Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Knee bursitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/knee-bursitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355501

  Bursae are small fluid-filled sacs, shown in blue. They lessen friction between moving parts in the body’s joints. Knee bursitis is swelling, also called inflammation, of one or more of the bursae in the knee. […] Knee bursitis is a condition in which one or more small fluid-filled sacs near the knee joint become inflamed. The sacs are called bursae. Bursae reduce friction and cushion pressure points between bones and tendons, muscles and skin near the joints. […] A direct blow to the knee can cause symptoms to come on fast. But knee bursitis often stems from friction and irritation of the bursae. This can occur with jobs that require a lot of kneeling on hard surfaces. So, the symptoms can start slowly and become worse over time. […] Knee bursitis can be caused by: Frequent and ongoing pressure, such as from kneeling, especially on hard surfaces. Overuse of the knee or strenuous activity. A direct blow to the knee. An infection of the bursa due to bacteria, which could get into the knee through a bruise or a cut. Medical problems that can happen with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or gout in the knee.

• #2 Bursitis: Types, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10918-bursitis

  Bursitis happens when a bursa becomes irritated and swells. The most common causes of bursitis are overuse and putting too much pressure on a bursa. […] Repetitive motions like a pitcher throwing a baseball or lifting heavy boxes at work commonly cause bursitis. Spending time in positions that put pressure on a specific part of your body (such as kneeling) can cause it, too. […] The longer you put pressure or additional stress on an injured bursa, the longer itll take to recover. It also increases your risk of chronic bursitis (bursitis that comes and goes in the same area). […] When you have repeated bursitis episodes, its considered a chronic (long-lasting) condition. Bursitis may come and go. The same kind of irritation that caused the original inflammation can trigger a new episode. Repeated flare-ups may damage the bursa and reduce your mobility in that joint.

• #3 Understanding Knee Bursitis: Causes, Physiology, Mechanism, and the Role of the Physiotherapist at Wimbledon Clinic Physio

  https://www.wimbledonclinicphysio.co.uk/blog/40-understanding-knee-bursitis

  Knee bursitis is a condition marked by the inflammation of the bursae, tiny sacs filled with fluid that cushions between joints, reducing friction among bones, tendons, and muscles. […] When these bursae become inflamed, the knee movement can be painful and restricted. […] The mechanism of knee bursitis often involves repetitive stress or pressure on the bursae. Individuals who spend long hours kneeling or engaging in frequent knee-bending activities may experience increased friction and irritation. Direct trauma to the knee, such as a blow or fall, can also lead to bursitis. […] The primary role of the bursae is to reduce friction between moving parts of the knee, such as bones, tendons, and muscles. Continuous pressure or repetitive stress can lead to increased friction, causing irritation and inflammation of the bursae.

• #4 Prepatellar Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/309014-overview

  The prepatellar bursa is a flat, round, synovial-lined structure; its main function is to separate the patella from the patellar tendon and skin. This bursa is superficial, suggesting that it is undeveloped at birth. Within the first few months to years of life, the bursa arises from direct pressure and friction. It reduces friction between the skin and the patella and allows maximal range of motion (ROM). […] Nonseptic bursitis (NSB) is a sterile inflammation that develops secondary to occupational or athletic trauma, crystal deposition (gout, pseudogout), or systemic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, or uremia. Most cases of NSB result from chronic microtrauma caused by repetitive friction. Particularly vulnerable are individuals continually exposed to compressive and sheer forces between the skin and the patella bone, including members of occupational groups whose job requires frequent kneeling or crawling (eg, carpenters, gardeners, roofers) and athletes participating in sports such as ice hockey, volleyball, and wrestling. The inflammatory response causes an overproduction of bursal fluid and subsequent bursal swelling, resulting in NSB.

• #5 Bursitis Of The Knee – OrthoPaedia

  https://www.orthopaedia.com/bursitis-of-the-knee/

  A bursa is a sac-like structure found near joints that allows soft tissues to glide across bony prominences. Bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa. Near the knee, there are three clinically important bursas: the prepatellar (in front of the patella itself), infrapatellar (just distal to the patella) and anserine (on the proximal – medial tibia). Bursitis may result from local injury, infection or systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout. Bursitis due to infection is known as septic bursitis. […] The prepatellar bursa is located superficial to the patella. It decreases friction as the soft tissues glide over the patella during knee flexion and extension. Because of the location of the prepatellar bursa, it is susceptible to repetitive microtrauma, especially when kneeling. Its location also makes it susceptible to blunt and penetrating trauma. Septic prepatellar bursitis can occur following local inoculation due to trauma.

• #6 All You Need To Know About Knee Bursitis – Myodetox

  https://www.myodetox.com/learn/all-you-need-to-know-about-knee-bursitis

  Knee bursitis occurs mostly from overuse injuries and is less frequent due to trauma. […] The mechanism of injury influences which bursa is affected, with the most common ones being the: pre-patellar, infrapatellar, suprapatellar and pes anserinus bursa. […] To summarize, bursitis in the knee can be caused by direct trauma, biomechanical changes, frequent falls, repeated pressure or repetitive microtrauma to the knee.

• #7 Prepatellar (Kneecap) Bursitis – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/prepatellar-kneecap-bursitis

  Bursae are small, jelly-like sacs that are located throughout the body, including around the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, and heel. They contain a small amount of fluid, and are positioned between bones and soft tissues, acting as cushions to help reduce friction. […] Prepatellar bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa in the front of the kneecap (patella). It occurs when the bursa becomes irritated and produces too much fluid, which causes it to swell and put pressure on the adjacent parts of the knee. […] Prepatellar bursitis can also be caused by a bacterial infection. If a knee injury such as an insect bite, scrape, or puncture wound breaks the skin, bacteria may get inside the bursa sac and cause an infection. This is called infectious bursitis. Infectious bursitis is less common, but more serious and must be treated more urgently, though not always with surgery.

• #8

  https://gustavelorthopedics.com/Bursitis

  Bursitis is inflammation or irritation of a bursa sac. Bursitis is common around major joints like your knee. The bursa is a fluid-filled sac that acts as a gliding surface and prevents friction during movement. It also protects pressure points between the muscle and the skin, especially around the knee joints, bones, and tendons. Bursitis is a condition diagnosed when one of the bursae located around the Achilles tendon, hip, elbow, or knee joint becomes inflamed. […] Causes of knee bursitis may range from prolonged kneeling to knee injuries and weight issues. […] The prepatellar bursitis is the result of direct trauma to the front knee. […] The pes anserine bursitis is caused by inflammation of the bursa located in the knee’s anserine area (inner side). […] The infrapatellar bursitis is also called the '”Jumper’s Knee” because it occurs due to straining the large tendon below the knee cap and is mostly associated with jumping injuries.

• #9 Prepatellar Bursitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557508/

  Trauma to the bursa increases blood flow, migration of leukocytes into the bursa, and fluid production from within the synovial cells of the bursa, providing the foundation of the inflammatory response seen in bursitis. […] Direct microscopy examination of the bursa’s synovial fluid may reveal a source of inflammation, including gout, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals, or bacteria. […] Molecular fluid analysis will likely show elevated inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins, and cyclooxygenases.

• #10 Prepatellar Bursitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557508/

  Trauma to the bursa increases blood flow, migration of leukocytes into the bursa, and fluid production from within the synovial cells of the bursa, providing the foundation of the inflammatory response seen in bursitis. […] Direct microscopy examination of the bursa’s synovial fluid may reveal a source of inflammation, including gout, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals, or bacteria. […] Molecular fluid analysis will likely show elevated inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins, and cyclooxygenases.

• #11 Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2145588-overview

  Inflammation of the bursa causes synovial cells to multiply and thereby increases collagen formation and fluid production. A more permeable capillary membrane allows entrance of high protein fluid. The bursal lining may be replaced by granulation tissue followed by fibrous tissue. The bursa becomes filled with fluid, which is often rich in fibrin, and the fluid can become hemorrhagic. […] One study suggests that this process may be mediated by cytokines, metalloproteases, and cyclooxygenases. […] In septic arthritis, local trauma can inoculate bacteria into the bursa, which triggers the inflammatory process. Hematogenous seeding is less common due to the relatively poor blood supply to the bursae. […] There are three phases of bursitis: acute, recurrent, and chronic. During the acute phase of bursitis, local inflammation occurs and the synovial fluid is thickened, and movement becomes painful as a result. Chronic bursitis leads to persistent inflammation with continual pain and can lead to weakening of the overlying ligaments and tendons and, ultimately, rupture of the tendons. Because of the possible adverse effects of chronic bursitis on overlying structures, bursitis and tendinitis may occur together; the differential diagnosis should include both of these diagnoses.

• #12 Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2145588-overview

  Inflammation of the bursa causes synovial cells to multiply and thereby increases collagen formation and fluid production. A more permeable capillary membrane allows entrance of high protein fluid. The bursal lining may be replaced by granulation tissue followed by fibrous tissue. The bursa becomes filled with fluid, which is often rich in fibrin, and the fluid can become hemorrhagic. […] One study suggests that this process may be mediated by cytokines, metalloproteases, and cyclooxygenases. […] In septic arthritis, local trauma can inoculate bacteria into the bursa, which triggers the inflammatory process. Hematogenous seeding is less common due to the relatively poor blood supply to the bursae. […] There are three phases of bursitis: acute, recurrent, and chronic. During the acute phase of bursitis, local inflammation occurs and the synovial fluid is thickened, and movement becomes painful as a result. Chronic bursitis leads to persistent inflammation with continual pain and can lead to weakening of the overlying ligaments and tendons and, ultimately, rupture of the tendons. Because of the possible adverse effects of chronic bursitis on overlying structures, bursitis and tendinitis may occur together; the differential diagnosis should include both of these diagnoses.

• #13 Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2145588-overview

  Inflammation of the bursa causes synovial cells to multiply and thereby increases collagen formation and fluid production. A more permeable capillary membrane allows entrance of high protein fluid. The bursal lining may be replaced by granulation tissue followed by fibrous tissue. The bursa becomes filled with fluid, which is often rich in fibrin, and the fluid can become hemorrhagic. […] One study suggests that this process may be mediated by cytokines, metalloproteases, and cyclooxygenases. […] In septic arthritis, local trauma can inoculate bacteria into the bursa, which triggers the inflammatory process. Hematogenous seeding is less common due to the relatively poor blood supply to the bursae. […] There are three phases of bursitis: acute, recurrent, and chronic. During the acute phase of bursitis, local inflammation occurs and the synovial fluid is thickened, and movement becomes painful as a result. Chronic bursitis leads to persistent inflammation with continual pain and can lead to weakening of the overlying ligaments and tendons and, ultimately, rupture of the tendons. Because of the possible adverse effects of chronic bursitis on overlying structures, bursitis and tendinitis may occur together; the differential diagnosis should include both of these diagnoses.

• #14 Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2145588-overview

  Inflammation of the bursa causes synovial cells to multiply and thereby increases collagen formation and fluid production. A more permeable capillary membrane allows entrance of high protein fluid. The bursal lining may be replaced by granulation tissue followed by fibrous tissue. The bursa becomes filled with fluid, which is often rich in fibrin, and the fluid can become hemorrhagic. […] One study suggests that this process may be mediated by cytokines, metalloproteases, and cyclooxygenases. […] In septic arthritis, local trauma can inoculate bacteria into the bursa, which triggers the inflammatory process. Hematogenous seeding is less common due to the relatively poor blood supply to the bursae. […] There are three phases of bursitis: acute, recurrent, and chronic. During the acute phase of bursitis, local inflammation occurs and the synovial fluid is thickened, and movement becomes painful as a result. Chronic bursitis leads to persistent inflammation with continual pain and can lead to weakening of the overlying ligaments and tendons and, ultimately, rupture of the tendons. Because of the possible adverse effects of chronic bursitis on overlying structures, bursitis and tendinitis may occur together; the differential diagnosis should include both of these diagnoses.

• #15 Bursitis Of The Knee – OrthoPaedia

  https://www.orthopaedia.com/bursitis-of-the-knee/

  Infrapatellar bursitis develops in a similar fashion to prepatellar bursitis. Chronic microtrauma secondary to kneeling can lead to superficial bursa wall thickening and inflammation. Chronic overuse and irritation of the patellar tendon can lead to deep infrapatellar bursitis. Its location also makes it susceptible to traumatic causes of bursitis, and septic bursitis. […] After injury, synovial cells in the bursa thicken and may undergo villous hyperplasia. Over time, granulation tissue and fibrous tissue may develop. If an inflammatory reaction occurs, the bursa becomes filled with fluid. […] Non-infectious (aseptic) bursitis is characterized by cell counts lower than 2000/μL. The presence of a predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes or a count greater than 5000/μL should be considered indicative of infection. […] Varying degrees of inflammation occur in bursitis. The fluid is usually rich in fibrin, but can be hemorrhagic.

• #16 Prepatellar Bursitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557508/

  Trauma to the bursa increases blood flow, migration of leukocytes into the bursa, and fluid production from within the synovial cells of the bursa, providing the foundation of the inflammatory response seen in bursitis. […] Direct microscopy examination of the bursa’s synovial fluid may reveal a source of inflammation, including gout, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals, or bacteria. […] Molecular fluid analysis will likely show elevated inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins, and cyclooxygenases.

• #17 Bursitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513340/

  The bursa itself is a synovial lining that represents a potential space insofar as it is collapsed upon itself until a resulting trigger causes the bursa to become irritated and fill with synovial fluid. The patient experiences pain when the inflamed bursa is then compressed against bone, muscle, tendon, ligaments, or skin. […] Despite the moniker, not all bursitis is associated with an overt inflammatory process. That said, the examination of the subacromial bursa in patients with subacromial bursitis has revealed increased inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cyclooxygenases, and specific interleukins.

• #18 Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2145588-overview

  Inflammation of the bursa causes synovial cells to multiply and thereby increases collagen formation and fluid production. A more permeable capillary membrane allows entrance of high protein fluid. The bursal lining may be replaced by granulation tissue followed by fibrous tissue. The bursa becomes filled with fluid, which is often rich in fibrin, and the fluid can become hemorrhagic. […] One study suggests that this process may be mediated by cytokines, metalloproteases, and cyclooxygenases. […] In septic arthritis, local trauma can inoculate bacteria into the bursa, which triggers the inflammatory process. Hematogenous seeding is less common due to the relatively poor blood supply to the bursae. […] There are three phases of bursitis: acute, recurrent, and chronic. During the acute phase of bursitis, local inflammation occurs and the synovial fluid is thickened, and movement becomes painful as a result. Chronic bursitis leads to persistent inflammation with continual pain and can lead to weakening of the overlying ligaments and tendons and, ultimately, rupture of the tendons. Because of the possible adverse effects of chronic bursitis on overlying structures, bursitis and tendinitis may occur together; the differential diagnosis should include both of these diagnoses.

• #19 Understanding Knee Bursitis: Causes, Physiology, Mechanism, and the Role of the Physiotherapist at Wimbledon Clinic Physio

  https://www.wimbledonclinicphysio.co.uk/blog/40-understanding-knee-bursitis

  The bursae contain synovial fluid, lubricating the joint and facilitating smooth movement. In knee bursitis, an overproduction of synovial fluid occurs as a response to irritation, leading to swelling and discomfort. […] The inflammatory response triggered by overuse or trauma can disrupt the normal healing process. Chronic inflammation may hinder the body’s ability to repair the affected bursae, perpetuating the cycle of pain and swelling. […] Weakness or imbalance in the muscles surrounding the knee can contribute to abnormal stress on the bursae. Physiological imbalances may alter the mechanics of the joint, making it more prone to inflammation. […] Factors such as poor posture, improper body mechanics, or structural abnormalities in the knee joint can contribute to the development of knee bursitis.

• #20 Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2145588-overview

  Inflammation of the bursa causes synovial cells to multiply and thereby increases collagen formation and fluid production. A more permeable capillary membrane allows entrance of high protein fluid. The bursal lining may be replaced by granulation tissue followed by fibrous tissue. The bursa becomes filled with fluid, which is often rich in fibrin, and the fluid can become hemorrhagic. […] One study suggests that this process may be mediated by cytokines, metalloproteases, and cyclooxygenases. […] In septic arthritis, local trauma can inoculate bacteria into the bursa, which triggers the inflammatory process. Hematogenous seeding is less common due to the relatively poor blood supply to the bursae. […] There are three phases of bursitis: acute, recurrent, and chronic. During the acute phase of bursitis, local inflammation occurs and the synovial fluid is thickened, and movement becomes painful as a result. Chronic bursitis leads to persistent inflammation with continual pain and can lead to weakening of the overlying ligaments and tendons and, ultimately, rupture of the tendons. Because of the possible adverse effects of chronic bursitis on overlying structures, bursitis and tendinitis may occur together; the differential diagnosis should include both of these diagnoses.

• #21 Knee Bursitis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Medications, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/knee_bursitis/article.htm

  A bursa is a closed, fluid-filled sac that functions as a gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body. When a bursa becomes inflamed, the condition is known as bursitis. This can cause swelling, warmth, and tenderness in the affected area. Most commonly, bursitis is caused by local soft-tissue trauma or strain injury, and there is no infection (aseptic bursitis). […] On rare occasions, particularly when the immune system is suppressed, the bursa can become infected with bacteria. This condition is called septic bursitis. […] Bursitis of the knee can occur when the bursa fills with blood from injury and overuse, such as from athletic competition. Bursitis can also occur from rheumatoid arthritis and from deposits of crystals, as seen in patients with gouty arthritis and pseudogout.

• #22 Bursitis: Types, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10918-bursitis

  Bursitis happens when a bursa becomes irritated and swells. The most common causes of bursitis are overuse and putting too much pressure on a bursa. […] Repetitive motions like a pitcher throwing a baseball or lifting heavy boxes at work commonly cause bursitis. Spending time in positions that put pressure on a specific part of your body (such as kneeling) can cause it, too. […] The longer you put pressure or additional stress on an injured bursa, the longer itll take to recover. It also increases your risk of chronic bursitis (bursitis that comes and goes in the same area). […] When you have repeated bursitis episodes, its considered a chronic (long-lasting) condition. Bursitis may come and go. The same kind of irritation that caused the original inflammation can trigger a new episode. Repeated flare-ups may damage the bursa and reduce your mobility in that joint.

• #23 Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2145588-overview

  Inflammation of the bursa causes synovial cells to multiply and thereby increases collagen formation and fluid production. A more permeable capillary membrane allows entrance of high protein fluid. The bursal lining may be replaced by granulation tissue followed by fibrous tissue. The bursa becomes filled with fluid, which is often rich in fibrin, and the fluid can become hemorrhagic. […] One study suggests that this process may be mediated by cytokines, metalloproteases, and cyclooxygenases. […] In septic arthritis, local trauma can inoculate bacteria into the bursa, which triggers the inflammatory process. Hematogenous seeding is less common due to the relatively poor blood supply to the bursae. […] There are three phases of bursitis: acute, recurrent, and chronic. During the acute phase of bursitis, local inflammation occurs and the synovial fluid is thickened, and movement becomes painful as a result. Chronic bursitis leads to persistent inflammation with continual pain and can lead to weakening of the overlying ligaments and tendons and, ultimately, rupture of the tendons. Because of the possible adverse effects of chronic bursitis on overlying structures, bursitis and tendinitis may occur together; the differential diagnosis should include both of these diagnoses.

• #24 Bursitis – Pathophysiology

  https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/pathophysiology/chapter/bursitis/

  Irritation of the bursa often by repetitive movements or stresses can lead to microtrauma of bursa inducing inflammation. […] Acute trauma, infection, or autoimmune dysfunction (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and gout) can also cause bursitis. […] If bursitis does not resolve, it may lead to irritation and inflammation of surrounding tissues (e.g., tendons, muscles, ligaments, skin) which may increase pain, swelling and deterioration of tissues.

• #25 Common Superficial Bursitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0215/p224.html

  Chronic microtrauma is the most common cause of superficial bursitis. […] Although the pathophysiology is not clearly understood, as many as 7% of those undergoing hemodialysis develop olecranon bursitis in the arm containing the arteriovenous fistula. […] Repetitive microtrauma to the elbow from leaning on the arm of the chair during dialysis procedures may be the primary cause. […] Repetitive compressive and sheer forces between the skin and the patella as a result of frequent kneeling are the main etiologic factors, and the condition is more common among persons with occupations that involve frequent kneeling. […] Although rare, inflammatory arthritic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis can also cause superficial bursitis. […] Limited bursal blood supply means that hematogenous bacterial seeding is rare.

• #26 Prepatellar Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/309014-overview

  The prepatellar bursa is a flat, round, synovial-lined structure; its main function is to separate the patella from the patellar tendon and skin. This bursa is superficial, suggesting that it is undeveloped at birth. Within the first few months to years of life, the bursa arises from direct pressure and friction. It reduces friction between the skin and the patella and allows maximal range of motion (ROM). […] Nonseptic bursitis (NSB) is a sterile inflammation that develops secondary to occupational or athletic trauma, crystal deposition (gout, pseudogout), or systemic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, or uremia. Most cases of NSB result from chronic microtrauma caused by repetitive friction. Particularly vulnerable are individuals continually exposed to compressive and sheer forces between the skin and the patella bone, including members of occupational groups whose job requires frequent kneeling or crawling (eg, carpenters, gardeners, roofers) and athletes participating in sports such as ice hockey, volleyball, and wrestling. The inflammatory response causes an overproduction of bursal fluid and subsequent bursal swelling, resulting in NSB.

• #27 Knee Bursitis: What You Need To Know About It

  https://regenexx.com/blog/understanding-knee-bursitis/

  Knee bursitis is the inflammation of fluid-filled sacs around the knee, known as bursae. It can occur due to repetitive motions, constant pressure on the knee, or injuries, and cause pain, tenderness, and swelling. […] Symptoms like pain and inflammation might be signs of deeper issues like tendon damage. […] The causes of knee bursitis can vary. Around 70% of knee bursitis cases arise from repetitive stress, injury, trauma, or mechanical issues. […] Repetitive movements or pressure on the knee can irritate and inflame the bursa. These movements include frequent kneeling, jumping, or running. […] Direct injury to the knee causes acute inflammation, leading to bursitis. […] In some cases, the bursae can become infected by bacteria. This condition is called septic bursitis. […] Problems with the back’s alignment, like scoliosis or bad posture, can change walking patterns and stress knee tendons.

• #28 Causes of Knee Bursitis (Prepatellar Bursitis)

  https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/bursitis/causes-knee-bursitis-prepatellar-bursitis

  Knee bursitis is often caused by frequent mini-traumas, such as repetitive kneeling on hard surfaces. […] Mini-traumas can irritate the bursa’s delicate lining, leading to inflammation. […] The inflammation may cause the bursal lining to produce excess synovial fluid. […] The excess fluid builds up in the bursa sac, causing it to swell and leading to knee bursitis symptoms. […] An acute injury can damage the prepatellar bursa at the front of the knee. […] The damaged prepatellar bursa may fill with blood. […] The blood irritates the bursa’s delicate lining, causing it to become inflamed. […] While the blood in the prepatellar bursa may be gradually reabsorbed into the body, the bursa’s lining may stay inflamed. […] The inflamed lining may produce excess synovial fluid. […] Knee bursitis can be caused by an infection, a condition called septic bursitis.

• #29 Causes of Knee Bursitis (Prepatellar Bursitis)

  https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/bursitis/causes-knee-bursitis-prepatellar-bursitis

  Knee bursitis is often caused by frequent mini-traumas, such as repetitive kneeling on hard surfaces. […] Mini-traumas can irritate the bursa’s delicate lining, leading to inflammation. […] The inflammation may cause the bursal lining to produce excess synovial fluid. […] The excess fluid builds up in the bursa sac, causing it to swell and leading to knee bursitis symptoms. […] An acute injury can damage the prepatellar bursa at the front of the knee. […] The damaged prepatellar bursa may fill with blood. […] The blood irritates the bursa’s delicate lining, causing it to become inflamed. […] While the blood in the prepatellar bursa may be gradually reabsorbed into the body, the bursa’s lining may stay inflamed. […] The inflamed lining may produce excess synovial fluid. […] Knee bursitis can be caused by an infection, a condition called septic bursitis.

• #30 Knee bursitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/knee-bursitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355501

  Bursae are small fluid-filled sacs, shown in blue. They lessen friction between moving parts in the body’s joints. Knee bursitis is swelling, also called inflammation, of one or more of the bursae in the knee. […] Knee bursitis is a condition in which one or more small fluid-filled sacs near the knee joint become inflamed. The sacs are called bursae. Bursae reduce friction and cushion pressure points between bones and tendons, muscles and skin near the joints. […] A direct blow to the knee can cause symptoms to come on fast. But knee bursitis often stems from friction and irritation of the bursae. This can occur with jobs that require a lot of kneeling on hard surfaces. So, the symptoms can start slowly and become worse over time. […] Knee bursitis can be caused by: Frequent and ongoing pressure, such as from kneeling, especially on hard surfaces. Overuse of the knee or strenuous activity. A direct blow to the knee. An infection of the bursa due to bacteria, which could get into the knee through a bruise or a cut. Medical problems that can happen with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or gout in the knee.

• #31 Prepatellar (Kneecap) Bursitis – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/prepatellar-kneecap-bursitis

  Bursae are small, jelly-like sacs that are located throughout the body, including around the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, and heel. They contain a small amount of fluid, and are positioned between bones and soft tissues, acting as cushions to help reduce friction. […] Prepatellar bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa in the front of the kneecap (patella). It occurs when the bursa becomes irritated and produces too much fluid, which causes it to swell and put pressure on the adjacent parts of the knee. […] Prepatellar bursitis can also be caused by a bacterial infection. If a knee injury such as an insect bite, scrape, or puncture wound breaks the skin, bacteria may get inside the bursa sac and cause an infection. This is called infectious bursitis. Infectious bursitis is less common, but more serious and must be treated more urgently, though not always with surgery.

• #32 Common Superficial Bursitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0215/p224.html

  Up to one-half of septic bursitis cases occur in patients with chronic systemic conditions such as diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. […] Patients with alcoholism and those who are immunocompromised are also at risk. […] Septic superficial bursitis is also uncommon. It occurs more often in the olecranon and prepatellar bursae than in other superficial bursae. […] It usually arises from infection in nearby tissues, such as cellulitis, because of direct inoculation from trauma, or iatrogenically as a result of an attempt to aspirate an enlarged bursa.

• #33 Prepatellar Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/309014-overview

  Septic bursitis (SB) results from infection of the bursal sac, which is frequently caused by skin lesions but can also arise from secondary spread of infection from initial cellulitis into a pretraumatized superficial bursa or, in rare cases, from hematogenous seeding. Infection is commonly caused by bacteria (most often Staphylococcus aureus) but can in rare cases result from fungi. The prepatellar bursa is the bursa most commonly involved in Brucella infection. In addition, tuberculosis of the patella may present as prepatellar bursitis. Up to 50% of all SB cases occur in immunocompromised patients. Other risk factors include chronic rheumatic inflammatory diseases.

• #34 Knee Bursitis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Medications, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/knee_bursitis/article.htm

  The prepatellar bursa can also become infected with bacteria (septic bursitis). When this happens, fever may be present. This type of infection usually occurs from breaks in the overlying skin or puncture wounds. The bacterium involved in septic bursitis of the knee is usually Staphylococcus, which is normally present on the skin. Rarely, a chronically inflamed bursa can become infected by bacteria spreading through the blood.

• #35 Common Superficial Bursitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0215/p224.html

  Up to one-half of septic bursitis cases occur in patients with chronic systemic conditions such as diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. […] Patients with alcoholism and those who are immunocompromised are also at risk. […] Septic superficial bursitis is also uncommon. It occurs more often in the olecranon and prepatellar bursae than in other superficial bursae. […] It usually arises from infection in nearby tissues, such as cellulitis, because of direct inoculation from trauma, or iatrogenically as a result of an attempt to aspirate an enlarged bursa.

• #36 Knee Bursitis | 7 Treatment Tips | Jeremy Burnham, MD

  https://www.jeremyburnhammd.com/knee-bursitis-causes-symptoms-treatment/

  Knee bursitis is usually caused by an injury or overuse of the joint. […] A bursa sac is normally paper thin and isnt detectable. However, the appropriate inciting event can lead to inflammation which causes the bursa to fill up with inflamed fluid. As bursitis worsens, the knee bursa enlarges and becomes even more susceptible to significant bursitis. […] However, it can also be caused by an infection, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or gout. Pes anserine bursitis is commonly seen in conjunction with knee arthritis. This may be because altered biomechanics from arthritis put more strain on the hamstrings, resulting in inflammation and ultimately pes anserine bursitis. However, this is not proven.

• #37 Knee bursitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/knee-bursitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355501

  Bursae are small fluid-filled sacs, shown in blue. They lessen friction between moving parts in the body’s joints. Knee bursitis is swelling, also called inflammation, of one or more of the bursae in the knee. […] Knee bursitis is a condition in which one or more small fluid-filled sacs near the knee joint become inflamed. The sacs are called bursae. Bursae reduce friction and cushion pressure points between bones and tendons, muscles and skin near the joints. […] A direct blow to the knee can cause symptoms to come on fast. But knee bursitis often stems from friction and irritation of the bursae. This can occur with jobs that require a lot of kneeling on hard surfaces. So, the symptoms can start slowly and become worse over time. […] Knee bursitis can be caused by: Frequent and ongoing pressure, such as from kneeling, especially on hard surfaces. Overuse of the knee or strenuous activity. A direct blow to the knee. An infection of the bursa due to bacteria, which could get into the knee through a bruise or a cut. Medical problems that can happen with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or gout in the knee.

• #38 Bursa in the knee: Types, issues, symptoms, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/bursa-in-the-knee

  Bursitis occurs due to sudden (acute) or prolonged (chronic) inflammation of the bursa. This can happen on any bursa on the knee. […] Septic or infectious bursitis usually occurs when an infection enters the bursa due to an injury that breaks the skin. It can happen due to microtrauma or direct punctures on the skin overlying the bursa. […] A ruptured bursa occurs when there is a tear in the bursa, causing inflamed or infected synovial fluid to leak into the joint and surrounding tissue. It can lead to the spread of infection in the body (sepsis) and septic shock. […] Calcific bursitis happens when calcium deposits collect within the bursae. It can occur in people with longstanding untreated bursitis. […] The most common cause of bursitis is prolonged pressure. Other possible causes include repetitive motion, such as constant kneeling, trauma from direct pressure, infection from a direct penetration such as those from invasive procedures, autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, gout, scleroderma, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

• #39 Prepatellar Bursitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557508/

  Trauma to the bursa increases blood flow, migration of leukocytes into the bursa, and fluid production from within the synovial cells of the bursa, providing the foundation of the inflammatory response seen in bursitis. […] Direct microscopy examination of the bursa’s synovial fluid may reveal a source of inflammation, including gout, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals, or bacteria. […] Molecular fluid analysis will likely show elevated inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins, and cyclooxygenases.

• #40 Bursitis Of The Knee – OrthoPaedia

  https://www.orthopaedia.com/bursitis-of-the-knee/

  A bursa is a sac-like structure found near joints that allows soft tissues to glide across bony prominences. Bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa. Near the knee, there are three clinically important bursas: the prepatellar (in front of the patella itself), infrapatellar (just distal to the patella) and anserine (on the proximal – medial tibia). Bursitis may result from local injury, infection or systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout. Bursitis due to infection is known as septic bursitis. […] The prepatellar bursa is located superficial to the patella. It decreases friction as the soft tissues glide over the patella during knee flexion and extension. Because of the location of the prepatellar bursa, it is susceptible to repetitive microtrauma, especially when kneeling. Its location also makes it susceptible to blunt and penetrating trauma. Septic prepatellar bursitis can occur following local inoculation due to trauma.

• #41

  https://www.hingehealth.com/resources/articles/bursitis-knee/

  Knee bursitis occurs when a bursa in your knee becomes irritated or inflamed. These small, fluid-filled sacs cushion an area to prevent your bone from rubbing on your muscle, tendon, or skin thereby preventing friction and inflammation. […] Prepatellar bursitis is most common with prolonged kneeling. We often see it in people who have jobs or hobbies like construction or gardening, says Lori Walter, PT, DPT, a physical therapist at Hinge Health. […] Another common type of knee bursitis, pes anserine bursitis, is more common in athletes. The pes anserine bursa sits on the inside of the knee below the joint. It can be affected by hamstring tightness and tightness on the inside of the thigh, which can be common among athletes, says Dr. Walter. […] Several things can cause symptoms of bursitis to appear rapidly, like direct trauma or infection. But most cases of knee bursitis occur due to repetitive stress from irritation of a bursa, so symptoms usually begin gradually and worsen over time.

• #42

  https://gustavelorthopedics.com/Bursitis

  Bursitis is inflammation or irritation of a bursa sac. Bursitis is common around major joints like your knee. The bursa is a fluid-filled sac that acts as a gliding surface and prevents friction during movement. It also protects pressure points between the muscle and the skin, especially around the knee joints, bones, and tendons. Bursitis is a condition diagnosed when one of the bursae located around the Achilles tendon, hip, elbow, or knee joint becomes inflamed. […] Causes of knee bursitis may range from prolonged kneeling to knee injuries and weight issues. […] The prepatellar bursitis is the result of direct trauma to the front knee. […] The pes anserine bursitis is caused by inflammation of the bursa located in the knee’s anserine area (inner side). […] The infrapatellar bursitis is also called the '”Jumper’s Knee” because it occurs due to straining the large tendon below the knee cap and is mostly associated with jumping injuries.

• #43 Bursitis Of The Knee – OrthoPaedia

  https://www.orthopaedia.com/bursitis-of-the-knee/

  Infrapatellar bursitis develops in a similar fashion to prepatellar bursitis. Chronic microtrauma secondary to kneeling can lead to superficial bursa wall thickening and inflammation. Chronic overuse and irritation of the patellar tendon can lead to deep infrapatellar bursitis. Its location also makes it susceptible to traumatic causes of bursitis, and septic bursitis. […] After injury, synovial cells in the bursa thicken and may undergo villous hyperplasia. Over time, granulation tissue and fibrous tissue may develop. If an inflammatory reaction occurs, the bursa becomes filled with fluid. […] Non-infectious (aseptic) bursitis is characterized by cell counts lower than 2000/μL. The presence of a predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes or a count greater than 5000/μL should be considered indicative of infection. […] Varying degrees of inflammation occur in bursitis. The fluid is usually rich in fibrin, but can be hemorrhagic.

• #44 What is Knee Bursitis? | Allsports Physiotherapy

  https://www.allsportsphysio.com.au/knee-bursitis/

  Knee bursitis is irritation of the bursae in and around the knee – there are actually 11 bursae associated with the knee joint! Bursae are thin sacks filled with lubricating fluid. They function to help reduce friction between adjacent structures i.e., bones, tendons, muscles and skin. […] Prepatellar bursitis is most often seen in people who are frequently kneeling, as the bursa can become irritated.e.g. plumbers, carpet layers, gardeners. […] Infrapatellar bursitis often causes pain just below the point of the kneecap. Repetitive jumping is a common cause of irritation of the infrapatellar bursa. […] Suprapatellar bursitis can be triggered by acute trauma or repeated microtrauma. More severe cases can be a result of direct trauma to the bursa from falls and overuse. […] Knee bursitis can be caused by direct trauma to the area, frequent falls on the knees, or prolonged pressure on the knee, usually from repetitive or extended periods of kneeling.

• #45 Knee bursitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/knee-bursitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355501

  Factors that can raise the risk of getting knee bursitis include: Prolonged kneeling. The risk of bursitis is higher for people who work on their knees for long amounts of time. This includes carpet layers, plumbers and gardeners. Playing certain sports. Sports that can lead to direct blows or frequent falls on the knee raise your risk of knee bursitis. So do sports that create friction between the knee and a mat. These sports include wrestling, football, basketball and volleyball. Runners also can get pain and inflammation in the bursa that’s located on the inner side of the knee below the joint. This is called pes anserine bursitis. Obesity and osteoarthritis. Pes anserine bursitis often occurs in obese women with osteoarthritis.

• #46

  https://www.hingehealth.com/resources/articles/bursitis-knee/

  Knee bursitis occurs when a bursa in your knee becomes irritated or inflamed. These small, fluid-filled sacs cushion an area to prevent your bone from rubbing on your muscle, tendon, or skin thereby preventing friction and inflammation. […] Prepatellar bursitis is most common with prolonged kneeling. We often see it in people who have jobs or hobbies like construction or gardening, says Lori Walter, PT, DPT, a physical therapist at Hinge Health. […] Another common type of knee bursitis, pes anserine bursitis, is more common in athletes. The pes anserine bursa sits on the inside of the knee below the joint. It can be affected by hamstring tightness and tightness on the inside of the thigh, which can be common among athletes, says Dr. Walter. […] Several things can cause symptoms of bursitis to appear rapidly, like direct trauma or infection. But most cases of knee bursitis occur due to repetitive stress from irritation of a bursa, so symptoms usually begin gradually and worsen over time.

• #47 Pes Anserine (Knee Tendon) Bursitis – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/pes-anserine-knee-tendon-bursitis/

  Bursitis usually develops as the result of overuse or constant friction and stress on the bursa. Pes anserine bursitis is common in athletes, particularly runners. People with osteoarthritis of the knee are also susceptible. […] Several factors can contribute to the development of pes anserine bursitis, including: […] Symptoms of pes anserine bursitis may mimic those of a stress fracture, so an X-ray is usually required for diagnosis. Symptoms may also mimic those of a medial meniscus tear. […] Treatment of pes anserine bursitis is almost entirely non-operative.

• #48 Knee bursitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/knee-bursitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355501

  Factors that can raise the risk of getting knee bursitis include: Prolonged kneeling. The risk of bursitis is higher for people who work on their knees for long amounts of time. This includes carpet layers, plumbers and gardeners. Playing certain sports. Sports that can lead to direct blows or frequent falls on the knee raise your risk of knee bursitis. So do sports that create friction between the knee and a mat. These sports include wrestling, football, basketball and volleyball. Runners also can get pain and inflammation in the bursa that’s located on the inner side of the knee below the joint. This is called pes anserine bursitis. Obesity and osteoarthritis. Pes anserine bursitis often occurs in obese women with osteoarthritis.

• #49

  https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/bursitis.html

  Common causes of bursitis are repetitive motions, overuse, injury, or infection. Bursitis is also associated with medical conditions such as arthritis, gout, tendonitis, diabetes, and thyroid disease. […] Knee bursitis: occupations that require kneeling, jumping, or squatting (e.g., carpet and floor layers, gardeners, carpenters, plumbers, wrestlers, runners). […] The prevention of bursitis should focus on the avoidance or reduction of activities that can lead to inflammation of the bursa (i.e., repetitive motions and poor posture).

• #50 Guide | Physical Therapy Guide to Knee Bursitis | Choose PT

  https://www.choosept.com/guide/physical-therapy-guide-knee-bursitis

  Knee bursitis occurs when one or more of the knee bursae become damaged, irritated, or inflamed. Normally, a bursa acts as a cushion to reduce friction between two body parts. Bursae on the front of the knee provide a cushion between: […] Prolonged pressure or traumatic blows can injure a bursa. Repeated motions can cause irritating friction on the bursa, and lead to developing bursitis. Itis” means „inflammation.” When a bursa is injured, it can swell and become painful. […] Knee bursitis can be caused by: […] Repeated motions, including certain sports, such as running. […] Prolonged kneeling, as when scrubbing floors, or praying in a kneeling position. […] Prolonged crawling, such as when laying carpet or tile. […] Direct trauma, such as being hit or falling on the knee. […] Knee surgery or knee joint replacement. […] Infection. […] Autoimmune conditions. […] Bursitis also can develop on the outside of the knee that is commonly referred to as Pes Anserine Bursitis. This type of bursitis often occurs in distance runners, breaststroke swimmers, older adults, and people with knee osteoarthritis.

• #51 Common Superficial Bursitis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0215/p224.html

  Up to one-half of septic bursitis cases occur in patients with chronic systemic conditions such as diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. […] Patients with alcoholism and those who are immunocompromised are also at risk. […] Septic superficial bursitis is also uncommon. It occurs more often in the olecranon and prepatellar bursae than in other superficial bursae. […] It usually arises from infection in nearby tissues, such as cellulitis, because of direct inoculation from trauma, or iatrogenically as a result of an attempt to aspirate an enlarged bursa.

• #52 Causes of Knee Bursitis (Prepatellar Bursitis)

  https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/bursitis/causes-knee-bursitis-prepatellar-bursitis

  Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, alcoholism, and rheumatoid arthritis, increase the risk of developing septic bursitis. […] People who have had bursitis in the past have an increased chance of developing bursitis again. […] By addressing these causes and risk factors, an individual can decrease the likelihood of developing chronic knee bursitis.

• #53 Peak Physical Therapy | What Causes Knee Bursitis?

  https://www.peaktherapy.com/get-educated/what-causes-knee-bursitis-overview

  Bursitis most commonly results from the overuse of joints or an injury. […] In addition, your knee bursitis may indicate an underlying medical condition such as arthritis or gout. […] Certain medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, psoriatic arthritis, and thyroid disease can increase your risk of developing bursitis. Obesity can also play a role, putting excess strain on your weight-bearing joints.

• #54 Understanding Knee Bursitis: Causes, Physiology, Mechanism, and the Role of the Physiotherapist at Wimbledon Clinic Physio

  https://www.wimbledonclinicphysio.co.uk/blog/40-understanding-knee-bursitis

  The bursae contain synovial fluid, lubricating the joint and facilitating smooth movement. In knee bursitis, an overproduction of synovial fluid occurs as a response to irritation, leading to swelling and discomfort. […] The inflammatory response triggered by overuse or trauma can disrupt the normal healing process. Chronic inflammation may hinder the body’s ability to repair the affected bursae, perpetuating the cycle of pain and swelling. […] Weakness or imbalance in the muscles surrounding the knee can contribute to abnormal stress on the bursae. Physiological imbalances may alter the mechanics of the joint, making it more prone to inflammation. […] Factors such as poor posture, improper body mechanics, or structural abnormalities in the knee joint can contribute to the development of knee bursitis.

• #55 Bursa in the knee: Types, issues, symptoms, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/bursa-in-the-knee

  Cases of knee bursitis specifically can be due to prolonged or constant kneeling, improper training, such as forgetting to stretch, a sudden increase in workout intensity, or excessive uphill running, tight muscles, postural issues such as out-toeing (duckfooted) and genu valgum (knock knees), gout, rheumatoid arthritis, infections. […] Knee bursitis is a common condition that happens because of knee bursa inflammation. This inflammation is often short-lived and lasts for several days to weeks.

• #56 Knee Bursitis: What You Need To Know About It

  https://regenexx.com/blog/understanding-knee-bursitis/

  Knee bursitis is the inflammation of fluid-filled sacs around the knee, known as bursae. It can occur due to repetitive motions, constant pressure on the knee, or injuries, and cause pain, tenderness, and swelling. […] Symptoms like pain and inflammation might be signs of deeper issues like tendon damage. […] The causes of knee bursitis can vary. Around 70% of knee bursitis cases arise from repetitive stress, injury, trauma, or mechanical issues. […] Repetitive movements or pressure on the knee can irritate and inflame the bursa. These movements include frequent kneeling, jumping, or running. […] Direct injury to the knee causes acute inflammation, leading to bursitis. […] In some cases, the bursae can become infected by bacteria. This condition is called septic bursitis. […] Problems with the back’s alignment, like scoliosis or bad posture, can change walking patterns and stress knee tendons.

• #57 Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2145588-overview

  Inflammation of the bursa causes synovial cells to multiply and thereby increases collagen formation and fluid production. A more permeable capillary membrane allows entrance of high protein fluid. The bursal lining may be replaced by granulation tissue followed by fibrous tissue. The bursa becomes filled with fluid, which is often rich in fibrin, and the fluid can become hemorrhagic. […] One study suggests that this process may be mediated by cytokines, metalloproteases, and cyclooxygenases. […] In septic arthritis, local trauma can inoculate bacteria into the bursa, which triggers the inflammatory process. Hematogenous seeding is less common due to the relatively poor blood supply to the bursae. […] There are three phases of bursitis: acute, recurrent, and chronic. During the acute phase of bursitis, local inflammation occurs and the synovial fluid is thickened, and movement becomes painful as a result. Chronic bursitis leads to persistent inflammation with continual pain and can lead to weakening of the overlying ligaments and tendons and, ultimately, rupture of the tendons. Because of the possible adverse effects of chronic bursitis on overlying structures, bursitis and tendinitis may occur together; the differential diagnosis should include both of these diagnoses.

• #58 Bursitis: Types, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10918-bursitis

  Bursitis happens when a bursa becomes irritated and swells. The most common causes of bursitis are overuse and putting too much pressure on a bursa. […] Repetitive motions like a pitcher throwing a baseball or lifting heavy boxes at work commonly cause bursitis. Spending time in positions that put pressure on a specific part of your body (such as kneeling) can cause it, too. […] The longer you put pressure or additional stress on an injured bursa, the longer itll take to recover. It also increases your risk of chronic bursitis (bursitis that comes and goes in the same area). […] When you have repeated bursitis episodes, its considered a chronic (long-lasting) condition. Bursitis may come and go. The same kind of irritation that caused the original inflammation can trigger a new episode. Repeated flare-ups may damage the bursa and reduce your mobility in that joint.

• #59 Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2145588-overview

  Inflammation of the bursa causes synovial cells to multiply and thereby increases collagen formation and fluid production. A more permeable capillary membrane allows entrance of high protein fluid. The bursal lining may be replaced by granulation tissue followed by fibrous tissue. The bursa becomes filled with fluid, which is often rich in fibrin, and the fluid can become hemorrhagic. […] One study suggests that this process may be mediated by cytokines, metalloproteases, and cyclooxygenases. […] In septic arthritis, local trauma can inoculate bacteria into the bursa, which triggers the inflammatory process. Hematogenous seeding is less common due to the relatively poor blood supply to the bursae. […] There are three phases of bursitis: acute, recurrent, and chronic. During the acute phase of bursitis, local inflammation occurs and the synovial fluid is thickened, and movement becomes painful as a result. Chronic bursitis leads to persistent inflammation with continual pain and can lead to weakening of the overlying ligaments and tendons and, ultimately, rupture of the tendons. Because of the possible adverse effects of chronic bursitis on overlying structures, bursitis and tendinitis may occur together; the differential diagnosis should include both of these diagnoses.

• #60 Bursa in the knee: Types, issues, symptoms, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/bursa-in-the-knee

  Bursitis occurs due to sudden (acute) or prolonged (chronic) inflammation of the bursa. This can happen on any bursa on the knee. […] Septic or infectious bursitis usually occurs when an infection enters the bursa due to an injury that breaks the skin. It can happen due to microtrauma or direct punctures on the skin overlying the bursa. […] A ruptured bursa occurs when there is a tear in the bursa, causing inflamed or infected synovial fluid to leak into the joint and surrounding tissue. It can lead to the spread of infection in the body (sepsis) and septic shock. […] Calcific bursitis happens when calcium deposits collect within the bursae. It can occur in people with longstanding untreated bursitis. […] The most common cause of bursitis is prolonged pressure. Other possible causes include repetitive motion, such as constant kneeling, trauma from direct pressure, infection from a direct penetration such as those from invasive procedures, autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, gout, scleroderma, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

• #61 Prepatellar Bursitis (Knee Bursitis): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22189-prepatellar-bursitis

  Prepatellar bursitis is inflammation of the bursa (a fluid-filled sac) that’s located in front of your kneecap (patella). Knee bursitis happens when irritation, infection or damage affects the bursa and it makes too much fluid. The extra fluid causes the bursa to swell and puts pressure on other parts of your knee joint. […] There are a few situations and conditions that can cause prepatellar bursitis, including: Frequent kneeling. Pressure and irritation from frequent kneeling cause most cases of prepatellar bursitis. […] If left untreated, prepatellar bursitis that involves an infection can lead to severe complications like septic shock or even death. […] Prepatellar bursitis treatment depends on the severity of the condition. You can treat most cases of prepatellar bursitis that just involve inflammation from home without medical intervention. If an infection is the cause of the prepatellar bursitis, you’ll need antibiotics to treat it. […] Chronic knee bursitis may be more difficult to treat, especially if you have a job that requires frequent kneeling.

• #62 Knee (Prepatellar) Bursitis

  https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/bursitis/knee-prepatellar-bursitis

  A lime- or grapefruit-sized lump at the front of the knee may be a sign of prepatellar bursitis. Prepatellar bursitis occurs when the bursa at the front of the knee becomes inflamed and fills with excess fluid. […] When inflamed, a bursas normally thin lining thickens and produces excess fluid. The excess fluid collects in the bursa sac, causing it to swell. […] There are many reasons a prepatellar bursa may become inflamed, such as repeated irritation, an injury, or an underlying inflammatory condition. Repeated irritation from kneeling is the most common reason. […] Experts estimate about 1/3 of prepatellar bursitis cases may be caused by an infection. When a bursa is infected the bursa sac fills with puss. This condition is called septic bursitis, and requires urgent treatment. […] Septic bursitis is common in the prepatellar bursa because it lies just below the skin. Bursae that lie just below the skin are called superficial bursae. Bacteria and other microorganisms typically enter a superficial bursa through a scrape or cut. Less often, microorganisms enter a bursa during an aspiration, a procedure to remove fluid from the bursa. […] Without treatment, the infectious microbes (typically bacteria) in the bursa may spread to other areas of the leg or the bloodstream. An infection of the bloodstream is rare but can be life-threatening.

• #63 Bursa in the knee: Types, issues, symptoms, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/bursa-in-the-knee

  Bursitis occurs due to sudden (acute) or prolonged (chronic) inflammation of the bursa. This can happen on any bursa on the knee. […] Septic or infectious bursitis usually occurs when an infection enters the bursa due to an injury that breaks the skin. It can happen due to microtrauma or direct punctures on the skin overlying the bursa. […] A ruptured bursa occurs when there is a tear in the bursa, causing inflamed or infected synovial fluid to leak into the joint and surrounding tissue. It can lead to the spread of infection in the body (sepsis) and septic shock. […] Calcific bursitis happens when calcium deposits collect within the bursae. It can occur in people with longstanding untreated bursitis. […] The most common cause of bursitis is prolonged pressure. Other possible causes include repetitive motion, such as constant kneeling, trauma from direct pressure, infection from a direct penetration such as those from invasive procedures, autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, gout, scleroderma, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

• #64 Prepatellar Bursitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557508/

  Trauma to the bursa increases blood flow, migration of leukocytes into the bursa, and fluid production from within the synovial cells of the bursa, providing the foundation of the inflammatory response seen in bursitis. […] Direct microscopy examination of the bursa’s synovial fluid may reveal a source of inflammation, including gout, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals, or bacteria. […] Molecular fluid analysis will likely show elevated inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins, and cyclooxygenases.

• #65 Bursitis: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2145588-overview

  Inflammation of the bursa causes synovial cells to multiply and thereby increases collagen formation and fluid production. A more permeable capillary membrane allows entrance of high protein fluid. The bursal lining may be replaced by granulation tissue followed by fibrous tissue. The bursa becomes filled with fluid, which is often rich in fibrin, and the fluid can become hemorrhagic. […] One study suggests that this process may be mediated by cytokines, metalloproteases, and cyclooxygenases. […] In septic arthritis, local trauma can inoculate bacteria into the bursa, which triggers the inflammatory process. Hematogenous seeding is less common due to the relatively poor blood supply to the bursae. […] There are three phases of bursitis: acute, recurrent, and chronic. During the acute phase of bursitis, local inflammation occurs and the synovial fluid is thickened, and movement becomes painful as a result. Chronic bursitis leads to persistent inflammation with continual pain and can lead to weakening of the overlying ligaments and tendons and, ultimately, rupture of the tendons. Because of the possible adverse effects of chronic bursitis on overlying structures, bursitis and tendinitis may occur together; the differential diagnosis should include both of these diagnoses.

• #66 Knee Bursitis: What You Need To Know About It

  https://regenexx.com/blog/understanding-knee-bursitis/

  Knee bursitis is the inflammation of fluid-filled sacs around the knee, known as bursae. It can occur due to repetitive motions, constant pressure on the knee, or injuries, and cause pain, tenderness, and swelling. […] Symptoms like pain and inflammation might be signs of deeper issues like tendon damage. […] The causes of knee bursitis can vary. Around 70% of knee bursitis cases arise from repetitive stress, injury, trauma, or mechanical issues. […] Repetitive movements or pressure on the knee can irritate and inflame the bursa. These movements include frequent kneeling, jumping, or running. […] Direct injury to the knee causes acute inflammation, leading to bursitis. […] In some cases, the bursae can become infected by bacteria. This condition is called septic bursitis. […] Problems with the back’s alignment, like scoliosis or bad posture, can change walking patterns and stress knee tendons.

• #67 Causes of Knee Bursitis (Prepatellar Bursitis)

  https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/bursitis/causes-knee-bursitis-prepatellar-bursitis

  Knee bursitis is often caused by frequent mini-traumas, such as repetitive kneeling on hard surfaces. […] Mini-traumas can irritate the bursa’s delicate lining, leading to inflammation. […] The inflammation may cause the bursal lining to produce excess synovial fluid. […] The excess fluid builds up in the bursa sac, causing it to swell and leading to knee bursitis symptoms. […] An acute injury can damage the prepatellar bursa at the front of the knee. […] The damaged prepatellar bursa may fill with blood. […] The blood irritates the bursa’s delicate lining, causing it to become inflamed. […] While the blood in the prepatellar bursa may be gradually reabsorbed into the body, the bursa’s lining may stay inflamed. […] The inflamed lining may produce excess synovial fluid. […] Knee bursitis can be caused by an infection, a condition called septic bursitis.

• #68 Prepatellar Bursitis (Knee Bursitis): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22189-prepatellar-bursitis

  Prepatellar bursitis is inflammation of the bursa (a fluid-filled sac) that’s located in front of your kneecap (patella). Knee bursitis happens when irritation, infection or damage affects the bursa and it makes too much fluid. The extra fluid causes the bursa to swell and puts pressure on other parts of your knee joint. […] There are a few situations and conditions that can cause prepatellar bursitis, including: Frequent kneeling. Pressure and irritation from frequent kneeling cause most cases of prepatellar bursitis. […] If left untreated, prepatellar bursitis that involves an infection can lead to severe complications like septic shock or even death. […] Prepatellar bursitis treatment depends on the severity of the condition. You can treat most cases of prepatellar bursitis that just involve inflammation from home without medical intervention. If an infection is the cause of the prepatellar bursitis, you’ll need antibiotics to treat it. […] Chronic knee bursitis may be more difficult to treat, especially if you have a job that requires frequent kneeling.

• #69 How Long Does Knee Bursitis Last? Causes, Treatment, Relief — Austin Manual Therapy

  https://www.austinmanualtherapy.com/blog/how-long-does-knee-bursitis-last

  For persistent symptoms, medical interventions include corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation quickly and effectively. […] In cases of fluid buildup, bursa aspiration can relieve pressure and aid in diagnosing underlying issues like infection. […] Working with a physical therapist can restore knee strength and flexibility. […] They design tailored exercise programs that improve joint stability and reduce the risk of recurrence. […] Maintaining a healthy weight reduces stress on the knee joints, protecting the bursa from excess strain. […] This simple lifestyle change also helps prevent future episodes of inflammation and other joint-related issues. […] Most people recover fully from knee bursitis, especially with appropriate treatment and prevention strategies. […] However, chronic or recurring cases may require ongoing care.

• #70

  https://www.hingehealth.com/resources/articles/bursitis-knee/

  To avoid knee bursitis or prevent its recurrence, try to take breaks when you kneel or squat. To avoid irritating your bursae when you’re on your knees for long periods of time, take regular breaks to stretch your legs. […] Although kneeling for prolonged periods can make a bursitis flare more likely, don’t feel like you have to give up activities that involve kneeling. When doing things like gardening, construction work, or playing certain sports, wearing knee pads or placing a pad under your knees helps disperse pressure evenly across your knees and minimizes the incidence of bursitis, says Dr. Walter.

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