Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol

  Worldwide, around 2.6 million deaths were caused by alcohol consumption in 2019. Of these, 1.6 million deaths were from noncommunicable diseases, 700 000 deaths from injuries and 300 000 deaths from communicable diseases. […] The highest levels of alcohol-related deaths per 100 000 persons are observed in the WHO European and African Regions with 52.9 deaths and 52.2 deaths per 100 000 people, respectively. […] People of younger age (20-39 years) are disproportionately affected by alcohol consumption with the highest proportion (13%) of alcohol-attributable deaths occurring within this age group in 2019. […] There has been some progress; from 2010 to 2019, the number of alcohol-attributable deaths per 100 000 people decreased by 20.2% globally. […] In 2019, alcohol use was responsible for 6.7% of all deaths among men and 2.4% of all deaths among women.

• #2 Epidemiology of Alcohol Poisoning and Its Outcome in the North-West of Iran

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4614612/

  Alcohol poisoning is one of the main preventable causes of death, disability, and injury in many societies. […] There is no any exact reports of alcohol poisoning and its outcome in Iranian society. Therefore, the present study was assessed the status of alcohol poisoning and its outcome in referees to the emergency department. […] The findings of the present study revealed that total mortality rate of referees to the emergency with alcohol poisoning was 3.7% all of whom related to methanol poisoning. Based on this result, the mortality rate of methanol poisoning was estimated 20%. Need for dialysis and increasing the creatinine level were accounted as independent risk factors of death. […] The mortality rate of alcohol poisoning in the studied population was 3.7% of whom 12.3% needed to have dialysis. […] Increasing the plasma creatinine level and need for dialysis were estimated as the only risk factors of alcohol poisoning related death.

• #3 Surveillance Report #112 | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

  https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance-reports/surveillance112

  This surveillance report presents trend data on alcohol-related morbidity in the United States that are estimated from inpatient discharges among community hospitals. […] Approximately 412,000 hospital discharges for persons ages 12 and older had a principal (first-listed) alcohol-related diagnosis, and approximately 2.6 million discharges had an any (all-listed) alcohol-related diagnosis. […] Alcohol poisoning (1.6 percent) was one of the categories of principal (first-listed) diagnoses. […] Alcohol-related diagnoses in decreasing order of severity, as measured by average length of hospital stay, were chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (5.8 days), alcohol dependence syndrome (5.2 days), alcoholic psychoses (4.5 days), alcohol poisoning (3.5 days), and nondependent abuse of alcohol (2.5 days). […] Between 2000 and 2015, the average length of hospital stays increased for principal (first-listed) alcohol poisoning from 2.3 days to 3.5 days. […] The fifth category, alcohol poisoning, has been a new addition to the surveillance report since the 2014 issue of the report.

• #4 Surveillance Report #112 | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

  https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance-reports/surveillance112

  This surveillance report presents trend data on alcohol-related morbidity in the United States that are estimated from inpatient discharges among community hospitals. […] Approximately 412,000 hospital discharges for persons ages 12 and older had a principal (first-listed) alcohol-related diagnosis, and approximately 2.6 million discharges had an any (all-listed) alcohol-related diagnosis. […] Alcohol poisoning (1.6 percent) was one of the categories of principal (first-listed) diagnoses. […] Alcohol-related diagnoses in decreasing order of severity, as measured by average length of hospital stay, were chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (5.8 days), alcohol dependence syndrome (5.2 days), alcoholic psychoses (4.5 days), alcohol poisoning (3.5 days), and nondependent abuse of alcohol (2.5 days). […] Between 2000 and 2015, the average length of hospital stays increased for principal (first-listed) alcohol poisoning from 2.3 days to 3.5 days. […] The fifth category, alcohol poisoning, has been a new addition to the surveillance report since the 2014 issue of the report.

• #5 Alcohol Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/812411-overview

  Alcohol intoxication is common in modern society, largely because of its widespread availability. More than 8 million Americans are believed to be dependent on alcohol, and up to 15% of the population is considered at risk. In some studies, more than half of all trauma patients are intoxicated with ethanol at the time of arrival to the trauma center. In addition, ethanol is a common coingestant in suicide attempts. […] In 2023, 9320 single exposures to ethanol in beverages, with 394 major outcomes and 50 deaths, were reported to US Poison Control Centers. There were 933 non-beverage single exposures, with 19 major outcomes and no deaths. Ethanol-based hand sanitizers accounted for 18,920 single exposures, with 74 major outcomes and one death. Ethanol-containing mouthwashes accounted for 3771 single exposures, with 15 major outcomes and three deaths. Ethanol in cleaning products accounted for 217 single exposures, with no major outcomes or deaths.

• #6 Deaths from Excessive Alcohol Use — United States, 2016–2021 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7308a1.htm

  U.S. deaths from causes fully due to excessive alcohol use increased during the past 2 decades. […] Average annual number of deaths from excessive alcohol use, including partially and fully alcohol-attributable conditions, increased approximately 29% from 137,927 during 2016-2017 to 178,307 during 2020-2021, and age-standardized death rates increased from approximately 38 to 48 per 100,000 population. […] Deaths from causes fully attributable to alcohol use have increased during the past 2 decades in the United States, particularly from 2019 to 2020, concurrent with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Average annual deaths from excessive alcohol use in the United States increased 5.3%, from 137,927 during 2016-2017 to 145,253 during 2018-2019; these deaths then increased more sharply (22.8%) from 2018-2019 to 178,307 during 2020-2021, for an overall 29.3% increase from 2016-2017 to 2020-2021.

• #7 Deaths from Excessive Alcohol Use — United States, 2016–2021 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7308a1.htm

  U.S. deaths from causes fully due to excessive alcohol use increased during the past 2 decades. […] Average annual number of deaths from excessive alcohol use, including partially and fully alcohol-attributable conditions, increased approximately 29% from 137,927 during 2016-2017 to 178,307 during 2020-2021, and age-standardized death rates increased from approximately 38 to 48 per 100,000 population. […] Deaths from causes fully attributable to alcohol use have increased during the past 2 decades in the United States, particularly from 2019 to 2020, concurrent with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Average annual deaths from excessive alcohol use in the United States increased 5.3%, from 137,927 during 2016-2017 to 145,253 during 2018-2019; these deaths then increased more sharply (22.8%) from 2018-2019 to 178,307 during 2020-2021, for an overall 29.3% increase from 2016-2017 to 2020-2021.

• #8 Ethanol intoxication in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ethanol-intoxication-in-adults

  In the United States, two-thirds of adults consume beverages containing ethanol (ethyl alcohol) […] According to the 2022 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 29.5 million people (10.5 percent) over the age of 12 had an alcohol use disorder. […] Data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention show a 29 percent increase in deaths from excessive alcohol use from 2017-2018 to 2020-2021. […] Emergency department visits involving alcohol have increased by as much as 60 percent during the same period. […] An overview of the pathophysiology, clinical features, and management of acute ethanol intoxication in adults is presented here. […] The health effects of chronic alcohol use, the recognition and management of alcohol use disorder and withdrawal, and ethanol intoxication in children are discussed separately.

• #9

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol

  Worldwide, around 2.6 million deaths were caused by alcohol consumption in 2019. Of these, 1.6 million deaths were from noncommunicable diseases, 700 000 deaths from injuries and 300 000 deaths from communicable diseases. […] The highest levels of alcohol-related deaths per 100 000 persons are observed in the WHO European and African Regions with 52.9 deaths and 52.2 deaths per 100 000 people, respectively. […] People of younger age (20-39 years) are disproportionately affected by alcohol consumption with the highest proportion (13%) of alcohol-attributable deaths occurring within this age group in 2019. […] There has been some progress; from 2010 to 2019, the number of alcohol-attributable deaths per 100 000 people decreased by 20.2% globally. […] In 2019, alcohol use was responsible for 6.7% of all deaths among men and 2.4% of all deaths among women.

• #10

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol

  Worldwide, around 2.6 million deaths were caused by alcohol consumption in 2019. Of these, 1.6 million deaths were from noncommunicable diseases, 700 000 deaths from injuries and 300 000 deaths from communicable diseases. […] The highest levels of alcohol-related deaths per 100 000 persons are observed in the WHO European and African Regions with 52.9 deaths and 52.2 deaths per 100 000 people, respectively. […] People of younger age (20-39 years) are disproportionately affected by alcohol consumption with the highest proportion (13%) of alcohol-attributable deaths occurring within this age group in 2019. […] There has been some progress; from 2010 to 2019, the number of alcohol-attributable deaths per 100 000 people decreased by 20.2% globally. […] In 2019, alcohol use was responsible for 6.7% of all deaths among men and 2.4% of all deaths among women.

• #11 Deaths from Excessive Alcohol Use — United States, 2016–2021 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7308a1.htm

  The average annual number of deaths from excessive alcohol use among males increased by 25,244 (26.8%), from 94,362 deaths during 2016-2017 to 119,606 during 2020-2021. […] Among females, the average annual number of deaths from excessive alcohol use increased by 15,136 (34.7%), from 43,565 during 2016-2017, to 58,701 during 2020-2021. […] From 2016-2017 to 2020-2021, the average annual number of U.S. deaths from excessive alcohol use increased by more than 40,000 (29%), from approximately 138,000 per year (2016-2017) to 178,000 per year (2020-2021). […] The nearly 23% increase in the deaths from excessive alcohol use that occurred from 2018-2019 to 2020-2021 was approximately four times as high as the previous 5% increase that occurred from 2016-2017 to 2018-2019. […] States and communities can discourage excessive alcohol use and reverse recent increases in alcohol-attributable deaths by implementing comprehensive strategies, including evidence-based alcohol policies that reduce the availability and accessibility of alcohol and increase its price.

• #12 Products – Data Briefs – Number 448 – November 2022

  https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db448.htm

  Rates of alcohol-induced deaths generally increased from 2000 to 2020 but rose more steeply in recent years. […] In 2020, the rate of alcohol-induced deaths was highest for those aged 55-64 for both males and females. […] Among females, those aged 35-44 had the largest percentage increase in death rates from 2019 to 2020. […] Among males, the largest percentage increases in death rates from 2019 to 2020 were for age groups under 45. […] Alcoholic liver disease was the most frequent underlying cause for alcohol-induced deaths. […] The age-adjusted rate of alcohol-induced deaths increased 26% from 2019 (10.4 per 100,000 standard population) to 2020 (13.1). […] From 2019 to 2020, deaths from alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis increased 50% (from 0.1 to 0.2), 33% for deaths from mental and behavioral disorders due to use of alcohol (3.0 to 4.0), and 23% for deaths from alcoholic liver disease (6.4 to 7.9).

• #13 Alcohol Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/812411-overview

  Ethanol poisoning is typically caused by high-intensity binge drinking (ie, consumption of a very large amount of alcohol during an episode of binge drinking). Approximately 38 million US adults report binge drinking an average of four times per month and consuming an average of eight drinks per episode. In 2010-2012, an annual average of 2,221 ethanol poisoning deaths (8.8 deaths per 1 million population) occurred in persons aged 15 years in the United States. Of those deaths, 1,681 (75.7%) involved adults aged 35-64 years, and 1,696 (76.4%) involved men. […] The World Health Organization estimates that in 2019, ethanol use resulted in about 2.6 million deaths (2 million of them in males), or 4.7% of all deaths around the world, and for 6.7% of all deaths in people 69 years of age and younger. Of alcohol-related deaths, 28% were due to injuries (eg, from traffic accidents, self-harm, and violence), 21% involved digestive disorders, and 19% involved cardiovascular diseases.

• #14 Alcohol Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/812411-overview

  Ethanol poisoning is typically caused by high-intensity binge drinking (ie, consumption of a very large amount of alcohol during an episode of binge drinking). Approximately 38 million US adults report binge drinking an average of four times per month and consuming an average of eight drinks per episode. In 2010-2012, an annual average of 2,221 ethanol poisoning deaths (8.8 deaths per 1 million population) occurred in persons aged 15 years in the United States. Of those deaths, 1,681 (75.7%) involved adults aged 35-64 years, and 1,696 (76.4%) involved men. […] The World Health Organization estimates that in 2019, ethanol use resulted in about 2.6 million deaths (2 million of them in males), or 4.7% of all deaths around the world, and for 6.7% of all deaths in people 69 years of age and younger. Of alcohol-related deaths, 28% were due to injuries (eg, from traffic accidents, self-harm, and violence), 21% involved digestive disorders, and 19% involved cardiovascular diseases.

• #15 Alcohol poisoning – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20354386

  Alcohol poisoning is a serious and sometimes deadly result of drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. […] Alcohol poisoning also can occur when adults or children accidentally or intentionally drink household products that contain alcohol. […] A major cause of alcohol poisoning is binge drinking. This is when a male rapidly consumes five or more alcoholic drinks within two hours or a female consumes at least four drinks within two hours. […] The more you drink, especially in a short period of time, the greater your risk of alcohol poisoning. […] Several factors can increase your risk of alcohol poisoning, including: Your height and weight. […] Severe complications can result from alcohol poisoning, including: Choking. […] Alcohol poisoning can cause a heartbeat that is not regular. […] To avoid alcohol poisoning: Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. […] Get follow-up care.

• #16 Alcohol poisoning – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20354386

  Alcohol poisoning is a serious and sometimes deadly result of drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. […] Alcohol poisoning also can occur when adults or children accidentally or intentionally drink household products that contain alcohol. […] A major cause of alcohol poisoning is binge drinking. This is when a male rapidly consumes five or more alcoholic drinks within two hours or a female consumes at least four drinks within two hours. […] The more you drink, especially in a short period of time, the greater your risk of alcohol poisoning. […] Several factors can increase your risk of alcohol poisoning, including: Your height and weight. […] Severe complications can result from alcohol poisoning, including: Choking. […] Alcohol poisoning can cause a heartbeat that is not regular. […] To avoid alcohol poisoning: Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. […] Get follow-up care.

• #17

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol

  Worldwide, around 2.6 million deaths were caused by alcohol consumption in 2019. Of these, 1.6 million deaths were from noncommunicable diseases, 700 000 deaths from injuries and 300 000 deaths from communicable diseases. […] The highest levels of alcohol-related deaths per 100 000 persons are observed in the WHO European and African Regions with 52.9 deaths and 52.2 deaths per 100 000 people, respectively. […] People of younger age (20-39 years) are disproportionately affected by alcohol consumption with the highest proportion (13%) of alcohol-attributable deaths occurring within this age group in 2019. […] There has been some progress; from 2010 to 2019, the number of alcohol-attributable deaths per 100 000 people decreased by 20.2% globally. […] In 2019, alcohol use was responsible for 6.7% of all deaths among men and 2.4% of all deaths among women.

• #18

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2000/07000/alcohol_poisoning_in_poland_and_its_risk_factors__.311.aspx

  In Poland every year there is about 1500 deaths due to accidental poisoning by alcohol. […] The purpose of our analysis was to assess the association between daily number of deaths from accidental poisoning in Poland and the following factors: month, day of week, holidays, increase in alcohol price (24 in study period), pay days, other special events and temperature. […] Alcohol poisoning affected primarily males, people less educated, more often urban than rural area residents. […] More than 90% of deaths occurred outside of hospitals. […] The average daily number of deaths was 4.0 and it varied from 0 to 16. […] We have found that number of deaths was significantly increased in cold months except January, paydays, during Easter holiday and in a week before alcohol price increase. […] On the other hand the deaths count was significantly lower on the beginning of week (Monday, Tuesday), in second and third week after alcohol price increase and in three days after Christmas. […] The risk of deaths was significantly and negatively associated with temperature.

• #19 Alcohol Use

  https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/alcohol_surveillance/

  More than 8,050 New Yorkers die each year due to excessive alcohol use, shortening the lives of those who die by an average of 24 years. […] Excessive alcohol use can lead to both short- and long-term health issues. […] Alcohol poisoning; and poor birth outcomes. […] The New York State Alcohol Surveillance and Epidemiology Program (ASEP) was established in September 2021 through a cooperative agreement with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to conduct public health surveillance on excessive alcohol use and its related harms in New York State. […] The goal of the ASEP is to reduce excessive alcohol use and its related harms through: Monitoring and sharing data on excessive alcohol use and its related harms to inform prevention efforts. […] The Alcohol Surveillance and Epidemiology Workgroup (ASEW) is a network of data experts and prevention partners brought together to examine the patterns, context, and impact of excessive alcohol use in New York State.

• #20

  https://ibis.utah.gov/ibisph-view/indicator/view/AlcConBinDri.Int.html

  Binge drinking is the most common pattern of excessive alcohol use in the United States and those who binge drink tend to do so frequently and with high intensity. According to the latest estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, excessive alcohol use is responsible for 140,557 deaths in the United States each year, including 6 in 10 deaths among working-age adults aged 20-64 years. Estimates also suggest that 903 Utahns die from alcohol-attributable causes each year and Utah is ranked seventh in the nation for alcohol poisoning deaths. […] Excessive alcohol use is also associated with many health and social harms, including liver cirrhosis, certain cancers, unintentional injuries, violence and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. […] The risk of adverse outcomes (e.g., unintentional injuries) increases with the number of drinks consumed or with progressively higher blood alcohol concentrations.

• #21 Acute Alcohol Poisoning and Sweetened Alcoholic Beverages | Institut national de santé publique du Québec

  https://www.inspq.qc.ca/en/publications/2388

  Acute alcohol poisoning occurs frequently in Qubec. Between January 1 and November 26, 2017, provincial emergency rooms admitted 2,332 young people age 12-24 for acute alcohol poisoning. That is equivalent to 214 cases per month, 49 cases per week, or 7 cases per day. […] One quarter of young people age 12-24 admitted to the emergency room at the Centre hospitalier de l’Universit de Sherbrooke for alcohol-related problems had a priority level indicating that their lives were at risk. […] The available data do not conclusively demonstrate that products with high alcohol and sugar content were the main cause of acute alcohol poisoning cases treated in Qubec emergency rooms in 2017. Nonetheless, analysis of the data underscores a serious problem that justifies stronger preventive action. […] A range of measures is needed to prevent alcohol-related problems, including acute alcohol poisoning. The priority is to set a minimum price for all alcoholic beverages, adjusted according to alcohol content. This is the best way to prevent alcoholic beverages from being sold too cheaply.

• #22 Alcohol Use

  https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/alcohol_surveillance/

  More than 8,050 New Yorkers die each year due to excessive alcohol use, shortening the lives of those who die by an average of 24 years. […] Excessive alcohol use can lead to both short- and long-term health issues. […] Alcohol poisoning; and poor birth outcomes. […] The New York State Alcohol Surveillance and Epidemiology Program (ASEP) was established in September 2021 through a cooperative agreement with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to conduct public health surveillance on excessive alcohol use and its related harms in New York State. […] The goal of the ASEP is to reduce excessive alcohol use and its related harms through: Monitoring and sharing data on excessive alcohol use and its related harms to inform prevention efforts. […] The Alcohol Surveillance and Epidemiology Workgroup (ASEW) is a network of data experts and prevention partners brought together to examine the patterns, context, and impact of excessive alcohol use in New York State.

• #23 Alcohol and Substance Abuse Epidemiology Program

  https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/safety-injury-prev/environmental-health/topics/alcohol-substance-epi

  The Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) receives federal funding to conduct public health surveillance on the effects of alcohol and drug abuse on Michigan’s population. […] The MDHHS, Bureau of Disease Control, Prevention, and Epidemiology receives support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to conduct public health surveillance on how alcohol affects Michigan’s population. Our focus consists of monitoring alcohol-related disease and negative societal outcomes with a special interest in youth to develop environmental and policy indicators for Michigan. […] Excessive alcohol use is the third leading lifestyle-related cause of death for people in the United States each year. From 2001-2005, there were approximately 79,000 deaths annually attributable to excessive alcohol use in the United States.

• #24 Alcohol and Substance Abuse Epidemiology Program

  https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/safety-injury-prev/environmental-health/topics/alcohol-substance-epi

  The Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) receives federal funding to conduct public health surveillance on the effects of alcohol and drug abuse on Michigan’s population. […] The MDHHS, Bureau of Disease Control, Prevention, and Epidemiology receives support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to conduct public health surveillance on how alcohol affects Michigan’s population. Our focus consists of monitoring alcohol-related disease and negative societal outcomes with a special interest in youth to develop environmental and policy indicators for Michigan. […] Excessive alcohol use is the third leading lifestyle-related cause of death for people in the United States each year. From 2001-2005, there were approximately 79,000 deaths annually attributable to excessive alcohol use in the United States.

• #25

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol

  The Global alcohol action plan 2022-2030, endorsed by WHO Member States, aims to reduce the harmful use of alcohol through effective, evidence-based strategies at national, regional and global levels. […] The WHO Global Information System on Alcohol and Health (GISAH) presents data on levels and patterns of alcohol consumption, alcohol-attributable health and social consequences and policy responses across the world.

• #26

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol

  The Global alcohol action plan 2022-2030, endorsed by WHO Member States, aims to reduce the harmful use of alcohol through effective, evidence-based strategies at national, regional and global levels. […] The WHO Global Information System on Alcohol and Health (GISAH) presents data on levels and patterns of alcohol consumption, alcohol-attributable health and social consequences and policy responses across the world.

• #27 Alcohol-Related Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Co-Occurring Injuries, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2009–2018 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2020/07/01/Alcohol-Related-Emergency-Department-Visits-2020

  The crude overall incidence rate of alcohol-related encounters among U.S. active component service members during 2009-2018 was 75.3 per 10,000 person-years, with a 14.0% decline over the study period. […] The U.S. Armed Forces invests considerable time, money, and resources in training and equipping service members. Alcohol-related incidents with and without injury affect individual readiness and unit mission preparedness and can prematurely end a service member’s career. […] The military has a high prevalence of alcohol misuse, which can lead to injuries and negative health outcomes. This report characterizes the rate of alcohol-related emergency department and inpatient encounters in the military and the percentage of encounters with co-occurring injury. […] Policies and programs that discourage heavy drinking, especially among those exposed to combat, have the potential to decrease medical encounters and injuries related to alcohol misuse.

• #28 Alcohol-Related Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Co-Occurring Injuries, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2009–2018 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2020/07/01/Alcohol-Related-Emergency-Department-Visits-2020

  Emergency room visits and hospitalizations for alcohol-related disorders are increasingly costly in the civilian sector because of both health care costs and lost productivity. […] Alcohol misuse contributes to significant harms among military service members and substantial costs to the U.S. Armed Forces. It also decreases readiness and force lethality.

• #29 Approaching Acute Toxic Alcohol Poisoning: A Narrative Review

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/approaching-acute-toxic-alcohol-poisoning-a-narrative-review-88877.html

  Methanol poisoning has a mortality rate of 8.2%-36.0% and ethylene glycol poisoning has a mortality rate of 7.4%-21.5%. […] A recent cohort study with 621 participants revealed that individuals with a history of methanol poisoning had an absolute increase in mortality rate of 37.5% over 14 years compared to individuals who did not have a history of methanol poisoning. […] Mortality rates in 2 cases of mass diethylene glycol poisoning in paediatric populations reach as high as 70%-80%. […] Overall, mortality and morbidity from diethylene glycol and isopropanol poisoning appears significantly lower than methanol and ethylene glycol.

• #30 Treatment of severe alcohol poisoning | Nefrología

  https://www.revistanefrologia.com/en-titulo-articulo-X2013251408005341

  Poisoning induced by alcohols (methanol, ethanol, or ethylene glycol) may cause severe metabolic acidosis with high anion and/or osmolal gaps, neurological changes ranging from confusion to deep coma, amaurosis, and death. Some patients may also develop acute renal failure.1-3 Despite intensive treatment, morbidity and mortality of these poisonings continue to be very high, mainly because of the delay in diagnosis and start of treatment. […] Diagnosis is often based on an obvious epidemiological context, and above all on the finding of metabolic acidosis with an elevated anion gap and/or osmolal gap.1-3 […] The mortality rates in three large series recently reported were 18%, 19%, and 44% respectively. […] Management of severe methanol poisoning includes administration of ethanol or fomepizole and early start of HD.

• #31 Epidemiology of Alcohol Poisoning and Its Outcome in the North-West of Iran

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4614612/

  Alcohol poisoning is one of the main preventable causes of death, disability, and injury in many societies. […] There is no any exact reports of alcohol poisoning and its outcome in Iranian society. Therefore, the present study was assessed the status of alcohol poisoning and its outcome in referees to the emergency department. […] The findings of the present study revealed that total mortality rate of referees to the emergency with alcohol poisoning was 3.7% all of whom related to methanol poisoning. Based on this result, the mortality rate of methanol poisoning was estimated 20%. Need for dialysis and increasing the creatinine level were accounted as independent risk factors of death. […] The mortality rate of alcohol poisoning in the studied population was 3.7% of whom 12.3% needed to have dialysis. […] Increasing the plasma creatinine level and need for dialysis were estimated as the only risk factors of alcohol poisoning related death.

• #32 Ethylene Glycol Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/814701-overview

  Ethylene glycol is a relatively common cause of overdose in US emergency departments. In 2022, 6079 single exposures to ethylene glycol in antifreeze and other automotive products were reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC). Of those, 5248 were unintentional. […] As in previous years, ethylene glycol exposure was most common in adults, with 4280 single case exposures; there were 424 single case exposures in children younger than 6 years, 126 in those aged 6-12 years, and 483 in those 13-19 years. In addition, the AAPCC reported 566 single exposures to ethylene glycol that was not an automotive, aircraft, or boat product, with 50 major outcomes and 13 deaths.

• #33 Treatment of severe alcohol poisoning | Nefrología

  https://www.revistanefrologia.com/en-titulo-articulo-X2013251408005341

  The mortality rate of ethylene glycol poisoning is variable, ranging from 1%-22%. […] Management of severe ethylene glycol poisoning includes administration of ethanol or fomepizole and early start of HD. […] When poisoning by these toxic alcohols is clinically suspected, even before pharmacological confirmation is obtained, treatment with ethanol and HD should be started as soon as possible. […] Randomised, controlled studies would be useful to provide evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of the different phases of alcohol-induced poisoning. […] Taking into account that there has been in recent years in the Madrid Autonomous Community an increase in the number of cases of methanol poisoning among immigrants who massively drank methanol during social events and who were referred to different hospitals, it would be appropriate for centres to coordinate their action protocols, and to share databases in order to be able to conduct cooperative studies.

• #34 Alcohol Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/812411-overview

  Toxicity from ingestion intentional and unintentional of alcohol-based hand sanitizer rose markedly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The United Kingdom alone saw a 157% increase, from 155 to 398 cases, in alcohol-based hand sanitizer poisonings reported to the National Poisons Information Service between January 1 and September 14, 2020, compared with the same period of the previous year. […] In 2023, 9827 single exposures to isopropanol (from sources including rubbing alcohol, cleaning agents, and hand sanitizers) were reported to US Poison Control Centers. Of these, 115 patients were classified as experiencing major morbidity, and one death was reported. […] In the same year, 1479 single exposures to automotive products containing methanol were reported, resulting in seven major outcomes and two deaths.

• #35 Alcohol poisoning – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20354386

  Alcohol poisoning is a serious and sometimes deadly result of drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. […] Alcohol poisoning also can occur when adults or children accidentally or intentionally drink household products that contain alcohol. […] A major cause of alcohol poisoning is binge drinking. This is when a male rapidly consumes five or more alcoholic drinks within two hours or a female consumes at least four drinks within two hours. […] The more you drink, especially in a short period of time, the greater your risk of alcohol poisoning. […] Several factors can increase your risk of alcohol poisoning, including: Your height and weight. […] Severe complications can result from alcohol poisoning, including: Choking. […] Alcohol poisoning can cause a heartbeat that is not regular. […] To avoid alcohol poisoning: Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. […] Get follow-up care.

• #36 Alcohol poisoning – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20354386

  Alcohol poisoning is a serious and sometimes deadly result of drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. […] Alcohol poisoning also can occur when adults or children accidentally or intentionally drink household products that contain alcohol. […] A major cause of alcohol poisoning is binge drinking. This is when a male rapidly consumes five or more alcoholic drinks within two hours or a female consumes at least four drinks within two hours. […] The more you drink, especially in a short period of time, the greater your risk of alcohol poisoning. […] Several factors can increase your risk of alcohol poisoning, including: Your height and weight. […] Severe complications can result from alcohol poisoning, including: Choking. […] Alcohol poisoning can cause a heartbeat that is not regular. […] To avoid alcohol poisoning: Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. […] Get follow-up care.

• #37 Ethanol intoxication in children: Epidemiology, estimation of toxicity, and toxic effects – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ethanol-intoxication-in-children-epidemiology-estimation-of-toxicity-and-toxic-effects

  Epidemiology, pharmacokinetics, and estimation of toxicity of ethanol intoxication in children are reviewed here. […] Despite its abuse potential, ethanol is broadly tolerated in a social context and is therefore ubiquitous in society. It is available in a multitude of alcoholic beverages but also concentrated in household products (eg, vanilla extract, mouthwash, hand sanitizer, perfume/cologne). […] Thousands of ethanol exposures in children under six years of age are reported to poison centers annually in the United States. Ethanol-containing products other than alcoholic beverages (eg, perfumes, colognes, mouthwash, medicinals, or ethanol-based hand sanitizers) account for 85 to 90 percent of these exposures. […] However, infants and young children are prone to profound hypoglycemia, coma, and hypothermia despite ingesting relatively small amounts of ethanol. Deaths have been reported.

• #38 Alcohol Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/812411-overview

  Ethanol poisoning is typically caused by high-intensity binge drinking (ie, consumption of a very large amount of alcohol during an episode of binge drinking). Approximately 38 million US adults report binge drinking an average of four times per month and consuming an average of eight drinks per episode. In 2010-2012, an annual average of 2,221 ethanol poisoning deaths (8.8 deaths per 1 million population) occurred in persons aged 15 years in the United States. Of those deaths, 1,681 (75.7%) involved adults aged 35-64 years, and 1,696 (76.4%) involved men. […] The World Health Organization estimates that in 2019, ethanol use resulted in about 2.6 million deaths (2 million of them in males), or 4.7% of all deaths around the world, and for 6.7% of all deaths in people 69 years of age and younger. Of alcohol-related deaths, 28% were due to injuries (eg, from traffic accidents, self-harm, and violence), 21% involved digestive disorders, and 19% involved cardiovascular diseases.

• #39 COVID-19 and Alcohol Poisoning: A Fatal Competition | Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/disaster-medicine-and-public-health-preparedness/article/covid19-and-alcohol-poisoning-a-fatal-competition/593D34DC00A0790D1B5D23BD162128B0

  Generally, in Muslim countries, because of the prohibition of alcohol production, distribution, and consumption, poisoning with clandestinely produced alcohol and particularly methanol is increasing, especially among the youth in Iran. […] A short while after the onset of COVID-19 epidemics in Iran (in March 2020), alcohol poisoning became another emergency condition that expanded along with COVID-19. […] The number of cases of alcohol poisoning increased so dramatically in some Iranian regions that its mortality rate exceeded that of COVID-19. […] Between March and April 2020, the largest methanol mass poisoning outbreak occurred, which was unprecedented in Iran and the whole world in recent decades. […] More importantly, the mean age of the majority of cases was around 30 y (range, 20-40 y).

• #40

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2000/07000/alcohol_poisoning_in_poland_and_its_risk_factors__.311.aspx

  In Poland every year there is about 1500 deaths due to accidental poisoning by alcohol. […] The purpose of our analysis was to assess the association between daily number of deaths from accidental poisoning in Poland and the following factors: month, day of week, holidays, increase in alcohol price (24 in study period), pay days, other special events and temperature. […] Alcohol poisoning affected primarily males, people less educated, more often urban than rural area residents. […] More than 90% of deaths occurred outside of hospitals. […] The average daily number of deaths was 4.0 and it varied from 0 to 16. […] We have found that number of deaths was significantly increased in cold months except January, paydays, during Easter holiday and in a week before alcohol price increase. […] On the other hand the deaths count was significantly lower on the beginning of week (Monday, Tuesday), in second and third week after alcohol price increase and in three days after Christmas. […] The risk of deaths was significantly and negatively associated with temperature.

• #41

  https://journals.lww.com/epidem/fulltext/2000/07000/alcohol_poisoning_in_poland_and_its_risk_factors__.311.aspx

  In Poland every year there is about 1500 deaths due to accidental poisoning by alcohol. […] The purpose of our analysis was to assess the association between daily number of deaths from accidental poisoning in Poland and the following factors: month, day of week, holidays, increase in alcohol price (24 in study period), pay days, other special events and temperature. […] Alcohol poisoning affected primarily males, people less educated, more often urban than rural area residents. […] More than 90% of deaths occurred outside of hospitals. […] The average daily number of deaths was 4.0 and it varied from 0 to 16. […] We have found that number of deaths was significantly increased in cold months except January, paydays, during Easter holiday and in a week before alcohol price increase. […] On the other hand the deaths count was significantly lower on the beginning of week (Monday, Tuesday), in second and third week after alcohol price increase and in three days after Christmas. […] The risk of deaths was significantly and negatively associated with temperature.

• #42 COVID-19 and Alcohol Poisoning: A Fatal Competition | Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/disaster-medicine-and-public-health-preparedness/article/covid19-and-alcohol-poisoning-a-fatal-competition/593D34DC00A0790D1B5D23BD162128B0

  In March 2020, concurrently with the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Iran, the rate of alcohol poisoning was unexpectedly increased in the country. […] A major cause of the increased rate of alcohol poisoning in this period was actually the illusion that alcohol could eliminate the coronaviruses having entered the body. […] Alcohol poisoning is a preventable cause of some health problems in most communities. […] However, due to the availability of methanol, a health-threatening type of alcohol, recent years have witnessed a rise in morbidity and mortality due to alcohol poisoning in Iran and some other low-income Muslim countries, to the extent that it has turned into one of the major medical and legal issues, particularly in Iran. […] Although there are plenty of studies reporting that alcohol consumption is widespread in some communities, in Iran, due to legal, religious, and political reasons, there is not adequate evidence-based information on this phenomenon.

• #43 COVID-19 and Alcohol Poisoning: A Fatal Competition | Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/disaster-medicine-and-public-health-preparedness/article/covid19-and-alcohol-poisoning-a-fatal-competition/593D34DC00A0790D1B5D23BD162128B0

  In March 2020, concurrently with the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Iran, the rate of alcohol poisoning was unexpectedly increased in the country. […] A major cause of the increased rate of alcohol poisoning in this period was actually the illusion that alcohol could eliminate the coronaviruses having entered the body. […] Alcohol poisoning is a preventable cause of some health problems in most communities. […] However, due to the availability of methanol, a health-threatening type of alcohol, recent years have witnessed a rise in morbidity and mortality due to alcohol poisoning in Iran and some other low-income Muslim countries, to the extent that it has turned into one of the major medical and legal issues, particularly in Iran. […] Although there are plenty of studies reporting that alcohol consumption is widespread in some communities, in Iran, due to legal, religious, and political reasons, there is not adequate evidence-based information on this phenomenon.

• #44 COVID-19 and Alcohol Poisoning: A Fatal Competition | Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/disaster-medicine-and-public-health-preparedness/article/covid19-and-alcohol-poisoning-a-fatal-competition/593D34DC00A0790D1B5D23BD162128B0

  Generally, in Muslim countries, because of the prohibition of alcohol production, distribution, and consumption, poisoning with clandestinely produced alcohol and particularly methanol is increasing, especially among the youth in Iran. […] A short while after the onset of COVID-19 epidemics in Iran (in March 2020), alcohol poisoning became another emergency condition that expanded along with COVID-19. […] The number of cases of alcohol poisoning increased so dramatically in some Iranian regions that its mortality rate exceeded that of COVID-19. […] Between March and April 2020, the largest methanol mass poisoning outbreak occurred, which was unprecedented in Iran and the whole world in recent decades. […] More importantly, the mean age of the majority of cases was around 30 y (range, 20-40 y).

• #45 Alcohol Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/812411-overview

  Toxicity from ingestion intentional and unintentional of alcohol-based hand sanitizer rose markedly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The United Kingdom alone saw a 157% increase, from 155 to 398 cases, in alcohol-based hand sanitizer poisonings reported to the National Poisons Information Service between January 1 and September 14, 2020, compared with the same period of the previous year. […] In 2023, 9827 single exposures to isopropanol (from sources including rubbing alcohol, cleaning agents, and hand sanitizers) were reported to US Poison Control Centers. Of these, 115 patients were classified as experiencing major morbidity, and one death was reported. […] In the same year, 1479 single exposures to automotive products containing methanol were reported, resulting in seven major outcomes and two deaths.

• #46 Party Smarter: Alcohol Poisoning

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/population-health/prevention/partysmarter/alcoholpoisoning.htm

  Alcohol poisoning is a result of drinking too much alcohol. It is important to know the signs and what to do. […] The misperception that someone has just passed out and let him/her sleep it off is a belief that sometimes leads to death. Rapid binge drinking is especially dangerous, because of the possibility of drinking a fatal dose before becoming unconscious. […] If there is any suspicion of alcohol overdose, call 911 or the emergency number for help. […] A person with any of the following symptoms is not simply really drunk. These are early signs of possible alcohol poisoning: […] Alcohol depresses nerves that control involuntary actions such as breathing, the heart beat, and the gag reflex (prevents choking). A fatal dose of alcohol will eventually stop these functions. […] Even if the victim lives, alcohol overdose can lead to irreversible brain damage.

• #47 Alcohol poisoning – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20354386

  Alcohol poisoning is a serious and sometimes deadly result of drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. […] Alcohol poisoning also can occur when adults or children accidentally or intentionally drink household products that contain alcohol. […] A major cause of alcohol poisoning is binge drinking. This is when a male rapidly consumes five or more alcoholic drinks within two hours or a female consumes at least four drinks within two hours. […] The more you drink, especially in a short period of time, the greater your risk of alcohol poisoning. […] Several factors can increase your risk of alcohol poisoning, including: Your height and weight. […] Severe complications can result from alcohol poisoning, including: Choking. […] Alcohol poisoning can cause a heartbeat that is not regular. […] To avoid alcohol poisoning: Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. […] Get follow-up care.

• #48 Ethanol intoxication in children: Epidemiology, estimation of toxicity, and toxic effects – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ethanol-intoxication-in-children-epidemiology-estimation-of-toxicity-and-toxic-effects

  Epidemiology, pharmacokinetics, and estimation of toxicity of ethanol intoxication in children are reviewed here. […] Despite its abuse potential, ethanol is broadly tolerated in a social context and is therefore ubiquitous in society. It is available in a multitude of alcoholic beverages but also concentrated in household products (eg, vanilla extract, mouthwash, hand sanitizer, perfume/cologne). […] Thousands of ethanol exposures in children under six years of age are reported to poison centers annually in the United States. Ethanol-containing products other than alcoholic beverages (eg, perfumes, colognes, mouthwash, medicinals, or ethanol-based hand sanitizers) account for 85 to 90 percent of these exposures. […] However, infants and young children are prone to profound hypoglycemia, coma, and hypothermia despite ingesting relatively small amounts of ethanol. Deaths have been reported.

• #49 Ethanol intoxication in children: Epidemiology, estimation of toxicity, and toxic effects – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ethanol-intoxication-in-children-epidemiology-estimation-of-toxicity-and-toxic-effects

  Epidemiology, pharmacokinetics, and estimation of toxicity of ethanol intoxication in children are reviewed here. […] Despite its abuse potential, ethanol is broadly tolerated in a social context and is therefore ubiquitous in society. It is available in a multitude of alcoholic beverages but also concentrated in household products (eg, vanilla extract, mouthwash, hand sanitizer, perfume/cologne). […] Thousands of ethanol exposures in children under six years of age are reported to poison centers annually in the United States. Ethanol-containing products other than alcoholic beverages (eg, perfumes, colognes, mouthwash, medicinals, or ethanol-based hand sanitizers) account for 85 to 90 percent of these exposures. […] However, infants and young children are prone to profound hypoglycemia, coma, and hypothermia despite ingesting relatively small amounts of ethanol. Deaths have been reported.

• #50 Party Smarter: Alcohol Poisoning

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/population-health/prevention/partysmarter/alcoholpoisoning.htm

  Alcohol poisoning is a result of drinking too much alcohol. It is important to know the signs and what to do. […] The misperception that someone has just passed out and let him/her sleep it off is a belief that sometimes leads to death. Rapid binge drinking is especially dangerous, because of the possibility of drinking a fatal dose before becoming unconscious. […] If there is any suspicion of alcohol overdose, call 911 or the emergency number for help. […] A person with any of the following symptoms is not simply really drunk. These are early signs of possible alcohol poisoning: […] Alcohol depresses nerves that control involuntary actions such as breathing, the heart beat, and the gag reflex (prevents choking). A fatal dose of alcohol will eventually stop these functions. […] Even if the victim lives, alcohol overdose can lead to irreversible brain damage.

• #51 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/sapb/Pages/alcohol_poisoning.aspx

  Individuals who binge drink or drink too much alcohol too quickly may be in danger of alcohol poisoning. Alcohol poisoning (also known as alcohol overdose) occurs when there is so much alcohol in the bloodstream that the areas of the brain in charge of functions that keep you alive, such as breathing, heart rate, and temperature control, begin to shut down. […] Alcohol poisoning can lead to permanent brain damage, coma, or death.

• #52 Alcohol and Substance Abuse Epidemiology Program

  https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/safety-injury-prev/environmental-health/topics/alcohol-substance-epi

  The Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) receives federal funding to conduct public health surveillance on the effects of alcohol and drug abuse on Michigan’s population. […] The MDHHS, Bureau of Disease Control, Prevention, and Epidemiology receives support from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to conduct public health surveillance on how alcohol affects Michigan’s population. Our focus consists of monitoring alcohol-related disease and negative societal outcomes with a special interest in youth to develop environmental and policy indicators for Michigan. […] Excessive alcohol use is the third leading lifestyle-related cause of death for people in the United States each year. From 2001-2005, there were approximately 79,000 deaths annually attributable to excessive alcohol use in the United States.

• #53 Alcohol-Related Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Co-Occurring Injuries, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2009–2018 | Health.mil

  https://health.mil/News/Articles/2020/07/01/Alcohol-Related-Emergency-Department-Visits-2020

  Emergency room visits and hospitalizations for alcohol-related disorders are increasingly costly in the civilian sector because of both health care costs and lost productivity. […] Alcohol misuse contributes to significant harms among military service members and substantial costs to the U.S. Armed Forces. It also decreases readiness and force lethality.

• #54 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence and risk of potentially adverse drug interactions in the treatment of acute alcohol poisoning Prevalence and risk of potentially adverse drug interactions in the treatment of acute alcohol poisoning

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/y4s547vkRpsp7VMNKvBW4GP/

  The potential risk of ADIs was observed in 182 (60.60%) prescriptions. […] In our study a total of 496 possible interactions were identified, of which 197 (44.22%) were classified as drug-drug interactions. […] Therefore, the population under study showed a high risk of potential for the therapy not being effective and/or clinical injuries in emergency hospital-medical care. […] Among the major drugs described in our study, diazepam, phenytoin, metoclopramide and promethazine were involved in over half of the potential risk of ADIs (64.55%). […] Moderate risk of ADIs was observed in 92.40% of cases. […] Severe risks of ADIs have proved to be less frequent (4.60%). […] In our study there were identified 299 (55.78%) drug-alcohol interactions. […] These possible interactions may occur through different mechanisms and the clinical consequences are bilateral, i.e. alcohol can interfere with drug clinical events and vice versa.

• #55 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence and risk of potentially adverse drug interactions in the treatment of acute alcohol poisoning Prevalence and risk of potentially adverse drug interactions in the treatment of acute alcohol poisoning

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/y4s547vkRpsp7VMNKvBW4GP/

  The potential risk of ADIs was observed in 182 (60.60%) prescriptions. […] In our study a total of 496 possible interactions were identified, of which 197 (44.22%) were classified as drug-drug interactions. […] Therefore, the population under study showed a high risk of potential for the therapy not being effective and/or clinical injuries in emergency hospital-medical care. […] Among the major drugs described in our study, diazepam, phenytoin, metoclopramide and promethazine were involved in over half of the potential risk of ADIs (64.55%). […] Moderate risk of ADIs was observed in 92.40% of cases. […] Severe risks of ADIs have proved to be less frequent (4.60%). […] In our study there were identified 299 (55.78%) drug-alcohol interactions. […] These possible interactions may occur through different mechanisms and the clinical consequences are bilateral, i.e. alcohol can interfere with drug clinical events and vice versa.

• #56 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence and risk of potentially adverse drug interactions in the treatment of acute alcohol poisoning Prevalence and risk of potentially adverse drug interactions in the treatment of acute alcohol poisoning

  https://www.scielo.br/j/bjps/a/y4s547vkRpsp7VMNKvBW4GP/

  The potential risk of ADIs was observed in 182 (60.60%) prescriptions. […] In our study a total of 496 possible interactions were identified, of which 197 (44.22%) were classified as drug-drug interactions. […] Therefore, the population under study showed a high risk of potential for the therapy not being effective and/or clinical injuries in emergency hospital-medical care. […] Among the major drugs described in our study, diazepam, phenytoin, metoclopramide and promethazine were involved in over half of the potential risk of ADIs (64.55%). […] Moderate risk of ADIs was observed in 92.40% of cases. […] Severe risks of ADIs have proved to be less frequent (4.60%). […] In our study there were identified 299 (55.78%) drug-alcohol interactions. […] These possible interactions may occur through different mechanisms and the clinical consequences are bilateral, i.e. alcohol can interfere with drug clinical events and vice versa.

• #57 Alcohol poisoning | Description, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/alcohol-poisoning

  Binge drinking is a leading cause of alcohol poisoning. This pattern of drinking is defined by a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) that reaches .08 percent or higher, which typically equates to four drinks in a row within two hours for women and, for men, five drinks in a row in that same amount of time. In general, a BAC of .30 to .40 indicates alcohol poisoning; higher levels are likely to lead to fatal outcomes. […] Treatment for alcohol poisoning usually is an emergency situation and involves life-saving measures, including oxygen therapy, the administration of intravenous fluids and glucose, dialysis, and stomach pumping.

• #58 Alcohol Toxicity and Withdrawal – Special Subjects – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/special-subjects/illicit-drugs-and-intoxicants/alcohol-toxicity-and-withdrawal

  Diagnosis is usually made based on typical signs and symptoms. […] In severe withdrawal and toxicity, symptoms may resemble those of central nervous system injury or infection. […] Patients with severe alcohol withdrawal or delirium tremens should be managed in an intensive care unit until these symptoms abate. […] Delirium tremens may be fatal and thus must be treated promptly with high-dose IV benzodiazepines, preferably in an intensive care unit.

• #59 Epidemiology of Alcohol Poisoning and Its Outcome in the North-West of Iran

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4614612/

  Alcohol poisoning is one of the main preventable causes of death, disability, and injury in many societies. […] There is no any exact reports of alcohol poisoning and its outcome in Iranian society. Therefore, the present study was assessed the status of alcohol poisoning and its outcome in referees to the emergency department. […] The findings of the present study revealed that total mortality rate of referees to the emergency with alcohol poisoning was 3.7% all of whom related to methanol poisoning. Based on this result, the mortality rate of methanol poisoning was estimated 20%. Need for dialysis and increasing the creatinine level were accounted as independent risk factors of death. […] The mortality rate of alcohol poisoning in the studied population was 3.7% of whom 12.3% needed to have dialysis. […] Increasing the plasma creatinine level and need for dialysis were estimated as the only risk factors of alcohol poisoning related death.

• #60 Epidemiology of Alcohol Poisoning and Its Outcome in the North-West of Iran

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4614612/

  Alcohol poisoning is one of the main preventable causes of death, disability, and injury in many societies. […] There is no any exact reports of alcohol poisoning and its outcome in Iranian society. Therefore, the present study was assessed the status of alcohol poisoning and its outcome in referees to the emergency department. […] The findings of the present study revealed that total mortality rate of referees to the emergency with alcohol poisoning was 3.7% all of whom related to methanol poisoning. Based on this result, the mortality rate of methanol poisoning was estimated 20%. Need for dialysis and increasing the creatinine level were accounted as independent risk factors of death. […] The mortality rate of alcohol poisoning in the studied population was 3.7% of whom 12.3% needed to have dialysis. […] Increasing the plasma creatinine level and need for dialysis were estimated as the only risk factors of alcohol poisoning related death.

• #61 Toxic Alcohol Poisoning: Causes and Effects

  https://www.stemlynsblog.org/toxic-alcohol-poisoning/

  Ingestion of toxic alcohols such as methanol and ethylene glycol is uncommon, but not rare, in the UK and US. […] Exposure to toxic alcohols can occur accidentally, and there have been several recent outbreaks of contaminated drinks including a tragic methanol incident in Laos this year. […] Coma, respiratory depression, and haemodynamic instability are common. […] There is no antidote for intoxication with ethylene glycol or methanol. […] The preferred treatment is fomepizole, which is a direct alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor. […] Good outcomes have been achieved with fomepizole in two trials and a large prospective study. […] The problem lies in diagnosis. […] In a recent French study of 536 patients prescribed fomepizole, a high proportion were found to have trace (27%) or zero (21%) toxic alcohols in their blood or urine.

• #62 Toxic Alcohol Poisoning: Causes and Effects

  https://www.stemlynsblog.org/toxic-alcohol-poisoning/

  Ingestion of toxic alcohols such as methanol and ethylene glycol is uncommon, but not rare, in the UK and US. […] Exposure to toxic alcohols can occur accidentally, and there have been several recent outbreaks of contaminated drinks including a tragic methanol incident in Laos this year. […] Coma, respiratory depression, and haemodynamic instability are common. […] There is no antidote for intoxication with ethylene glycol or methanol. […] The preferred treatment is fomepizole, which is a direct alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor. […] Good outcomes have been achieved with fomepizole in two trials and a large prospective study. […] The problem lies in diagnosis. […] In a recent French study of 536 patients prescribed fomepizole, a high proportion were found to have trace (27%) or zero (21%) toxic alcohols in their blood or urine.

• #63 Alcohol poisoning – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-poisoning/symptoms-causes/syc-20354386

  Alcohol poisoning is a serious and sometimes deadly result of drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. […] Alcohol poisoning also can occur when adults or children accidentally or intentionally drink household products that contain alcohol. […] A major cause of alcohol poisoning is binge drinking. This is when a male rapidly consumes five or more alcoholic drinks within two hours or a female consumes at least four drinks within two hours. […] The more you drink, especially in a short period of time, the greater your risk of alcohol poisoning. […] Several factors can increase your risk of alcohol poisoning, including: Your height and weight. […] Severe complications can result from alcohol poisoning, including: Choking. […] Alcohol poisoning can cause a heartbeat that is not regular. […] To avoid alcohol poisoning: Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. […] Get follow-up care.

• #64 Acute Alcohol Poisoning and Sweetened Alcoholic Beverages | Institut national de santé publique du Québec

  https://www.inspq.qc.ca/en/publications/2388

  Acute alcohol poisoning occurs frequently in Qubec. Between January 1 and November 26, 2017, provincial emergency rooms admitted 2,332 young people age 12-24 for acute alcohol poisoning. That is equivalent to 214 cases per month, 49 cases per week, or 7 cases per day. […] One quarter of young people age 12-24 admitted to the emergency room at the Centre hospitalier de l’Universit de Sherbrooke for alcohol-related problems had a priority level indicating that their lives were at risk. […] The available data do not conclusively demonstrate that products with high alcohol and sugar content were the main cause of acute alcohol poisoning cases treated in Qubec emergency rooms in 2017. Nonetheless, analysis of the data underscores a serious problem that justifies stronger preventive action. […] A range of measures is needed to prevent alcohol-related problems, including acute alcohol poisoning. The priority is to set a minimum price for all alcoholic beverages, adjusted according to alcohol content. This is the best way to prevent alcoholic beverages from being sold too cheaply.

• #65 Acute Alcohol Poisoning and Sweetened Alcoholic Beverages | Institut national de santé publique du Québec

  https://www.inspq.qc.ca/en/publications/2388

  Cases of acute alcohol poisoning among young people occur predominantly at certain times of the year. Preventive measures should be stepped up during graduation season, during Qubec’s Fte nationale holiday, and at the start of the school year at cgeps and universities. It is also important to provide follow-up to young people admitted to emergency departments for alcohol poisoning or other alcohol-related problems.

• #66 COVID-19 and Alcohol Poisoning: A Fatal Competition | Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/disaster-medicine-and-public-health-preparedness/article/covid19-and-alcohol-poisoning-a-fatal-competition/593D34DC00A0790D1B5D23BD162128B0

  It seems that alcohol consumption should not be viewed only as legal and cultural issues, but as a social pathology that requires social and psychological solutions. […] Inappropriate home treatments have intensified the situation as well. […] These reasons have increased the side-effects and mortality rates associated with alcohol poisoning. […] To achieve this end, all media, social networks, and peer groups must be exploited to raise social awareness by providing them with sustainable and accurate information coming from credible sources. […] It must be specified that alcohol consumption will not help prevent COVID-19, while COVID-19 epidemics can be controlled by adherence to primary health principles and stopping the transmission cycle.

• #67 Deaths from Excessive Alcohol Use — United States, 2016–2021 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7308a1.htm

  The average annual number of deaths from excessive alcohol use among males increased by 25,244 (26.8%), from 94,362 deaths during 2016-2017 to 119,606 during 2020-2021. […] Among females, the average annual number of deaths from excessive alcohol use increased by 15,136 (34.7%), from 43,565 during 2016-2017, to 58,701 during 2020-2021. […] From 2016-2017 to 2020-2021, the average annual number of U.S. deaths from excessive alcohol use increased by more than 40,000 (29%), from approximately 138,000 per year (2016-2017) to 178,000 per year (2020-2021). […] The nearly 23% increase in the deaths from excessive alcohol use that occurred from 2018-2019 to 2020-2021 was approximately four times as high as the previous 5% increase that occurred from 2016-2017 to 2018-2019. […] States and communities can discourage excessive alcohol use and reverse recent increases in alcohol-attributable deaths by implementing comprehensive strategies, including evidence-based alcohol policies that reduce the availability and accessibility of alcohol and increase its price.

• #68 Deaths from Excessive Alcohol Use — United States, 2016–2021 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7308a1.htm

  The average annual number of deaths from excessive alcohol use among males increased by 25,244 (26.8%), from 94,362 deaths during 2016-2017 to 119,606 during 2020-2021. […] Among females, the average annual number of deaths from excessive alcohol use increased by 15,136 (34.7%), from 43,565 during 2016-2017, to 58,701 during 2020-2021. […] From 2016-2017 to 2020-2021, the average annual number of U.S. deaths from excessive alcohol use increased by more than 40,000 (29%), from approximately 138,000 per year (2016-2017) to 178,000 per year (2020-2021). […] The nearly 23% increase in the deaths from excessive alcohol use that occurred from 2018-2019 to 2020-2021 was approximately four times as high as the previous 5% increase that occurred from 2016-2017 to 2018-2019. […] States and communities can discourage excessive alcohol use and reverse recent increases in alcohol-attributable deaths by implementing comprehensive strategies, including evidence-based alcohol policies that reduce the availability and accessibility of alcohol and increase its price.

• #69

  https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/IJHSMS/article/view/874

  The problems associated with alcohol and, especially, with its excessive consumption, are in the world on a par with the main public health problems and cause serious damage to human health, well-being and life. […] There is practically no study and analysis of the medical, socio-economic aspects of alcohol poisoning, their structure and prevalence.

• #70 Treatment of severe alcohol poisoning | Nefrología

  https://www.revistanefrologia.com/en-titulo-articulo-X2013251408005341

  The mortality rate of ethylene glycol poisoning is variable, ranging from 1%-22%. […] Management of severe ethylene glycol poisoning includes administration of ethanol or fomepizole and early start of HD. […] When poisoning by these toxic alcohols is clinically suspected, even before pharmacological confirmation is obtained, treatment with ethanol and HD should be started as soon as possible. […] Randomised, controlled studies would be useful to provide evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of the different phases of alcohol-induced poisoning. […] Taking into account that there has been in recent years in the Madrid Autonomous Community an increase in the number of cases of methanol poisoning among immigrants who massively drank methanol during social events and who were referred to different hospitals, it would be appropriate for centres to coordinate their action protocols, and to share databases in order to be able to conduct cooperative studies.

• #71 Treatment of severe alcohol poisoning | Nefrología

  https://www.revistanefrologia.com/en-titulo-articulo-X2013251408005341

  The mortality rate of ethylene glycol poisoning is variable, ranging from 1%-22%. […] Management of severe ethylene glycol poisoning includes administration of ethanol or fomepizole and early start of HD. […] When poisoning by these toxic alcohols is clinically suspected, even before pharmacological confirmation is obtained, treatment with ethanol and HD should be started as soon as possible. […] Randomised, controlled studies would be useful to provide evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of the different phases of alcohol-induced poisoning. […] Taking into account that there has been in recent years in the Madrid Autonomous Community an increase in the number of cases of methanol poisoning among immigrants who massively drank methanol during social events and who were referred to different hospitals, it would be appropriate for centres to coordinate their action protocols, and to share databases in order to be able to conduct cooperative studies.

• #72 Alcohol Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/812411-overview

  There were 6339 exposures to ethylene glycol in automotive products, including antifreeze, reported in 2023, with 131 major outcomes and seven deaths. […] It is important to recognize that these numbers likely underestimate the true incidence of exposure, however, because of both a failure to recognize ingestions as well as a failure to report suspected or known ingestions to a poison control center.

• #73 Party Smarter: Alcohol Poisoning

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/population-health/prevention/partysmarter/alcoholpoisoning.htm

  Alcohol poisoning is a result of drinking too much alcohol. It is important to know the signs and what to do. […] The misperception that someone has just passed out and let him/her sleep it off is a belief that sometimes leads to death. Rapid binge drinking is especially dangerous, because of the possibility of drinking a fatal dose before becoming unconscious. […] If there is any suspicion of alcohol overdose, call 911 or the emergency number for help. […] A person with any of the following symptoms is not simply really drunk. These are early signs of possible alcohol poisoning: […] Alcohol depresses nerves that control involuntary actions such as breathing, the heart beat, and the gag reflex (prevents choking). A fatal dose of alcohol will eventually stop these functions. […] Even if the victim lives, alcohol overdose can lead to irreversible brain damage.

• #74

  https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/IJHSMS/article/view/228

  The problems associated with alcohol and, in particular, with its excessive consumption, are on a par with major public health problems in the world and cause serious damage to human health, well-being and life. […] There is practically no study and analysis of the medical, socio-economic aspects of alcohol poisoning, their structure and prevalence.

• #75 Alcohol Abuse Statistics [2023]: National + State Data – NCDAS

  https://drugabusestatistics.org/alcohol-abuse-statistics/

  Alcohol poisoning another leading killer, causing 32% of acute alcohol-related deaths. […] Nearly 100,000 annual deaths are attributable to alcohol abuse. […] Alcohol-related deaths account for at least 5.3% (some estimate as high as 6.0%) of the worlds deaths. […] 53.7% of alcohol-related deaths are due to chronic misuse. […] 69.1% of alcohol-related deaths are men, a 3.2% decline from the previous years 5-year average. […] 31.8% of people who die from excessive alcohol use are between the ages of 50 and 64 years old. […] 16.1% of people who die from alcohol are under the age of 35. […] 37.2% of people killed in alcohol-related car crashes are between the ages of 20 and 34 years old. […] 50- to 64-year-olds are almost twice as likely to die from chronic alcohol abuse than from acute alcohol-related causes.

• #76 Alcohol Toxicity: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/812411-overview

  Ethanol poisoning is typically caused by high-intensity binge drinking (ie, consumption of a very large amount of alcohol during an episode of binge drinking). Approximately 38 million US adults report binge drinking an average of four times per month and consuming an average of eight drinks per episode. In 2010-2012, an annual average of 2,221 ethanol poisoning deaths (8.8 deaths per 1 million population) occurred in persons aged 15 years in the United States. Of those deaths, 1,681 (75.7%) involved adults aged 35-64 years, and 1,696 (76.4%) involved men. […] The World Health Organization estimates that in 2019, ethanol use resulted in about 2.6 million deaths (2 million of them in males), or 4.7% of all deaths around the world, and for 6.7% of all deaths in people 69 years of age and younger. Of alcohol-related deaths, 28% were due to injuries (eg, from traffic accidents, self-harm, and violence), 21% involved digestive disorders, and 19% involved cardiovascular diseases.

• #77 America’s Poison Centers – Hand Sanitizer

  https://poisoncenters.org/track/hand-sanitizer

  Many hand sanitizers come in brightly colored bottles, can be laced with glitter, and smell like food or candy. This type of packaging makes them very tempting to young children. […] A child ingesting any more than a taste of hand sanitizer could be at risk for alcohol poisoning. The amount of alcohol in hand sanitizer ranges from 40% to 95%. Most hand sanitizer products contain over 60% ethyl alcohol, a stronger alcohol concentration than most hard liquors. […] Even a small amount of alcohol can cause alcohol poisoning in children. Alcohol poisoning can cause confusion, vomiting and drowsiness, and in severe cases, respiratory arrest and death. […] As of February 29, 2024, Poison Centers have managed 2,774 hand sanitizer exposure cases in patients that were 0-12 years of age.

• #78 America’s Poison Centers – Hand Sanitizer

  https://poisoncenters.org/track/hand-sanitizer

  Many hand sanitizers come in brightly colored bottles, can be laced with glitter, and smell like food or candy. This type of packaging makes them very tempting to young children. […] A child ingesting any more than a taste of hand sanitizer could be at risk for alcohol poisoning. The amount of alcohol in hand sanitizer ranges from 40% to 95%. Most hand sanitizer products contain over 60% ethyl alcohol, a stronger alcohol concentration than most hard liquors. […] Even a small amount of alcohol can cause alcohol poisoning in children. Alcohol poisoning can cause confusion, vomiting and drowsiness, and in severe cases, respiratory arrest and death. […] As of February 29, 2024, Poison Centers have managed 2,774 hand sanitizer exposure cases in patients that were 0-12 years of age.

• #79 Approaching Acute Toxic Alcohol Poisoning: A Narrative Review

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/approaching-acute-toxic-alcohol-poisoning-a-narrative-review-88877.html

  Poisoning from toxic alcohols (methanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and isopropanol) occurs globally and results in significant morbidity and mortality. […] Clinicians in the acute care setting should exercise a low threshold of suspicion for toxic alcohol poisoning due to the non-specific clinical features at presentation. Timely diagnosis is treatment is critical to minimize mortality and morbidity. […] Toxic alcohol poisoning presents with non-specific clinical features and often mimics ethanol intoxication necessitating perceptive clinical judgement to avoid a missed diagnosis. […] Despite existing progress, further development and refinement of treatments as well as public education are required to reduce mortality and chronic sequelae from exposure to these toxic alcohols.

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