Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Centre for Health Protection – Men’s Health Line – Smelly Feet

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/static/80058.html

  Smelly feet (foot odour; bromhidrosis) can be very embarrassing and uncomfortable. There are many people, especially guys, who have to deal with this problem everyday. But once you understand the problem, you’ll be able to take steps to tackle it. […] Feet have a stronger odour than the rest of the body and for some of us smell badly, mainly because of two reasons: […] Feet sweat a lot: feet have more sweat glands per inch of skin than any other part of the body, and these glands produce sweat profusely and all the time, not just when the weather is hot or during exercise as other parts of the body do. The sweat cannot evaporate due to the feet being trapped in shoes […] Sweat promotes the growth of bacteria: the dark and moist condition of the feet being trapped in shoes is ideal for the growth of bacteria that normally live on our skin. The bacteria produce isovaleric acid, which is the main substance responsible for the bad odour of smelly feet.

• #2 What to Know about Smelly Feet – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/what-to-know-about-smelly-feet/

  Smelly feet, also known as bromodosis, is a common condition that can cause significant discomfort and social embarrassment. […] Smelly feet are primarily caused by the interaction between sweat and bacteria on the skin. The bacteria break down the sweat, producing unpleasant odors. […] A study investigated the efficacy of Quchousan, a traditional treatment, in managing foot odor. […] Another effective treatment for foot odor is the application of a 15% zinc sulfate solution. […] The study concluded that the 15% zinc sulfate solution is both an effective therapeutic and prophylactic treatment for foot odor, with no recorded side effects.

• #3 Smelly feet

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/smelly-feet/

  Smelly feet (bromodosis) are common and often caused by a build-up of sweat and bacteria. […] The main causes of smelly feet are a build-up of sweat and bacteria on them and fungal infections like athlete’s foot. […] Treatment for smelly feet depends on the cause. […] If your smelly feet are caused by a fungal infection, a GP might prescribe a stronger antifungal treatment to clear it up. […] If the cause is sweating, they might suggest a stronger antiperspirant or treatment to reduce sweating. […] A treatment called iontophoresis may help with sweating, which involves passing a weak electrical current through the affected areas.

• #4 What causes foot odor and how to deal with it? Explaining the reasons for foot odor and how to prevent it | ZUTTO Journal | For health foods, go to Ito Kampo Pharmaceutical

  https://itohkampo.sg/lab/media/detail/13/

  What causes smelly feet? […] The soles of the feet are said to be the part of the body that sweats the most, but sweat itself does not have an odor. Foot odor is caused by the proliferation of bacteria due to sweat, sebum, and keratin. […] Foot odor is caused by the proliferation of bacteria that normally live on the skin. The causes of bacterial proliferation are as follows: […] Steam caused by sweat […] Excessive sebum secretion […] Dead skin buildup […] Normally, the resident bacteria present on the skin of many places, including the feet, plays a role in forming a barricade to prevent bacteria from entering from the outside. However, when the inside of shoes or socks becomes steamy due to moisture from sweat, the resident bacteria feed on sebum and keratin, and grow, producing substances such as acetic acid and isovaleric acid that emit a foul odor.

• #5 Centre for Health Protection – Men’s Health Line – Smelly Feet

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/static/80058.html

  Smelly feet (foot odour; bromhidrosis) can be very embarrassing and uncomfortable. There are many people, especially guys, who have to deal with this problem everyday. But once you understand the problem, you’ll be able to take steps to tackle it. […] Feet have a stronger odour than the rest of the body and for some of us smell badly, mainly because of two reasons: […] Feet sweat a lot: feet have more sweat glands per inch of skin than any other part of the body, and these glands produce sweat profusely and all the time, not just when the weather is hot or during exercise as other parts of the body do. The sweat cannot evaporate due to the feet being trapped in shoes […] Sweat promotes the growth of bacteria: the dark and moist condition of the feet being trapped in shoes is ideal for the growth of bacteria that normally live on our skin. The bacteria produce isovaleric acid, which is the main substance responsible for the bad odour of smelly feet.

• #6 Foot odor due to microbial metabolism and its control – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16699586/

  To characterize foot odor, we analyzed its components by sensory tests, isolated microorganisms that produce it, and evaluated the mechanism of the occurrence of foot odor. […] As a result, foot odor was found to be derived from isovaleric acid, which is produced when Staphylococcus epidermidis, a resident species of the normal cutaneous microbial flora, degrades leucine present in sweat. […] In addition, Bacillus subtilis was detected in the plantar skin of subjects with strong foot odor, and this species was shown to be closely associated with increased foot odor. […] Therefore, we screened various naturally occurring substances and fragrant agents that inhibit microbial production of foot odor without disturbing the normal microbial flora of the human skin. […] As a result, we identified citral, citronellal, and geraniol as fragrant agents that inhibit the generation of isovaleric acid at low concentrations.

• #7 Foot odor due to microbial metabolism and its control | Podiatry Arena

  https://podiatryarena.com/index.php?threads/foot-odor-due-to-microbial-metabolism-and-its-control.2113/

  Foot odor due to microbial metabolism and its control. Can J Microbiol. 2006 Apr;52(4):357-64 To characterize foot odor, we analyzed its components by sensory tests, isolated microorganisms that produce it, and evaluated the mechanism of the occurrence of foot odor. As a result, foot odor was found to be derived from isovaleric acid, which is produced when Staphylococcus epidermidis, a resident species of the normal cutaneous microbial flora, degrades leucine present in sweat. […] The aim of these studies was to identify the key chemical components of foot malodour, the organisms and metabolic pathways responsible for their production, and to develop model systems to study these processes in vitro. […] The degradation of foot callus by Kytococcus sedentarius was investigated, and an in vitro foot malodour model developed, demonstrating the generation of isovaleric acid using a combination of partially purified K. sedentarius keratinases and a Staphylococcus species. […] The existence of one or more of Staphylococcus epidermis, Bacillus subtilis and Propionibacterium Acnes on foot surface may trigger the generation of isovaleric and propionic acids, which in turn can cause a distinctive odor of feet.

• #8 Foot odor due to microbial metabolism and its control – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16699586/

  To characterize foot odor, we analyzed its components by sensory tests, isolated microorganisms that produce it, and evaluated the mechanism of the occurrence of foot odor. […] As a result, foot odor was found to be derived from isovaleric acid, which is produced when Staphylococcus epidermidis, a resident species of the normal cutaneous microbial flora, degrades leucine present in sweat. […] In addition, Bacillus subtilis was detected in the plantar skin of subjects with strong foot odor, and this species was shown to be closely associated with increased foot odor. […] Therefore, we screened various naturally occurring substances and fragrant agents that inhibit microbial production of foot odor without disturbing the normal microbial flora of the human skin. […] As a result, we identified citral, citronellal, and geraniol as fragrant agents that inhibit the generation of isovaleric acid at low concentrations.

• #9 Why do our feet smell worse in the winter? | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/57089-foot-odor-worse-in-winter.html

  Feet on their own don’t stink. The real culprits are the bacteria that live on the skin, feeding off the compounds in sweat. A 2006 study in the Canadian Journal of Microbiology found that Staphylococcus epidermidis, a common resident of the skin, creates a compound called isovaleric acid when feeding off an amino acid in sweat called leucine. Isovaleric acid happens to smell rather like pungent cheese. […] Another bacteria species, Bacillus subtilis, was also associated with strong odor, the researchers found. These rod-shaped bacteria thrive in the human gastrointestinal tract as well as on the skin. […] Depending on the materials you wear, you may be providing these bacteria and others a chance to flourish. Cotton tends to absorb and wick away moisture; synthetic fabrics don’t absorb moisture, but instead trap it between fibers. A 2007 study published in the Textile Research Journal found that polyester fabrics are stinkier than cotton or wool. In another study, this one published in 2014, researchers came to the same conclusion after asking subjects to get sweaty by bicycling in either synthetic or natural shirts. Polyester clothing was rated significantly smellier, less pleasant, mustier and more sour than cotton clothing.

• #10 The Science Behind Foot Odour – Figtree Podiatry

  https://figtreepodiatry.com.au/2025/04/02/the-science-behind-foot-odour/

  Have you ever wondered why feet sometimes smell unpleasant, particularly after a long day? The answer lies in the complex world of the foot microbiome – an ecosystem of microscopic organisms living on your feet. Here, we will dive into the science behind foot odour and discover how understanding your foot’s bacterial community can help you maintain better foot hygiene. […] Your feet are home to millions of bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms that make up what scientists call the foot microbiome. This invisible ecosystem plays a crucial role in both foot health and, yes, that distinctive foot odour we’re all familiar with. […] The main players (bacteria) responsible for foot odour are: Brevibacterium Found in French cheeses, this bacterium breaks down dead skin cells to produce methanethiol, creating that characteristic ‘cheesy foot’ odour. It thrives particularly well between the toes.

• #11 The Science Behind Foot Odour – Figtree Podiatry

  https://figtreepodiatry.com.au/2025/04/02/the-science-behind-foot-odour/

  Staphylococcus Common on feet, these bacteria feed on fatty acids in sweat to produce isovaleric acid, creating a vinegar-like smell. While mostly harmless, some species can cause skin infections if they overgrow. […] Propionibacterium These bacteria digest oily substances in sweat, producing propionic acid with its sharp, acidic smell. They flourish in the deeper layers of skin around sweat glands. […] Corynebacterium The most prolific odour-producer, Corynebacterium breaks down sweat compounds to create a strong, pungent smell. These bacteria thrive in the warm, moist environment inside shoes. […] Medical Considerations Some people experience excessive foot sweating, known as plantar hyperhidrosis. This condition can significantly increase the likelihood of problematic foot odour and may require medical intervention.

• #12 The Science Behind Foot Odour – Figtree Podiatry

  https://figtreepodiatry.com.au/2025/04/02/the-science-behind-foot-odour/

  Staphylococcus Common on feet, these bacteria feed on fatty acids in sweat to produce isovaleric acid, creating a vinegar-like smell. While mostly harmless, some species can cause skin infections if they overgrow. […] Propionibacterium These bacteria digest oily substances in sweat, producing propionic acid with its sharp, acidic smell. They flourish in the deeper layers of skin around sweat glands. […] Corynebacterium The most prolific odour-producer, Corynebacterium breaks down sweat compounds to create a strong, pungent smell. These bacteria thrive in the warm, moist environment inside shoes. […] Medical Considerations Some people experience excessive foot sweating, known as plantar hyperhidrosis. This condition can significantly increase the likelihood of problematic foot odour and may require medical intervention.

• #13 Smelly Feet: Tips for Preventing Foot Odor

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/what-to-know-about-smelly-feet

  While anyone can get stinky feet, its estimated that 10% to 15% of all people have feet that are smellier than average. These people host a certain bacteria on their feet called Kyetococcus sedentarius that create sulfuric compounds. These compounds can cause sweat to smell like rotten eggs. […] People with hyperhidrosis may also have sweatier feet since this condition causes excess sweating. In turn, the extra sweat can cause your feet to smell bad.

• #14 Smelly feet causes | Tannins.org

  https://www.tannins.org/smelly-feet-causes/

  Foot bacteria feeds on the amino acids present in sweat, along with dead skin cells, and biodegraded them down into short-chain fatty acids, which are volatile and have an unpleasant odor. These mainly include valeric acid, butyric acid and acetic acid. The characteristic cheesy and acidic smell of “stinky feet”, is the result of a combination of these acids. […] The shoe acts as an “incubator” for the growth of bacteria: the temperature rises and the moisture increases, providing ideal conditions for their proliferation, especially in the presence of synthetic materials. More bacteria means more odor. The odor-reducing effects of sprays and deodorants are only temporary. […] Vegetable-tanned leather is breathable, therefore the foot remains dry and at the ideal temperature. The tannin molecules fight bacterial activity, naturally preventing the formation of odor.

• #15 Odor feet (smelly feet): bacteria involved and control measures. – IVAMI

  https://www.ivami.com/en/clinical-microbiology/2992-odor-feet-smelly-feet-bacteria-involved-and-control-measures

  Several studies of the skin flora feet and almost everyone agrees the following microorganisms, generally, with some variations from one study to another, in order of frequency and importance are: Propionibacterium acnes (generally all individuals -100% – smelling feet). Staphylococcus epidermidis (next in order of frequency, 86%), with other differentiated by sequencing (Staphylococcus hominis, etc.) species. Brevibacterium spp. Bacillus subtilis (11%). Staphylococcus aureus (7%). Micrococcus spp. Corynebacterium spp. Malassezia spp. […] The analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, of the fatty acids present sweat allowed contain the following components: Acetic acid. Propionic acid (similar to the acetic acid smell). isobutyric acid. butyric acid. valeric acid. isovaleric acid (smell of cheese). caproic acid. caprylic acid. capric acid.

• #16 Odor feet (smelly feet): bacteria involved and control measures. – IVAMI

  https://www.ivami.com/en/clinical-microbiology/2992-odor-feet-smelly-feet-bacteria-involved-and-control-measures

  Several studies of the skin flora feet and almost everyone agrees the following microorganisms, generally, with some variations from one study to another, in order of frequency and importance are: Propionibacterium acnes (generally all individuals -100% – smelling feet). Staphylococcus epidermidis (next in order of frequency, 86%), with other differentiated by sequencing (Staphylococcus hominis, etc.) species. Brevibacterium spp. Bacillus subtilis (11%). Staphylococcus aureus (7%). Micrococcus spp. Corynebacterium spp. Malassezia spp. […] The analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, of the fatty acids present sweat allowed contain the following components: Acetic acid. Propionic acid (similar to the acetic acid smell). isobutyric acid. butyric acid. valeric acid. isovaleric acid (smell of cheese). caproic acid. caprylic acid. capric acid.

• #17 Odor feet (smelly feet): bacteria involved and control measures. – IVAMI

  https://www.ivami.com/en/clinical-microbiology/2992-odor-feet-smelly-feet-bacteria-involved-and-control-measures

  Of these fatty acids, the most significant would isovaleric acid, which can be generated from the amino acid L-leucine, bacteria that can be used as sole source of carbon and energy (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium granulosum, Corynebacterium minutissinum and Bacillus subtilis). […] As we mentioned, the main measure is to prevent sweat from building up, with other components because it can create the microenvironment conducive to the development of microorganisms. […] This can be avoided by frequent washing of the feet, with the use of socks that facilitate transpiration, such as cotton socks because it facilitates transpiration tissue and also cotton, itself, has antibacterial properties. […] An important aspect, when considering the use of disinfectants to kill bacteria that cause bad smell of the feet, is that they must be guaranteed to be used in the human skin contact repeated, ensuring that are risk of developing irritative processes or sensitizations, so they can be considered medical devices.

• #18 Foot odor due to microbial metabolism and its control – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16699586/

  To characterize foot odor, we analyzed its components by sensory tests, isolated microorganisms that produce it, and evaluated the mechanism of the occurrence of foot odor. […] As a result, foot odor was found to be derived from isovaleric acid, which is produced when Staphylococcus epidermidis, a resident species of the normal cutaneous microbial flora, degrades leucine present in sweat. […] In addition, Bacillus subtilis was detected in the plantar skin of subjects with strong foot odor, and this species was shown to be closely associated with increased foot odor. […] Therefore, we screened various naturally occurring substances and fragrant agents that inhibit microbial production of foot odor without disturbing the normal microbial flora of the human skin. […] As a result, we identified citral, citronellal, and geraniol as fragrant agents that inhibit the generation of isovaleric acid at low concentrations.

• #19 Odor feet (smelly feet): bacteria involved and control measures. – IVAMI

  https://www.ivami.com/en/clinical-microbiology/2992-odor-feet-smelly-feet-bacteria-involved-and-control-measures

  Of these fatty acids, the most significant would isovaleric acid, which can be generated from the amino acid L-leucine, bacteria that can be used as sole source of carbon and energy (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium granulosum, Corynebacterium minutissinum and Bacillus subtilis). […] As we mentioned, the main measure is to prevent sweat from building up, with other components because it can create the microenvironment conducive to the development of microorganisms. […] This can be avoided by frequent washing of the feet, with the use of socks that facilitate transpiration, such as cotton socks because it facilitates transpiration tissue and also cotton, itself, has antibacterial properties. […] An important aspect, when considering the use of disinfectants to kill bacteria that cause bad smell of the feet, is that they must be guaranteed to be used in the human skin contact repeated, ensuring that are risk of developing irritative processes or sensitizations, so they can be considered medical devices.

• #20 Bromhidrosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1072342-overview

  Bromhidrosis (also referred to as osmidrosis, bromidrosis or body odor) is a common phenomenon in postpubertal individuals. […] Several factors contribute to the pathogenesis of apocrine bromhidrosis. Bacterial decomposition of apocrine secretions yields ammonia and short-chain fatty acids, with their characteristic strong odors. The most abundant of these acids is (E)-3-methyl-2-hexanoic acid (E-3M2H), which is brought to the skin surface bound by two apocrine secretion odor-binding proteins, ASOB1 and ASOB2. ASOB2 has been identified as apolipoprotein D (apoD), a known member of the lipocalin family of carrier proteins. […] Axillary bacterial organisms have been shown to produce the distinctive axillary odor by transforming nonodoriferous precursors in sweat to more odoriferous volatile acids. The most common of these are E-3M2H and (RS)-3-hydroxy-3-methlyhexanoic acid (HMHA), which are released through the action of a specific zinc-dependent N-alpha-acyl-glutamine aminoacylase (N-AGA) from Corynebacterium species.

• #21 Bromhidrosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1072342-overview

  Bromhidrosis (also referred to as osmidrosis, bromidrosis or body odor) is a common phenomenon in postpubertal individuals. […] Several factors contribute to the pathogenesis of apocrine bromhidrosis. Bacterial decomposition of apocrine secretions yields ammonia and short-chain fatty acids, with their characteristic strong odors. The most abundant of these acids is (E)-3-methyl-2-hexanoic acid (E-3M2H), which is brought to the skin surface bound by two apocrine secretion odor-binding proteins, ASOB1 and ASOB2. ASOB2 has been identified as apolipoprotein D (apoD), a known member of the lipocalin family of carrier proteins. […] Axillary bacterial organisms have been shown to produce the distinctive axillary odor by transforming nonodoriferous precursors in sweat to more odoriferous volatile acids. The most common of these are E-3M2H and (RS)-3-hydroxy-3-methlyhexanoic acid (HMHA), which are released through the action of a specific zinc-dependent N-alpha-acyl-glutamine aminoacylase (N-AGA) from Corynebacterium species.

• #22 What causes foot odor and how to deal with it? Explaining the reasons for foot odor and how to prevent it | ZUTTO Journal | For health foods, go to Ito Kampo Pharmaceutical

  https://itohkampo.sg/lab/media/detail/13/

  The germs that are inseparable from foot odor are said to proliferate easily under the following conditions: […] High-temperature and humidity […] Poor ventilation environment […] Mold infections and skin diseases […] Bacteria grow best in environments with temperatures above 25C and humidity levels above 70%. Therefore, the hot and humid months of June to September are the perfect season for bacteria. Shoes and socks that do not have good ventilation also create a hot and humid environment that bacteria thrive in. In addition, cases where the feet are infected with a fungus called tinea fungus, which causes athlete’s foot, or where the feet sweat excessively regardless of the season (plantar hyperhidrosis), are also areas where germs are likely to grow. […] If you sweat a lot on the soles of your feet, you need to be careful about foot odor.

• #23 Smelly feet

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/smelly-feet/

  Smelly feet (bromodosis) are common and often caused by a build-up of sweat and bacteria. […] The main causes of smelly feet are a build-up of sweat and bacteria on them and fungal infections like athlete’s foot. […] Treatment for smelly feet depends on the cause. […] If your smelly feet are caused by a fungal infection, a GP might prescribe a stronger antifungal treatment to clear it up. […] If the cause is sweating, they might suggest a stronger antiperspirant or treatment to reduce sweating. […] A treatment called iontophoresis may help with sweating, which involves passing a weak electrical current through the affected areas.

• #24

  https://tohealthyfeet.com/blog/Why+Are+My+Feet+So+Stinky/125

  Did you know that sweat glands are more concentrated on the feet than anywhere else on the body? The feet contain approximately 250,000 sweat glands that produce about half a pint of sweat per day. No wonder they can smell bad at times! […] Hyperhidrosis can lead to foul foot odor, as well as toenail fungus and athlete’s foot infections. […] If left untreated, excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) is likely to persist. […] While there is no definitive cure for hyperhidrosis, there are various treatment options available that can effectively manage the condition and reduce excessive sweating. Treatments such as antiperspirants, medications, Botox injections, and in extreme cases, surgical interventions can provide significant relief and long-term improvements. […] Increased sweating can create a favorable environment for bacteria to thrive, leading to foot odor.

• #25 What causes foot odor and how to deal with it? Explaining the reasons for foot odor and how to prevent it | ZUTTO Journal | For health foods, go to Ito Kampo Pharmaceutical

  https://itohkampo.sg/lab/media/detail/13/

  The germs that are inseparable from foot odor are said to proliferate easily under the following conditions: […] High-temperature and humidity […] Poor ventilation environment […] Mold infections and skin diseases […] Bacteria grow best in environments with temperatures above 25C and humidity levels above 70%. Therefore, the hot and humid months of June to September are the perfect season for bacteria. Shoes and socks that do not have good ventilation also create a hot and humid environment that bacteria thrive in. In addition, cases where the feet are infected with a fungus called tinea fungus, which causes athlete’s foot, or where the feet sweat excessively regardless of the season (plantar hyperhidrosis), are also areas where germs are likely to grow. […] If you sweat a lot on the soles of your feet, you need to be careful about foot odor.

• #26 Smelly feet causes | Tannins.org

  https://www.tannins.org/smelly-feet-causes/

  Foot bacteria feeds on the amino acids present in sweat, along with dead skin cells, and biodegraded them down into short-chain fatty acids, which are volatile and have an unpleasant odor. These mainly include valeric acid, butyric acid and acetic acid. The characteristic cheesy and acidic smell of “stinky feet”, is the result of a combination of these acids. […] The shoe acts as an “incubator” for the growth of bacteria: the temperature rises and the moisture increases, providing ideal conditions for their proliferation, especially in the presence of synthetic materials. More bacteria means more odor. The odor-reducing effects of sprays and deodorants are only temporary. […] Vegetable-tanned leather is breathable, therefore the foot remains dry and at the ideal temperature. The tannin molecules fight bacterial activity, naturally preventing the formation of odor.

• #27 What causes foot odor and how to deal with it? Explaining the reasons for foot odor and how to prevent it | ZUTTO Journal | For health foods, go to Ito Kampo Pharmaceutical

  https://itohkampo.sg/lab/media/detail/13/

  The germs that are inseparable from foot odor are said to proliferate easily under the following conditions: […] High-temperature and humidity […] Poor ventilation environment […] Mold infections and skin diseases […] Bacteria grow best in environments with temperatures above 25C and humidity levels above 70%. Therefore, the hot and humid months of June to September are the perfect season for bacteria. Shoes and socks that do not have good ventilation also create a hot and humid environment that bacteria thrive in. In addition, cases where the feet are infected with a fungus called tinea fungus, which causes athlete’s foot, or where the feet sweat excessively regardless of the season (plantar hyperhidrosis), are also areas where germs are likely to grow. […] If you sweat a lot on the soles of your feet, you need to be careful about foot odor.

• #28 Treatment for smelly feet – Qoctor your online doctor

  https://www.qoctor.com.au/smelly-feet/

  The medical word for smelly feet is “Bromodosis”. It can happen to absolutely anyone. There are several causes of smelly feet. Three of the commonest causes of smelly feet are: Excessive sweating (Hyperhidrosis) […] Pitted keratolysis – this is commoner in men. Bacteria causes the skin to become soft, damp, dimpled and stinky. It can usually be treated with antibacterial ointment […] Athlete’s foot (tinea) – this is a fungal infection that gets into the skin, usually via cracks in the skin between the toes. Athlete’s foot can usually be treated with antifungal cream.

• #29 What causes foot odor and how to deal with it? Explaining the reasons for foot odor and how to prevent it | ZUTTO Journal | For health foods, go to Ito Kampo Pharmaceutical

  https://itohkampo.sg/lab/media/detail/13/

  When you feel stressed, your autonomic nervous system becomes disrupted and the sympathetic nervous system becomes dominant, causing excessive sweating from the sweat glands in your feet, which are already prone to sweating, creating an environment that is favorable for the proliferation of germs. […] The normal bacteria present on the feet multiply in the hot and humid environment caused by sweat, feeding on sebum, dirt, and dead skin cells, causing odor. Therefore, people who sweat a lot on the soles of their feet, wear shoes or socks that are not breathable, or do not have the habit of keeping their feet clean tend to have smelly feet. If you are concerned about foot odor, try to remove dirt and dead skin from your feet and cut your nails frequently. It is also important to thoroughly dry your shoes after wearing them for a day. […] In addition, you can take measures against foot odor from both an internal and mental perspective by reviewing your diet and reducing stress.

• #30 Why do our feet smell worse in the winter? | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/57089-foot-odor-worse-in-winter.html

  Kornfeld said he advocates dietary changes, including getting rid of refined sugars, to strengthen the immune system and keep pathogenic bacteria at bay. He also suggested a roll-on antiperspirant applied to the foot. People who are chronically stressed also tend to sweat more, he said, so foot odor is sometimes a sign of a wider systemic issue.

• #31 Centre for Health Protection – Men’s Health Line – Smelly Feet

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/static/80058.html

  Since foot odour is caused by bacteria feeding on sweat collected on the feet, and producing smelly secretion, there are two main ways to reduce the bad smell. You can: […] Most cases of smelly feet can be controlled by taking the following preventive steps: […] Good foot hygienePractising good foot hygiene to reduce the growth of bacteria is a good start: […] Other helpful tips […] A number of health conditions can also increase the chance for smelly feet, such as excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), stress, thyroid problems, hormonal changes and the use of some drugs. Get them treated. […] If the preventive measures above for foot odour do not help, then further investigations, and more aggressive and further management by a health professional may be indicated. […] In the most severe cases, a surgeon can cut a nerve that controls the sweating.

• #32 Smelly Feet: Causes, Treatments, and Outlook

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/smelly-feet-5213643

  Your feet may stink because of sweat buildup there. If you dont address your moist feet, this can lead to bacterial growth, causing an unpleasant odor. […] When sweat isnt cleaned off and gets trapped between your toes, bacteria can start to proliferate, creating a smelly situation. […] Bacteria can grow due to trapped sweat, but you can also contract a bacterial infection that causes your feet to smell. […] Fungal foot infections are common causes of smelly feet. Your feet are a favorite spot for fungi. The moist crevices between your toes are the perfect home for fungi to hang out and thrive. […] Your foot odor may stem from wearing smelly shoes. Sweat can soak into your footwear and cause bacterial growth that eventually leads to a nasty smell. […] Hormonal changes, like those that happen during pregnancy, can also cause stinky feet. Increased hormone production during pregnancy can cause you to sweat more, which, in turn, can lead to bad foot odors. […] Your feet are a prime spot for bacteria and fungi to grow. Footwear like shoes and socks can also cause odor.

• #33 Why do our feet smell worse in the winter? | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/57089-foot-odor-worse-in-winter.html

  Feet on their own don’t stink. The real culprits are the bacteria that live on the skin, feeding off the compounds in sweat. A 2006 study in the Canadian Journal of Microbiology found that Staphylococcus epidermidis, a common resident of the skin, creates a compound called isovaleric acid when feeding off an amino acid in sweat called leucine. Isovaleric acid happens to smell rather like pungent cheese. […] Another bacteria species, Bacillus subtilis, was also associated with strong odor, the researchers found. These rod-shaped bacteria thrive in the human gastrointestinal tract as well as on the skin. […] Depending on the materials you wear, you may be providing these bacteria and others a chance to flourish. Cotton tends to absorb and wick away moisture; synthetic fabrics don’t absorb moisture, but instead trap it between fibers. A 2007 study published in the Textile Research Journal found that polyester fabrics are stinkier than cotton or wool. In another study, this one published in 2014, researchers came to the same conclusion after asking subjects to get sweaty by bicycling in either synthetic or natural shirts. Polyester clothing was rated significantly smellier, less pleasant, mustier and more sour than cotton clothing.

• #34 The Science Behind Foot Odour – Figtree Podiatry

  https://figtreepodiatry.com.au/2025/04/02/the-science-behind-foot-odour/

  These conditions allow bacteria to multiply rapidly, leading to stronger foot odour. […] It’s important to understand that the presence of bacteria on your feet is completely normal and necessary for healthy foot function. Just like your gut microbiome, your foot microbiome requires a delicate balance of different bacterial species. However, when this balance is disrupted, problems can arise. […] A healthy foot microbiome contains a diverse mix of bacterial species in the right proportions. Occasional mild foot odour is normal, particularly after exercise or during hot weather. However, when the bacterial balance is disturbed, certain species can overgrow, leading to persistent and excessive foot odour. […] Signs Your Foot Microbiome Might Be Imbalanced: Sudden increase in foot odour intensity

• #35 Preventing sweaty feet in safety shoes | uvex safety

  https://www.uvex-safety.com/blog/preventing-sweaty-feet-in-safety-shoes/

  Significant sweating and sweaty feet in work shoes is a real problem for some people, but although this issue affects many of us, the embarrassment factor means its often not spoken about. That unpleasant odour when you take your shoes off is caused by butyric acid and doesnt just affect you the people around you can probably smell it too. Fresh sweat doesnt actually have any odour at all, however: its only when the bacteria on the skin start to break down the water on the feet, which contains minerals and dander, that the sharp and unpleasant-smelling butyric acid is produced. […] The condition known as hyperhidrosis pedum, or excessive foot sweating, can have several causes, but its completely normal for your feet to sweat more in the heat of summer, during sport and exercise or when youre carrying out strenuous tasks. However, unhealthy lifestyle factors such as smoking, drinking too much alcohol or coffee, or consuming too much salt can also contribute to smelly feet in work shoes.

• #36 Why do our feet smell worse in the winter? | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/57089-foot-odor-worse-in-winter.html

  Kornfeld said he advocates dietary changes, including getting rid of refined sugars, to strengthen the immune system and keep pathogenic bacteria at bay. He also suggested a roll-on antiperspirant applied to the foot. People who are chronically stressed also tend to sweat more, he said, so foot odor is sometimes a sign of a wider systemic issue.

• #37

  https://tohealthyfeet.com/blog/Why+Are+My+Feet+So+Stinky/125

  Did you know that sweat glands are more concentrated on the feet than anywhere else on the body? The feet contain approximately 250,000 sweat glands that produce about half a pint of sweat per day. No wonder they can smell bad at times! […] Hyperhidrosis can lead to foul foot odor, as well as toenail fungus and athlete’s foot infections. […] If left untreated, excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) is likely to persist. […] While there is no definitive cure for hyperhidrosis, there are various treatment options available that can effectively manage the condition and reduce excessive sweating. Treatments such as antiperspirants, medications, Botox injections, and in extreme cases, surgical interventions can provide significant relief and long-term improvements. […] Increased sweating can create a favorable environment for bacteria to thrive, leading to foot odor.

• #38 Preventing sweaty feet in safety shoes | uvex safety

  https://www.uvex-safety.com/blog/preventing-sweaty-feet-in-safety-shoes/

  Very sweaty feet in safety shoes can also be caused by genetics or by conditions such as hyperhidrosis, gout, hyperthyroidism and hormonal disorders. […] The purpose of the uvex climazone programme is to develop products with perfect (bodily) climate regulation, for example in the form of climate-optimised safety shoes that prevent sweaty feet. […] uvex produces safety shoes from breathable materials that are suitable for everyone, even if you experience sweaty feet. The majority of our safety and work shoes are odour-free right from the start, as we have minimised our use of adhesives (which can develop an unpleasant smell when added to the shoe material).

• #39 Bromhidrosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1072342-overview

  The role of excessive eccrine secretion (hyperhidrosis) in the pathogenesis of bromhidrosis is unclear. Hyperhidrosis may promote the spread of apocrine sweat and contribute further to bromhidrosis by creating a moist environment that is ripe for bacterial overgrowth. […] Excessive secretion from either apocrine or eccrine glands that becomes malodorous on bacterial breakdown is the predominant cause of bromhidrosis.

• #40

  https://tohealthyfeet.com/blog/Why+Are+My+Feet+So+Stinky/125

  Did you know that sweat glands are more concentrated on the feet than anywhere else on the body? The feet contain approximately 250,000 sweat glands that produce about half a pint of sweat per day. No wonder they can smell bad at times! […] Hyperhidrosis can lead to foul foot odor, as well as toenail fungus and athlete’s foot infections. […] If left untreated, excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) is likely to persist. […] While there is no definitive cure for hyperhidrosis, there are various treatment options available that can effectively manage the condition and reduce excessive sweating. Treatments such as antiperspirants, medications, Botox injections, and in extreme cases, surgical interventions can provide significant relief and long-term improvements. […] Increased sweating can create a favorable environment for bacteria to thrive, leading to foot odor.

• #41 Pitted keratolysis-a common cause of smelly feet-Qoctor your online doctor

  https://www.qoctor.com.au/pitted-keratolysis-smelly-feet/

  Pitted Keratolysis is a common cause of smelly feet. But unless you look closely you may not realise you have it. Several different bacteria may be to blame, including Corynebacteria, Dermatophilus Congolensis, and Micrococcus Sedentarius. […] Pitted Keratolysis causes particularly bad foot odour or smelly feet, and on closer inspection you’ll see lots of small “pits” on soles of the feet (tiny round shallow holes in the surface of the skin). […] The pitting happens because the bacteria produce enzymes which break down the outer layers of skin, and the foot odour is caused by sulphur-based substances released by the bacteria.

• #42 Pitted keratolysis-a common cause of smelly feet-Qoctor your online doctor

  https://www.qoctor.com.au/pitted-keratolysis-smelly-feet/

  Pitted Keratolysis is a common cause of smelly feet. But unless you look closely you may not realise you have it. Several different bacteria may be to blame, including Corynebacteria, Dermatophilus Congolensis, and Micrococcus Sedentarius. […] Pitted Keratolysis causes particularly bad foot odour or smelly feet, and on closer inspection you’ll see lots of small “pits” on soles of the feet (tiny round shallow holes in the surface of the skin). […] The pitting happens because the bacteria produce enzymes which break down the outer layers of skin, and the foot odour is caused by sulphur-based substances released by the bacteria.

• #43 Smelly Feet: Causes, Treatments, and Outlook

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/smelly-feet-5213643

  Your feet may stink because of sweat buildup there. If you dont address your moist feet, this can lead to bacterial growth, causing an unpleasant odor. […] When sweat isnt cleaned off and gets trapped between your toes, bacteria can start to proliferate, creating a smelly situation. […] Bacteria can grow due to trapped sweat, but you can also contract a bacterial infection that causes your feet to smell. […] Fungal foot infections are common causes of smelly feet. Your feet are a favorite spot for fungi. The moist crevices between your toes are the perfect home for fungi to hang out and thrive. […] Your foot odor may stem from wearing smelly shoes. Sweat can soak into your footwear and cause bacterial growth that eventually leads to a nasty smell. […] Hormonal changes, like those that happen during pregnancy, can also cause stinky feet. Increased hormone production during pregnancy can cause you to sweat more, which, in turn, can lead to bad foot odors. […] Your feet are a prime spot for bacteria and fungi to grow. Footwear like shoes and socks can also cause odor.

• #44 The smelly truth about sweaty feet

  https://www.avogel.ca/blog/smelly-truth-sweaty-feet/

  Men and adolescent boys in particular tend to have smelly feet. […] The phenomenon also affects women, but to a much lesser degree. […] Even if you shower and wash your feet every day, you might still find that your shoes give off noxious odours. […] That’s because feet are home to sweat-loving bacteria. […] The more you sweat, the more the bacteria multiply, the more chemical reactions there are, the stinkier things get. […] In addition to giving off embarrassing odours, sweaty feet can also give rise to infections. […] Athletes foot generally develops between the toes and takes the form of a scaly rash accompanied by itching, burning, inflammation and blisters. […] This type of infection is contagious and often transmitted through wet shower floors, public pools and contaminated shoes.

• #45 Bromodosis Treatment: Causes and How to Get Rid of Smelly Feet?

  https://www.wowhealth.pk/bromodosis-treatment-causes-and-how-to-get-rid-of-smelly-feet/

  Smelly feet are as annoying as carrying a smelly cloth with you. […] This condition is known as Bromodosis and is a very common medical condition. […] Fungal infections in feet can lead to bromodosis if not treated in time. […] The moisture from sweat provides an ideal breeding ground for bacteria. […] The feet have naturally occurring bacteria that thrive in warm, damp environments. When these bacteria encounter sweat and dead skin cells on our feet, they break these substances down. The metabolic by-products of this bacterial digestion process include foul-smelling compounds. So, it’s not the sweat that smells but the result of bacterial activity on the sweat and skin cells. […] Conditions like athlete’s foot can contribute to foot odor. If you suspect a fungal infection, use over-the-counter antifungal treatments or consult a doctor.

• #46 Microbiota and Malodor—Etiology and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7215946/

  Accumulating evidence indicates that microbiota plays a critical role in physiological processes in humans. However, it might also contribute to body malodor by producing numerous odorous molecules such as ammonia, volatile sulfur compounds or trimethylamine. […] The accumulation of odorous compounds might result from diet, specific composition of microbiota, as well as compromised function of the liver, intestines and kidneys. […] Malodor that is associated with accumulation of bacterial metabolites in body fluids might result from one or more of the following causes: Diet. Diet contains direct or indirect odorants (i.e., substrates for the production of odorants by bacteria). […] Composition and metabolic activity of bacteria in the gut, skin or mucosa. The production of specific odorant is often limited to specific genera or strains of bacteria.

• #47 Why did my Feet Suddenly Become Smelly? IS IT NORMAL? – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/blog/why-did-my-feet-suddenly-become-smelly-is-it-normal

  Diabetes is another factor that needs to be kept in mind if you have smelly feet. The odor from your feet is not a sign of diabetes, but it may be a sign of neuropathic issues in your feet that occur as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic patients should consult with their doctor if their feet smell consistently despite hygiene maintenance.

• #48 Why did my Feet Suddenly Become Smelly? IS IT NORMAL? – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/blog/why-did-my-feet-suddenly-become-smelly-is-it-normal

  Diabetes is another factor that needs to be kept in mind if you have smelly feet. The odor from your feet is not a sign of diabetes, but it may be a sign of neuropathic issues in your feet that occur as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic patients should consult with their doctor if their feet smell consistently despite hygiene maintenance.

• #49 Bromodosis – Causes and Management of Smelly Feet

  https://balancehealth.com/resources/bromodosis-causes-and-management-of-smelly-feet/bay-area-foot-care/

  People who suffer from smelly feet often wonder if the cause of their smelly feet is some kind of health issue. […] It usually isn’t, and foot odor is a common problem especially in people who sweat a lot and wear shoes all day long. […] Sweating – Our feet have about 250,000 sweat glands. Sweat and bacteria combine and give rise to foot odor. When the feet are trapped in closed shoes and socks the whole day, bromodosis gets worse. […] Skin Conditions – Certain medical conditions, like athlete’s foot, may cause smelly feet. […] Hyperhidrosis – This is a condition that causes excessive sweating even when it isn’t warm. Feet sweat more leading to smell. […] Diabetes – People with diabetes could develop a foot ulcer and may not be aware of it. If the ulcer festers, it could cause smelly feet. […] If these simple tips do not seem to make your bromodosis any better, you should consider consulting a podiatrist. They will be able to check if you have any underlying skin conditions or health issues that are causing smelly feet.

• #50 Smelly Feet? What To Do About It | HuffPost Latest News

  https://www.huffpost.com/entry/smelly-feet_b_851650

  There are many causes of malodorous feet and the underlying etiology gives rise to excessive perspiration (hyperhidrosis) that is a great breeding ground for bacteria. […] Excessive perspiration can often be controlled through antiperspirant therapy. […] Another cause of excessive perspiration is adrenal stress. The hormones that alert the body to danger can become elevated in patients that are exposed to chronic stress. These patients will experience increased perspiration and hence, succumb to malodorous foot problems. […] For these patients, we can inject Botox (botulinum toxin) to reduce perspiration. […] Botox represents a viable alternative for the large number of patients suffering with hyperhidrosis of the feet when other therapies have failed to control or reduce the symptoms.

• #51 Preventing sweaty feet in safety shoes | uvex safety

  https://www.uvex-safety.com/blog/preventing-sweaty-feet-in-safety-shoes/

  Very sweaty feet in safety shoes can also be caused by genetics or by conditions such as hyperhidrosis, gout, hyperthyroidism and hormonal disorders. […] The purpose of the uvex climazone programme is to develop products with perfect (bodily) climate regulation, for example in the form of climate-optimised safety shoes that prevent sweaty feet. […] uvex produces safety shoes from breathable materials that are suitable for everyone, even if you experience sweaty feet. The majority of our safety and work shoes are odour-free right from the start, as we have minimised our use of adhesives (which can develop an unpleasant smell when added to the shoe material).

• #52 Centre for Health Protection – Men’s Health Line – Smelly Feet

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/static/80058.html

  Since foot odour is caused by bacteria feeding on sweat collected on the feet, and producing smelly secretion, there are two main ways to reduce the bad smell. You can: […] Most cases of smelly feet can be controlled by taking the following preventive steps: […] Good foot hygienePractising good foot hygiene to reduce the growth of bacteria is a good start: […] Other helpful tips […] A number of health conditions can also increase the chance for smelly feet, such as excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), stress, thyroid problems, hormonal changes and the use of some drugs. Get them treated. […] If the preventive measures above for foot odour do not help, then further investigations, and more aggressive and further management by a health professional may be indicated. […] In the most severe cases, a surgeon can cut a nerve that controls the sweating.

• #53 Smelly Feet: Causes, Treatments, and Outlook

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/smelly-feet-5213643

  Your feet may stink because of sweat buildup there. If you dont address your moist feet, this can lead to bacterial growth, causing an unpleasant odor. […] When sweat isnt cleaned off and gets trapped between your toes, bacteria can start to proliferate, creating a smelly situation. […] Bacteria can grow due to trapped sweat, but you can also contract a bacterial infection that causes your feet to smell. […] Fungal foot infections are common causes of smelly feet. Your feet are a favorite spot for fungi. The moist crevices between your toes are the perfect home for fungi to hang out and thrive. […] Your foot odor may stem from wearing smelly shoes. Sweat can soak into your footwear and cause bacterial growth that eventually leads to a nasty smell. […] Hormonal changes, like those that happen during pregnancy, can also cause stinky feet. Increased hormone production during pregnancy can cause you to sweat more, which, in turn, can lead to bad foot odors. […] Your feet are a prime spot for bacteria and fungi to grow. Footwear like shoes and socks can also cause odor.

• #54 The Science Behind Foot Odour – Figtree Podiatry

  https://figtreepodiatry.com.au/2025/04/02/the-science-behind-foot-odour/

  These conditions allow bacteria to multiply rapidly, leading to stronger foot odour. […] It’s important to understand that the presence of bacteria on your feet is completely normal and necessary for healthy foot function. Just like your gut microbiome, your foot microbiome requires a delicate balance of different bacterial species. However, when this balance is disrupted, problems can arise. […] A healthy foot microbiome contains a diverse mix of bacterial species in the right proportions. Occasional mild foot odour is normal, particularly after exercise or during hot weather. However, when the bacterial balance is disturbed, certain species can overgrow, leading to persistent and excessive foot odour. […] Signs Your Foot Microbiome Might Be Imbalanced: Sudden increase in foot odour intensity

• #55 Bacteria Give Feet 4 Distinct Odors | Discover Magazine

  https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/bacteria-give-feet-4-distinct-odors

  Foot odor comes in four main varieties: sweaty, cheesy, vinegary and cabbage-y. Thats because of chemicals produced by the bacteria down there. […] The bacteria release oils that help keep skin soft and enzymes that break down dead skin and prevent dry, flaky areas, as well as calluses. Our foot friends also provide a barrier against microbial pathogens. Our bacteria are very territorial, and they have mechanisms to ward off disease-causing visitors. They produce a number of defensive molecules, called antimicrobial peptides, which seek out and kill any invaders. These molecules are similar to antibiotics, but pathogens cannot develop resistance to them. […] If that smell changes, though, and becomes more bread-like, grape-like or acrid instead of sour, it can be a warning sign. There are several infections, mainly fungal, which can take residence on the foot and start to attack. Unlike our microbial flora, which prefer to feed off dead skin cells, these intruders want to eat something fresh. Without proper treatment, these pathogens can cause rashes, breaks in the skin and larger wounds. Should this happen, you may require medical attention.

• #56 The Science Behind Foot Odour – Figtree Podiatry

  https://figtreepodiatry.com.au/2025/04/02/the-science-behind-foot-odour/

  These conditions allow bacteria to multiply rapidly, leading to stronger foot odour. […] It’s important to understand that the presence of bacteria on your feet is completely normal and necessary for healthy foot function. Just like your gut microbiome, your foot microbiome requires a delicate balance of different bacterial species. However, when this balance is disrupted, problems can arise. […] A healthy foot microbiome contains a diverse mix of bacterial species in the right proportions. Occasional mild foot odour is normal, particularly after exercise or during hot weather. However, when the bacterial balance is disturbed, certain species can overgrow, leading to persistent and excessive foot odour. […] Signs Your Foot Microbiome Might Be Imbalanced: Sudden increase in foot odour intensity

• #57 The Science Behind Foot Odour – Figtree Podiatry

  https://figtreepodiatry.com.au/2025/04/02/the-science-behind-foot-odour/

  These conditions allow bacteria to multiply rapidly, leading to stronger foot odour. […] It’s important to understand that the presence of bacteria on your feet is completely normal and necessary for healthy foot function. Just like your gut microbiome, your foot microbiome requires a delicate balance of different bacterial species. However, when this balance is disrupted, problems can arise. […] A healthy foot microbiome contains a diverse mix of bacterial species in the right proportions. Occasional mild foot odour is normal, particularly after exercise or during hot weather. However, when the bacterial balance is disturbed, certain species can overgrow, leading to persistent and excessive foot odour. […] Signs Your Foot Microbiome Might Be Imbalanced: Sudden increase in foot odour intensity

• #58 The Science Behind Foot Odour – Figtree Podiatry

  https://figtreepodiatry.com.au/2025/04/02/the-science-behind-foot-odour/

  Change in the type of smell […] Persistent odour that doesn’t improve with regular hygiene […] Odour accompanied by skin changes or discomfort. […] A podiatrist can help determine whether your foot odour is due to a microbiome imbalance or other factors and recommend appropriate treatments to restore healthy bacterial balance.

• #59 Bacteria Give Feet 4 Distinct Odors | Discover Magazine

  https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/bacteria-give-feet-4-distinct-odors

  Foot odor comes in four main varieties: sweaty, cheesy, vinegary and cabbage-y. Thats because of chemicals produced by the bacteria down there. […] The bacteria release oils that help keep skin soft and enzymes that break down dead skin and prevent dry, flaky areas, as well as calluses. Our foot friends also provide a barrier against microbial pathogens. Our bacteria are very territorial, and they have mechanisms to ward off disease-causing visitors. They produce a number of defensive molecules, called antimicrobial peptides, which seek out and kill any invaders. These molecules are similar to antibiotics, but pathogens cannot develop resistance to them. […] If that smell changes, though, and becomes more bread-like, grape-like or acrid instead of sour, it can be a warning sign. There are several infections, mainly fungal, which can take residence on the foot and start to attack. Unlike our microbial flora, which prefer to feed off dead skin cells, these intruders want to eat something fresh. Without proper treatment, these pathogens can cause rashes, breaks in the skin and larger wounds. Should this happen, you may require medical attention.

• #60 Foot odor due to microbial metabolism and its control – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16699586/

  To characterize foot odor, we analyzed its components by sensory tests, isolated microorganisms that produce it, and evaluated the mechanism of the occurrence of foot odor. […] As a result, foot odor was found to be derived from isovaleric acid, which is produced when Staphylococcus epidermidis, a resident species of the normal cutaneous microbial flora, degrades leucine present in sweat. […] In addition, Bacillus subtilis was detected in the plantar skin of subjects with strong foot odor, and this species was shown to be closely associated with increased foot odor. […] Therefore, we screened various naturally occurring substances and fragrant agents that inhibit microbial production of foot odor without disturbing the normal microbial flora of the human skin. […] As a result, we identified citral, citronellal, and geraniol as fragrant agents that inhibit the generation of isovaleric acid at low concentrations.

• #61 What to Know about Smelly Feet – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/what-to-know-about-smelly-feet/

  Smelly feet, also known as bromodosis, is a common condition that can cause significant discomfort and social embarrassment. […] Smelly feet are primarily caused by the interaction between sweat and bacteria on the skin. The bacteria break down the sweat, producing unpleasant odors. […] A study investigated the efficacy of Quchousan, a traditional treatment, in managing foot odor. […] Another effective treatment for foot odor is the application of a 15% zinc sulfate solution. […] The study concluded that the 15% zinc sulfate solution is both an effective therapeutic and prophylactic treatment for foot odor, with no recorded side effects.

• #62 What to Know about Smelly Feet – Consensus: AI Search Engine for Research

  https://consensus.app/home/blog/what-to-know-about-smelly-feet/

  Smelly feet, also known as bromodosis, is a common condition that can cause significant discomfort and social embarrassment. […] Smelly feet are primarily caused by the interaction between sweat and bacteria on the skin. The bacteria break down the sweat, producing unpleasant odors. […] A study investigated the efficacy of Quchousan, a traditional treatment, in managing foot odor. […] Another effective treatment for foot odor is the application of a 15% zinc sulfate solution. […] The study concluded that the 15% zinc sulfate solution is both an effective therapeutic and prophylactic treatment for foot odor, with no recorded side effects.

• #63 Smelly feet causes | Tannins.org

  https://www.tannins.org/smelly-feet-causes/

  Foot bacteria feeds on the amino acids present in sweat, along with dead skin cells, and biodegraded them down into short-chain fatty acids, which are volatile and have an unpleasant odor. These mainly include valeric acid, butyric acid and acetic acid. The characteristic cheesy and acidic smell of “stinky feet”, is the result of a combination of these acids. […] The shoe acts as an “incubator” for the growth of bacteria: the temperature rises and the moisture increases, providing ideal conditions for their proliferation, especially in the presence of synthetic materials. More bacteria means more odor. The odor-reducing effects of sprays and deodorants are only temporary. […] Vegetable-tanned leather is breathable, therefore the foot remains dry and at the ideal temperature. The tannin molecules fight bacterial activity, naturally preventing the formation of odor.

• #64 Smelly feet causes | Tannins.org

  https://www.tannins.org/smelly-feet-causes/

  These properties are readily found in vegetable tanned leather and leather sole: natural material that create an ideal environment for the foot, by absorbing sweat and keeping the leather dry. This is because they contain tannins, powerful natural antibacterial agents that naturally fight the microorganisms responsible for bad foot odor. […] The tannins used to make vegetable-tanned leather shoes fight the bacteria responsible for causing bad odor.

• #65 Malaria mosquitoes accurately find their way to smelly feet

  https://phys.org/news/2011-05-malaria-mosquitoes-accurately-smelly-feet.html

  Malaria mosquitoes utilise CO2 from exhaled air to localize humans from afar. […] Researcher Remco Suer discovered how female malaria mosquitoes use foot odours in the last meters to guide them to their favoured biting place. […] Previous research within this project, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, showed that bacteria living on the human foot produce various odours and identified ten bacterial foot odours that, when offered as a blend, were attractive to malaria mosquitoes. […] Remco Suer now shows that nine out of these ten foot odours are detected by olfactory neurons present underneath hair-like structures on the mouthparts of the malaria mosquito. […] More importantly, he discovered that 5 of the 10 microbial odours are capable of blocking the response to CO2.

• #66 Malaria mosquitoes accurately find their way to smelly feet

  https://phys.org/news/2011-05-malaria-mosquitoes-accurately-smelly-feet.html

  Malaria mosquitoes utilise CO2 from exhaled air to localize humans from afar. […] Researcher Remco Suer discovered how female malaria mosquitoes use foot odours in the last meters to guide them to their favoured biting place. […] Previous research within this project, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, showed that bacteria living on the human foot produce various odours and identified ten bacterial foot odours that, when offered as a blend, were attractive to malaria mosquitoes. […] Remco Suer now shows that nine out of these ten foot odours are detected by olfactory neurons present underneath hair-like structures on the mouthparts of the malaria mosquito. […] More importantly, he discovered that 5 of the 10 microbial odours are capable of blocking the response to CO2.

• #67 Malaria mosquitoes accurately find their way to smelly feet

  https://phys.org/news/2011-05-malaria-mosquitoes-accurately-smelly-feet.html

  Malaria mosquitoes utilise CO2 from exhaled air to localize humans from afar. […] Researcher Remco Suer discovered how female malaria mosquitoes use foot odours in the last meters to guide them to their favoured biting place. […] Previous research within this project, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, showed that bacteria living on the human foot produce various odours and identified ten bacterial foot odours that, when offered as a blend, were attractive to malaria mosquitoes. […] Remco Suer now shows that nine out of these ten foot odours are detected by olfactory neurons present underneath hair-like structures on the mouthparts of the malaria mosquito. […] More importantly, he discovered that 5 of the 10 microbial odours are capable of blocking the response to CO2.

• #68 Malaria mosquitoes accurately find their way to smelly feet

  https://phys.org/news/2011-05-malaria-mosquitoes-accurately-smelly-feet.html

  By inhibiting the perception of CO2 it is possible to disrupt the host seeking behaviour of the malaria mosquito. […] Because these bacterial foot odors block the CO2 response and at the same time activate other olfactory neurons, it is very plausible that these odours cause the switch from the long distance CO2 signal to the preferred biting place, the feet. […] Odors that block the CO2 receptor but activate other olfactory neurons, thereby diverting the orientation of the malaria mosquito to other odor sources, have potential applications in odour trapping systems as a barrier.

• #69 Smelly feet

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/smelly-feet/

  Smelly feet (bromodosis) are common and often caused by a build-up of sweat and bacteria. […] The main causes of smelly feet are a build-up of sweat and bacteria on them and fungal infections like athlete’s foot. […] Treatment for smelly feet depends on the cause. […] If your smelly feet are caused by a fungal infection, a GP might prescribe a stronger antifungal treatment to clear it up. […] If the cause is sweating, they might suggest a stronger antiperspirant or treatment to reduce sweating. […] A treatment called iontophoresis may help with sweating, which involves passing a weak electrical current through the affected areas.

• #70 Wave background image

  https://www.ashbergortho.com/smelly-malodorous-feet

  Feet smell for two reasons: you wear shoes and your feet sweat. The interaction between your perspiration and the bacteria that thrive in your shoes and socks generates the odor. […] The bacteria produce isovaleric acid, the substance associated with foot odor. The more moisture there is, the more bacteria proliferate, and the greater the odor. Smelly feet can also be caused by an inherited condition called hyperhidrosis, or excessive sweating, which primarily affects males. […] Persistent foot odor can indicate a low-grade infection or a severe case of hereditary sweating. In these cases, your doctor may prescribe a special ointment. You apply it to the feet at bedtime and then wrap your feet with an impermeable covering such as kitchen plastic wrap. […] A form of electrolysis called iontophoresis also can reduce excessive sweating of the feet, but requires special equipment and training to administer. In the most severe cases of hyperhidrosis, a surgeon can cut the nerve that controls sweating. Recent advances in technology have made this surgery much safer, but you may notice compensatory sweating in other areas of the body afterwards.

• #71

  https://tohealthyfeet.com/blog/Why+Are+My+Feet+So+Stinky/125

  Did you know that sweat glands are more concentrated on the feet than anywhere else on the body? The feet contain approximately 250,000 sweat glands that produce about half a pint of sweat per day. No wonder they can smell bad at times! […] Hyperhidrosis can lead to foul foot odor, as well as toenail fungus and athlete’s foot infections. […] If left untreated, excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) is likely to persist. […] While there is no definitive cure for hyperhidrosis, there are various treatment options available that can effectively manage the condition and reduce excessive sweating. Treatments such as antiperspirants, medications, Botox injections, and in extreme cases, surgical interventions can provide significant relief and long-term improvements. […] Increased sweating can create a favorable environment for bacteria to thrive, leading to foot odor.

• #72 Smelly Feet? What To Do About It | HuffPost Latest News

  https://www.huffpost.com/entry/smelly-feet_b_851650

  There are many causes of malodorous feet and the underlying etiology gives rise to excessive perspiration (hyperhidrosis) that is a great breeding ground for bacteria. […] Excessive perspiration can often be controlled through antiperspirant therapy. […] Another cause of excessive perspiration is adrenal stress. The hormones that alert the body to danger can become elevated in patients that are exposed to chronic stress. These patients will experience increased perspiration and hence, succumb to malodorous foot problems. […] For these patients, we can inject Botox (botulinum toxin) to reduce perspiration. […] Botox represents a viable alternative for the large number of patients suffering with hyperhidrosis of the feet when other therapies have failed to control or reduce the symptoms.

• #73 Wave background image

  https://www.ashbergortho.com/smelly-malodorous-feet

  Feet smell for two reasons: you wear shoes and your feet sweat. The interaction between your perspiration and the bacteria that thrive in your shoes and socks generates the odor. […] The bacteria produce isovaleric acid, the substance associated with foot odor. The more moisture there is, the more bacteria proliferate, and the greater the odor. Smelly feet can also be caused by an inherited condition called hyperhidrosis, or excessive sweating, which primarily affects males. […] Persistent foot odor can indicate a low-grade infection or a severe case of hereditary sweating. In these cases, your doctor may prescribe a special ointment. You apply it to the feet at bedtime and then wrap your feet with an impermeable covering such as kitchen plastic wrap. […] A form of electrolysis called iontophoresis also can reduce excessive sweating of the feet, but requires special equipment and training to administer. In the most severe cases of hyperhidrosis, a surgeon can cut the nerve that controls sweating. Recent advances in technology have made this surgery much safer, but you may notice compensatory sweating in other areas of the body afterwards.

• #74 Centre for Health Protection – Men’s Health Line – Smelly Feet

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/static/80058.html

  Since foot odour is caused by bacteria feeding on sweat collected on the feet, and producing smelly secretion, there are two main ways to reduce the bad smell. You can: […] Most cases of smelly feet can be controlled by taking the following preventive steps: […] Good foot hygienePractising good foot hygiene to reduce the growth of bacteria is a good start: […] Other helpful tips […] A number of health conditions can also increase the chance for smelly feet, such as excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), stress, thyroid problems, hormonal changes and the use of some drugs. Get them treated. […] If the preventive measures above for foot odour do not help, then further investigations, and more aggressive and further management by a health professional may be indicated. […] In the most severe cases, a surgeon can cut a nerve that controls the sweating.

• #75 Bacteria Give Feet 4 Distinct Odors | Discover Magazine

  https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/bacteria-give-feet-4-distinct-odors

  Foot odor comes in four main varieties: sweaty, cheesy, vinegary and cabbage-y. Thats because of chemicals produced by the bacteria down there. […] The bacteria release oils that help keep skin soft and enzymes that break down dead skin and prevent dry, flaky areas, as well as calluses. Our foot friends also provide a barrier against microbial pathogens. Our bacteria are very territorial, and they have mechanisms to ward off disease-causing visitors. They produce a number of defensive molecules, called antimicrobial peptides, which seek out and kill any invaders. These molecules are similar to antibiotics, but pathogens cannot develop resistance to them. […] If that smell changes, though, and becomes more bread-like, grape-like or acrid instead of sour, it can be a warning sign. There are several infections, mainly fungal, which can take residence on the foot and start to attack. Unlike our microbial flora, which prefer to feed off dead skin cells, these intruders want to eat something fresh. Without proper treatment, these pathogens can cause rashes, breaks in the skin and larger wounds. Should this happen, you may require medical attention.

• #76 Bacteria Give Feet 4 Distinct Odors | Discover Magazine

  https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/bacteria-give-feet-4-distinct-odors

  Foot odor comes in four main varieties: sweaty, cheesy, vinegary and cabbage-y. Thats because of chemicals produced by the bacteria down there. […] The bacteria release oils that help keep skin soft and enzymes that break down dead skin and prevent dry, flaky areas, as well as calluses. Our foot friends also provide a barrier against microbial pathogens. Our bacteria are very territorial, and they have mechanisms to ward off disease-causing visitors. They produce a number of defensive molecules, called antimicrobial peptides, which seek out and kill any invaders. These molecules are similar to antibiotics, but pathogens cannot develop resistance to them. […] If that smell changes, though, and becomes more bread-like, grape-like or acrid instead of sour, it can be a warning sign. There are several infections, mainly fungal, which can take residence on the foot and start to attack. Unlike our microbial flora, which prefer to feed off dead skin cells, these intruders want to eat something fresh. Without proper treatment, these pathogens can cause rashes, breaks in the skin and larger wounds. Should this happen, you may require medical attention.

• #77 The disgusting secrets of smelly feet

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150730-the-disgusting-secrets-of-smelly-feet

  Feet are the sweatiest areas of the whole body. […] No matter how clean you are, a slight odour is almost inevitable, given the anatomy of our feet. The average foot contains 600 sweat glands per square centimetre hundreds more than the armpits. They secrete a nutritious soup of salts, glucose, vitamins, and amino acids that provides the perfect diet for a colony of bacteria. In return for the free lunch, the bacteria leave us with a cocktail of fatty acids that together give rise to the signature musk. […] Five groups stood out: Corynebacteria, Micrococci, Propionibacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Brevibacteria but the biggest offender appeared to be Staphylococci. Tellingly, it always seemed to coincide with a particularly potent chemical, called isovaleric acid. […] In some situations, foot odour is much more serious than slight embarrassment, however it might be a matter of life or death.

• #78

  https://tohealthyfeet.com/blog/Why+Are+My+Feet+So+Stinky/125

  Did you know that sweat glands are more concentrated on the feet than anywhere else on the body? The feet contain approximately 250,000 sweat glands that produce about half a pint of sweat per day. No wonder they can smell bad at times! […] Hyperhidrosis can lead to foul foot odor, as well as toenail fungus and athlete’s foot infections. […] If left untreated, excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) is likely to persist. […] While there is no definitive cure for hyperhidrosis, there are various treatment options available that can effectively manage the condition and reduce excessive sweating. Treatments such as antiperspirants, medications, Botox injections, and in extreme cases, surgical interventions can provide significant relief and long-term improvements. […] Increased sweating can create a favorable environment for bacteria to thrive, leading to foot odor.

• #79 What causes foot odor and how to deal with it? Explaining the reasons for foot odor and how to prevent it | ZUTTO Journal | For health foods, go to Ito Kampo Pharmaceutical

  https://itohkampo.sg/lab/media/detail/13/

  What causes smelly feet? […] The soles of the feet are said to be the part of the body that sweats the most, but sweat itself does not have an odor. Foot odor is caused by the proliferation of bacteria due to sweat, sebum, and keratin. […] Foot odor is caused by the proliferation of bacteria that normally live on the skin. The causes of bacterial proliferation are as follows: […] Steam caused by sweat […] Excessive sebum secretion […] Dead skin buildup […] Normally, the resident bacteria present on the skin of many places, including the feet, plays a role in forming a barricade to prevent bacteria from entering from the outside. However, when the inside of shoes or socks becomes steamy due to moisture from sweat, the resident bacteria feed on sebum and keratin, and grow, producing substances such as acetic acid and isovaleric acid that emit a foul odor.

• #80 Odor feet (smelly feet): bacteria involved and control measures. – IVAMI

  https://www.ivami.com/en/clinical-microbiology/2992-odor-feet-smelly-feet-bacteria-involved-and-control-measures

  Odor feet (smelly feet): bacteria involved and control measures. […] The fundamental basis of foot odor is the sweat of the skin. Sweat itself is odorless. However, sweat together with other components from the skin, as are some fatty acids and elements from the desquamated cells are used as nutrients for microorganisms which are part of normal skin flora. By metabolizing these components from the skin, volatile organic compounds are released malodorous. […] To understand the factors favoring the bad smell of feet in some pesonas, must be taken into account: 1) the amount of sweat that may accumulate in the foot, because in this sweat cutaneous fatty acids and sloughed cells are found, and They are creating a microenvironment in which bacteria thrive. […] The foot odor is due, as we have said, the products (volatile metabolites) released by skin organisms, mainly bacteria, but sometimes some yeasts. These microorganisms to metabolize fatty acids and other components from the sloughed epithelial cells, vary in the type of odor, so that depending on which are the microorganisms, they release malodorous volatile metabolites, and the nature of the metabolites released varies the type of foot odor.

• #81 Smelly feet causes | Tannins.org

  https://www.tannins.org/smelly-feet-causes/

  Foot bacteria feeds on the amino acids present in sweat, along with dead skin cells, and biodegraded them down into short-chain fatty acids, which are volatile and have an unpleasant odor. These mainly include valeric acid, butyric acid and acetic acid. The characteristic cheesy and acidic smell of “stinky feet”, is the result of a combination of these acids. […] The shoe acts as an “incubator” for the growth of bacteria: the temperature rises and the moisture increases, providing ideal conditions for their proliferation, especially in the presence of synthetic materials. More bacteria means more odor. The odor-reducing effects of sprays and deodorants are only temporary. […] Vegetable-tanned leather is breathable, therefore the foot remains dry and at the ideal temperature. The tannin molecules fight bacterial activity, naturally preventing the formation of odor.

• #82 Smelly feet causes | Tannins.org

  https://www.tannins.org/smelly-feet-causes/

  Foot bacteria feeds on the amino acids present in sweat, along with dead skin cells, and biodegraded them down into short-chain fatty acids, which are volatile and have an unpleasant odor. These mainly include valeric acid, butyric acid and acetic acid. The characteristic cheesy and acidic smell of “stinky feet”, is the result of a combination of these acids. […] The shoe acts as an “incubator” for the growth of bacteria: the temperature rises and the moisture increases, providing ideal conditions for their proliferation, especially in the presence of synthetic materials. More bacteria means more odor. The odor-reducing effects of sprays and deodorants are only temporary. […] Vegetable-tanned leather is breathable, therefore the foot remains dry and at the ideal temperature. The tannin molecules fight bacterial activity, naturally preventing the formation of odor.

• #83 Smelly feet

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/smelly-feet/

  Smelly feet (bromodosis) are common and often caused by a build-up of sweat and bacteria. […] The main causes of smelly feet are a build-up of sweat and bacteria on them and fungal infections like athlete’s foot. […] Treatment for smelly feet depends on the cause. […] If your smelly feet are caused by a fungal infection, a GP might prescribe a stronger antifungal treatment to clear it up. […] If the cause is sweating, they might suggest a stronger antiperspirant or treatment to reduce sweating. […] A treatment called iontophoresis may help with sweating, which involves passing a weak electrical current through the affected areas.

• #84 Microbiota and Malodor—Etiology and Management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7215946/

  Gut function. Intestinal transit time and gut-blood barrier permeability affect penetration of bacterial metabolites and their precursors from the gut lumen to the bloodstream. […] Liver function. Liver metabolizes most of gut-derived bacterial metabolites, reducing the odorant potential of the metabolites (e.g., very odorant trimethylamine is transformed to almost neutral trimethylamine oxide; hydrogen sulfide is transformed to numerous sulfur compounds, etc.). […] Kidney function. Kidney excretion is crucial for the elimination of both bacterial metabolites and substrates for their production from blood. […] In general, malodor that is associated with accumulation of bacterial metabolites in body fluids results from imbalance between the synthesis and excretion of odorants. This might be caused by one or more of the following factors: (i) diet containing odorants or substrates for their production, (ii) pro-odor bacteria composition and metabolic activity of bacteria, (iii) increased absorption of odorants or their precursors from the gut (increased intestinal transit time, increased gut-blood barrier permeability), (iv) decreased liver metabolism of odorants and (v) decreased urinary excretion.

• #85 What causes foot odor and how to deal with it? Explaining the reasons for foot odor and how to prevent it | ZUTTO Journal | For health foods, go to Ito Kampo Pharmaceutical

  https://itohkampo.sg/lab/media/detail/13/

  When you feel stressed, your autonomic nervous system becomes disrupted and the sympathetic nervous system becomes dominant, causing excessive sweating from the sweat glands in your feet, which are already prone to sweating, creating an environment that is favorable for the proliferation of germs. […] The normal bacteria present on the feet multiply in the hot and humid environment caused by sweat, feeding on sebum, dirt, and dead skin cells, causing odor. Therefore, people who sweat a lot on the soles of their feet, wear shoes or socks that are not breathable, or do not have the habit of keeping their feet clean tend to have smelly feet. If you are concerned about foot odor, try to remove dirt and dead skin from your feet and cut your nails frequently. It is also important to thoroughly dry your shoes after wearing them for a day. […] In addition, you can take measures against foot odor from both an internal and mental perspective by reviewing your diet and reducing stress.

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