Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Rotator Cuff Injury – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547664/

  Rotator cuff injury runs the full spectrum from injury to tendinopathy to partial tears, and finally complete tears. Age plays a significant role. Injuries ranged from 9.7% in those 20 years and younger increasing to 62% in patients 80 years and older (whether or not symptoms were present). […] In adults, rotator cuff injury is the most common tendon injury seen and treated. Statistically, approximately 30% of adults age over 60 have a tear, and 62% of adults over 80 have tears. […] In Germany, a prospective study on 411 asymptomatic shoulders demonstrated a 23% overall prevalence of RC tears with 31% in those of age 70 and 51% in those 80 years of age.

• #2 Rotator Cuff Injuries

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/shoulder-injuries/rotator-cuff-injuries

  Rotator cuff injury is the most common shoulder disorder and affects 20% to 40% of the general population. […] Rotator cuff injuries are also called rotator cuff tears or rotator cuff disease. […] Athletes who use one shoulder repetitively, such as baseball pitchers or tennis players, and people in occupations who use one shoulder repetitively, like construction workers, are especially prone to chronic rotator cuff injuries. […] Rotator cuff injury is diagnosed and treated by physical medicine specialists, such as physiatrists, sports medicine specialists, physical therapists, chiropractors, and orthopedic surgeons.

• #3 Rotator Cuff Injuries

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/shoulder-injuries/rotator-cuff-injuries

  Rotator cuff injury is the most common shoulder disorder and affects 20% to 40% of the general population. […] Rotator cuff injuries are also called rotator cuff tears or rotator cuff disease. […] Athletes who use one shoulder repetitively, such as baseball pitchers or tennis players, and people in occupations who use one shoulder repetitively, like construction workers, are especially prone to chronic rotator cuff injuries. […] Rotator cuff injury is diagnosed and treated by physical medicine specialists, such as physiatrists, sports medicine specialists, physical therapists, chiropractors, and orthopedic surgeons.

• #4 Rotator Cuff Injury – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547664/

  Rotator cuff injury runs the full spectrum from injury to tendinopathy to partial tears, and finally complete tears. Age plays a significant role. Injuries ranged from 9.7% in those 20 years and younger increasing to 62% in patients 80 years and older (whether or not symptoms were present). […] In adults, rotator cuff injury is the most common tendon injury seen and treated. Statistically, approximately 30% of adults age over 60 have a tear, and 62% of adults over 80 have tears. […] In Germany, a prospective study on 411 asymptomatic shoulders demonstrated a 23% overall prevalence of RC tears with 31% in those of age 70 and 51% in those 80 years of age.

• #5 Rotator cuff injury – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotator-cuff-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350225

  Rotator cuff injuries are common and increase with age. […] The following factors may increase the risk of having a rotator cuff injury: Age. The risk of a rotator cuff injury increases with age. Rotator cuff tears are most common in people older than 60. […] Jobs that require repetitive overhead arm motions, such as carpentry or house painting, can damage the rotator cuff over time. […] Without treatment, rotator cuff problems may lead to permanent loss of motion or weakness of the shoulder joint.

• #6 Rotator Cuff Injury – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547664/

  Rotator cuff injury runs the full spectrum from injury to tendinopathy to partial tears, and finally complete tears. Age plays a significant role. Injuries ranged from 9.7% in those 20 years and younger increasing to 62% in patients 80 years and older (whether or not symptoms were present). […] In adults, rotator cuff injury is the most common tendon injury seen and treated. Statistically, approximately 30% of adults age over 60 have a tear, and 62% of adults over 80 have tears. […] In Germany, a prospective study on 411 asymptomatic shoulders demonstrated a 23% overall prevalence of RC tears with 31% in those of age 70 and 51% in those 80 years of age.

• #7 Rotator cuff tear – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotator_cuff_tear

  Rotator cuff tears are among the most common conditions affecting the shoulder. […] A rotator cuff tear can be caused by the weakening of the rotator cuff tendons. This weakening can be caused by age or how often the rotator cuff is used. Adults over the age of 60 are more susceptible to a rotator cuff tear, with the overall frequency of tears increasing with age. […] By the age of 50 10% of people with normal shoulders have a rotator cuff tear. […] In an autopsy study of rotator cuff tears, the incidence of partial tears was 28%, and of complete rupture 30%. Frequently, tears occurred on both sides and occurred more often with females and with increasing age. […] Other cadaver studies have noted intratendinous tears to be more frequent (7.2%) than bursal-sided (2.4%) or articular-sided tears (3.6%).

• #8 Rotator Cuff Shoulder Tendon and Muscle Injuries | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/shoulder-tendon-and-muscle-injuries/

  With respect to predisposing factors, advancing age is considered one of the most influential risks. RCTs are primarily symptomatic in persons aged 40 and older. The average incidence of RCT reaches 20-30% in patients aged over 40 years; however, it can reach as high as 62% in patients over 80 years of age. A strong dose association has also been established between smoking history and the development of RC tears. There is also a correlation between RCTs and certain systemic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes. […] In addition to degeneration, acute traumatic tears are associated with repetitive overhead motion and previous shoulder dislocation. Though RCTs are most common in the dominant limb, there is also a higher prevalence in the contralateral shoulder of a previously injured rotator cuff.

• #9

  https://www.orthobullets.com/shoulder-and-elbow/3043/rotator-cuff-tears

  Rotator cuff tears are a very common source of shoulder pain and decreased motion that can occur due to both traumatic injuries in young patients as well as degenerative disease in the elderly patient. […] Epidemiology […] Prevalence […] age 60: 28% have full-thickness tear […] age 70: 65% have full-thickness tear […] Risk factors […] age […] smoking […] hypercholesterolemia […] family history.

• #10 Rotator Cuff Injury – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547664/

  Rotator cuff injury runs the full spectrum from injury to tendinopathy to partial tears, and finally complete tears. Age plays a significant role. Injuries ranged from 9.7% in those 20 years and younger increasing to 62% in patients 80 years and older (whether or not symptoms were present). […] In adults, rotator cuff injury is the most common tendon injury seen and treated. Statistically, approximately 30% of adults age over 60 have a tear, and 62% of adults over 80 have tears. […] In Germany, a prospective study on 411 asymptomatic shoulders demonstrated a 23% overall prevalence of RC tears with 31% in those of age 70 and 51% in those 80 years of age.

• #11

  https://www.orthobullets.com/shoulder-and-elbow/3043/rotator-cuff-tears

  Rotator cuff tears are a very common source of shoulder pain and decreased motion that can occur due to both traumatic injuries in young patients as well as degenerative disease in the elderly patient. […] Epidemiology […] Prevalence […] age 60: 28% have full-thickness tear […] age 70: 65% have full-thickness tear […] Risk factors […] age […] smoking […] hypercholesterolemia […] family history.

• #12 Rotator Cuff Injury – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547664/

  Rotator cuff injury runs the full spectrum from injury to tendinopathy to partial tears, and finally complete tears. Age plays a significant role. Injuries ranged from 9.7% in those 20 years and younger increasing to 62% in patients 80 years and older (whether or not symptoms were present). […] In adults, rotator cuff injury is the most common tendon injury seen and treated. Statistically, approximately 30% of adults age over 60 have a tear, and 62% of adults over 80 have tears. […] In Germany, a prospective study on 411 asymptomatic shoulders demonstrated a 23% overall prevalence of RC tears with 31% in those of age 70 and 51% in those 80 years of age.

• #13 Rotator Cuff Injury – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547664/

  Rotator cuff injury runs the full spectrum from injury to tendinopathy to partial tears, and finally complete tears. Age plays a significant role. Injuries ranged from 9.7% in those 20 years and younger increasing to 62% in patients 80 years and older (whether or not symptoms were present). […] In adults, rotator cuff injury is the most common tendon injury seen and treated. Statistically, approximately 30% of adults age over 60 have a tear, and 62% of adults over 80 have tears. […] In Germany, a prospective study on 411 asymptomatic shoulders demonstrated a 23% overall prevalence of RC tears with 31% in those of age 70 and 51% in those 80 years of age.

• #14 Rotator Cuff Injuries | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/rotatorcuffinjuries.html

  Rotator cuff injuries are common. Most of them are wear-and-tear injuries from doing the same arm movements over and over – especially reaching over your head. […] By age 80, most adults have tears. […] Playing sports with repeated shoulder movements increases the risk of a rotator cuff injury, for example, tennis, swimming, and baseball – especially pitching. […] Carpenters, construction workers, and painters are examples of workers who may be more likely to have rotator cuff problems. […] If certain activities bother your shoulder, it’s best to stop doing them and check with your provider. That’s because early treatment can prevent mild rotator cuff injuries from becoming more serious later on.

• #15 Rotator Cuff Injury – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547664/

  Rotator cuff injury runs the full spectrum from injury to tendinopathy to partial tears, and finally complete tears. Age plays a significant role. Injuries ranged from 9.7% in those 20 years and younger increasing to 62% in patients 80 years and older (whether or not symptoms were present). […] In adults, rotator cuff injury is the most common tendon injury seen and treated. Statistically, approximately 30% of adults age over 60 have a tear, and 62% of adults over 80 have tears. […] In Germany, a prospective study on 411 asymptomatic shoulders demonstrated a 23% overall prevalence of RC tears with 31% in those of age 70 and 51% in those 80 years of age.

• #16 Preventing Rotator Cuff Injuries | Duke Health

  https://www.dukehealth.org/blog/preventing-rotator-cuff-injuries

  Rotator cuff tears are more common than you may think. About 10% of people in their 50s and half over the age of 70 will have one. […] Rotator cuff injuries affect all types of people — sedentary adults, weekend warriors, and elite athletes. […] The first sign of a rotator cuff injury is often nagging shoulder pain when performing everyday activities such as washing your hair, lifting a gallon of milk, or reaching for something on the back seat of the car. […] If you think you may have a rotator cuff injury, consider scheduling an appointment with a Duke shoulder specialist.

• #17 Rotator Cuff Injury – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547664/

  Rotator cuff injury runs the full spectrum from injury to tendinopathy to partial tears, and finally complete tears. Age plays a significant role. Injuries ranged from 9.7% in those 20 years and younger increasing to 62% in patients 80 years and older (whether or not symptoms were present). […] In adults, rotator cuff injury is the most common tendon injury seen and treated. Statistically, approximately 30% of adults age over 60 have a tear, and 62% of adults over 80 have tears. […] In Germany, a prospective study on 411 asymptomatic shoulders demonstrated a 23% overall prevalence of RC tears with 31% in those of age 70 and 51% in those 80 years of age.

• #18 Rotator Cuff Pathology: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1262849-overview

  Shoulder pain is the third most common cause of MSDs, after low back pain and cervical pain. Estimates of the cumulative annual incidence of shoulder disorders have ranged from 7% to 25% in the Western general population. The annual incidence has been estimated at 10 cases per 1000 population, peaking at 25 cases per 1000 population in persons aged 42-46 years. […] Of persons aged 70 years or older, 21% have shoulder symptoms, most of which can be attributed to the rotator cuff. In cadaver studies, the rate of full-thickness tears has ranged from 18% to 26%. The rate of partial-thickness tears has ranged from 32% to 37% after age 40 years; before age 40 years, tears are rare. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, tears have been observed in 34% of asymptomatic individuals of any age. After age 60 years, 26% of patients have partial-thickness tears, and 28% demonstrate full-thickness tears.

• #19 Rotator Cuff Pathology: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1262849-overview

  Shoulder pain is the third most common cause of MSDs, after low back pain and cervical pain. Estimates of the cumulative annual incidence of shoulder disorders have ranged from 7% to 25% in the Western general population. The annual incidence has been estimated at 10 cases per 1000 population, peaking at 25 cases per 1000 population in persons aged 42-46 years. […] Of persons aged 70 years or older, 21% have shoulder symptoms, most of which can be attributed to the rotator cuff. In cadaver studies, the rate of full-thickness tears has ranged from 18% to 26%. The rate of partial-thickness tears has ranged from 32% to 37% after age 40 years; before age 40 years, tears are rare. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, tears have been observed in 34% of asymptomatic individuals of any age. After age 60 years, 26% of patients have partial-thickness tears, and 28% demonstrate full-thickness tears.

• #20 Rotator Cuff, Shoulder Pain and Injuries | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/be-well/rotator-cuff-shoulder-pain-and-injuries

  Approximately three million people in the United States have a rotator cuff tear. […] While most rotator cuff tears result from degenerative changes that occur with aging, some are the result of overuse or traumatic injury. […] On the other hand, rotator cuff tears become more and more common with increasing age. […] There are between 400,000 to 500,000 rotator cuff repairs performed each year in the United States. That number is expected to increase over the coming years.

• #21 Rotator Cuff, Shoulder Pain and Injuries | Brown University Health

  https://www.brownhealth.org/be-well/rotator-cuff-shoulder-pain-and-injuries

  Approximately three million people in the United States have a rotator cuff tear. […] While most rotator cuff tears result from degenerative changes that occur with aging, some are the result of overuse or traumatic injury. […] On the other hand, rotator cuff tears become more and more common with increasing age. […] There are between 400,000 to 500,000 rotator cuff repairs performed each year in the United States. That number is expected to increase over the coming years.

• #22 Rotator Cuff Pathology: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1262849-overview

  No known racial variation associated with rotator cuff disease is cited in the literature. In one study, a predominance of male patients (66%) seeking consultation for rotator disease was reported, but in other studies, the male-to-female ratio was 1:1. Rotator cuff disease is more common after age 40 years. The average age of onset has been estimated at 55 years.

• #23 Rotator Cuff Injury: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Functional Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/92814-overview

  Rotator cuff injuries are a common cause of shoulder pain in people of all age groups. They represent a spectrum of disease, ranging from acute reversible tendinitis to massive tears involving the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis. Diagnosis is usually made through detailed history, physical examination, and often, imaging studies. […] It is difficult to determine the exact prevalence of rotator cuff tears, as many patients are asymptomatic and do not have any pain or weakness that would lead them to seek medical care. Certain population screening studies have identified the prevalence of rotator cuff tear using shoulder ultrasonography techniques, including a cross-sectional study of women in the UK that showed 22.2% of a study population of 1000 in the UK had a full-thickness rotator cuff tear. Observational studies in Asian populations demonstrated higher prevalence in individuals aged 57 years and in men compared with women.

• #24 Rotator Cuff Pathology: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1262849-overview

  No known racial variation associated with rotator cuff disease is cited in the literature. In one study, a predominance of male patients (66%) seeking consultation for rotator disease was reported, but in other studies, the male-to-female ratio was 1:1. Rotator cuff disease is more common after age 40 years. The average age of onset has been estimated at 55 years.

• #25 Prevalence and risk factors of a rotator cuff tear in the general population – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19540777/

  Little information is available about the epidemiology of rotator cuff tears in a population-based study. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the true prevalence of rotator cuff tears regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms in the general population and to assess the relationship between tears and their backgrounds. […] Rotator cuff tears were present in 20.7% and the prevalence increased with age. Thirty-six percent of the subjects with current symptoms had rotator cuff tears, while 16.9% of the subjects without symptoms also had rotator cuff tears. […] A logistic regression analysis revealed the risk factors for a rotator cuff tear to be a history of trauma, dominant arm and age. […] 20.7% of 1,366 shoulders had full-thickness rotator cuff tears in the general population. The risk factors for rotator cuff tear included a history of trauma, dominant arm and age.

• #26

  https://www.orthobullets.com/shoulder-and-elbow/3043/rotator-cuff-tears

  Rotator cuff tears are a very common source of shoulder pain and decreased motion that can occur due to both traumatic injuries in young patients as well as degenerative disease in the elderly patient. […] Epidemiology […] Prevalence […] age 60: 28% have full-thickness tear […] age 70: 65% have full-thickness tear […] Risk factors […] age […] smoking […] hypercholesterolemia […] family history.

• #27 Rotator Cuff Shoulder Tendon and Muscle Injuries | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/shoulder-tendon-and-muscle-injuries/

  With respect to predisposing factors, advancing age is considered one of the most influential risks. RCTs are primarily symptomatic in persons aged 40 and older. The average incidence of RCT reaches 20-30% in patients aged over 40 years; however, it can reach as high as 62% in patients over 80 years of age. A strong dose association has also been established between smoking history and the development of RC tears. There is also a correlation between RCTs and certain systemic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes. […] In addition to degeneration, acute traumatic tears are associated with repetitive overhead motion and previous shoulder dislocation. Though RCTs are most common in the dominant limb, there is also a higher prevalence in the contralateral shoulder of a previously injured rotator cuff.

• #28 Epidemiology and natural history of rotator cuff disease | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/epidemiology-and-natural-history-of-rotator-cuff-disease/

  The management of degenerative rotator cuff disease is controversial, and surgical indications vary widely. […] With increasing utilization of surgical management for rotator cuff disease, ensuring a complete understanding of the epidemiology and natural history of rotator cuff disease is essential. […] This chapter provides a review of the current knowledge regarding the natural history and epidemiology of rotator cuff disease, yet much remains unknown. […] When discussing the epidemiology of rotator cuff disease, it is important to distinguish traumatic rotator cuff pathology from degenerative. […] Degenerative rotator cuff pathology likely represents a disease spectrum ranging from cuff tendinopathy, associated with aging, to partial- and full-thickness cuff tears. […] Multiple factors have been identified as risk factors for atraumatic rotator cuff disease. […] It cannot be overstated that the strongest predictor is the patients age. […] In a systematic review, Teunis et al. identified 30 separate studies assessing 6112 shoulders for rotator cuff disease in association with patient age. […] This association was maintained independent of shoulder symptoms or history of shoulder dislocation. […] The strong association of age-related rotator cuff degeneration combined with the frequent presence of bilateral disease points to a physiologic change in tendon integrity secondary to intrinsic degeneration, likely related to decreased nutritional supply of the tendon. […] Patient sex has previously been investigated as a risk factor for rotator cuff disease, with conflicting findings. […] With evidence emerging of the age-related changes in the rotator cuff, it has been postulated that development of rotator cuff disease is an inheritable condition. […] Variables that may hasten the intrinsic degenerative changes associated with rotator cuff tears include modifiable risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, and obesity. […] The evidence reviewed here provides a snapshot of the current understanding of the epidemiology of degenerative rotator cuff disease. […] Rotator cuff disease is highly prevalent and often asymptomatic. […] The etiology is multifactorial, with some conflicting evidence. […] Yet again, the strongest predictor of degenerative rotator cuff tears is chronologic age, with obvious genetic and external contributions.

• #29

  https://step2.medbullets.com/orthopedics/120532/rotator-cuff-injury

  Incidence the supraspinatus muscle is most commonly injured. […] Demographics adults. […] Risk factors older age, smoking, repetitive overhead reaching.

• #30

  https://www.orthobullets.com/shoulder-and-elbow/3043/rotator-cuff-tears

  Rotator cuff tears are a very common source of shoulder pain and decreased motion that can occur due to both traumatic injuries in young patients as well as degenerative disease in the elderly patient. […] Epidemiology […] Prevalence […] age 60: 28% have full-thickness tear […] age 70: 65% have full-thickness tear […] Risk factors […] age […] smoking […] hypercholesterolemia […] family history.

• #31 Rotator Cuff Shoulder Tendon and Muscle Injuries | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/shoulder-tendon-and-muscle-injuries/

  With respect to predisposing factors, advancing age is considered one of the most influential risks. RCTs are primarily symptomatic in persons aged 40 and older. The average incidence of RCT reaches 20-30% in patients aged over 40 years; however, it can reach as high as 62% in patients over 80 years of age. A strong dose association has also been established between smoking history and the development of RC tears. There is also a correlation between RCTs and certain systemic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes. […] In addition to degeneration, acute traumatic tears are associated with repetitive overhead motion and previous shoulder dislocation. Though RCTs are most common in the dominant limb, there is also a higher prevalence in the contralateral shoulder of a previously injured rotator cuff.

• #32 Genome-wide association study identifies a locus associated with rotator cuff injury | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0189317

  Rotator cuff tears are common, especially in the fifth and sixth decades of life, but can also occur in the competitive athlete. Genetic differences may contribute to overall injury risk. Identifying genetic loci associated with rotator cuff injury could shed light on the etiology of this injury. We performed a genome-wide association screen using publically available data from the Research Program in Genes, Environment and Health including 8,357 cases of rotator cuff injury and 94,622 controls. We found rs71404070 to show a genome-wide significant association with rotator cuff injury with p = 2.31×10-8 and an odds ratio of 1.25 per allele. This SNP is located next to cadherin8, which encodes a protein involved in cell adhesion. […] The prevalence of rotator cuff tears in the general population is approximately 20%; increasing from 10% in the sixth decade of life to 50% in the ninth decade of life. While the aetiology of rotator cuff tears is poorly understood, the literature supports an age-related progression, primarily affecting middle-aged and older patients. In addition to aging, other risk factors for degenerative tears include smoking, hypercholesterolemia, genetic predisposition and shoulder use.

• #33 Genome-wide association study identifies a locus associated with rotator cuff injury | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0189317

  Multiple lines of evidence suggest that genetic differences explain part of the predisposition for rotator cuff injury. First, siblings and other close relatives have an elevated risk of rotator cuff tears and show a faster rate of progression of tear size compared to non-related controls. Second, genetic association studies have previously identified 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with rotator cuff tears. […] A better understanding of the genetic loci involved in rotator cuff injury could shed light on the poorly understood molecular basis of tendon injury and repair. Although an individuals genotype is fixed, knowledge of this risk could prompt dedicated preventative measures to potentially decrease the risk of injury. […] The purpose of this genome-wide association study (GWAS) was to identify SNPs associated with rotator cuff injury using available data from a cohort of 102,979 patients that included 8,357 cases with rotator cuff injury.

• #34 Prevalence and risk factors of a rotator cuff tear in the general population – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19540777/

  Little information is available about the epidemiology of rotator cuff tears in a population-based study. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the true prevalence of rotator cuff tears regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms in the general population and to assess the relationship between tears and their backgrounds. […] Rotator cuff tears were present in 20.7% and the prevalence increased with age. Thirty-six percent of the subjects with current symptoms had rotator cuff tears, while 16.9% of the subjects without symptoms also had rotator cuff tears. […] A logistic regression analysis revealed the risk factors for a rotator cuff tear to be a history of trauma, dominant arm and age. […] 20.7% of 1,366 shoulders had full-thickness rotator cuff tears in the general population. The risk factors for rotator cuff tear included a history of trauma, dominant arm and age.

• #35 Prevalence of rotator cuff tendon tears and symptoms in a Chingford general population cohort, and the resultant impact on UK health services: a cross-sectional observational study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/9/e059175

  The population prevalence of full-thickness tears was 22.2%, which increased with age (p=0.004) and whether it was the dominant arm (Relative Risk 1.64, OR 1.58, 95%CI 1.07 to 2.33, p=0.021). […] Although 48.4% of full-thickness tears were asymptomatic, there was an association between rotator cuff tears and patient-reported symptoms. Individuals with at least one full-thickness tear were 1.97 times more likely than those with bilateral normal tendons (OR 3.53, 95%CI 2.00 to 5.61, p0.001) to have symptoms. […] In the cohort, 8.9% had seen their GP with shoulder pain and a full-thickness rotator cuff tear, 18.8% with shoulder pain and an abnormality and 29.3% with shoulder pain. […] Rotator cuff tears are common, and primary care services are heavily impacted. As 50% of tears remain asymptomatic, future research may investigate the cause of pain and whether different treatment modalities, aside from addressing the pathology, need further investigation.

• #36 Genome-wide association study identifies a locus associated with rotator cuff injury | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0189317

  Rotator cuff tears are common, especially in the fifth and sixth decades of life, but can also occur in the competitive athlete. Genetic differences may contribute to overall injury risk. Identifying genetic loci associated with rotator cuff injury could shed light on the etiology of this injury. We performed a genome-wide association screen using publically available data from the Research Program in Genes, Environment and Health including 8,357 cases of rotator cuff injury and 94,622 controls. We found rs71404070 to show a genome-wide significant association with rotator cuff injury with p = 2.31×10-8 and an odds ratio of 1.25 per allele. This SNP is located next to cadherin8, which encodes a protein involved in cell adhesion. […] The prevalence of rotator cuff tears in the general population is approximately 20%; increasing from 10% in the sixth decade of life to 50% in the ninth decade of life. While the aetiology of rotator cuff tears is poorly understood, the literature supports an age-related progression, primarily affecting middle-aged and older patients. In addition to aging, other risk factors for degenerative tears include smoking, hypercholesterolemia, genetic predisposition and shoulder use.

• #37 Rotator cuff injury – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rotator-cuff-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350225

  Rotator cuff injuries are common and increase with age. […] The following factors may increase the risk of having a rotator cuff injury: Age. The risk of a rotator cuff injury increases with age. Rotator cuff tears are most common in people older than 60. […] Jobs that require repetitive overhead arm motions, such as carpentry or house painting, can damage the rotator cuff over time. […] Without treatment, rotator cuff problems may lead to permanent loss of motion or weakness of the shoulder joint.

• #38 Rotator Cuff Injuries | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/rotatorcuffinjuries.html

  Rotator cuff injuries are common. Most of them are wear-and-tear injuries from doing the same arm movements over and over – especially reaching over your head. […] By age 80, most adults have tears. […] Playing sports with repeated shoulder movements increases the risk of a rotator cuff injury, for example, tennis, swimming, and baseball – especially pitching. […] Carpenters, construction workers, and painters are examples of workers who may be more likely to have rotator cuff problems. […] If certain activities bother your shoulder, it’s best to stop doing them and check with your provider. That’s because early treatment can prevent mild rotator cuff injuries from becoming more serious later on.

• #39 Work-related risk factors for rotator cuff syndrome in a prospective study of manufacturing and healthcare workers

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/112808

  Objective This prospective study assessed the risk of developing rotator cuff syndrome (RCS) with separate or specific combinations of biomechanical exposures measures, controlling for individual confounders. […] Compared to other musculoskeletal disorders, rates of work-related shoulder musculoskeletal disorders have been declining more slowly. […] We observed 39 incident RCS cases in 694 person-years (incidence rate = 5.62 per 100 person-years). […] Adjusting for confounders, we found increased risk of incident RCS associated with forceful hand exertions per minute for three upper arm posture tertiles: flexion 45 ( 28.2%-time, HR = 1.11, CI [1.01, 1.22]), abduction 30 (11.921.2%-time, HR = 1.18, CI [1.04, 1.34]), and abduction 60 ( 4.8%-time, HR = 1.16, CI [1.04, 1.29]). […] This study highlights the importance of assessing combinations of exposure to forceful repetition and upper arm elevation when developing interventions for preventing RCS. […] Based on these results, interventions that reduce exposure to forceful repetition (i.e., lower force levels and/or slower exertion rates) may reduce the risk of RCS, especially when upper arm elevation cannot be avoided.

• #40 Soft tissue lesions of the shoulder – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/soft-tissue-lesions-of-the-shoulder/

  The majority of shoulder pain is the result of rotator cuff disease, a spectrum of pathophysiology ranging from subacromial impingement to complete tears of rotator cuff tendons (most commonly the supraspinatus). […] Rotator cuff disease includes a range of pathologies from tendinopathy to rotator cuff tears and is commonly associated with subacromial bursitis and biceps tendinopathy. […] Rotator cuff tears are often preceded by rotator cuff tendonitis and most commonly involve the supraspinatus tendon. […] Rotator cuff disease is a poorly defined collection of traumatic injuries and/or degenerative changes to rotator cuff tendons. […] It includes a spectrum of conditions ranging from tendonitis to rotator cuff tears. […] Comorbid adjacent lesions are common, e.g., subacromial bursitis, biceps tendinopathy.

• #41 Rotator cuff tear – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotator_cuff_tear

  Rotator cuff tears are among the most common conditions affecting the shoulder. […] A rotator cuff tear can be caused by the weakening of the rotator cuff tendons. This weakening can be caused by age or how often the rotator cuff is used. Adults over the age of 60 are more susceptible to a rotator cuff tear, with the overall frequency of tears increasing with age. […] By the age of 50 10% of people with normal shoulders have a rotator cuff tear. […] In an autopsy study of rotator cuff tears, the incidence of partial tears was 28%, and of complete rupture 30%. Frequently, tears occurred on both sides and occurred more often with females and with increasing age. […] Other cadaver studies have noted intratendinous tears to be more frequent (7.2%) than bursal-sided (2.4%) or articular-sided tears (3.6%).

• #42 Rotator cuff tear – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotator_cuff_tear

  However, clinically, articular-sided tears are found to be 2 to 3 times more common than bursal-sided tears and among a population of young athletes, articular-sided tears constituted 91% of all partial-thickness tears. […] Rotator cuff tears may be more common in men between the ages of 50-60, though between 70 and 80 there is minimal difference across genders. […] In terms of the size of tears, a study compared the ages of patient to the size of tears. It was emphasized the older you are, the more massive of a tear you will have. It was found that mean age increased with larger tear sizes (small tears 59 years, medium tears 62 years, large tears 64 years, and massive tears 66 years).

• #43 Massive rotator cuff tear | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/massive-rotator-cuff-tear?lang=us

  They constitute up to 40% of all rotator cuff tears 1,2. […] There are many and more options but no consensus on the ideal treatment for massive or irreparable rotator cuff tears 7.

• #44

  https://step2.medbullets.com/orthopedics/120532/rotator-cuff-injury

  Incidence the supraspinatus muscle is most commonly injured. […] Demographics adults. […] Risk factors older age, smoking, repetitive overhead reaching.

• #45 Soft tissue lesions of the shoulder – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/soft-tissue-lesions-of-the-shoulder/

  The majority of shoulder pain is the result of rotator cuff disease, a spectrum of pathophysiology ranging from subacromial impingement to complete tears of rotator cuff tendons (most commonly the supraspinatus). […] Rotator cuff disease includes a range of pathologies from tendinopathy to rotator cuff tears and is commonly associated with subacromial bursitis and biceps tendinopathy. […] Rotator cuff tears are often preceded by rotator cuff tendonitis and most commonly involve the supraspinatus tendon. […] Rotator cuff disease is a poorly defined collection of traumatic injuries and/or degenerative changes to rotator cuff tendons. […] It includes a spectrum of conditions ranging from tendonitis to rotator cuff tears. […] Comorbid adjacent lesions are common, e.g., subacromial bursitis, biceps tendinopathy.

• #46

  https://www.orthobullets.com/Evidence/23290186

  The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature to better define the epidemiology, mechanism of injury, tear characteristics, outcomes, and healing of traumatic rotator cuff tears. A secondary goal was to determine if sufficient evidence exists to recommend early surgical repair in traumatic rotator cuff tears. […] Traumatic rotator cuff tears are more likely to occur in relatively young (age 54.7), largely male patients who suffer a fall or trauma to an abducted, externally rotated arm. These tears are typically large and involve the subscapularis, and repair results in acceptable results. However, insufficient data prevent a firm recommendation for early surgical repair.

• #47 Rotator cuff tear – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotator_cuff_tear

  However, clinically, articular-sided tears are found to be 2 to 3 times more common than bursal-sided tears and among a population of young athletes, articular-sided tears constituted 91% of all partial-thickness tears. […] Rotator cuff tears may be more common in men between the ages of 50-60, though between 70 and 80 there is minimal difference across genders. […] In terms of the size of tears, a study compared the ages of patient to the size of tears. It was emphasized the older you are, the more massive of a tear you will have. It was found that mean age increased with larger tear sizes (small tears 59 years, medium tears 62 years, large tears 64 years, and massive tears 66 years).

• #48 Rotator Cuff Pathology: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1262849-overview

  Shoulder pain is the third most common cause of MSDs, after low back pain and cervical pain. Estimates of the cumulative annual incidence of shoulder disorders have ranged from 7% to 25% in the Western general population. The annual incidence has been estimated at 10 cases per 1000 population, peaking at 25 cases per 1000 population in persons aged 42-46 years. […] Of persons aged 70 years or older, 21% have shoulder symptoms, most of which can be attributed to the rotator cuff. In cadaver studies, the rate of full-thickness tears has ranged from 18% to 26%. The rate of partial-thickness tears has ranged from 32% to 37% after age 40 years; before age 40 years, tears are rare. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, tears have been observed in 34% of asymptomatic individuals of any age. After age 60 years, 26% of patients have partial-thickness tears, and 28% demonstrate full-thickness tears.

• #49 Prevalence and risk factors of a rotator cuff tear in the general population – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19540777/

  Little information is available about the epidemiology of rotator cuff tears in a population-based study. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the true prevalence of rotator cuff tears regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms in the general population and to assess the relationship between tears and their backgrounds. […] Rotator cuff tears were present in 20.7% and the prevalence increased with age. Thirty-six percent of the subjects with current symptoms had rotator cuff tears, while 16.9% of the subjects without symptoms also had rotator cuff tears. […] A logistic regression analysis revealed the risk factors for a rotator cuff tear to be a history of trauma, dominant arm and age. […] 20.7% of 1,366 shoulders had full-thickness rotator cuff tears in the general population. The risk factors for rotator cuff tear included a history of trauma, dominant arm and age.

• #50 Prevalence of rotator cuff tendon tears and symptoms in a Chingford general population cohort, and the resultant impact on UK health services: a cross-sectional observational study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/9/e059175

  The population prevalence of full-thickness tears was 22.2%, which increased with age (p=0.004) and whether it was the dominant arm (Relative Risk 1.64, OR 1.58, 95%CI 1.07 to 2.33, p=0.021). […] Although 48.4% of full-thickness tears were asymptomatic, there was an association between rotator cuff tears and patient-reported symptoms. Individuals with at least one full-thickness tear were 1.97 times more likely than those with bilateral normal tendons (OR 3.53, 95%CI 2.00 to 5.61, p0.001) to have symptoms. […] In the cohort, 8.9% had seen their GP with shoulder pain and a full-thickness rotator cuff tear, 18.8% with shoulder pain and an abnormality and 29.3% with shoulder pain. […] Rotator cuff tears are common, and primary care services are heavily impacted. As 50% of tears remain asymptomatic, future research may investigate the cause of pain and whether different treatment modalities, aside from addressing the pathology, need further investigation.

• #51 Prevalence of rotator cuff tendon tears and symptoms in a Chingford general population cohort, and the resultant impact on UK health services: a cross-sectional observational study | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/9/e059175

  Rotator cuff pathology and associated symptoms pose a large burden on the healthcare system with 28.8% of people seeking general practitioner consultation for their shoulder pain. […] The burden of musculoskeletal shoulder pain on health services is large, with 28.3% of individuals in this general population cohort having at some point sought medical advice for shoulder symptoms. […] Overall, almost 10% of individuals in the general population have sought medical advice for shoulder symptoms in the presence of a full-thickness tear, and almost 20% of the population for any tendon abnormality.

• #52 Rotator cuff tendinopathy – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/rotator-cuff-tendinopathy

  Rotator cuff tendinopathy […] EPIDEMIOLOGY […] The incidence of shoulder complaints is approximately 11.2 cases per 1000 patients per year. Shoulder pain occurs more often in older adults. In working populations, the incidence of shoulder-related symptoms may be as high as 14 to 18 percent.

• #53 Epidemiology and natural history of rotator cuff disease | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/epidemiology-and-natural-history-of-rotator-cuff-disease/

  The management of degenerative rotator cuff disease is controversial, and surgical indications vary widely. […] With increasing utilization of surgical management for rotator cuff disease, ensuring a complete understanding of the epidemiology and natural history of rotator cuff disease is essential. […] This chapter provides a review of the current knowledge regarding the natural history and epidemiology of rotator cuff disease, yet much remains unknown. […] When discussing the epidemiology of rotator cuff disease, it is important to distinguish traumatic rotator cuff pathology from degenerative. […] Degenerative rotator cuff pathology likely represents a disease spectrum ranging from cuff tendinopathy, associated with aging, to partial- and full-thickness cuff tears. […] Multiple factors have been identified as risk factors for atraumatic rotator cuff disease. […] It cannot be overstated that the strongest predictor is the patients age. […] In a systematic review, Teunis et al. identified 30 separate studies assessing 6112 shoulders for rotator cuff disease in association with patient age. […] This association was maintained independent of shoulder symptoms or history of shoulder dislocation. […] The strong association of age-related rotator cuff degeneration combined with the frequent presence of bilateral disease points to a physiologic change in tendon integrity secondary to intrinsic degeneration, likely related to decreased nutritional supply of the tendon. […] Patient sex has previously been investigated as a risk factor for rotator cuff disease, with conflicting findings. […] With evidence emerging of the age-related changes in the rotator cuff, it has been postulated that development of rotator cuff disease is an inheritable condition. […] Variables that may hasten the intrinsic degenerative changes associated with rotator cuff tears include modifiable risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, and obesity. […] The evidence reviewed here provides a snapshot of the current understanding of the epidemiology of degenerative rotator cuff disease. […] Rotator cuff disease is highly prevalent and often asymptomatic. […] The etiology is multifactorial, with some conflicting evidence. […] Yet again, the strongest predictor of degenerative rotator cuff tears is chronologic age, with obvious genetic and external contributions.

• #54

  https://www.orthobullets.com/Evidence/23290186

  The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature to better define the epidemiology, mechanism of injury, tear characteristics, outcomes, and healing of traumatic rotator cuff tears. A secondary goal was to determine if sufficient evidence exists to recommend early surgical repair in traumatic rotator cuff tears. […] Traumatic rotator cuff tears are more likely to occur in relatively young (age 54.7), largely male patients who suffer a fall or trauma to an abducted, externally rotated arm. These tears are typically large and involve the subscapularis, and repair results in acceptable results. However, insufficient data prevent a firm recommendation for early surgical repair.

• #55

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00264-021-05012-6

  A simple fall on the shoulder is often referred to as minor trauma that cannot cause a tendon tear but at best reveal a pre-existing rotator cuff pathology. […] A simple fall was the most common cause (725 cases) and the supraspinatus tendon was most frequently affected. […] A simple fall can cause an acute rotator cuff tear and fall-related tears are not restricted to young individuals. They can affect patients of any age. The stresses occurring within the rotator cuff during an attempt to cushion a fall may locally exceed the tensile strength of the tendon fibers and cause a partial or full-thickness tear. […] The primary finding of this literature review is that a substantial number of RCTs have been associated with a traumatic event. […] Many clinical studies and biomechanical considerations confirm that a fall can cause an acute RCT and that fall-related tears are not restricted to young individuals. They can affect patients of any age. The forces and stresses occurring in the rotator cuff during an attempt to cushion a fall may locally exceed the tensile strength of the tendon fibres and cause a partial or full-thickness RCT.

• #56 Epidemiology and natural history of rotator cuff disease | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/epidemiology-and-natural-history-of-rotator-cuff-disease/

  The management of degenerative rotator cuff disease is controversial, and surgical indications vary widely. […] With increasing utilization of surgical management for rotator cuff disease, ensuring a complete understanding of the epidemiology and natural history of rotator cuff disease is essential. […] This chapter provides a review of the current knowledge regarding the natural history and epidemiology of rotator cuff disease, yet much remains unknown. […] When discussing the epidemiology of rotator cuff disease, it is important to distinguish traumatic rotator cuff pathology from degenerative. […] Degenerative rotator cuff pathology likely represents a disease spectrum ranging from cuff tendinopathy, associated with aging, to partial- and full-thickness cuff tears. […] Multiple factors have been identified as risk factors for atraumatic rotator cuff disease. […] It cannot be overstated that the strongest predictor is the patients age. […] In a systematic review, Teunis et al. identified 30 separate studies assessing 6112 shoulders for rotator cuff disease in association with patient age. […] This association was maintained independent of shoulder symptoms or history of shoulder dislocation. […] The strong association of age-related rotator cuff degeneration combined with the frequent presence of bilateral disease points to a physiologic change in tendon integrity secondary to intrinsic degeneration, likely related to decreased nutritional supply of the tendon. […] Patient sex has previously been investigated as a risk factor for rotator cuff disease, with conflicting findings. […] With evidence emerging of the age-related changes in the rotator cuff, it has been postulated that development of rotator cuff disease is an inheritable condition. […] Variables that may hasten the intrinsic degenerative changes associated with rotator cuff tears include modifiable risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, and obesity. […] The evidence reviewed here provides a snapshot of the current understanding of the epidemiology of degenerative rotator cuff disease. […] Rotator cuff disease is highly prevalent and often asymptomatic. […] The etiology is multifactorial, with some conflicting evidence. […] Yet again, the strongest predictor of degenerative rotator cuff tears is chronologic age, with obvious genetic and external contributions.

• #57 Epidemiology and natural history of rotator cuff disease | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/epidemiology-and-natural-history-of-rotator-cuff-disease/

  The management of degenerative rotator cuff disease is controversial, and surgical indications vary widely. […] With increasing utilization of surgical management for rotator cuff disease, ensuring a complete understanding of the epidemiology and natural history of rotator cuff disease is essential. […] This chapter provides a review of the current knowledge regarding the natural history and epidemiology of rotator cuff disease, yet much remains unknown. […] When discussing the epidemiology of rotator cuff disease, it is important to distinguish traumatic rotator cuff pathology from degenerative. […] Degenerative rotator cuff pathology likely represents a disease spectrum ranging from cuff tendinopathy, associated with aging, to partial- and full-thickness cuff tears. […] Multiple factors have been identified as risk factors for atraumatic rotator cuff disease. […] It cannot be overstated that the strongest predictor is the patients age. […] In a systematic review, Teunis et al. identified 30 separate studies assessing 6112 shoulders for rotator cuff disease in association with patient age. […] This association was maintained independent of shoulder symptoms or history of shoulder dislocation. […] The strong association of age-related rotator cuff degeneration combined with the frequent presence of bilateral disease points to a physiologic change in tendon integrity secondary to intrinsic degeneration, likely related to decreased nutritional supply of the tendon. […] Patient sex has previously been investigated as a risk factor for rotator cuff disease, with conflicting findings. […] With evidence emerging of the age-related changes in the rotator cuff, it has been postulated that development of rotator cuff disease is an inheritable condition. […] Variables that may hasten the intrinsic degenerative changes associated with rotator cuff tears include modifiable risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, and obesity. […] The evidence reviewed here provides a snapshot of the current understanding of the epidemiology of degenerative rotator cuff disease. […] Rotator cuff disease is highly prevalent and often asymptomatic. […] The etiology is multifactorial, with some conflicting evidence. […] Yet again, the strongest predictor of degenerative rotator cuff tears is chronologic age, with obvious genetic and external contributions.

• #58 Rotator Cuff Injury: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Functional Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/92814-overview

  Rotator cuff injuries are a common cause of shoulder pain in people of all age groups. They represent a spectrum of disease, ranging from acute reversible tendinitis to massive tears involving the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis. Diagnosis is usually made through detailed history, physical examination, and often, imaging studies. […] It is difficult to determine the exact prevalence of rotator cuff tears, as many patients are asymptomatic and do not have any pain or weakness that would lead them to seek medical care. Certain population screening studies have identified the prevalence of rotator cuff tear using shoulder ultrasonography techniques, including a cross-sectional study of women in the UK that showed 22.2% of a study population of 1000 in the UK had a full-thickness rotator cuff tear. Observational studies in Asian populations demonstrated higher prevalence in individuals aged 57 years and in men compared with women.

• #59 Rotator Cuff Injury: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Functional Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/92814-overview

  Rotator cuff injuries are a common cause of shoulder pain in people of all age groups. They represent a spectrum of disease, ranging from acute reversible tendinitis to massive tears involving the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis. Diagnosis is usually made through detailed history, physical examination, and often, imaging studies. […] It is difficult to determine the exact prevalence of rotator cuff tears, as many patients are asymptomatic and do not have any pain or weakness that would lead them to seek medical care. Certain population screening studies have identified the prevalence of rotator cuff tear using shoulder ultrasonography techniques, including a cross-sectional study of women in the UK that showed 22.2% of a study population of 1000 in the UK had a full-thickness rotator cuff tear. Observational studies in Asian populations demonstrated higher prevalence in individuals aged 57 years and in men compared with women.

• #60 Rotator Cuff Injury: Practice Essentials, Epidemiology, Functional Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/92814-overview

  Rotator cuff injuries are a common cause of shoulder pain in people of all age groups. They represent a spectrum of disease, ranging from acute reversible tendinitis to massive tears involving the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis. Diagnosis is usually made through detailed history, physical examination, and often, imaging studies. […] It is difficult to determine the exact prevalence of rotator cuff tears, as many patients are asymptomatic and do not have any pain or weakness that would lead them to seek medical care. Certain population screening studies have identified the prevalence of rotator cuff tear using shoulder ultrasonography techniques, including a cross-sectional study of women in the UK that showed 22.2% of a study population of 1000 in the UK had a full-thickness rotator cuff tear. Observational studies in Asian populations demonstrated higher prevalence in individuals aged 57 years and in men compared with women.

• #61 Acute Shoulder Injuries in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p119.html

  A concern with rotator cuff tears is the risk of progression, which can lead to atrophy of the rotator cuff and a tear that could have been repaired becoming irreversible. However, it is difficult to detect which tears will progress. Full-thickness tears and lesions in older patients are more likely to enlarge. […] The effectiveness and safety of surgery for chronic rotator cuff disease in older patients are unclear. Patients with a suspected tear should be referred to an orthopedist for a discussion about the benefits of conservative vs. operative management. It is especially important to refer young, active, healthy patients with full-thickness tears to an orthopedist as soon as possible because early operative treatment may result in better outcomes.

• #62 Acute Shoulder Injuries in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0715/p119.html

  A concern with rotator cuff tears is the risk of progression, which can lead to atrophy of the rotator cuff and a tear that could have been repaired becoming irreversible. However, it is difficult to detect which tears will progress. Full-thickness tears and lesions in older patients are more likely to enlarge. […] The effectiveness and safety of surgery for chronic rotator cuff disease in older patients are unclear. Patients with a suspected tear should be referred to an orthopedist for a discussion about the benefits of conservative vs. operative management. It is especially important to refer young, active, healthy patients with full-thickness tears to an orthopedist as soon as possible because early operative treatment may result in better outcomes.

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