Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Aspergillosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482241/

  Aspergillosis is a spectrum of infections caused by fungi from the Aspergillus genus. The species most involved include A. fumigatus, A. terreus, A. flavus, and A. niger. […] The primary route of infection and cause depends on the clinical syndrome. […] Pulmonary aspergillosis is contracted via inhalation of Aspergillus conidia. Aspergillus is ubiquitous in the environment, present in concentrations between 1 and 100 m, depending on whether the location is indoors or outdoors. It can be higher in certain areas, such as where the soil is disturbed. In invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive bronchial aspergillosis, the root cause is an inadequate immune response, allowing for the fungus’s growth and invasion. In chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, the cause is colonization in the setting of structural lung disease, such as prior cavitary disease from another process, such as tuberculosis. In allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization, the root cause is an allergic reaction to the inhaled fungal elements. The allergen involved in ABPA is almost always A. fumigatus.

• #2 Aspergillosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/aspergillosis

  Aspergillosis is disease caused by aspergillus. […] More than 100 different species of aspergillus have been identified, but the species most commonly implicated in human disease are A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger. […] Aspergillus most commonly enters the human body via inhalation. […] However, in patients with pre-existing medical conditions, aspergillus can start to proliferate and cause disease, primarily a lung infection. […] Infection is more likely if a large number of spores are inhaled, such as on exposure to a very dusty environment or during renovation of a building. […] On rare occasions, the fungus may enter via the skin (primary cutaneous aspergillosis), particularly in patients with thermal burns or trauma. […] Aspergillus can also spread to the skin via the blood stream.

• #3 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542329/

  Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a fungal infection of the lung due to a hypersensitivity reaction to antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus after colonization into the airways. […] Aspergillus species are molds that are present ubiquitously in the environment, especially in the organic matter. There are over 100 species worldwide, but most of the illness is caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus clavatus. An infection by Aspergillus species causes a broad spectrum of illnesses in humans and depends on the immune status of the host, ranging from hypersensitivity reactions to direct angioinvasion. […] Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common ubiquitous airborne fungus causative organism for ABPA. […] ABPA affects people who are asthmatic or have cystic fibrosis and are allergic to Aspergillus. The thick mucus in the airways of these patients makes it difficult to clear up the Aspergillus spores when inhaled. Genetic association: HLA-DR molecules DR2, DR5, and possibly DR4 or DR7 contribute to susceptibility; whereas, HLA-DQ2 contributes to resistance, and a combination of these may determine the outcome of ABPA in CF and asthma.

• #4 Sources of Aspergillosis | | Aspergillosis | Types of Fungal Diseases | Fungal Diseases | CDC

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/aspergillosis/causes.html

  Aspergillus, the mold (a type of fungus) that causes aspergillosis, is very common both indoors and outdoors, so most people breathe in fungal spores every day. […] For people with healthy immune systems, breathing in Aspergillus isn’t harmful. However, for people who have weakened immune systems, breathing in Aspergillus spores can cause an infection in the lungs or sinuses which can spread to other parts of the body. […] There are approximately 180 species of Aspergillus, but fewer than 40 of them are known to cause infections in humans. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common cause of human Aspergillus infections. Other common species include A. flavus, A. terreus, and A. niger.

• #5 Aspergillosis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/aspergillosis/

  Aspergillosis is a condition caused by aspergillus mould. […] Aspergillosis is usually caused by breathing in tiny bits of mould. […] The mould is found in lots of places, including: soil, compost and rotting leaves, plants, trees and crops, dust, bedding, damp buildings, air conditioning systems. […] You’re usually only at risk of aspergillosis if you have: a lung condition, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a weakened immune system (for example, if you’ve had an organ transplant or are having chemotherapy), had tuberculosis (TB) in the past, had severe flu or COVID-19 and needed help breathing with artificial ventilation. […] If it’s not treated or well controlled, there’s a risk it could damage your lungs.

• #6 Aspergillosis: Types, Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/aspergillosis

  Aspergillosis is an infection, allergic reaction, or fungal growth caused by the Aspergillus fungus. […] The illness is the result of a combination of exposure to the Aspergillus fungus and a weak immune system. […] The following may carry the fungus: compost piles, stored grain, marijuana leaves, decaying vegetation.

• #7 Aspergillosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482241/

  Aspergillosis is a spectrum of infections caused by fungi from the Aspergillus genus. The species most involved include A. fumigatus, A. terreus, A. flavus, and A. niger. […] The primary route of infection and cause depends on the clinical syndrome. […] Pulmonary aspergillosis is contracted via inhalation of Aspergillus conidia. Aspergillus is ubiquitous in the environment, present in concentrations between 1 and 100 m, depending on whether the location is indoors or outdoors. It can be higher in certain areas, such as where the soil is disturbed. In invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive bronchial aspergillosis, the root cause is an inadequate immune response, allowing for the fungus’s growth and invasion. In chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, the cause is colonization in the setting of structural lung disease, such as prior cavitary disease from another process, such as tuberculosis. In allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization, the root cause is an allergic reaction to the inhaled fungal elements. The allergen involved in ABPA is almost always A. fumigatus.

• #8 Aspergillosis: Fungal Infection Symptoms & Treatment | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/aspergillosis

  Aspergillosis is a form of mould infection, caused by a fungus. […] Aspergillus, the mould that causes the infections, is present both inside and outdoors. […] A very uncommon fungal infection is aspergillosis. […] Medical research indicates that aspergillosis is becoming more common. […] Aspergillus fumigatus is a species of mould that typically causes Aspergillosis. […] Dead leaves, compost piles, decomposing vegetable matter, stored grains, as well as foods and spices, are frequent places where Aspergillus mould can be discovered. […] The mould spores can develop on carpets and be brought inside on shoes and clothing. […] If filters are not kept clean and water does not drain from the unit correctly, window air conditioning units are vulnerable to mould development. […] Building demolition and renovation sites could include mould spore contamination.

• #9 Aspergillosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/aspergillosis

  Aspergillosis is disease caused by aspergillus. […] More than 100 different species of aspergillus have been identified, but the species most commonly implicated in human disease are A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger. […] Aspergillus most commonly enters the human body via inhalation. […] However, in patients with pre-existing medical conditions, aspergillus can start to proliferate and cause disease, primarily a lung infection. […] Infection is more likely if a large number of spores are inhaled, such as on exposure to a very dusty environment or during renovation of a building. […] On rare occasions, the fungus may enter via the skin (primary cutaneous aspergillosis), particularly in patients with thermal burns or trauma. […] Aspergillus can also spread to the skin via the blood stream.

• #10 Aspergillosis | Cornell Wildlife Health Lab

  https://cwhl.vet.cornell.edu/disease/aspergillosis

  Aspergillosis is a disease caused by various species of fungi in the genus Aspergillus. […] Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common cause of aspergillosis in wild birds, but it can also be caused by A. flavus and A. niger. […] Aspergillosis is not transmitted bird to bird or from bird to humans. However, humans may become infected by inhaling spores when working with contaminated materials or infected birds. […] Transmission of aspergillosis occurs via inhalation of fungal spores, the main reproductive units of fungi. […] Stressed and immunocompromised birds are at greater risk of aspergillosis.

• #11 Aspergillosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillosis

  Normally the mucociliary clearance mechanism of the airways of the lungs removes inhaled particles. However, in those with underlying lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis or bronchiectasis, this mucociliary clearance mechanism is impaired and aspergillus spores (which are 2-5 m in diameter) are able to colonize the airways and sinuses.

• #12 Aspergillosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/aspergillosis

  Aspergillosis is disease caused by aspergillus. […] More than 100 different species of aspergillus have been identified, but the species most commonly implicated in human disease are A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger. […] Aspergillus most commonly enters the human body via inhalation. […] However, in patients with pre-existing medical conditions, aspergillus can start to proliferate and cause disease, primarily a lung infection. […] Infection is more likely if a large number of spores are inhaled, such as on exposure to a very dusty environment or during renovation of a building. […] On rare occasions, the fungus may enter via the skin (primary cutaneous aspergillosis), particularly in patients with thermal burns or trauma. […] Aspergillus can also spread to the skin via the blood stream.

• #13 Aspergillosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/aspergillosis

  Aspergillosis is disease caused by aspergillus. […] More than 100 different species of aspergillus have been identified, but the species most commonly implicated in human disease are A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger. […] Aspergillus most commonly enters the human body via inhalation. […] However, in patients with pre-existing medical conditions, aspergillus can start to proliferate and cause disease, primarily a lung infection. […] Infection is more likely if a large number of spores are inhaled, such as on exposure to a very dusty environment or during renovation of a building. […] On rare occasions, the fungus may enter via the skin (primary cutaneous aspergillosis), particularly in patients with thermal burns or trauma. […] Aspergillus can also spread to the skin via the blood stream.

• #14 Aspergillosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482241/

  Rhinosinusitis is contracted via the inhalation of conidia via the nasal route and predominantly occurs in severely immunocompromised hosts. However, chronic granulomatous invasive rhinosinusitis occurs in immunocompetent patients. The most common organism associated with this is A. flavus. […] Aspergillus species reach the brain either hematogenous in the case of disseminated infection or via direct extension from contiguous areas, such as the mastoid, middle ear, or paranasal sinuses. […] Aspergillus enters the bone via disseminated infection in severe immunocompromise or direct inoculation, such as intravenous drug use or surgical site infection. […] An entry into the skin via venous catheters, predisposing chronic inflammatory skin condition, or trauma is necessary. […] Disseminated infections often originate from 1 of the sites above in the immunocompromised host, but dissemination from the pulmonary route is common.

• #15 Aspergillosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482241/

  Rhinosinusitis is contracted via the inhalation of conidia via the nasal route and predominantly occurs in severely immunocompromised hosts. However, chronic granulomatous invasive rhinosinusitis occurs in immunocompetent patients. The most common organism associated with this is A. flavus. […] Aspergillus species reach the brain either hematogenous in the case of disseminated infection or via direct extension from contiguous areas, such as the mastoid, middle ear, or paranasal sinuses. […] Aspergillus enters the bone via disseminated infection in severe immunocompromise or direct inoculation, such as intravenous drug use or surgical site infection. […] An entry into the skin via venous catheters, predisposing chronic inflammatory skin condition, or trauma is necessary. […] Disseminated infections often originate from 1 of the sites above in the immunocompromised host, but dissemination from the pulmonary route is common.

• #16 Aspergillosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aspergillosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369619

  Aspergillosis is an infection caused by a type of mold (fungus). The mold that triggers the illnesses, aspergillus, is everywhere indoors and outdoors. Most strains of this mold are harmless, but a few can cause serious illnesses when people with weakened immune systems, underlying lung disease or asthma inhale their fungal spores. […] Aspergillus mold is unavoidable. Outdoors, it’s found in decaying leaves and compost and on plants, trees and grain crops. Everyday exposure to aspergillus is rarely a problem for people with healthy immune systems. When mold spores are inhaled, immune system cells surround and destroy them. But people who have a weakened immune system from illness or immunosuppressant medications have fewer infection-fighting cells. This allows aspergillus to take hold, invading the lungs and, in the most serious cases, other parts of the body. […] Aspergillosis is not contagious from person to person.

• #17 Aspergillosis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14770-aspergillosis

  Aspergillosis is a group of illnesses caused by Aspergillus fungi. […] Many different species of the fungi Aspergillus cause aspergillosis. A. fumigatus is the most common cause. […] Aspergillus lives in the environment around us, so we can easily breathe it in. Most peoples bodies eliminate Aspergillus fungus without getting sick. But certain conditions, like a weakened immune system or chronic lung disease, can make it easier to get sick from Aspergillus. […] Inhaling Aspergillus from the air can cause an allergic reaction or an infection in your sinuses or lungs. From there, it can move to other parts of your body if your immune system cant fight off the infection. […] No, aspergillosis isnt contagious. You cant catch it from another person.

• #18 Aspergillosis | Asthma + Lung UK

  https://www.asthmaandlung.org.uk/conditions/aspergillosis

  Aspergillosis is a group of conditions caused by breathing in aspergillus mould. […] Aspergillosis is caused by breathing in small particles, called spores, of aspergillus in the air. Aspergillus is a common type of fungus (mould). […] You cannot catch aspergillosis from another person or animal.

• #19 Aspergillosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482241/

  Although caused by the same genus of fungi, aspergillosis should be thought of as a spectrum of processes that vary widely depending on the host’s immune status. Thus, the implications can vary from life-threatening, as is noted in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive rhinosinusitis seen in the severely immunocompromised, to non-urgent in the case of small aspergillomas in the immunocompetent, where monitoring with serial imaging is appropriate in most cases.

• #20 Aspergillosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aspergillosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369619

  Aspergillosis is an infection caused by a type of mold (fungus). The mold that triggers the illnesses, aspergillus, is everywhere indoors and outdoors. Most strains of this mold are harmless, but a few can cause serious illnesses when people with weakened immune systems, underlying lung disease or asthma inhale their fungal spores. […] Aspergillus mold is unavoidable. Outdoors, it’s found in decaying leaves and compost and on plants, trees and grain crops. Everyday exposure to aspergillus is rarely a problem for people with healthy immune systems. When mold spores are inhaled, immune system cells surround and destroy them. But people who have a weakened immune system from illness or immunosuppressant medications have fewer infection-fighting cells. This allows aspergillus to take hold, invading the lungs and, in the most serious cases, other parts of the body. […] Aspergillosis is not contagious from person to person.

• #21

  https://step2.medbullets.com/infectious-dis/121840/aspergillosis

  Aspergillus fumigatus most commonly causes disease in humans […] found in soil and decomposed material […] transmission via inhalation of spores […] in patients with competent immune systems, immune system will clear any Aspergillus spores before it can germinate […] in immunocompromised patients, spores will germinate and produce invasive hyphal structures […] local inflammatory reaction can cause an allergic response […] hepatocellular carcinoma from aflatoxins that Aspergillus produce.

• #22

  https://step2.medbullets.com/infectious-dis/121840/aspergillosis

  Aspergillus fumigatus most commonly causes disease in humans […] found in soil and decomposed material […] transmission via inhalation of spores […] in patients with competent immune systems, immune system will clear any Aspergillus spores before it can germinate […] in immunocompromised patients, spores will germinate and produce invasive hyphal structures […] local inflammatory reaction can cause an allergic response […] hepatocellular carcinoma from aflatoxins that Aspergillus produce.

• #23 Pulmonary aspergillosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-aspergillosis?lang=us

  Pulmonary aspergillosis is a collective term used to refer to a number of conditions caused by infection with a fungus of the Aspergillus species (usually Aspergillus fumigatus). […] The various species of Aspergillus are ubiquitous in the environment, and usually do not cause any human pathology, provided the lungs are structurally normal and the host immunity is intact. If either of these is abnormal, then there is the possibility that this otherwise benign fungus may cause pathology. […] In a patient with normal immunity, Aspergillus rarely causes lung disease. Altered immunity, both heightened (hypersensitivity) or reduced (immunocompromised) predisposes to Aspergillus-related lung disease. […] Patients with hypersensitivity may develop allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), whereas immunocompromised patients can develop semi-invasive or invasive aspergillosis depending on the degree to which their immune system is depressed.

• #24 Aspergillus Fumigatus: Health Risks, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-aspergillus-fumigatus

  Aspergillus fumigatus is a fungus that causes diseases in humans. If your immune system is weakened by disease or medication, this fungus can make you very sick. Aspergillus fumigatus is everywhere it exists all around you in soil, air, and other organic matter. But if you have a healthy immune system, it can deal with it properly. The fungus can multiply and cause diseases if your immune system is not functioning properly. […] Aspergillosis is an infection caused by this fungus. The spores grow into hyphae (the active form of the fungus) that cause diseases by tissue invasion, colonization, and allergic reactions. Your immune system cells can destroy the hyphae but not the spores. […] Some conditions such as chronic granulomatous disease, prolonged neutropenia, inherited immunodeficiencies, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), put you at risk of getting sick. Aspergillus fumigatus infections in such situations are dangerous and often fatal.

• #25 Aspergillus Fumigatus: Health Risks, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-aspergillus-fumigatus

  Aspergillus fumigatus is a fungus that causes diseases in humans. If your immune system is weakened by disease or medication, this fungus can make you very sick. Aspergillus fumigatus is everywhere it exists all around you in soil, air, and other organic matter. But if you have a healthy immune system, it can deal with it properly. The fungus can multiply and cause diseases if your immune system is not functioning properly. […] Aspergillosis is an infection caused by this fungus. The spores grow into hyphae (the active form of the fungus) that cause diseases by tissue invasion, colonization, and allergic reactions. Your immune system cells can destroy the hyphae but not the spores. […] Some conditions such as chronic granulomatous disease, prolonged neutropenia, inherited immunodeficiencies, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), put you at risk of getting sick. Aspergillus fumigatus infections in such situations are dangerous and often fatal.

• #26 Aspergillus Fumigatus: Health Risks, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-aspergillus-fumigatus

  You can get aspergillosis by breathing in mold spores that are everywhere the air, soil, and plants. […] The fungus spores (called conidia) enter your body in the air you breathe. They first reach the nose, throat, sinuses, and lungs. Aspergillus fumigatus causes disease by invading your tissues, preventing immune cell function, forming blood clots (thrombosis), and stimulating allergic reactions. […] Aspergillus fumigatus infections are dangerous and often lead to death. The fungus can also cause allergic conditions, such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and allergic sinusitis. These cause sickness and symptoms but are rarely fatal. […] You’re likely to have ABPA if you already have a lung condition such as cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, or asthma. This condition is an allergic reaction to inhaled spores of Aspergillus fumigatus. Spores not quickly removed by the immune system swell and release toxins. These toxins trigger an inflammatory reaction that causes asthma-like symptoms, such as wheezing, cough, and breathlessness. You are also at risk of getting an Aspergillus fumigatus infection if you have a weakened immune system or have recently had the flu or COVID-19, particularly if you used a breathing machine.

• #27 Aspergillus Fumigatus: Health Risks, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-aspergillus-fumigatus

  You can get aspergillosis by breathing in mold spores that are everywhere the air, soil, and plants. […] The fungus spores (called conidia) enter your body in the air you breathe. They first reach the nose, throat, sinuses, and lungs. Aspergillus fumigatus causes disease by invading your tissues, preventing immune cell function, forming blood clots (thrombosis), and stimulating allergic reactions. […] Aspergillus fumigatus infections are dangerous and often lead to death. The fungus can also cause allergic conditions, such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and allergic sinusitis. These cause sickness and symptoms but are rarely fatal. […] You’re likely to have ABPA if you already have a lung condition such as cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, or asthma. This condition is an allergic reaction to inhaled spores of Aspergillus fumigatus. Spores not quickly removed by the immune system swell and release toxins. These toxins trigger an inflammatory reaction that causes asthma-like symptoms, such as wheezing, cough, and breathlessness. You are also at risk of getting an Aspergillus fumigatus infection if you have a weakened immune system or have recently had the flu or COVID-19, particularly if you used a breathing machine.

• #28 Aspergillus Fumigatus: Health Risks, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-aspergillus-fumigatus

  You can get aspergillosis by breathing in mold spores that are everywhere the air, soil, and plants. […] The fungus spores (called conidia) enter your body in the air you breathe. They first reach the nose, throat, sinuses, and lungs. Aspergillus fumigatus causes disease by invading your tissues, preventing immune cell function, forming blood clots (thrombosis), and stimulating allergic reactions. […] Aspergillus fumigatus infections are dangerous and often lead to death. The fungus can also cause allergic conditions, such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and allergic sinusitis. These cause sickness and symptoms but are rarely fatal. […] You’re likely to have ABPA if you already have a lung condition such as cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, or asthma. This condition is an allergic reaction to inhaled spores of Aspergillus fumigatus. Spores not quickly removed by the immune system swell and release toxins. These toxins trigger an inflammatory reaction that causes asthma-like symptoms, such as wheezing, cough, and breathlessness. You are also at risk of getting an Aspergillus fumigatus infection if you have a weakened immune system or have recently had the flu or COVID-19, particularly if you used a breathing machine.

• #29 Aspergillosis – Causes, Types, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.bustmold.com/resources/about-mold/health-effects-of-mold/aspergillosis/

  Most types of aspergilloses are caused by Aspergillus spp. fungi. […] Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common causative species of aspergillosis and can be isolated from most foods and raw materials. […] Aspergillus fumigatus is a mycotoxin-producing fungus, with the foremost, dangerous toxin Gliotoxin. […] Invasive aspergillosis is a long-term aspergilli infection and it is the most severe form of the disease.

• #30 Aspergillosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001326.htm

  Aspergillosis is an infection or allergic response due to the aspergillus fungus. […] Aspergillosis is caused by a fungus called aspergillus. The fungus is often found growing on dead leaves, stored grain, compost piles, or in other decaying vegetation. […] Although most people are often exposed to aspergillus, infections caused by the fungus rarely occur in people who have a healthy immune system. […] Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a serious infection with pneumonia. It can spread to other parts of the body. This infection occurs most often in people with a weakened immune system. This can be from cancer, AIDS, leukemia, an organ transplant, chemotherapy, or other conditions or medicines that lower the number or function of white blood cells or weaken the immune system.

• #31 Aspergillosis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/aspergillosis

  Aspergillosis is caused by a fungus called aspergillus. The fungus is often found growing on dead leaves, stored grain, compost piles, or in other decaying vegetation. It can also be found on marijuana leaves. […] Although most people are often exposed to aspergillus, infections caused by the fungus rarely occur in people who have a healthy immune system. […] Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a serious infection with pneumonia. It can spread to other parts of the body. This infection occurs most often in people with a weakened immune system. This can be from cancer, AIDS, leukemia, an organ transplant, chemotherapy, or other conditions or medicines that lower the number or function of white blood cells or weaken the immune system.

• #32 Aspergillosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296052-overview

  Aspergillosis is a spectrum of mycotic diseases caused by the Aspergillus species, usually A fumigatus, A flavus, A niger, and A terreus. […] The development of disease and its histologic, clinical, and radiologic manifestations depend on the virulence and number of spores inhaled and, more importantly, on the patient’s immune status. […] Risk factors involved in the development of CNPA include underlying pulmonary disease (including COPD, interstitial lung disease, and previous thoracic surgery) and altered immune status due to chronic corticosteroid therapy, alcoholism, collagen-vascular disease, or chronic granulomatous disease. […] Invasive aspergillosis occurs almost exclusively in patients who are immunocompromised. Neutropenia and corticosteroid therapy are major risk factors.

• #33 Aspergillosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296052-overview

  Specific risk factors for invasive aspergillosis after bone marrow transplantation include prolonged neutropenia, graft versus host disease, high-dose corticosteroid therapy, disruption of normal mucosal barriers, mismatched or unrelated donor transplants, and the presence of central venous catheters. […] Pulmonary aspergillosis has been found to be present in approximately 25% of intubated patients with critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with increased 30-day mortality rates.

• #34 Aspergillosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/fungi/aspergillosis

  Aspergillosis is an opportunistic infection that usually affects the lower respiratory tract and is caused by inhaling spores of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus, commonly present in the environment. […] Invasive infections are usually acquired by inhalation of spores or, occasionally, by direct invasion through damaged skin. […] Major risk factors for aspergillosis include neutropenia when prolonged (typically 7 days), long-term high-dose corticosteroid therapy, organ transplantation (especially bone marrow transplantation with graft-vs-host disease [GVHD]), and hereditary disorders of neutrophil function (eg, chronic granulomatous disease). […] Aspergillus species tend to infect open spaces, such as pulmonary cavities caused by previous lung disorders (eg, bronchiectasis, tumor, tuberculosis), the sinuses, or external auditory canals (otomycosis).

• #35 Aspergillosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296052-overview

  Specific risk factors for invasive aspergillosis after bone marrow transplantation include prolonged neutropenia, graft versus host disease, high-dose corticosteroid therapy, disruption of normal mucosal barriers, mismatched or unrelated donor transplants, and the presence of central venous catheters. […] Pulmonary aspergillosis has been found to be present in approximately 25% of intubated patients with critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with increased 30-day mortality rates.

• #36 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Aspergillosis-Causes.aspx

  Coexisting pulmonary conditions may further add to the odds of developing aspergillosis. […] In patients with chronic cystic fibrosis or asthma, the mold spores are likely to trigger an allergic response. […] Such patients are prone to developing ABPA. […] Also in individuals with conditions like pulmonary tuberculosis or radiation damage to the alveoli, the air cavities in the lungs provide room for the accumulation of fungal fibers (the condition commonly referred to as aspergilloma). […] Patients with other lung disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) also often develop chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.

• #37 Aspergillosis: causes, types and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/aspergillosis-causes-types-and-treatment

  A 2017 study estimated that, every year in the UK, there are 3,288–4,257 cases of invasive aspergillosis, up to 3,600 cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and 110,667–235,070 cases of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) complicating asthma or cystic fibrosis. […] Aspergillosis may develop in healthy hosts following significant environmental exposure to Aspergillus spores, for example following the handling of tree-bark chippings. […] The most common diseases that predispose patients to CPA include pulmonary tuberculosis, non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection, ABPA, surgically resected lung cancer, pneumothorax with bulla formation and COPD. […] This disease occurs almost exclusively in patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis. […] The distinction between invasive and non-invasive disease can be made based on histopathological findings from biopsy samples.

• #38 Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_pulmonary_aspergillosis

  Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis is a long-term fungal infection caused by members of the genus Aspergillus most commonly Aspergillus fumigatus. […] The vast majority of cases are caused by Aspergillus fumigatus a filamentous fungus found ubiquitously on every continent including Antarctica. […] The major risk factors for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis are previous cavity formation from other respiratory conditions. […] Another risk factor is immunosuppression; most commonly, this includes allogeneic stem cell transplantation, prolonged neutropaenia, immunosuppressive drug therapy, chronic granulomatous disease and haematological malignancies. […] There appears to be increasing evidence for complex genetic factors increasing the risk of developing chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, such as defects to toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, IL1 and IL15, TLR3, TLR10, TREM1, VEGFA, DENND1B, and PLAT.

• #39 Aspergillosis – Types, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/aspergillosis.htm

  Aspergillosis is the result of a combination of exposure to the Aspergillus fungus and a weak immune system. […] When common mold spores are inhaled, immune system cells surround and destroy them. But people with a weakened immune system from illness or immunosuppressant medications have fewer infection-fighting cells. […] Exposure to Aspergillus is unavoidable and may occur from: Compost piles, Stored grain, Marijuana leaves, Air conditioning, heating ducts, Decaying vegetation, Some food and spices, Construction sites or building renovation sites, Insulating materials (walls, ceilings, water cylinders). […] Patients at increased risk for aspergillosis include those with: Tuberculosis, COPD, Sarcoidosis, Lung cancer patients, including those undergoing treatment, Patients with reduced immunity, Cystic fibrosis, Asthma.

• #40 Aspergillosis: causes, types and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/aspergillosis-causes-types-and-treatment

  A 2017 study estimated that, every year in the UK, there are 3,288–4,257 cases of invasive aspergillosis, up to 3,600 cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and 110,667–235,070 cases of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) complicating asthma or cystic fibrosis. […] Aspergillosis may develop in healthy hosts following significant environmental exposure to Aspergillus spores, for example following the handling of tree-bark chippings. […] The most common diseases that predispose patients to CPA include pulmonary tuberculosis, non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection, ABPA, surgically resected lung cancer, pneumothorax with bulla formation and COPD. […] This disease occurs almost exclusively in patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis. […] The distinction between invasive and non-invasive disease can be made based on histopathological findings from biopsy samples.

• #41 Aspergillosis: causes, types and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/aspergillosis-causes-types-and-treatment

  A 2017 study estimated that, every year in the UK, there are 3,288–4,257 cases of invasive aspergillosis, up to 3,600 cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and 110,667–235,070 cases of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) complicating asthma or cystic fibrosis. […] Aspergillosis may develop in healthy hosts following significant environmental exposure to Aspergillus spores, for example following the handling of tree-bark chippings. […] The most common diseases that predispose patients to CPA include pulmonary tuberculosis, non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection, ABPA, surgically resected lung cancer, pneumothorax with bulla formation and COPD. […] This disease occurs almost exclusively in patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis. […] The distinction between invasive and non-invasive disease can be made based on histopathological findings from biopsy samples.

• #42 What Is Aspergillosis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/aspergillus/

  Aspergillomas usually affect people who have other lung diseases that form cavities, such as tuberculosis. […] Other conditions that can increase the risk of developing aspergillosis include using contaminated medical equipment near or in open wounds, and having a traumatic injury to the skin, such as a burn.

• #43 Aspergillosis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/aspergillosis

  Allergic aspergillosis is an allergic reaction to the aspergillus fungus in the lungs and/or in the sinuses. […] Aspergilloma is a fungus ball that develops in a pre-existing lung cavity. […] Chronic necrotising pulmonary aspergillosis is a rare condition that causes tissue death within the lungs. […] Chronic necrotising pulmonary aspergillosis usually affects people with mild immune impairment, such as underlying lung disease, alcoholism, or who are on long-term corticosteroid therapy. […] Skin changes are most commonly a consequence of widespread infection with aspergillus in patients with impaired immunity. […] Primary cutaneous aspergillosis most commonly develops at the site of an intravenous cannula insertion or venipuncture (wound from a blood test). […] Occlusive dressings may increase the risk of developing primary cutaneous aspergillosis.

• #44 Aspergillosis: Symptoms, treatment, and when to seek help

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/aspergillosis

  It is also more likely among organ transplant recipients, people taking medications that weaken the immune system, and people in the hospital with severe flu. […] Azole-resistant aspergillosis is a form of the infection that is resistant to azoles, a class of antifungal drugs. Aspergillus fumigatus is typically the causative agent. […] Without treatment, invasive aspergillosis can be fatal.

• #45 Aspergillosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296052-overview

  Specific risk factors for invasive aspergillosis after bone marrow transplantation include prolonged neutropenia, graft versus host disease, high-dose corticosteroid therapy, disruption of normal mucosal barriers, mismatched or unrelated donor transplants, and the presence of central venous catheters. […] Pulmonary aspergillosis has been found to be present in approximately 25% of intubated patients with critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with increased 30-day mortality rates.

• #46 Mixed Etiology COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CAPA)—A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature

  https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/10/877

  The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has proved to be a significant risk addition for invasive infections with Aspergillus. […] We report the first case of a SARS-CoV-2 patient associating co-infection with, most likely, Aspergillus section Fumigati and Aspergillus section Flavi from Romania, and we review the existing medical literature in order to shed light upon mixed etiology cases of CAPA. […] Aspergillus fumigatus, one of the most studied species of all Aspergillus, is known to be the most common pathogen causing invasive aspergillosis. Aspergillus flavus, on the other hand, was proved to be more virulent than Aspergillus fumigatus, even though they cause similar clinical syndromes. […] To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the first case of CAPA with mixed fungal etiology from Romania and one of the few cases reported worldwide.

• #47 Aspergillosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482241/

  Aspergillosis is a spectrum of infections caused by fungi from the Aspergillus genus. The species most involved include A. fumigatus, A. terreus, A. flavus, and A. niger. […] The primary route of infection and cause depends on the clinical syndrome. […] Pulmonary aspergillosis is contracted via inhalation of Aspergillus conidia. Aspergillus is ubiquitous in the environment, present in concentrations between 1 and 100 m, depending on whether the location is indoors or outdoors. It can be higher in certain areas, such as where the soil is disturbed. In invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive bronchial aspergillosis, the root cause is an inadequate immune response, allowing for the fungus’s growth and invasion. In chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, the cause is colonization in the setting of structural lung disease, such as prior cavitary disease from another process, such as tuberculosis. In allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization, the root cause is an allergic reaction to the inhaled fungal elements. The allergen involved in ABPA is almost always A. fumigatus.

• #48 Aspergillosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482241/

  Aspergillosis is a spectrum of infections caused by fungi from the Aspergillus genus. The species most involved include A. fumigatus, A. terreus, A. flavus, and A. niger. […] The primary route of infection and cause depends on the clinical syndrome. […] Pulmonary aspergillosis is contracted via inhalation of Aspergillus conidia. Aspergillus is ubiquitous in the environment, present in concentrations between 1 and 100 m, depending on whether the location is indoors or outdoors. It can be higher in certain areas, such as where the soil is disturbed. In invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive bronchial aspergillosis, the root cause is an inadequate immune response, allowing for the fungus’s growth and invasion. In chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, the cause is colonization in the setting of structural lung disease, such as prior cavitary disease from another process, such as tuberculosis. In allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization, the root cause is an allergic reaction to the inhaled fungal elements. The allergen involved in ABPA is almost always A. fumigatus.

• #49 Aspergillus Fumigatus: Health Risks, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-aspergillus-fumigatus

  Aspergillus fumigatus is a fungus that causes diseases in humans. If your immune system is weakened by disease or medication, this fungus can make you very sick. Aspergillus fumigatus is everywhere it exists all around you in soil, air, and other organic matter. But if you have a healthy immune system, it can deal with it properly. The fungus can multiply and cause diseases if your immune system is not functioning properly. […] Aspergillosis is an infection caused by this fungus. The spores grow into hyphae (the active form of the fungus) that cause diseases by tissue invasion, colonization, and allergic reactions. Your immune system cells can destroy the hyphae but not the spores. […] Some conditions such as chronic granulomatous disease, prolonged neutropenia, inherited immunodeficiencies, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), put you at risk of getting sick. Aspergillus fumigatus infections in such situations are dangerous and often fatal.

• #50 Aspergillus Fumigatus: Health Risks, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-aspergillus-fumigatus

  You can get aspergillosis by breathing in mold spores that are everywhere the air, soil, and plants. […] The fungus spores (called conidia) enter your body in the air you breathe. They first reach the nose, throat, sinuses, and lungs. Aspergillus fumigatus causes disease by invading your tissues, preventing immune cell function, forming blood clots (thrombosis), and stimulating allergic reactions. […] Aspergillus fumigatus infections are dangerous and often lead to death. The fungus can also cause allergic conditions, such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and allergic sinusitis. These cause sickness and symptoms but are rarely fatal. […] You’re likely to have ABPA if you already have a lung condition such as cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, or asthma. This condition is an allergic reaction to inhaled spores of Aspergillus fumigatus. Spores not quickly removed by the immune system swell and release toxins. These toxins trigger an inflammatory reaction that causes asthma-like symptoms, such as wheezing, cough, and breathlessness. You are also at risk of getting an Aspergillus fumigatus infection if you have a weakened immune system or have recently had the flu or COVID-19, particularly if you used a breathing machine.

• #51 Aspergillosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482241/

  Rhinosinusitis is contracted via the inhalation of conidia via the nasal route and predominantly occurs in severely immunocompromised hosts. However, chronic granulomatous invasive rhinosinusitis occurs in immunocompetent patients. The most common organism associated with this is A. flavus. […] Aspergillus species reach the brain either hematogenous in the case of disseminated infection or via direct extension from contiguous areas, such as the mastoid, middle ear, or paranasal sinuses. […] Aspergillus enters the bone via disseminated infection in severe immunocompromise or direct inoculation, such as intravenous drug use or surgical site infection. […] An entry into the skin via venous catheters, predisposing chronic inflammatory skin condition, or trauma is necessary. […] Disseminated infections often originate from 1 of the sites above in the immunocompromised host, but dissemination from the pulmonary route is common.

• #52 Aspergillosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482241/

  Aspergillosis is a spectrum of infections caused by fungi from the Aspergillus genus. The species most involved include A. fumigatus, A. terreus, A. flavus, and A. niger. […] The primary route of infection and cause depends on the clinical syndrome. […] Pulmonary aspergillosis is contracted via inhalation of Aspergillus conidia. Aspergillus is ubiquitous in the environment, present in concentrations between 1 and 100 m, depending on whether the location is indoors or outdoors. It can be higher in certain areas, such as where the soil is disturbed. In invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive bronchial aspergillosis, the root cause is an inadequate immune response, allowing for the fungus’s growth and invasion. In chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, the cause is colonization in the setting of structural lung disease, such as prior cavitary disease from another process, such as tuberculosis. In allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization, the root cause is an allergic reaction to the inhaled fungal elements. The allergen involved in ABPA is almost always A. fumigatus.

• #53 Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA) – Wythenshawe Hospital

  https://mft.nhs.uk/wythenshawe/services/about-aspergillosis/chronic-pulmonary-aspergillosis-cpa/

  Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA) is a long-term Aspergillus infection of the lung, usually but not exclusively caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. […] Unlike acute forms of aspergillosis, CPA affects immunocompetent people for reasons that are not yet fully understood, and fungal growth is consequently slow. […] Patients commonly have pre-existing or co-existing lung disease, e.g. asthma, sarcoidosis, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, Chronic Granulomatous Disorder (CGD) and other pre-existing lung damage. […] The diagnosis of CPA requires a combination of characteristics: one or more cavities with or without a fungal ball present or nodules on thoracic imaging, direct evidence of Aspergillus infection (microscopy or culture from biopsy) or immunological response to Aspergillus spp. and exclusion of alternative diagnoses, all present for at least 3 months.

• #54 Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA) – Wythenshawe Hospital

  https://mft.nhs.uk/wythenshawe/services/about-aspergillosis/chronic-pulmonary-aspergillosis-cpa/

  Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA) is a long-term Aspergillus infection of the lung, usually but not exclusively caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. […] Unlike acute forms of aspergillosis, CPA affects immunocompetent people for reasons that are not yet fully understood, and fungal growth is consequently slow. […] Patients commonly have pre-existing or co-existing lung disease, e.g. asthma, sarcoidosis, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, Chronic Granulomatous Disorder (CGD) and other pre-existing lung damage. […] The diagnosis of CPA requires a combination of characteristics: one or more cavities with or without a fungal ball present or nodules on thoracic imaging, direct evidence of Aspergillus infection (microscopy or culture from biopsy) or immunological response to Aspergillus spp. and exclusion of alternative diagnoses, all present for at least 3 months.

• #55 Pulmonary aspergillosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-aspergillosis?lang=us

  Aspergillus can colonize pre-existing pulmonary cavities, particularly those left behind by pulmonary tuberculosis. In this setting, the fungus grows and, as it is free to move within the cavity, typically takes on a spherical shape, and is known as an aspergilloma. Other cavities that can predispose to aspergilloma include bullae which may be secondary to emphysema.

• #56 Pulmonary aspergilloma Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-aspergilloma

  Pulmonary aspergilloma is a mass caused by an infection by the fungus aspergillus. It usually grows in preexisting lung cavities. The infection can also appear in the brain, kidney, or other organs. […] Aspergillosis is an infection caused by the fungus aspergillus. Aspergillomas are formed when the fungus grows in a clump in a lung cavity. The cavity is often created by a previous condition. Cavities in the lung may be caused by diseases such as: […] The most common species of fungus that causes disease in humans is Aspergillus fumigatus. […] Aspergillus is a common fungus. It grows on dead leaves, stored grain, bird droppings, compost piles, and other decaying vegetation.

• #57 Aspergillosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482241/

  Aspergillosis is a spectrum of infections caused by fungi from the Aspergillus genus. The species most involved include A. fumigatus, A. terreus, A. flavus, and A. niger. […] The primary route of infection and cause depends on the clinical syndrome. […] Pulmonary aspergillosis is contracted via inhalation of Aspergillus conidia. Aspergillus is ubiquitous in the environment, present in concentrations between 1 and 100 m, depending on whether the location is indoors or outdoors. It can be higher in certain areas, such as where the soil is disturbed. In invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive bronchial aspergillosis, the root cause is an inadequate immune response, allowing for the fungus’s growth and invasion. In chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, the cause is colonization in the setting of structural lung disease, such as prior cavitary disease from another process, such as tuberculosis. In allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization, the root cause is an allergic reaction to the inhaled fungal elements. The allergen involved in ABPA is almost always A. fumigatus.

• #58 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542329/

  Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a fungal infection of the lung due to a hypersensitivity reaction to antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus after colonization into the airways. […] Aspergillus species are molds that are present ubiquitously in the environment, especially in the organic matter. There are over 100 species worldwide, but most of the illness is caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus clavatus. An infection by Aspergillus species causes a broad spectrum of illnesses in humans and depends on the immune status of the host, ranging from hypersensitivity reactions to direct angioinvasion. […] Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common ubiquitous airborne fungus causative organism for ABPA. […] ABPA affects people who are asthmatic or have cystic fibrosis and are allergic to Aspergillus. The thick mucus in the airways of these patients makes it difficult to clear up the Aspergillus spores when inhaled. Genetic association: HLA-DR molecules DR2, DR5, and possibly DR4 or DR7 contribute to susceptibility; whereas, HLA-DQ2 contributes to resistance, and a combination of these may determine the outcome of ABPA in CF and asthma.

• #59 Aspergillus Fumigatus: Health Risks, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-aspergillus-fumigatus

  You can get aspergillosis by breathing in mold spores that are everywhere the air, soil, and plants. […] The fungus spores (called conidia) enter your body in the air you breathe. They first reach the nose, throat, sinuses, and lungs. Aspergillus fumigatus causes disease by invading your tissues, preventing immune cell function, forming blood clots (thrombosis), and stimulating allergic reactions. […] Aspergillus fumigatus infections are dangerous and often lead to death. The fungus can also cause allergic conditions, such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and allergic sinusitis. These cause sickness and symptoms but are rarely fatal. […] You’re likely to have ABPA if you already have a lung condition such as cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, or asthma. This condition is an allergic reaction to inhaled spores of Aspergillus fumigatus. Spores not quickly removed by the immune system swell and release toxins. These toxins trigger an inflammatory reaction that causes asthma-like symptoms, such as wheezing, cough, and breathlessness. You are also at risk of getting an Aspergillus fumigatus infection if you have a weakened immune system or have recently had the flu or COVID-19, particularly if you used a breathing machine.

• #60 Aspergillus | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/aspergillus

  Aspergillus is a fungus that commonly grows on rotting vegetation. […] Some people with asthma are allergic to the fungal spores. These can trigger an asthma attack if inhaled. Some people will develop a condition known as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), in which asthma worsens significantly as a result of increased lung inflammation. […] People with asthma are allergic to different triggers, such as cigarette smoke, wood smoke, pollen, dust mite or Aspergillus spores. […] There is no cure for ABPA. The condition is managed with corticosteroids taken orally or with puffers. Antifungal medications generally have no effect.

• #61 Aspergillosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482241/

  Aspergillosis is a spectrum of infections caused by fungi from the Aspergillus genus. The species most involved include A. fumigatus, A. terreus, A. flavus, and A. niger. […] The primary route of infection and cause depends on the clinical syndrome. […] Pulmonary aspergillosis is contracted via inhalation of Aspergillus conidia. Aspergillus is ubiquitous in the environment, present in concentrations between 1 and 100 m, depending on whether the location is indoors or outdoors. It can be higher in certain areas, such as where the soil is disturbed. In invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive bronchial aspergillosis, the root cause is an inadequate immune response, allowing for the fungus’s growth and invasion. In chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, the cause is colonization in the setting of structural lung disease, such as prior cavitary disease from another process, such as tuberculosis. In allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization, the root cause is an allergic reaction to the inhaled fungal elements. The allergen involved in ABPA is almost always A. fumigatus.

• #62 Aspergillus and Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis | Cystic Fibrosis Foundation

  https://www.cff.org/managing-cf/aspergillus-and-allergic-bronchopulmonary-aspergillosis

  Aspergillus species is a fungus that often lives in the airways of children and adults with cystic fibrosis. […] When people develop an allergic reaction to Aspergillus, it is called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. […] Aspergillus is very common in our environment. Most people breathe in Aspergillus spores every day without getting sick. However, people with cystic fibrosis, or diseases that weaken their immune systems, are at a higher risk of developing health problems because of Aspergillus. […] Some types of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) are mild and others are very serious. […] ABPA affects about 4% of the people with CF. It causes inflammation in the lungs and can cause further scarring and fibrosis if untreated. […] It is important to mention that many people with CF have a sputum culture with Aspergillus. This does not mean you have ABPA. Your body’s (immune system) response to Aspergillus and your symptoms will determine if you have ABPA.

• #63 Part 6: Aspergillosis, A Common Fungal Infection – Immunolytics

  https://immunolytics.com/common-fungal-infection-aspergillosis/

  Aspergillosis causes illness on a variety of levels. First, it is an allergen triggering allergic responses. Second, it might colonize and simply reproduce in specific areas or cavities in the human body, especially sinuses and lungs leading to infection. Third, Aspergillus is a pathogen and can cause a life-threatening infection and a dangerous immune response. Finally, it produces secondary metabolites called mycotoxins that are toxic and can cause organ failure and neurological problems. An aspergillus infection can lead to the body quickly reaching its “Toxic Load” where a patient becomes sensitive to almost any chemical, biochemical, or smell. […] Aspergillus is the most common fungal infection that often involves hospitalizations. Aspergillosis infections involve significant reproduction and colonization inside the human body. Aspergillus is also a mycotoxin producing mold. It is helpful to understand fungal infections and the impact on health and potential treatment approaches.

• #64 Aspergillus Fumigatus: Health Risks, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-aspergillus-fumigatus

  You can get aspergillosis by breathing in mold spores that are everywhere the air, soil, and plants. […] The fungus spores (called conidia) enter your body in the air you breathe. They first reach the nose, throat, sinuses, and lungs. Aspergillus fumigatus causes disease by invading your tissues, preventing immune cell function, forming blood clots (thrombosis), and stimulating allergic reactions. […] Aspergillus fumigatus infections are dangerous and often lead to death. The fungus can also cause allergic conditions, such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and allergic sinusitis. These cause sickness and symptoms but are rarely fatal. […] You’re likely to have ABPA if you already have a lung condition such as cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, or asthma. This condition is an allergic reaction to inhaled spores of Aspergillus fumigatus. Spores not quickly removed by the immune system swell and release toxins. These toxins trigger an inflammatory reaction that causes asthma-like symptoms, such as wheezing, cough, and breathlessness. You are also at risk of getting an Aspergillus fumigatus infection if you have a weakened immune system or have recently had the flu or COVID-19, particularly if you used a breathing machine.

• #65 Aspergillosis – Causes, Types, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.bustmold.com/resources/about-mold/health-effects-of-mold/aspergillosis/

  Most types of aspergilloses are caused by Aspergillus spp. fungi. […] Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common causative species of aspergillosis and can be isolated from most foods and raw materials. […] Aspergillus fumigatus is a mycotoxin-producing fungus, with the foremost, dangerous toxin Gliotoxin. […] Invasive aspergillosis is a long-term aspergilli infection and it is the most severe form of the disease.

• #66 Part 6: Aspergillosis, A Common Fungal Infection – Immunolytics

  https://immunolytics.com/common-fungal-infection-aspergillosis/

  Aspergillosis causes illness on a variety of levels. First, it is an allergen triggering allergic responses. Second, it might colonize and simply reproduce in specific areas or cavities in the human body, especially sinuses and lungs leading to infection. Third, Aspergillus is a pathogen and can cause a life-threatening infection and a dangerous immune response. Finally, it produces secondary metabolites called mycotoxins that are toxic and can cause organ failure and neurological problems. An aspergillus infection can lead to the body quickly reaching its “Toxic Load” where a patient becomes sensitive to almost any chemical, biochemical, or smell. […] Aspergillus is the most common fungal infection that often involves hospitalizations. Aspergillosis infections involve significant reproduction and colonization inside the human body. Aspergillus is also a mycotoxin producing mold. It is helpful to understand fungal infections and the impact on health and potential treatment approaches.

• #67 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542329/

  Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a fungal infection of the lung due to a hypersensitivity reaction to antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus after colonization into the airways. […] Aspergillus species are molds that are present ubiquitously in the environment, especially in the organic matter. There are over 100 species worldwide, but most of the illness is caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus clavatus. An infection by Aspergillus species causes a broad spectrum of illnesses in humans and depends on the immune status of the host, ranging from hypersensitivity reactions to direct angioinvasion. […] Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common ubiquitous airborne fungus causative organism for ABPA. […] ABPA affects people who are asthmatic or have cystic fibrosis and are allergic to Aspergillus. The thick mucus in the airways of these patients makes it difficult to clear up the Aspergillus spores when inhaled. Genetic association: HLA-DR molecules DR2, DR5, and possibly DR4 or DR7 contribute to susceptibility; whereas, HLA-DQ2 contributes to resistance, and a combination of these may determine the outcome of ABPA in CF and asthma.

• #68 Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_pulmonary_aspergillosis

  Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis is a long-term fungal infection caused by members of the genus Aspergillus most commonly Aspergillus fumigatus. […] The vast majority of cases are caused by Aspergillus fumigatus a filamentous fungus found ubiquitously on every continent including Antarctica. […] The major risk factors for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis are previous cavity formation from other respiratory conditions. […] Another risk factor is immunosuppression; most commonly, this includes allogeneic stem cell transplantation, prolonged neutropaenia, immunosuppressive drug therapy, chronic granulomatous disease and haematological malignancies. […] There appears to be increasing evidence for complex genetic factors increasing the risk of developing chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, such as defects to toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, IL1 and IL15, TLR3, TLR10, TREM1, VEGFA, DENND1B, and PLAT.

• #69 Aspergillosis Basics | Aspergillosis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/aspergillosis/about/index.html

  Aspergillosis is a disease caused by breathing spores from Aspergillus, a common mold. […] Aspergillosis is an infection caused by breathing in spores of Aspergillus, a common mold. […] Aspergillus causes different types of infections including chronic lung conditions and widespread infections. […] Antimicrobial-resistant aspergillosis is an emerging concern. […] People can get aspergillosis by breathing in microscopic Aspergillus spores from the environment. […] Treatment depends on the type of infection and includes antifungal medications. […] Antimicrobial resistance is emerging in a type of Aspergillus called Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) making it harder to treat. […] Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common cause of human Aspergillus infections. […] The fungus Aspergillus causes aspergillosis, a lung infection, in people with weakened immune systems. […] Antifungal-resistant aspergillosis is increasing.

• #70 Aspergillus Fumigatus: Health Risks, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-aspergillus-fumigatus

  Aspergillus fumigatus is sometimes resistant to the commonly used antifungal medicines. Azoles are an important class of antifungal medicines and the most frequently used medicines for treating Aspergillus fumigatus infections. Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus is considered a significant danger by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Resistance to medicines makes treatment difficult. People with azole-resistant infections are 33% more likely to die.

• #71 Aspergillus Fumigatus: Health Risks, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-aspergillus-fumigatus

  Aspergillus fumigatus is sometimes resistant to the commonly used antifungal medicines. Azoles are an important class of antifungal medicines and the most frequently used medicines for treating Aspergillus fumigatus infections. Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus is considered a significant danger by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Resistance to medicines makes treatment difficult. People with azole-resistant infections are 33% more likely to die.

• #72 Aspergillosis : symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/aspergillosis?language=fr

  Aspergillosis is a general term for infections caused by a type of mold (fungus) belonging to the genus Aspergillus. The mold that causes aspergillosis can be found everywhere in the environment in the form of spores, but in certain conditions it can become pathogenic, for example in immunocompromised people or those with chronic lung disease. […] Aspergillus are saprotrophic fungi in the environment that grow on decaying vegetation in soil. Aspergillus fumigatus is the species most often involved in disease in humans. […] Aspergillus becomes pathogenic in patients with chronic lung disease or immunosuppression, generally caused by medical treatment. […] Depending on the patient’s medical condition, Aspergillus may be responsible for several diseases: […] Invasive aspergillosis mainly affects immunocompromised patients (such as patients with neutropenia or those who have received a bone marrow transplant). It is characterized by severe infection, with Aspergillus invading the lung tissue. The infection may spread to other organs in this form. […] The emergence of Aspergillus resistant to these azole drugs is a growing problem in some countries as a result of widespread azole use in agriculture, but as yet it is not a cause for concern in France.

• #73 Aspergillus Fumigatus: Health Risks, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-aspergillus-fumigatus

  Aspergillus fumigatus is sometimes resistant to the commonly used antifungal medicines. Azoles are an important class of antifungal medicines and the most frequently used medicines for treating Aspergillus fumigatus infections. Azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus is considered a significant danger by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Resistance to medicines makes treatment difficult. People with azole-resistant infections are 33% more likely to die.

• #74 Aspergillosis : symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/aspergillosis?language=fr

  Aspergillosis is a general term for infections caused by a type of mold (fungus) belonging to the genus Aspergillus. The mold that causes aspergillosis can be found everywhere in the environment in the form of spores, but in certain conditions it can become pathogenic, for example in immunocompromised people or those with chronic lung disease. […] Aspergillus are saprotrophic fungi in the environment that grow on decaying vegetation in soil. Aspergillus fumigatus is the species most often involved in disease in humans. […] Aspergillus becomes pathogenic in patients with chronic lung disease or immunosuppression, generally caused by medical treatment. […] Depending on the patient’s medical condition, Aspergillus may be responsible for several diseases: […] Invasive aspergillosis mainly affects immunocompromised patients (such as patients with neutropenia or those who have received a bone marrow transplant). It is characterized by severe infection, with Aspergillus invading the lung tissue. The infection may spread to other organs in this form. […] The emergence of Aspergillus resistant to these azole drugs is a growing problem in some countries as a result of widespread azole use in agriculture, but as yet it is not a cause for concern in France.

• #75 Aspergillosis : symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/aspergillosis?language=fr

  Aspergillosis is a general term for infections caused by a type of mold (fungus) belonging to the genus Aspergillus. The mold that causes aspergillosis can be found everywhere in the environment in the form of spores, but in certain conditions it can become pathogenic, for example in immunocompromised people or those with chronic lung disease. […] Aspergillus are saprotrophic fungi in the environment that grow on decaying vegetation in soil. Aspergillus fumigatus is the species most often involved in disease in humans. […] Aspergillus becomes pathogenic in patients with chronic lung disease or immunosuppression, generally caused by medical treatment. […] Depending on the patient’s medical condition, Aspergillus may be responsible for several diseases: […] Invasive aspergillosis mainly affects immunocompromised patients (such as patients with neutropenia or those who have received a bone marrow transplant). It is characterized by severe infection, with Aspergillus invading the lung tissue. The infection may spread to other organs in this form. […] The emergence of Aspergillus resistant to these azole drugs is a growing problem in some countries as a result of widespread azole use in agriculture, but as yet it is not a cause for concern in France.

• #76 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Aspergillosis-Causes.aspx

  Aspergillosis is a condition caused by Aspergillus, an infectious mold. […] Exposure to Aspergillus spores in combination with a weak immune response is the root cause for the infection to take root. […] Individuals who are on immunosuppressant medications, especially after an organ transplant procedure, have a weakened immune response. […] Similarly, patients in the advanced stages of AIDS are also an easy target for opportunistic infections like aspergillosis. […] The extended use of corticosteroids is also associated with a poor immune defense. […] However, in patients with certain vascular disorders such as chronic granulomatous disease, and some inherited genetic conditions that cause defects in lymphocyte function, the risk of developing aspergillosis rises substantially. […] Invasive aspergillosis is typically observed in individuals with compromised immunity.

• #77 Aspergillosis: Types, Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/aspergillosis

  Aspergillosis is an infection, allergic reaction, or fungal growth caused by the Aspergillus fungus. […] The illness is the result of a combination of exposure to the Aspergillus fungus and a weak immune system. […] The following may carry the fungus: compost piles, stored grain, marijuana leaves, decaying vegetation.

• #78 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Aspergillosis-Causes.aspx

  Aspergillosis is a condition caused by Aspergillus, an infectious mold. […] Exposure to Aspergillus spores in combination with a weak immune response is the root cause for the infection to take root. […] Individuals who are on immunosuppressant medications, especially after an organ transplant procedure, have a weakened immune response. […] Similarly, patients in the advanced stages of AIDS are also an easy target for opportunistic infections like aspergillosis. […] The extended use of corticosteroids is also associated with a poor immune defense. […] However, in patients with certain vascular disorders such as chronic granulomatous disease, and some inherited genetic conditions that cause defects in lymphocyte function, the risk of developing aspergillosis rises substantially. […] Invasive aspergillosis is typically observed in individuals with compromised immunity.

• #79 Aspergillosis: causes, types and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/aspergillosis-causes-types-and-treatment

  Aspergillus-related disease is rare, but results in high mortality rates. […] Aspergillus causes a broad range of diseases for which there are limited antifungal drug treatment options — a problem that is exacerbated by the emerging threat of antifungal drug resistance. […] The term ‘aspergillosis’ is used to describe the diseases caused by Aspergillus, but most commonly refers to those caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Other species that can cause human disease include Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus niger. […] Inhalation of Aspergillus conidia is generally a daily event, but only a small proportion of people develop clinical disease and are at an increased risk of developing aspergillosis (e.g. people with weakened immune systems and/or damaged lungs). […] Aspergillosis is not contagious and Aspergillus cannot be transmitted from person to person.

• #80 Invasive Aspergillosis – Scynexis

  https://www.scynexis.com/our-science/life-threatening-infections/invasive-aspergillosis/

  Invasive aspergillosis is a serious fungal infection caused by Aspergillus species that kills more than half of a million people each year worldwide. Aspergillus invades the lungs of immunocompromised patients and can spread to the bloodstream and other key organs leading to a high mortality rate of 30 to 80%. […] The recent emergence of azole resistant A. fumigatus — one of the major causes of aspergillosis — is increasingly becoming a clinical concern worldwide. […] Combination antifungal therapy is recommended as first-line treatment for patients suspected of invasive aspergillosis in some countries. […] Oral ibrexafungerp, if approved in combination with standard of care for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis, would allow patients to receive the required combination treatment of two agents with different mechanisms of action for the full six to twelve weeks of therapy, potentially improving patient outcomes.

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