na rozwój hemoroidów.27 Przy podnoszeniu ciężarów często wstrzymuje się oddech i napina, co może zwiększać ciśnienie na narządy wewnętrzne.28

Czynniki ryzyka hemoroidów

Oprócz głównych przyczyn związanych ze zwiększonym ciśnieniem w odbytnicy i odbycie, istnieje wiele innych czynników ryzyka, które mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju hemoroidów:

Wiek

Hemoroidy są najczęstsze wśród dorosłych w wieku 45-65 lat.29 Z wiekiem tkanki podporowe odbytnicy i kanału odbytu stają się słabsze, co zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju hemoroidów.30

Starzenie się powoduje, że naczynia w odbytnicy i odbycie mogą się osłabiać, stając się bardziej podatnymi na obrzęk i stan zapalny.31

Nadwaga i otyłość

Badania wiążą nadwagę z wyższym ryzykiem hemoroidów.32 Może to wynikać ze zwiększonego ciśnienia w jamie brzusznej.33

Nadmierny ciężar ciała wywiera dodatkowy nacisk na żyły w okolicy miednicy, powodując ich rozszerzenie i obrzęk.34 Osoby z nadwagą często mają również mniej aktywny tryb życia, co dodatkowo zwiększa ryzyko zaparć i rozwoju hemoroidów.

Predyspozycje genetyczne

Czynniki dziedziczne mogą odgrywać rolę w rozwoju hemoroidów. Niektóre osoby mogą odziedziczyć osłabioną ścianę żył w okolicy odbytnicy.35

Istnieje rodzinne występowanie hemoroidów, co wskazuje na możliwą predyspozycję genetyczną. Kilka badań wykazało, że osoby z rodzinną historią hemoroidów są bardziej narażone na rozwój tej choroby.36

Niektóre zaburzenia genetyczne, takie jak zespół Ehlersa-Danlosa, mogą prowadzić do osłabienia tkanek dna miednicy. Hemoroidy są częstym objawem EDS i mogą czasami zwiastować poważniejsze powikłanie znane jako wypadanie odbytnicy.37

Przewlekła biegunka

Hemoroidy mogą wystąpić po przypadkach przewlekłej biegunki.38 Częste wypróżnienia i podrażnienie błony śluzowej odbytu mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju hemoroidów.39

Siedzący tryb życia

Długotrwałe siedzenie, zwłaszcza na twardych powierzchniach, może przyczyniać się do rozwoju hemoroidów.40 Siedzący tryb życia ogranicza przepływ krwi i sprzyja słabemu zdrowiu jelit.41

Osoby, których zawód wymaga długiego siedzenia, są narażone na zwiększone ciśnienie na naczynia krwionośne wokół odbytu.42

Niski poziom błonnika w diecie

Dieta uboga w błonnik może przyczyniać się do hemoroidów.43 Niedobór błonnika prowadzi do mniejszej częstotliwości wypróżnień oraz suchych, twardych stolców, co skutkuje bólem podczas oddawania stolca.44

Inne czynniki ryzyka

Do innych czynników ryzyka tradycyjnie wiązanych z rozwojem hemoroidów należą:45

Fizjologiczne zmiany w kanale odbytu

U pacjentów z hemoroidami zaobserwowano kilka zmian fizjologicznych w kanale odbytu.46 Bardziej aktualne badania wykazują, że pacjenci z hemoroidami mają tendencję do wyższego napięcia spoczynkowego kanału odbytu – to znaczy, że mięśnie gładkie kanału odbytu są bardziej napięte niż przeciętnie (nawet gdy nie napinają się).47

Niektóre badania kwestionują jednak znaczenie zaparć w rozwoju tej powszechnej dolegliwości.48 Wiele czynników żywieniowych, w tym dieta uboga w błonnik, pikantne potrawy i spożywanie alkoholu, zostało powiązanych z rozwojem hemoroidów, ale dane są niespójne.49

Przyczyny hemoroidów – podsumowanie

Etiologia hemoroidów jest złożona i wieloczynnikowa. Chociaż dokładna patofizjologia nie jest w pełni poznana, główną rolę w rozwoju objawowych hemoroidów odgrywa zwiększone ciśnienie w żyłach odbytnicy i odbytu, które może być spowodowane wieloma czynnikami, takimi jak zaparcia, przewlekła biegunka, ciąża, nadwaga, siedzący tryb życia i podnoszenie ciężkich przedmiotów.5051

Osłabienie tkanek podporowych związane z wiekiem również przyczynia się do rozwoju hemoroidów. Dodatkowo, predyspozycje genetyczne, dieta uboga w błonnik i inne czynniki zdrowotne mogą zwiększać ryzyko ich wystąpienia.52

Zrozumienie przyczyn hemoroidów jest kluczowe dla skutecznej profilaktyki i leczenia tej powszechnej dolegliwości, która dotyka miliony ludzi na całym świecie.53

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Hemorrhoids: Background, Anatomy, Etiology and Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775407-overview
    Hemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels in the lower rectum. They are among the most common causes of anal pathology, and subsequently are blamed for virtually any anorectal complaint by patients and medical professionals alike. […] Hemorrhoids generally cause symptoms when they become enlarged, inflamed, thrombosed, or prolapsed. […] Most symptoms arise from enlarged internal hemorrhoids. Abnormal swelling of the anal cushions causes dilatation and engorgement of the arteriovenous plexuses. This leads to stretching of the suspensory muscles and eventual prolapse of rectal tissue through the anal canal. […] Although many patients and clinicians believe that hemorrhoids are caused by chronic constipation, prolonged sitting, and vigorous straining, little evidence to support a causative link exists.
  • #2 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/
    Hemorrhoids are a very common anorectal condition defined as the symptomatic enlargement and distal displacement of the normal anal cushions. They affect millions of people around the world, and represent a major medical and socioeconomic problem. Multiple factors have been claimed to be the etiologies of hemorrhoidal development, including constipation and prolonged straining. […] The exact pathophysiology of hemorrhoidal development is poorly understood. For years the theory of varicose veins, which postulated that hemorrhoids were caused by varicose veins in the anal canal, had been popular but now it is obsolete because hemorrhoids and anorectal varices are proven to be distinct entities. […] Today, the theory of sliding anal canal lining is widely accepted. This proposes that hemorrhoids develop when the supporting tissues of the anal cushions disintegrate or deteriorate. Hemorrhoids are therefore the pathological term to describe the abnormal downward displacement of the anal cushions causing venous dilatation.
  • #3 Hemorrhoids: Diagnosis and Treatment Options | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0201/p172.html
    Hemorrhoids develop when the venous drainage of the anus is altered, causing the venous plexus and connecting tissue to dilate, creating an outgrowth of anal mucosa from the rectal wall. However, the exact pathophysiology is unknown. […] Although the precise cause is not well understood, hemorrhoids are associated with conditions that increase pressure in the hemorrhoidal venous plexus, such as straining during bowel movements secondary to constipation. Other associations include obesity, pregnancy, chronic diarrhea, anal intercourse, cirrhosis with ascites, pelvic floor dysfunction, and a low-fiber diet.
  • #4 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/
    Hemorrhoids are a very common anorectal condition defined as the symptomatic enlargement and distal displacement of the normal anal cushions. They affect millions of people around the world, and represent a major medical and socioeconomic problem. Multiple factors have been claimed to be the etiologies of hemorrhoidal development, including constipation and prolonged straining. […] The exact pathophysiology of hemorrhoidal development is poorly understood. For years the theory of varicose veins, which postulated that hemorrhoids were caused by varicose veins in the anal canal, had been popular but now it is obsolete because hemorrhoids and anorectal varices are proven to be distinct entities. […] Today, the theory of sliding anal canal lining is widely accepted. This proposes that hemorrhoids develop when the supporting tissues of the anal cushions disintegrate or deteriorate. Hemorrhoids are therefore the pathological term to describe the abnormal downward displacement of the anal cushions causing venous dilatation.
  • #5 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/
    Hemorrhoids are a very common anorectal condition defined as the symptomatic enlargement and distal displacement of the normal anal cushions. They affect millions of people around the world, and represent a major medical and socioeconomic problem. Multiple factors have been claimed to be the etiologies of hemorrhoidal development, including constipation and prolonged straining. […] The exact pathophysiology of hemorrhoidal development is poorly understood. For years the theory of varicose veins, which postulated that hemorrhoids were caused by varicose veins in the anal canal, had been popular but now it is obsolete because hemorrhoids and anorectal varices are proven to be distinct entities. […] Today, the theory of sliding anal canal lining is widely accepted. This proposes that hemorrhoids develop when the supporting tissues of the anal cushions disintegrate or deteriorate. Hemorrhoids are therefore the pathological term to describe the abnormal downward displacement of the anal cushions causing venous dilatation.
  • #6 Hemorrhoids: what they are, symptoms and causes | THD
    https://www.thdlab.fr/web/guest/patients/diseases/hemorrhoids
    Hemorrhoids are a common disease widespread in industrialized countries. Find out about symptoms and causes of hemorrhoids. […] What causes hemorrhoids […] Vascular theory and mechanical theory are amongst the most accredited explanations of the causes of hemorrhoid disease. […] The vascular theory considers hemorrhoids swelling as caused by an alteration in the arteriovenous blood flow. Under the pressure of excessive blood flow, the hemorrhoidal cushions stretch and swell. The increase in arterial in-flow and the reduction in venous out-flow leads to bulging of hemorrhoids and in severe cases, to hemorrhoidal prolapse outside the anus. Increased pressure in the anorectal area can be due to different factors like straining during defecation, low-fiber diet or sitting too long on the toilet.
  • #7 Hemorrhoids: what they are, symptoms and causes | THD
    https://www.thdlab.fr/web/guest/patients/diseases/hemorrhoids
    Hemorrhoids are a common disease widespread in industrialized countries. Find out about symptoms and causes of hemorrhoids. […] What causes hemorrhoids […] Vascular theory and mechanical theory are amongst the most accredited explanations of the causes of hemorrhoid disease. […] The vascular theory considers hemorrhoids swelling as caused by an alteration in the arteriovenous blood flow. Under the pressure of excessive blood flow, the hemorrhoidal cushions stretch and swell. The increase in arterial in-flow and the reduction in venous out-flow leads to bulging of hemorrhoids and in severe cases, to hemorrhoidal prolapse outside the anus. Increased pressure in the anorectal area can be due to different factors like straining during defecation, low-fiber diet or sitting too long on the toilet.
  • #8 Hemorrhoids: what they are, symptoms and causes | THD
    https://www.thdlab.fr/web/guest/patients/diseases/hemorrhoids
    The mechanical theory attributes the prolapse of hemorrhoids to the progressive weakening of the tissue that surrounds the hemorrhoidal cushions. One of the causes of the weakening of tissues is age. With age, the tissues supporting the cushions in the anorectal area become more fragile and stretch and the risk of prolapsing hemorrhoids is higher. This can also happen during pregnancy when the baby’s weight increases the pressure on the anorectal region. […] There then are other factors that may contribute to the development of hemorrhoidal disease, in particular: family history, obesity, environmental factors (e.g., diet, sedentary lifestyle), chronic constipation or diarrhea.
  • #9 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/
    Several enzymes or mediators involving the degradation of supporting tissues in the anal cushions have been studied. Among these, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), a zinc-dependent proteinase, is one of the most potent enzymes, being capable of degrading extracellular proteins such as elastin, fibronectin, and collagen. […] Based on the histological findings of abnormal venous dilatation and distortion in hemorrhoids, dysregulation of the vascular tone might play a role in hemorrhoidal development. […] Several physiological changes in the anal canal of patients with hemorrhoids have been observed. […] Constipation and prolonged straining are widely believed to cause hemorrhoids because hard stool and increased intraabdominal pressure could cause obstruction of venous return, resulting in engorgement of the hemorrhoidal plexus. […] However, recent evidence questions the importance of constipation in the development of this common disorder. […] Many dietary factors including low fiber diet, spicy foods and alcohol intake have been implicated, but reported data are inconsistent.
  • #10 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/
    Several enzymes or mediators involving the degradation of supporting tissues in the anal cushions have been studied. Among these, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), a zinc-dependent proteinase, is one of the most potent enzymes, being capable of degrading extracellular proteins such as elastin, fibronectin, and collagen. […] Based on the histological findings of abnormal venous dilatation and distortion in hemorrhoids, dysregulation of the vascular tone might play a role in hemorrhoidal development. […] Several physiological changes in the anal canal of patients with hemorrhoids have been observed. […] Constipation and prolonged straining are widely believed to cause hemorrhoids because hard stool and increased intraabdominal pressure could cause obstruction of venous return, resulting in engorgement of the hemorrhoidal plexus. […] However, recent evidence questions the importance of constipation in the development of this common disorder. […] Many dietary factors including low fiber diet, spicy foods and alcohol intake have been implicated, but reported data are inconsistent.
  • #11 Hemorrhoids Treatment, Symptoms, Causes & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15120-hemorrhoids
    Hemorrhoids can happen inside or outside of your rectum. The type depends on where the swollen vein develops. Types include: […] Straining puts pressure on veins in your anus or rectum, causing hemorrhoids. You might think of them as varicose veins that affect your bottom. […] Any sort of straining that increases pressure on your belly or lower extremities can cause anal and rectal veins to become swollen and inflamed. Hemorrhoids may develop due to: […] Pelvic pressure from weight gain, especially during pregnancy. […] Pushing hard to have a bowel movement (poop) because of constipation. […] Straining to lift heavy objects or weightlifting.
  • #12 Symptoms & Causes of Hemorrhoids – NIDDK
    https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/hemorrhoids/symptoms-causes
    What causes hemorrhoids? The causes of hemorrhoids include straining during bowel movements […] sitting on the toilet for long periods of time […] chronic constipation or diarrhea […] a low-fiber diet […] weakening of the supporting tissues in your anus and rectum that happens with aging […] pregnancy […] often lifting heavy objects.
  • #13 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/
    Several enzymes or mediators involving the degradation of supporting tissues in the anal cushions have been studied. Among these, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), a zinc-dependent proteinase, is one of the most potent enzymes, being capable of degrading extracellular proteins such as elastin, fibronectin, and collagen. […] Based on the histological findings of abnormal venous dilatation and distortion in hemorrhoids, dysregulation of the vascular tone might play a role in hemorrhoidal development. […] Several physiological changes in the anal canal of patients with hemorrhoids have been observed. […] Constipation and prolonged straining are widely believed to cause hemorrhoids because hard stool and increased intraabdominal pressure could cause obstruction of venous return, resulting in engorgement of the hemorrhoidal plexus. […] However, recent evidence questions the importance of constipation in the development of this common disorder. […] Many dietary factors including low fiber diet, spicy foods and alcohol intake have been implicated, but reported data are inconsistent.
  • #14 Piles (Haemorrhoids): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://patient.info/digestive-health/rectal-bleeding-blood-in-faeces/piles-haemorrhoids
    If you delay going to the toilet and need to strain when passing stool then this can increase the pressure and so makes it more likely that a pile will develop. […] Any sort of straining that increases pressure on the abdomen (belly) or pelvis can cause anal and rectal veins to become swollen and inflamed. […] Piles are common during pregnancy. This is probably due to pressure effects of the baby lying above the rectum and anus, and also the affect that the change in hormones during pregnancy can have on the veins. […] There are certain situations that increase the chance of piles developing. Risk factors include: […] Constipation, passing large stools (faeces), and straining on the toilet. These increase the pressure in and around the veins in the anus and seem to be a common reason for piles to develop.
  • #15 Hemorrhoids: Background, Anatomy, Etiology and Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775407-overview
    Most authors agree that low-fiber diets cause small-caliber stools, which result in straining during defecation. This increased pressure causes engorgement of the hemorrhoids, possibly by interfering with venous return. […] Pregnancy clearly predisposes women to symptoms from hemorrhoids, although the etiology is unknown. […] Portal hypertension has often been mentioned in conjunction with hemorrhoids. […] However, hemorrhoidal symptoms do not occur more frequently in patients with portal hypertension than in those without it, and massive bleeding from hemorrhoids in these patients is unusual. […] Other risk factors historically associated with the development of hemorrhoids include the following: Lack of erect posture, Familial tendency, Higher socioeconomic status, Chronic diarrhea, Colon malignancy, Hepatic disease, Obesity, Elevated anal resting pressure, Spinal cord injury, Loss of rectal muscle tone, Rectal surgery, Episiotomy, Anal intercourse, Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis, and Crohn disease. […] Internal hemorrhoids cannot cause cutaneous pain, because they are above the dentate line and are not innervated by cutaneous nerves. However, they can bleed, prolapse, and, as a result of the deposition of an irritant onto the sensitive perianal skin, cause perianal itching and irritation.
  • #16 Symptoms & Causes of Hemorrhoids – NIDDK
    https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/hemorrhoids/symptoms-causes
    What causes hemorrhoids? The causes of hemorrhoids include straining during bowel movements […] sitting on the toilet for long periods of time […] chronic constipation or diarrhea […] a low-fiber diet […] weakening of the supporting tissues in your anus and rectum that happens with aging […] pregnancy […] often lifting heavy objects.
  • #17 Hemorrhoids | Piles | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/hemorrhoids.html
    Hemorrhoids happen when there is too much pressure on the veins around the anus. This can be caused by: […] Straining during bowel movements. […] Sitting on the toilet for long periods of time. […] Chronic constipation or diarrhea. […] A low-fiber diet. […] Weakening of the supporting tissues in your anus and rectum. This can happen with aging and pregnancy. […] Frequently lifting heavy objects.
  • #18 Hemorrhoids: Background, Anatomy, Etiology and Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775407-overview
    Most authors agree that low-fiber diets cause small-caliber stools, which result in straining during defecation. This increased pressure causes engorgement of the hemorrhoids, possibly by interfering with venous return. […] Pregnancy clearly predisposes women to symptoms from hemorrhoids, although the etiology is unknown. […] Portal hypertension has often been mentioned in conjunction with hemorrhoids. […] However, hemorrhoidal symptoms do not occur more frequently in patients with portal hypertension than in those without it, and massive bleeding from hemorrhoids in these patients is unusual. […] Other risk factors historically associated with the development of hemorrhoids include the following: Lack of erect posture, Familial tendency, Higher socioeconomic status, Chronic diarrhea, Colon malignancy, Hepatic disease, Obesity, Elevated anal resting pressure, Spinal cord injury, Loss of rectal muscle tone, Rectal surgery, Episiotomy, Anal intercourse, Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis, and Crohn disease. […] Internal hemorrhoids cannot cause cutaneous pain, because they are above the dentate line and are not innervated by cutaneous nerves. However, they can bleed, prolapse, and, as a result of the deposition of an irritant onto the sensitive perianal skin, cause perianal itching and irritation.
  • #19 Hemorrhoids: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/73938
    Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen veins in the lower part of the anus and rectum. Older age, pregnancy, and constipation can cause piles. […] Although healthcare professionals do not fully understand why hemorrhoids appear, they may occur for the following reasons: Pregnancy: During pregnancy, the increasing weight of the developing fetus and uterus put pressure on the pelvis. Hemorrhoids may occur in up to 35% of pregnant people. […] Aging: Hemorrhoids are most common among adults ages 45-65 years. However, young people and children can also get them. […] Diarrhea: Hemorrhoids can occur after cases of chronic diarrhea. […] Chronic constipation: Straining to move a stool puts additional pressure on the walls of the blood vessels, which may result in hemorrhoids. […] Sitting for too long: Spending a long time in a seated position, especially on the toilet, can cause hemorrhoids.
  • #20 Hemorrhoids Treatment, Symptoms, Causes & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15120-hemorrhoids
    Hemorrhoids can happen inside or outside of your rectum. The type depends on where the swollen vein develops. Types include: […] Straining puts pressure on veins in your anus or rectum, causing hemorrhoids. You might think of them as varicose veins that affect your bottom. […] Any sort of straining that increases pressure on your belly or lower extremities can cause anal and rectal veins to become swollen and inflamed. Hemorrhoids may develop due to: […] Pelvic pressure from weight gain, especially during pregnancy. […] Pushing hard to have a bowel movement (poop) because of constipation. […] Straining to lift heavy objects or weightlifting.
  • #21 Hemorrhoids: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/73938
    Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen veins in the lower part of the anus and rectum. Older age, pregnancy, and constipation can cause piles. […] Although healthcare professionals do not fully understand why hemorrhoids appear, they may occur for the following reasons: Pregnancy: During pregnancy, the increasing weight of the developing fetus and uterus put pressure on the pelvis. Hemorrhoids may occur in up to 35% of pregnant people. […] Aging: Hemorrhoids are most common among adults ages 45-65 years. However, young people and children can also get them. […] Diarrhea: Hemorrhoids can occur after cases of chronic diarrhea. […] Chronic constipation: Straining to move a stool puts additional pressure on the walls of the blood vessels, which may result in hemorrhoids. […] Sitting for too long: Spending a long time in a seated position, especially on the toilet, can cause hemorrhoids.
  • #22 What Causes Hemorrhoids? | Georgia Hemorrhoid Instituteclosechevron-downtwitterfacebookbarslinkedinyoutube-playinstagram
    https://www.georgiahae.com/what-causes-hemorrhoids/
    Hemorrhoids can develop during pregnancy due to increased pressure on the abdomen. This pressure can slow down the digestive system and cause constipation. Additionally, hormonal imbalances during pregnancy can contribute to the swelling of blood vessels, leading to hemorrhoids. […] A sedentary lifestyle and obesity are two factors that contribute to hemorrhoids. Remaining seated for prolonged periods, such as at a desk job, can cause pressure on the veins in the rectal area. Additionally, carrying excess weight can put added force on the abdomen, contributing to hemorrhoids. […] Prolonged sitting, aging, and certain medical conditions can also contribute to the onset of hemorrhoids. As we age, the veins in the rectum and anus can weaken, making them more susceptible to swelling and inflammation. Certain medical conditions, such as liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic constipation, can also contribute to hemorrhoids.
  • #23 Hemorrhoids, Symptoms, Causes, Types – Bay Biosciences
    https://baybiosciences.com/hemorrhoids-symptoms-causes-types/
    Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen veins in the lower part of the anus and rectum. When the walls of these vessels stretch, they can become irritated. […] Although doctors do not fully understand why hemorrhoids appear, they may occur for the following reasons: Pregnancy: During pregnancy, tissues in the rectum become weaker, and hormones cause veins to relax and swell. Hemorrhoids may occur in up to 35% of pregnant women. […] Aging: Hemorrhoids are most common among adults over age 50 years. However, young people and children can also get them. […] Diarrhea: Hemorrhoids can occur after cases of chronic diarrhea. […] Chronic constipation: Straining to move stool puts additional pressure on the walls of the blood vessels, which may result in hemorrhoids. […] Sitting for too long: Spending a long time in a seated position, especially on the toilet, can cause hemorrhoids.
  • #24 Symptoms & Causes of Hemorrhoids – NIDDK
    https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/hemorrhoids/symptoms-causes
    What causes hemorrhoids? The causes of hemorrhoids include straining during bowel movements […] sitting on the toilet for long periods of time […] chronic constipation or diarrhea […] a low-fiber diet […] weakening of the supporting tissues in your anus and rectum that happens with aging […] pregnancy […] often lifting heavy objects.
  • #25 Hemorrhoids | Piles | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/hemorrhoids.html
    Hemorrhoids happen when there is too much pressure on the veins around the anus. This can be caused by: […] Straining during bowel movements. […] Sitting on the toilet for long periods of time. […] Chronic constipation or diarrhea. […] A low-fiber diet. […] Weakening of the supporting tissues in your anus and rectum. This can happen with aging and pregnancy. […] Frequently lifting heavy objects.
  • #26 Hemorrhoids: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/digestive/hemorrhoids
    What causes hemorrhoids? Hemorrhoids are essentially varicose veins that affect your anal area. Any time you strain, you put pressure on them. […] Some causes of hemorrhoids include: […] Straining due to weightlifting. Exercise itself may be protective against hemorrhoids, as it helps you lose weight that may be associated with hemorrhoids. But if you strain while you lift, it can put pressure on rectal vessels, which may lead to hemorrhoids. […] Sitting for a long time. This increases pressure on anal veins, raising the risk of hemorrhoids. […] Pushing hard to have a bowel movement. Pushing down during a BM can put pressure on the muscles and veins in the pelvic floor, resulting in hemorrhoids. […] Chronic constipation or diarrhea. Constant straining can lead to hemorrhoids. […] A low-fiber diet. This can cause constipation and, in some cases, hemorrhoids. […] Pregnancy. During pregnancy, increased blood volume enlarges all veins, including the ones in the rectum. In addition, the weight of the fetus presses on the veins in your pelvis and alters blood flow. In some cases, this can lead to hemorrhoids.
  • #27 What Causes Hemorrhoids? | Gastroenterology of the Rockies
    https://www.gastrorockies.com/what-causes-hemorrhoids/
    Excess body weight can put a strain on the muscles and tissues in the anal region, leading to the formation of hemorrhoids. […] Pregnancy causes many changes in the body, including excess weight and lots of pressure in the pelvis and groin. Extra stress and strain on the pelvic and anal region can make people more vulnerable to hemorrhoids during pregnancy. […] Anal intercourse can cause strain and pressure in the anus and surrounding muscles and tissues. This extra strain can result in hemorrhoids. […] Repeated heavy lifting, either during work, exercise, or recreation, can put excess pressure on the pelvis and anal region. The strain and pressure of lifting heavy weights regularly can result in hemorrhoids.
  • #28 Hemorrhoid symptoms, causes and how to treat them | HealthPartners Blog
    https://www.healthpartners.com/blog/hemorrhoid-symptoms-causes-treatment/
    Most causes of hemorrhoids have one thing in common: Pressure. There are many possible causes of hemorrhoids, but they are usually affected by activities, habits and medical conditions that put added pressure on the anus and rectum (the part of your intestines that connects to your anus). […] Chronic constipation and diarrhea likely wont result in hemorrhoids. But if youre experiencing these conditions on a frequent and ongoing basis, its possible that they could increase your chance of getting them. […] Swollen hemorrhoids are common during pregnancy. A main reason is that your enlarged uterus is increasing the pressure on your rectum and anus. […] Spending long stretches on the toilet can make it more likely that youll get hemorrhoids. […] When you lift or move heavy objects (like weights or boxes), its common to hold your breath and strain. This can force down the air in your lungs, increasing pressure on your internal organs. […] People who are very overweight are more likely to have hemorrhoids. Part of the reason is the excess body weight that increases the pressure on blood vessels surrounding the anus and rectum. […] Anal intercourse can irritate hemorrhoids causing symptoms like bleeding and discomfort.
  • #29 Hemorrhoids: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/73938
    Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen veins in the lower part of the anus and rectum. Older age, pregnancy, and constipation can cause piles. […] Although healthcare professionals do not fully understand why hemorrhoids appear, they may occur for the following reasons: Pregnancy: During pregnancy, the increasing weight of the developing fetus and uterus put pressure on the pelvis. Hemorrhoids may occur in up to 35% of pregnant people. […] Aging: Hemorrhoids are most common among adults ages 45-65 years. However, young people and children can also get them. […] Diarrhea: Hemorrhoids can occur after cases of chronic diarrhea. […] Chronic constipation: Straining to move a stool puts additional pressure on the walls of the blood vessels, which may result in hemorrhoids. […] Sitting for too long: Spending a long time in a seated position, especially on the toilet, can cause hemorrhoids.
  • #30 Hemorrhoids and what to do about them – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/hemorrhoids_and_what_to_do_about_them
    Hemorrhoids are usually caused by increased pressure due to pregnancy, being overweight, or straining during bowel movements. […] Traditionally, hemorrhoids are associated with chronic constipation, straining during bowel movements, and prolonged sitting on the toilet all of which interfere with blood flow to and from the area, causing it to pool and enlarge the vessels. […] More recent studies show that patients with hemorrhoids tend to have a higher resting anal canal tone that is, the smooth muscle of the anal canal tends to be tighter than average (even when not straining). […] Finally, the connective tissues that support and hold hemorrhoids in place can weaken with age, causing hemorrhoids to bulge and prolapse.
  • #31 What Causes Hemorrhoids? | Georgia Hemorrhoid Instituteclosechevron-downtwitterfacebookbarslinkedinyoutube-playinstagram
    https://www.georgiahae.com/what-causes-hemorrhoids/
    Hemorrhoids can develop during pregnancy due to increased pressure on the abdomen. This pressure can slow down the digestive system and cause constipation. Additionally, hormonal imbalances during pregnancy can contribute to the swelling of blood vessels, leading to hemorrhoids. […] A sedentary lifestyle and obesity are two factors that contribute to hemorrhoids. Remaining seated for prolonged periods, such as at a desk job, can cause pressure on the veins in the rectal area. Additionally, carrying excess weight can put added force on the abdomen, contributing to hemorrhoids. […] Prolonged sitting, aging, and certain medical conditions can also contribute to the onset of hemorrhoids. As we age, the veins in the rectum and anus can weaken, making them more susceptible to swelling and inflammation. Certain medical conditions, such as liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic constipation, can also contribute to hemorrhoids.
  • #32 Hemorrhoids: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/73938
    Diet: Eating low fiber foods may contribute to hemorrhoids. […] Heavy lifting: Repeatedly lifting heavy objects can lead to hemorrhoids. […] Anal intercourse: This can cause new hemorrhoids or worsen existing ones. […] Weight: Research links being overweight to a higher risk of hemorrhoids. This may result from increased pressure within the abdomen.
  • #33 Piles (Haemorrhoids): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://patient.info/digestive-health/rectal-bleeding-blood-in-faeces/piles-haemorrhoids
    A low-fibre diet. […] Being overweight. This increases your risk of developing piles. […] Pregnancy. […] Ageing. The tissues in the lining of the anus may become less supportive as we become older. […] Hereditary factors. Some people may inherit a weakness of the wall of the veins in the anal region. […] Other possible causes of piles include heavy lifting or a persistent (chronic) cough.
  • #34 What Causes Hemorrhoids? | Texas Hemorrhoid Instituteclosechevron-downtwitterfacebookbarsyoutube-playinstagram
    https://www.texashae.com/what-causes-hemorrhoids/
    Hemorrhoids are primarily caused by increased arterial and rectal pressure. In some cases, inherited weaknesses in these blood vessels may contribute to developing hemorrhoids. […] Obesity is characterized by excessive body weight and an increased body mass index (BMI). While obesity itself is not a direct cause of hemorrhoids, it is believed to contribute to their development through several factors. […] One of the main reasons obese people are more prone to hemorrhoids is the increased pressure on the rectal veins. Additional body weight increases the strain on the pelvic area, causing the veins in the rectum to become dilated and swollen. […] While constipation may not directly cause hemorrhoids, it can contribute to their development and aggravate existing hemorrhoids. […] Age can be a contributing factor to the development of hemorrhoids. As we age, the tissues in the rectal area become less elastic and more prone to swelling and inflammation. […] While the direct link between stress and hemorrhoids is not yet fully understood, several studies have explored this association. Research suggests stress may contribute to the development of hemorrhoids through multiple mechanisms.
  • #35 Piles (Haemorrhoids): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://patient.info/digestive-health/rectal-bleeding-blood-in-faeces/piles-haemorrhoids
    A low-fibre diet. […] Being overweight. This increases your risk of developing piles. […] Pregnancy. […] Ageing. The tissues in the lining of the anus may become less supportive as we become older. […] Hereditary factors. Some people may inherit a weakness of the wall of the veins in the anal region. […] Other possible causes of piles include heavy lifting or a persistent (chronic) cough.
  • #36 What Causes Hemorrhoids? | Texas Hemorrhoid Instituteclosechevron-downtwitterfacebookbarsyoutube-playinstagram
    https://www.texashae.com/what-causes-hemorrhoids/
    What Causes Hemorrhoids? […] Symptomatic hemorrhoids, also called piles, are enlarged blood vessels within the rectum or anus. Understanding the causes of hemorrhoids can help in preventing their development or managing their symptoms. […] While anyone can develop hemorrhoids, certain factors can make some people more prone to experiencing this condition. […] Understanding why certain people are predisposed to hemorrhoids requires examining various contributing factors. […] Pregnancy can make hemorrhoids more likely to occur. As the uterus grows, it puts added strain on the veins in the pelvic area, leading to the development of hemorrhoids. […] Hormonal shifts during pregnancy can also weaken blood vessel walls, making them more vulnerable to swelling and inflammation. […] Research has shown there is a familial aggregation of hemorrhoids, indicating a possible genetic predisposition. Several studies have found that people with a family history of hemorrhoids are more likely to develop the condition themselves. This correlation suggests that there may be specific genes or genetic variations that increase the risk of developing hemorrhoids.
  • #37 Hemorrhoids: Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/common-causes-of-hemorrhoids-3156970
    Chronic diarrhea or constipation can make things worse by triggering persistent inflammation of the anal and rectal (anorectal) tissues. […] Hemorrhoids are a common feature in many health conditions, some serious and others not-so-serious. […] Obesity: Excessive abdomen girth and weight places stress on the muscles of the pelvic floor and, in turn, the hemorrhoid cushion. […] Hemorrhoids are also a common occurrence during pregnancy. While the pressure exerted by the weight of the baby can contribute to their development, hormonal changes can also cause blood vessels to swell excessively. […] Genetics can also play a role in the development of hemorrhoids. One such example is an inherited disorder called Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) in which the lack of collagen can lead to the impairment of pelvic floor tissues. Hemorrhoids are a common symptom of EDS and can sometimes foreshadow a more serious complication known as rectal prolapse in which the bowel falls partially or completely out of the body.
  • #38 Hemorrhoids: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/73938
    Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen veins in the lower part of the anus and rectum. Older age, pregnancy, and constipation can cause piles. […] Although healthcare professionals do not fully understand why hemorrhoids appear, they may occur for the following reasons: Pregnancy: During pregnancy, the increasing weight of the developing fetus and uterus put pressure on the pelvis. Hemorrhoids may occur in up to 35% of pregnant people. […] Aging: Hemorrhoids are most common among adults ages 45-65 years. However, young people and children can also get them. […] Diarrhea: Hemorrhoids can occur after cases of chronic diarrhea. […] Chronic constipation: Straining to move a stool puts additional pressure on the walls of the blood vessels, which may result in hemorrhoids. […] Sitting for too long: Spending a long time in a seated position, especially on the toilet, can cause hemorrhoids.
  • #39 Causes & Symptoms Of Haemorrhoids in Women | A Comprehensive Guide – FeM Surgery
    https://www.femsurgery.com/female-hemorrhoids-causes-symptoms/
    While genetics do not directly cause haemorrhoids in women, having a family history of haemorrhoids can increase the risk of developing them. Additionally, some genetic conditions, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, can weaken the walls of blood vessels and increase the likelihood of developing haemorrhoids. […] Frequent diarrhoea can irritate the anal area and increase the risk of haemorrhoids. […] Lifting heavy objects can strain the anal area and cause haemorrhoids to develop or worsen. […] The tissues in the anal area can weaken over time, increasing the risk of haemorrhoids. […] Female haemorrhoids can be caused by a variety of factors, including pregnancy, diet and lifestyle choices, genetics, and hormonal imbalances. Women may share similar symptoms to that of men, however, there are some differences as well. By understanding the causes and symptoms of haemorrhoids, women in Singapore can take preventive measures and seek appropriate treatment if necessary.
  • #40 Haemorrhoids | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/haemorrhoids
    Haemorrhoids, or piles, are varicose veins of the rectum or anus. […] Straining on the toilet because of constipation usually causes them. […] Haemorrhoids develop slowly over time. Small blood vessels and veins in and around the rectum and anus carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. If this return blood flow is hindered, then these tiny blood vessels and veins can distend with blood and eventually grow fat and knobbly. The main causes of haemorrhoids include: straining on the toilet because of constipation, pregnancy, because of the extra weight and pressure on the bowels, hereditary factors, heavy manual labour. […] Sitting on hard surfaces for long stretches of time can also contribute to the development of haemorrhoids.
  • #41 Causes & Symptoms Of Haemorrhoids in Women | A Comprehensive Guide – FeM Surgery
    https://www.femsurgery.com/female-hemorrhoids-causes-symptoms/
    A diet low in fibre can contribute to the development of haemorrhoids. As fibre helps to soften stools and regulate bowel movements, reducing the need to strain, a diet low in fibre could possibly lead to constipation, which increases the likelihood of developing haemorrhoids. […] Obesity is another significant risk factor for haemorrhoids, particularly in women. Excess body weight puts pressure on the pelvic veins, increasing the chances of developing swollen veins in the rectal area. Additionally, obesity can lead to poor bowel habits, such as constipation or irregular bowel movements, further exacerbating the problem. Losing weight and maintaining a healthy body weight can help reduce the risk of haemorrhoids. […] A sedentary lifestyle can contribute to the development of haemorrhoids. Sitting for long periods puts pressure on the rectal area, increasing the likelihood of swollen veins.
  • #42 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-piles-(haemorrhoids).aspx
    Those whose occupation require sitting for long durations are at risk of pressure on the anal blood vessels that may lead to piles. […] Pregnancy is one of the most common risk factors of piles. With the growing baby within the pelvis the blood vessels in the pelvis get pressed and this leads to enlargement of the anal and rectal blood vessels and development of piles. These piles usually disappear after child birth. […] Risk of piles rises with age. Those over 50 are at a greater risk of piles. This is because the supporting tissues of the rectum and anal canal get weaker with age and thus give way to allow piles to develop. […] Some individuals have a familial risk of developing piles. They may inherit weaker blood vessels that have a greater risk of swelling and leading to piles. […] Infections around the anal canal also render the blood vessels weak and straining and constipation may raise the risk of piles.
  • #43 Hemorrhoids: Symptoms, causes, and treatments
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/73938
    Diet: Eating low fiber foods may contribute to hemorrhoids. […] Heavy lifting: Repeatedly lifting heavy objects can lead to hemorrhoids. […] Anal intercourse: This can cause new hemorrhoids or worsen existing ones. […] Weight: Research links being overweight to a higher risk of hemorrhoids. This may result from increased pressure within the abdomen.
  • #44 What Causes Hemorrhoids: Top 10 Reasons for Hemorrhoids – Tua Saúde
    https://www.tuasaude.com/en/what-causes-hemorrhoids/
    Low fiber intake can lead to less frequent bowel movements as well as dry, hard feces, which results in pain when passing stool. […] People with professions that require prolonged standing can lead to decreased blood circulation. This increases pressure on the blood vessels around the anal region, increasing your risk for hemorrhoids. […] Even though hemorrhoids can appear at any age, they are more frequent in people over 45 years old. With normal aging, it is common for supportive tissues of the rectal vessels to weaken and stretch. […] Food that is very spicy or saucy can lead to anal inflammation and hemorrhoids. This can also happen with excessive alcohol intake.
  • #45 Hemorrhoids: Background, Anatomy, Etiology and Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/775407-overview
    Most authors agree that low-fiber diets cause small-caliber stools, which result in straining during defecation. This increased pressure causes engorgement of the hemorrhoids, possibly by interfering with venous return. […] Pregnancy clearly predisposes women to symptoms from hemorrhoids, although the etiology is unknown. […] Portal hypertension has often been mentioned in conjunction with hemorrhoids. […] However, hemorrhoidal symptoms do not occur more frequently in patients with portal hypertension than in those without it, and massive bleeding from hemorrhoids in these patients is unusual. […] Other risk factors historically associated with the development of hemorrhoids include the following: Lack of erect posture, Familial tendency, Higher socioeconomic status, Chronic diarrhea, Colon malignancy, Hepatic disease, Obesity, Elevated anal resting pressure, Spinal cord injury, Loss of rectal muscle tone, Rectal surgery, Episiotomy, Anal intercourse, Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis, and Crohn disease. […] Internal hemorrhoids cannot cause cutaneous pain, because they are above the dentate line and are not innervated by cutaneous nerves. However, they can bleed, prolapse, and, as a result of the deposition of an irritant onto the sensitive perianal skin, cause perianal itching and irritation.
  • #46 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/
    Several enzymes or mediators involving the degradation of supporting tissues in the anal cushions have been studied. Among these, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), a zinc-dependent proteinase, is one of the most potent enzymes, being capable of degrading extracellular proteins such as elastin, fibronectin, and collagen. […] Based on the histological findings of abnormal venous dilatation and distortion in hemorrhoids, dysregulation of the vascular tone might play a role in hemorrhoidal development. […] Several physiological changes in the anal canal of patients with hemorrhoids have been observed. […] Constipation and prolonged straining are widely believed to cause hemorrhoids because hard stool and increased intraabdominal pressure could cause obstruction of venous return, resulting in engorgement of the hemorrhoidal plexus. […] However, recent evidence questions the importance of constipation in the development of this common disorder. […] Many dietary factors including low fiber diet, spicy foods and alcohol intake have been implicated, but reported data are inconsistent.
  • #47 Hemorrhoids and what to do about them – Harvard Health
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/hemorrhoids_and_what_to_do_about_them
    Hemorrhoids are usually caused by increased pressure due to pregnancy, being overweight, or straining during bowel movements. […] Traditionally, hemorrhoids are associated with chronic constipation, straining during bowel movements, and prolonged sitting on the toilet all of which interfere with blood flow to and from the area, causing it to pool and enlarge the vessels. […] More recent studies show that patients with hemorrhoids tend to have a higher resting anal canal tone that is, the smooth muscle of the anal canal tends to be tighter than average (even when not straining). […] Finally, the connective tissues that support and hold hemorrhoids in place can weaken with age, causing hemorrhoids to bulge and prolapse.
  • #48 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/
    Several enzymes or mediators involving the degradation of supporting tissues in the anal cushions have been studied. Among these, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), a zinc-dependent proteinase, is one of the most potent enzymes, being capable of degrading extracellular proteins such as elastin, fibronectin, and collagen. […] Based on the histological findings of abnormal venous dilatation and distortion in hemorrhoids, dysregulation of the vascular tone might play a role in hemorrhoidal development. […] Several physiological changes in the anal canal of patients with hemorrhoids have been observed. […] Constipation and prolonged straining are widely believed to cause hemorrhoids because hard stool and increased intraabdominal pressure could cause obstruction of venous return, resulting in engorgement of the hemorrhoidal plexus. […] However, recent evidence questions the importance of constipation in the development of this common disorder. […] Many dietary factors including low fiber diet, spicy foods and alcohol intake have been implicated, but reported data are inconsistent.
  • #49 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/
    Several enzymes or mediators involving the degradation of supporting tissues in the anal cushions have been studied. Among these, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), a zinc-dependent proteinase, is one of the most potent enzymes, being capable of degrading extracellular proteins such as elastin, fibronectin, and collagen. […] Based on the histological findings of abnormal venous dilatation and distortion in hemorrhoids, dysregulation of the vascular tone might play a role in hemorrhoidal development. […] Several physiological changes in the anal canal of patients with hemorrhoids have been observed. […] Constipation and prolonged straining are widely believed to cause hemorrhoids because hard stool and increased intraabdominal pressure could cause obstruction of venous return, resulting in engorgement of the hemorrhoidal plexus. […] However, recent evidence questions the importance of constipation in the development of this common disorder. […] Many dietary factors including low fiber diet, spicy foods and alcohol intake have been implicated, but reported data are inconsistent.
  • #50 Hemorrhoids: Diagnosis and Treatment Options | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/0201/p172.html
    Hemorrhoids develop when the venous drainage of the anus is altered, causing the venous plexus and connecting tissue to dilate, creating an outgrowth of anal mucosa from the rectal wall. However, the exact pathophysiology is unknown. […] Although the precise cause is not well understood, hemorrhoids are associated with conditions that increase pressure in the hemorrhoidal venous plexus, such as straining during bowel movements secondary to constipation. Other associations include obesity, pregnancy, chronic diarrhea, anal intercourse, cirrhosis with ascites, pelvic floor dysfunction, and a low-fiber diet.
  • #51 Hemorrhoids, Symptoms, Causes, Types – Bay Biosciences
    https://baybiosciences.com/hemorrhoids-symptoms-causes-types/
    Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen veins in the lower part of the anus and rectum. When the walls of these vessels stretch, they can become irritated. […] Although doctors do not fully understand why hemorrhoids appear, they may occur for the following reasons: Pregnancy: During pregnancy, tissues in the rectum become weaker, and hormones cause veins to relax and swell. Hemorrhoids may occur in up to 35% of pregnant women. […] Aging: Hemorrhoids are most common among adults over age 50 years. However, young people and children can also get them. […] Diarrhea: Hemorrhoids can occur after cases of chronic diarrhea. […] Chronic constipation: Straining to move stool puts additional pressure on the walls of the blood vessels, which may result in hemorrhoids. […] Sitting for too long: Spending a long time in a seated position, especially on the toilet, can cause hemorrhoids.
  • #52 Hemorrhoids: what they are, symptoms and causes | THD
    https://www.thdlab.fr/web/guest/patients/diseases/hemorrhoids
    The mechanical theory attributes the prolapse of hemorrhoids to the progressive weakening of the tissue that surrounds the hemorrhoidal cushions. One of the causes of the weakening of tissues is age. With age, the tissues supporting the cushions in the anorectal area become more fragile and stretch and the risk of prolapsing hemorrhoids is higher. This can also happen during pregnancy when the baby’s weight increases the pressure on the anorectal region. […] There then are other factors that may contribute to the development of hemorrhoidal disease, in particular: family history, obesity, environmental factors (e.g., diet, sedentary lifestyle), chronic constipation or diarrhea.
  • #53 Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3342598/
    Hemorrhoids are a very common anorectal condition defined as the symptomatic enlargement and distal displacement of the normal anal cushions. They affect millions of people around the world, and represent a major medical and socioeconomic problem. Multiple factors have been claimed to be the etiologies of hemorrhoidal development, including constipation and prolonged straining. […] The exact pathophysiology of hemorrhoidal development is poorly understood. For years the theory of varicose veins, which postulated that hemorrhoids were caused by varicose veins in the anal canal, had been popular but now it is obsolete because hemorrhoids and anorectal varices are proven to be distinct entities. […] Today, the theory of sliding anal canal lining is widely accepted. This proposes that hemorrhoids develop when the supporting tissues of the anal cushions disintegrate or deteriorate. Hemorrhoids are therefore the pathological term to describe the abnormal downward displacement of the anal cushions causing venous dilatation.