Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Urinary Incontinence – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559095/

  Urinary incontinence is a common condition among older individuals, particularly those in nursing homes, but it can also affect younger adults of both sexes. This condition significantly impacts patient health and quality of life. The prevalence of urinary incontinence is likely underestimated, as many patients do not report their symptoms to healthcare providers for various reasons. […] Accurate prevalence data are difficult to obtain due to underreporting, differing definitions for urinary incontinence, and varying study designs. However, it is estimated that approximately 423 million individuals aged 20 or older worldwide experience some form of urinary incontinence. […] In the United States, approximately 13 million individuals are directly affected by urinary incontinence. The prevalence is 50% or greater among residents of nursing facilities and rises to more than 75% among long-term (100 days) residents. Caregivers report that 53% of the homebound older individuals are incontinent. A random sampling of hospitalized older patients reports that 11% of patients have persistent urinary incontinence at admission and 23% at discharge. […] Approximately 24% to 45% of women reported urinary incontinence. Among women aged 20 to 39, 7% to 37% experience some degree of incontinence. In women older than 60, approximately 9% to 39% reported urinary incontinence on a daily basis. An increased risk of urinary incontinence is associated with pregnancy, childbirth, diabetes, and increased body mass index.

• #2 The epidemiology of urinary incontinence: a case still open

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/9546/html

  Urinary incontinence (UI) is a widespread and well-known disorder affecting millions of women all over the world with impressive and probably still underestimated rebounds on personal and social wellbeing. […] Unfortunately, the available studies on the epidemiology of female UI have used different definitions of UI, obtaining data not homogeneous. […] The two most relevant papers on the epidemiology of UI are the Epincont study and the meta-analysis by Minassian et al.; the author, using standardized definitions and questionnaires, reported a prevalence of any form of UI of 25% and 27.6% respectively. […] The authors concluded that UI definitions and sampling strategies both influence estimates of UI prevalence among women. […] According to the ICIQ, a substantial proportion of French adult women experience symptoms of urinary leakage. […] In conclusion, only the scrupulous use of standardized definitions and validated questionnaires can help us understand the epidemiology of the UI.

• #3 Urinary Incontinence: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452289-overview

  Urinary incontinence is an underdiagnosed and underreported problem that increases with age, affecting 38-55% of women older than 60 years and 50-84% of the elderly in long-term care facilities. At any age, urinary incontinence is more than twice as common in females than in males. […] The precise prevalence of urinary incontinence is difficult to estimate. Part of the difficulty has been in defining the degree, quantity, and frequency of urine loss necessary to qualify as pathologic, with varying definitions among studies. Consequently, the prevalence of urinary incontinence reported in the literature is varied. […] Urinary incontinence has been estimated to affect 10-13 million people in the United States and 200 million people worldwide. The cost of treating urinary incontinence in United States alone is $16.3 billion, 75% of which is spent on treatment of women. Urinary incontinence can result in prolonged hospital admission, urinary tract infections, contact dermatitis, and falls. Urinary incontinence is a leading cause of admission to a nursing home when families find it too difficult to care for a relative with incontinence.

• #4 Epidemiology and impact of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms: Results of the EPIC survey in Russia, Czech Republic, and Turkey

  https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/smhs_medicine_facpubs/4450/

  Objective: To estimate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI), overactive bladder (OAB), and other lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the Czech Republic, Russia, and Turkey. […] A total of 3130 individuals agreed to participate in the survey, which found high rates of LUTS (men 80%; women 84%) and OAB (men 18%; women 28%). […] Conclusions: The results of this epidemiologic survey found high rates of LUTS and OAB, but low levels of medical consultation and very low use of medication treatment, despite high levels of improvement when medications were used.

• #5 Urinary Incontinence – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559095/

  The overall prevalence of incontinence in men is about half that of women. Urinary incontinence is reported in 11% to 34% of older men, with 2% to 11% reporting daily occurrences. Increased risk is associated with prostate surgery. The estimated overall prevalence for specific types of urinary incontinence is as follows: Stress urinary incontinence: 24% to 45% in women older than 30; Urge urinary incontinence: 9% in women aged 40 to 44, 31% in women older than 75, 42% in men older than 75 years; Mixed urinary incontinence: 20% to 30% of those with chronic incontinence; Overflow urinary incontinence: 5% of those with chronic incontinence; Functional urinary incontinence: uncertain. […] Among adult women in the United States (approximately 80 million individuals), over 60% report some degree of urinary incontinence, with one-third experiencing leakage at least monthly. The most common incontinence type reported was stress (37.5%), followed by mixed (31.3%) and urge incontinence (22%).

• #6 Female urinary incontinence: Evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/female-urinary-incontinence-evaluation

  Urinary incontinence, the involuntary leakage of urine, is common and undertreated. It is estimated that approximately 60 percent of adult women experience urinary incontinence, yet only 25 to 61 percent of symptomatic community-dwelling women seek care. Patients may be reluctant to initiate discussions about their incontinence and urinary symptoms due to embarrassment, lack of knowledge about treatment options, and/or fear of surgery. […] This topic will review the epidemiology, risk factors, etiology, and initial evaluation of the nonpregnant woman with urinary incontinence.

• #7 Urinary Incontinence: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/452289-overview

  Age is the single largest risk factor for urinary incontinence, although at any age, urinary incontinence is more than 2 times more common in females than in males. Urinary incontinence affects up to 7% of children older than 5 years, 10-35% of adults, and 50-84% of the elderly persons in long-term care facilities. […] In a cross-sectional analysis of women who participated in the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Nygaard et al demonstrated that the prevalence of urinary incontinence increased with age, but reported a lower overall prevalence than other researchers. The prevalence was 6.9% in women aged 20-39 years, 17.2% in those aged 40-59 years, 23.3% in those aged 60-79 years, and 31.7% in women older than 80 years. […] Although data concerning urinary incontinence in people of different races are sparse, reports are emerging that race may play an important role in the prevalence and likelihood of reporting of incontinence.

• #8 Utility of opportunistic screening to assess the impact of urinary incontinence on quality of life and barriers to seeking treatment among women attending a tertiary healthcare centre in North India | BMC Urology | Full Text

  https://bmcurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12894-024-01434-7

  The prevalence of UI in women visiting the OPD per hospital-based opportunistic screening observed in our study was around 19.6%. Of these, SUI was the most typical type seen at 10.1%, followed by MUI at 6% and UUI at 3.5%. […] UI depicted a significant effect on QoL across all domains of the IIQ-7 compared to women with no symptoms suggestive of UI. […] Despite the high burden, less than half of the affected women ever consulted a doctor for UI, due to different barriers.

• #9 Female Urinary Incontinence: Epidemiology and Evaluation | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/female-urinary-incontinence-epidemiology-and-evaluation/

  Most epidemiologic studies demonstrate that increasing age is associated with increasing UI, but surprisingly, the highest prevalence of UI peaks first at age 50 years. SUI predominates in middle-age women, but urge incontinence increases with age. […] Several recent studies in differing populations indicate that family history of UI in first-degree relatives increases the risk of UI four to six times for individual women.

• #10 The Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1476070/

  Urinary incontinence is a significant health problem with considerable social and economic impact. […] Urinary incontinence is a significant health problem in the United States and worldwide. It has a considerable social and economic impact on individuals and society. When discussing the epidemiology and impact of incontinence, it is important to distinguish its between prevalence and incidence. […] In most discussions on incontinence, especially when determining social impact and allocation of healthcare resources, prevalence is the more important parameter. […] In women, the prevalence is relatively low early in life, has a peak around the time of menopause, and then rises steadily between the ages of 60 to 80 years. […] The prevalence of incontinence in men of all ages is lower than that for women, with urge incontinence being the prominent symptom. […] To provide better care for incontinent patients, it is critical that we target the correct populations to be treated. In defining those targets, it must be decided whether to collect data on all incontinent patients or only those seeking treatment.

• #11 Key statistics on incontinence | Continence Health Australia (formerly the Continence Foundation of Australia)

  https://www.continence.org.au/about-us/our-work/key-statistics-incontinence

  Incontinence affects 1 in 4 adult Australians. […] Urinary incontinence affects up to 10% of Australian men and up to 38% of Australian women. […] 80% of those with urinary incontinence in the community are women. […] 65% of women and 30% of men sitting in a GP waiting room report some type of urinary incontinence, yet only 31% of these people report seeking help from a health professional. […] 70% of people with urinary leakage do not seek advice and treatment for their problem. […] Urge incontinence commonly occurs with prostate disease. […] In 2010, an estimated 1.17 million Australians aged 65 years and over living in the community and 128,473 Australians in residential aged care facilities were incontinent. […] Between 75 and 81% of people living in residential aged care facilities are incontinent, with the majority in the most dependent category. […] In 2009, 67% and 55% of residents of aged care facilities were found to need care for urinary incontinence and faecal incontinence, respectively.

• #12 Epidemiology, Definitions, and Cost of Incontinence in Women | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-84352-6_1

  Female urinary incontinence is a common condition with up to 64% of women reporting experiencing some type of urinary incontinence. The prevalence of urinary incontinence is influenced by many factors including age, race/ethnicity, genetics, and other comorbidities. […] Urinary incontinence had not only a high individual cost but also a high societal cost. Health disparities in the United States influence both a woman’s care-seeking behavior and treatment outcomes. […] The epidemiology of urinary incontinence in older women: incidence, progression, and remission.

• #13 Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women: Epidemiology and Etiology

  https://www.urology-textbook.com/stress-urinary-incontinence-women.html

  The prevalence of incontinence in nulliparous women is around 10%, after cesarean section 16%, and in women with vaginal deliveries up to 21%. Comparative studies between cesarean sections and vaginal deliveries found a different prevalence of stress incontinence: 7% (cesarean sections) vs. 12% (vaginal deliveries). […] Age [see the following table], pelvic surgery, adipositas, COPD, and estrogen deficiency. […] Diseases or circumstances that elevate the abdominal pressure aggravate existing stress urinary incontinence, e.g., COPD, obesity, or carrying heavy loads.

• #14 Association between obesity and urinary incontinence in older adults from multiple nationwide longitudinal cohorts | Communications Medicine

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-023-00367-w

  Obesity and urinary incontinence (UI) among older adults, particularly older men, are yet to be fully explored. […] It is estimated that 17-55% of older females and 11-34% of older males had UI, which places a substantial financial and care burden on society and families. […] Although obesity is a potentially modifiable risk factor well documented to be associated with the development of UI, most epidemiological, biological, and clinical research focuses on older women rather than older men. […] Our study indicated a revisiting of the association between obesity and UI among older men compared to women. […] Prior epidemiological studies reported that obesity is a modifiable risk factor for UI development in older women or men, and some clinical trials provided evidence that weight reduction can reduce the incidence of UI.

• #15 Urinary Incontinence: Causes, Epidemiology and Treatment – Nova Science Publishers

  https://novapublishers.com/shop/urinary-incontinence-causes-epidemiology-and-treatment/

  Urinary incontinence can affect both men and women of all age-groups with varying degrees of severity. […] It is becoming an increasingly dominant health care issue with enormous economic burden and places considerable impact on the overall quality of life, impairing several areas with physical, social, emotional and sexual limitations. […] In the last few years, there has been a significant volume of research published in the field of urinary dysfunction.

• #16 Female urinary incontinence: Evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-women-with-urinary-incontinence

  Urinary incontinence, the involuntary leakage of urine, is common and undertreated. It is estimated that approximately 60 percent of adult women experience urinary incontinence, yet only 25 to 61 percent of symptomatic community-dwelling women seek care. This topic will review the epidemiology, risk factors, etiology, and initial evaluation of the nonpregnant woman with urinary incontinence. […] Urinary incontinence in women and urinary incontinence in men are discussed separately.

• #17 Epidemiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/epidemiology-of-pelvic-organ-prolapse-and-urinary-incontinence/

  Epidemiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence Steven E. Swift INTRODUCTION The epidemiology of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse are often included together in the literature; however, these two diseases are distinct and separate entities that have only superficial similarities in their epidemiology. They are both common diseases, occurring in 5% to 30% of the population, and both can be managed surgically, often simultaneously. It has been reported that there is an incidence of 2.04 to 2.63 surgical procedures to correct prolapse or genuine stress incontinence per 1,000 women-years, with an increasing incidence as women age, and a lifetime risk of undergoing surgery for prolapse or incontinence of 5% to 11.1%. […] The ICS has taken the lead in defining incontinence through their Standardization of Terminology Committee, which publishes a series of documents setting the international standards for defining lower urinary tract disorders. This committee has recently changed the definition of urinary incontinence in a subtle manner that will likely influence future studies. The older ICS definition of urinary incontinence (in place since 1982) is involuntary loss of urine which is objectively demonstrable and is a social or hygienic problem. The new ICS definition of urinary incontinence (as of 2002) is the complaint of any involuntary leakage of urine.

• #18 Urinary incontinence – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_incontinence

  Approximately 17% of non-pregnant women have urinary incontinence, with the most common types being stress, urgency, and mixed. Bladder symptoms affect women of all ages. However, bladder problems are most prevalent among older women. Women over the age of 60 years are twice as likely as men to experience incontinence; one in three women over the age of 60 years are estimated to have bladder control problems. One reason why women are more affected is the weakening of pelvic floor muscles by pregnancy. […] Men tend to experience incontinence less often than women, and the structure of the male urinary tract accounts for this difference. Stress incontinence is common after prostate cancer treatments. While urinary incontinence affects older men more often than younger men, the onset of incontinence can happen at any age. Estimates around 2007 suggested that 17 percent of men over age 60, an estimated 600,000 men in the US, experienced urinary incontinence, with this percentage increasing with age. […] Incontinence happens less often after age 5: About 10 percent of 5-year-olds, 5 percent of 10-year-olds, and 1 percent of 17-year-olds experience episodes of incontinence. It is twice as common in girls as in boys.

• #19 The Current Epidemiology of Urinary Incontinence and Urinary Tract Infections After Spinal Cord Injury—A Model Systems Spinal Cord Injury Examination (2016–2021)

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/5/1434

  Urinary incontinence and UTIs are common problems after SCI. In addition to being potentially bothersome, both are associated with an increased chance of potentially costly hospitalizations and morbidity. While differing frequencies of UI and UTIs are present based on bladder management, the overall frequency suggests that a continued emphasis on prevention is needed to potentially increase quality of life and decrease hospitalization. […] Our study objective was to provide a current snapshot of the frequency of UI and UTIs in the United States’ SCI population. In addition, we also investigate the association of UI and UTIs with hospitalization to further characterize the burden of health complications. […] Over one-third of people with SCI in this study were found to have urinary incontinence occurring at least monthly. Similarly, UTIs were also common, with more than half of people with SCI reporting at least one UTI requiring antibiotics in the past year and ~25% reporting three or more UTIs in the past year. These problems appear to represent more than just simple patient inconvenience as both daily urinary incontinence and increasing numbers of UTIs were both associated with an increased frequency of hospitalization in the year prior (something that occurred in one-third of individuals with SCI).

• #20 The Current Epidemiology of Urinary Incontinence and Urinary Tract Infections After Spinal Cord Injury—A Model Systems Spinal Cord Injury Examination (2016–2021)

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/14/5/1434

  Both the increasing frequency of urinary incontinence and UTI were associated with an increase in the frequency of overall hospitalizations and hospitalization for genitourinary issues. This association continued to be present in the multivariate analysis, where the presence of an indwelling catheter, one or more UTIs in the prior 12 months, and daily urinary incontinence were associated with an increased chance of hospitalization, while less complete injury and time since injury (5 years vs. 1 year) decreased the chance of hospitalization. The most striking association for chance of hospitalization was the number of UTIs in the prior year, with increasing numbers of UTIs associated with an increased chance of hospitalization in a gradated fashion.

• #21 Weight-loss surgery produces durable improvements in urinary incontinence – Epidemiology Data Center University of Pittsburgh

  https://www.edc.pitt.edu/weight-loss-surgery-produces-durable-improvements-in-urinary-incontinence/

  Urinary incontinence is a common complaint among adults with severe obesity. The majority of adults with urinary incontinence who undergo Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy, the two most common types of weight loss surgery, can reasonably expect enduring improvements in urinary incontinence, according to a new study published today in JAMA Network Open. […] Preoperatively, 52% of female participants reported at least weekly urinary incontinence, which fell to 20% at year 3 postoperative and was 30% at year 7; among males, 25% reported at least weekly urinary incontinence preoperatively, which fell to 10% at year 3 and 15% at year 7. […] Durable improvement in urinary incontinence is an important benefit of modern-day bariatric surgical procedures, which should be discussed with patients with severe obesity when making treatment decisions.

• #22

  https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/abstract/1997/04000/epidemiology_of_surgically_managed_pelvic_organ.2.aspx

  To determine the incidence of surgically managed pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence in a population-based cohort, and to describe their clinical characteristics. […] The age-specific incidence increased with advancing age. The lifetime risk of undergoing a single operation for prolapse or incontinence by age 80 was 11.1%. […] Pelvic floor dysfunction is a major health issue for older women, as shown by the 11.1% lifetime risk of undergoing a single operation for pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence, as well as the large proportion of reoperations. […] Women have an 11.1% lifetime risk of surgical treatment for pelvic organ prolapse or urinary incontinence by age 80; reoperation is common.

• #23 “Epidemiology of Surgically Managed Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence” (1997), by Ambre L. Olsen, Virginia J. Smith, John O. Bergstrom, Joyce C. Colling, and Amanda L. Clark | Embryo Project Encyclopedia

  https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/epidemiology-surgically-managed-pelvic-organ-prolapse-and-urinary-incontinence-1997-ambre-l

  In their article, Olsen and colleagues describe pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence, including the estimated rate of surgical treatment and known risk factors for those conditions. […] The authors state that an estimated fifty percent of women who have previously given birth have experienced a prolapse. […] The authors note that the time between operations decreased between each of the following repairs, meaning that the long-term success decreased with each additional surgery. […] The authors explain that their data uncovered a lack of consistent descriptions among physicians for categorizing and explain the overall severity of the pelvic floor dysfunction. […] They state that may explain why many of the surgeries were not successful. […] Olsen and colleagues also encouraged further research into the long-term effectiveness of surgical treatment for both pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence.

• #24 The prevalence and severity of urinary incontinence in women. | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health

  https://jech.bmj.com/content/35/1/71

  One thousand and sixty women aged 18 or over, randomly selected from a defined geographical area in South Wales, were interviewed at home about their urinary symptoms. Ninety-five per cent co-operated, of whom 45% admitted to some degree of incontinence. „Stress’ incontinence was reported by 22% of women, „urge’ incontinence by 10%, and both types combined–„complex’–by 14%. In most women urinary loss was both small and infrequent but 5% of all women experienced a loss sufficient to necessitate a change of clothes; in 2.6% such loss occurred daily. Over 3% of all women reported that incontinence interfered with their social or domestic life but only half of these had sought medical advice.

• #25

  https://www.ijsurgery.com/index.php/isj/article/view/1479

  Urinary incontinence (UI) is one of the priority health issue recognized by WHO. Urinary incontinence is a common health problem among women, with the prevalence varying from 8-45% in different studies. The overall prevalence of urinary incontinence in our study was about 12%. There was significant association of increasing age and presence of urinary incontinence. Urinary incontinence does impact on quality of life of a woman having urinary incontinence. Urinary incontinence is a significant health problem in the society leading to restriction in social and sexual activities. Almost 1 in 12 women suffering from urinary incontinence. Simple epidemiological tools such as a questionnaire can unveil the urinary incontinence subjectively. […] Various obstetrical factors do contribute to urinary incontinence. Further efforts are to be done to improve the quality of life and minimizing the urinary incontinence by pursuing them for treatment.

• #26 Urinary incontinence – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_incontinence

  Globally, up to 35% of the population over the age of 60 years is estimated to be incontinent. In 2014, urinary leakage affected between 30% and 40% of people over 65 years of age living in their own homes or apartments in the U.S. Twenty-four percent of older adults in the U.S. have moderate or severe urinary incontinence that should be treated medically. People with dementia are three times more likely to have urinary incontinence compared to people of similar ages. […] Bladder control problems have been found to be associated with higher incidence of many other health problems such as obesity and diabetes. Difficulty with bladder control results in higher rates of depression and limited activity levels. […] Incontinence is expensive both to individuals in the form of bladder control products and to the health care system and nursing home industry. Injury-related to incontinence is a leading cause of admission to assisted living and nursing care facilities. In 1997 more than 50% of nursing facility admissions were related to incontinence.

• #27 Urinary Incontinence- Epidemiology Forecast to 2023

  https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/urinary-incontinence–epidemiology-forecast-to-2023-300564597.html

  DelveInsight’s Urinary Incontinence (UI)- Epidemiology Forecast -2023″ Reports provides an overview of the disease and epidemiology trends of the Urinary Incontinence for the United States, EU5 (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK) and Japan. […] It also includes historical and forecasted epidemiological data for the prevalent cases of Urinary Incontinence from 2013-2023. […] According to DelveInsight, the prevalent cases of Urinary Incontinence are estimated to be 97,122,858 by 2023. […] The Report also covers the detailed global historical and forecasted epidemiological data covering United States, EU5 and Japan from 2013-2023.

• #28

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health

  Older age is also characterized by the emergence of several complex health states commonly called geriatric syndromes. They are often the consequence of multiple underlying factors and include frailty, urinary incontinence, falls, delirium and pressure ulcers. […] The diversity seen in older age is not random. A large part arises from peoples physical and social environments and the impact of these environments on their opportunities and health behaviour. The relationship we have with our environments is skewed by personal characteristics such as the family we were born into, our sex and our ethnicity, leading to inequalities in health.

• #29 Epidemiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence | Abdominal Key

  https://abdominalkey.com/epidemiology-of-pelvic-organ-prolapse-and-urinary-incontinence/

  Despite these limitations, the literature in this area is growing and we are beginning to understand and appreciate the epidemiology of these disorders. This will eventually allow us to recommend prevention strategies. A corollary to this developing body of epidemiologic literature is the development of questionnaires specifically designed to identify these conditions in large general populations. These will allow us to perform population-based studies and will help settle some old controversies based on conflicting reports.

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