Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Lewy Body Dementia

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2019-june/lewy-body-dementia-1

  Lewy body dementia (LBD) is an umbrella term that covers 2 closely related diagnoses, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinsons disease dementia (PDD). LBD is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimers disease (AD) affecting approximately 1.4 million Americans. The precise number of people with LBD remains unclear. The point prevalence of dementia in PD is close to 30%, and the incidence rate is increased at 4 to 6 times relative to controls. The cumulative percentage is very high, with at least 75% of people with PD who survive more than 10 years likely to develop dementia. Prevalence estimates of DLB range from 0% to 5% in the general population and from 0% to 30.5% of all dementia cases. Very few studies have looked at the incidence rates for DLB with reports suggesting incidence rates of 0.1% in the general population, and 3% for all new dementia cases. A recent review examined 22 studies and reported incidence rates between 0.5 to 1.6 per 1,000 person years, accounting for 3% to 7% of dementia cases. There is no single sign or symptom that definitively distinguishes PDD from DLB. Current clinical criteria for DLB distinguish PDD only by the temporal requirement that the dementia manifests more than 12 months after the onset of motor signs; if dementia precedes or is concurrent with parkinsonism, then DLB is diagnosed. There is ongoing debate regarding the validity of the 1-year rule between PDD and DLB researchers. The clinical dementia picture of LBD revolves around the identification of the visuospatial, executive and attentional deficits, rather than marked episodic memory impairment that characterizes AD. Additionally, LBD often demonstrates notable improved with cued recall compared with AD. These cognitive symptoms together with evidence of parkinsonism, cognitive fluctuations, visual hallucinations, and rapid eye movement sleep behavioral disorder (RBD) are core features of LBD. Neuropsychologic evaluation has provided clinicians and researchers with profiles of cognitive strengths and weaknesses that help to define LBD, as well as distinguish LBD from AD. As a general rule, cognitive symptoms in LBD include a combination of cortical and subcortical impairment; this is contrasted with a classic cortical profile of impairment predominant in AD. Autonomic dysfunction is a common clinical sign in LBD. Symptomatic orthostasis is probably the most serious manifestation of autonomic dysfunction, but other features include decreased or increased sweating, excessive salivation (sialorrhea), seborrhea, heat intolerance, urinary dysfunction, constipation or obstipation, erectile dysfunction, impotence, and changes in libido. A diagnostic challenge, particularly outside of expert centers, there are long delays in diagnosing LBD leading to significant burden. Although consensus criteria have excellent specificity, there is no standardized way to assess symptoms, reducing sensitivity. Although there are no biomarkers specific for LBD, revisions to diagnostic criteria recognize the move to incorporate biomarkers to increase specificity of clinical diagnoses. The most common biomarker used in dementia clinical and research evaluations is MRI. The fourth consensus report advances the previous consensus criteria by incorporating biomarker presence along with redefining the core features to allow the diagnosis of probable DLB. Public awareness campaigns, such as those led by the Lewy Body Dementia Association that specifically address LBD may aid in generating increased awareness, foster new research collaborations, and the development of new therapies to benefit people with LBD and their families.

• #2 Lewy Body Dementia

  https://practicalneurology.com/diseases-diagnoses/alzheimer-disease-dementias/lewy-body-dementia-1/31536/

  Lewy body dementia (LBD) is an umbrella term that covers 2 closely related diagnoses, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinsons disease dementia (PDD). LBD is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimers disease (AD) affecting approximately 1.4 million Americans. […] The precise number of people with LBD remains unclear. The point prevalence of dementia in PD is close to 30%, and the incidence rate is increased at 4 to 6 times relative to controls. […] Prevalence estimates of DLB range from 0% to 5% in the general population and from 0% to 30.5% of all dementia cases. Very few studies have looked at the incidence rates for DLB with reports suggesting incidence rates of 0.1% in the general population, and 3% for all new dementia cases. […] There is no single sign or symptom that definitively distinguishes PDD from DLB. Current clinical criteria for DLB distinguish PDD only by the temporal requirement that the dementia manifests more than 12 months after the onset of motor signs; if dementia precedes or is concurrent with parkinsonism, then DLB is diagnosed.

• #3 About LBD – Lewy Body Dementia Association

  https://www.lbda.org/about-lbd/

  Lewy body dementia (LBD) is a brain disease characterized by a spectrum of symptoms involving disturbances of movement, cognition, behavior, sleep and autonomic function. LBD affects an estimated 1.4 million Americans. DLB represents 4 to 16% of cases of dementia seen in the clinic, but the true prevalence is probably higher. DLB is often misdiagnosed as AD, especially in those individuals who have few, if any signs of motor parkinsonism. PD is a common movement disorder that affects 1 in 100 individuals over the age of 60 and 4-5% of adults over age 85 (up to 1 million Americans). Each year an estimated 14% of PD patients over age 65 will develop at least mild dementia. The cause of LBD is unknown. Older age is the greatest risk factor for LBD, with most diagnoses being made in individuals over the age of 50. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), a condition characterized by dream enactment, is a common risk factor for DLB, PD and other synucleinopathies.

• #4 Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of dementia with Lewy bodies – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/5087/print

  Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of dementia with Lewy bodies […] Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is one of the most common causes of dementia after Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia. DLB often presents a diagnostic challenge given its clinical heterogeneity and overlap with other neurodegenerative diseases. Further, it was initially often overlooked pathologically because of the difficulty in identifying cortical Lewy bodies with routine histochemical stains. With the advent of immunohistochemical stains for constituents of Lewy bodies, the prevalence of this disorder has been better characterized. However, challenges still remain in defining and diagnosing DLB as an entity distinct from other degenerative dementias. […] DLB, although once considered rare, is recognized as a common cause of neurodegenerative dementia, affecting up to 5 percent of the general population and accounting for as much as 30 percent of all dementia cases. Such prevalence estimates place DLB as one of the most common causes of dementia, superseded only by Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia. Incidence rates have been estimated at 0.1 percent per year in the general population but up to 3.2 percent for new dementia cases.

• #5 Lewy Body Dementia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482441/

  LBD is an under-diagnosed condition as it is poorly understood, and its clinical features overlap with other more common disorders, like Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Studies have shown, however, that it accounts for up to 20% to 30% of all dementia cases. It is more common in men, and the incidence increases with age. It is prevalent in Asian, African, and European races. A family history of LBD and Parkinson disease increases a patient’s risk. […] It is the third most common type of dementia after Alzheimer disease and Vascular dementia. […] Health professionals need to improve awareness regarding LBD and develop investigative methods to ensure its early diagnosis.

• #6 Lewy Body Dementia

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2019-june/lewy-body-dementia-1

  Lewy body dementia (LBD) is an umbrella term that covers 2 closely related diagnoses, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinsons disease dementia (PDD). LBD is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimers disease (AD) affecting approximately 1.4 million Americans. The precise number of people with LBD remains unclear. The point prevalence of dementia in PD is close to 30%, and the incidence rate is increased at 4 to 6 times relative to controls. The cumulative percentage is very high, with at least 75% of people with PD who survive more than 10 years likely to develop dementia. Prevalence estimates of DLB range from 0% to 5% in the general population and from 0% to 30.5% of all dementia cases. Very few studies have looked at the incidence rates for DLB with reports suggesting incidence rates of 0.1% in the general population, and 3% for all new dementia cases. A recent review examined 22 studies and reported incidence rates between 0.5 to 1.6 per 1,000 person years, accounting for 3% to 7% of dementia cases. There is no single sign or symptom that definitively distinguishes PDD from DLB. Current clinical criteria for DLB distinguish PDD only by the temporal requirement that the dementia manifests more than 12 months after the onset of motor signs; if dementia precedes or is concurrent with parkinsonism, then DLB is diagnosed. There is ongoing debate regarding the validity of the 1-year rule between PDD and DLB researchers. The clinical dementia picture of LBD revolves around the identification of the visuospatial, executive and attentional deficits, rather than marked episodic memory impairment that characterizes AD. Additionally, LBD often demonstrates notable improved with cued recall compared with AD. These cognitive symptoms together with evidence of parkinsonism, cognitive fluctuations, visual hallucinations, and rapid eye movement sleep behavioral disorder (RBD) are core features of LBD. Neuropsychologic evaluation has provided clinicians and researchers with profiles of cognitive strengths and weaknesses that help to define LBD, as well as distinguish LBD from AD. As a general rule, cognitive symptoms in LBD include a combination of cortical and subcortical impairment; this is contrasted with a classic cortical profile of impairment predominant in AD. Autonomic dysfunction is a common clinical sign in LBD. Symptomatic orthostasis is probably the most serious manifestation of autonomic dysfunction, but other features include decreased or increased sweating, excessive salivation (sialorrhea), seborrhea, heat intolerance, urinary dysfunction, constipation or obstipation, erectile dysfunction, impotence, and changes in libido. A diagnostic challenge, particularly outside of expert centers, there are long delays in diagnosing LBD leading to significant burden. Although consensus criteria have excellent specificity, there is no standardized way to assess symptoms, reducing sensitivity. Although there are no biomarkers specific for LBD, revisions to diagnostic criteria recognize the move to incorporate biomarkers to increase specificity of clinical diagnoses. The most common biomarker used in dementia clinical and research evaluations is MRI. The fourth consensus report advances the previous consensus criteria by incorporating biomarker presence along with redefining the core features to allow the diagnosis of probable DLB. Public awareness campaigns, such as those led by the Lewy Body Dementia Association that specifically address LBD may aid in generating increased awareness, foster new research collaborations, and the development of new therapies to benefit people with LBD and their families.

• #7 The Prevalence and Incidence of Dementia with Lewy Bodies: a Systematic Review | Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-journal-of-neurological-sciences/article/prevalence-and-incidence-of-dementia-with-lewy-bodies-a-systematic-review/5A720B4E79E47546545FCC3B7612A771

  Population-based prevalence and incidence studies are essential for understanding the societal burden of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). […] Twenty-two studies were included. Incidence rates ranged from 0.5 to 1.6 per 1000 person-years. DLB accounted for 3.2-7.1% of all dementia cases in the incidence studies. […] DLB becomes more common with increasing age and accounts for about 5% of all dementia cases in older populations. […] Among those aged 65+ residing in the community, DLB incidence rates ranged from 0.5 to 1.6 per 1000 person-years. […] DLB accounted for 3.2 to 7.1% of incident dementia cases (mean 4.6%, SD 1.5). […] DLB made up between 0.3 and 24.4% of all cases of dementia in the prevalence studies when the most restrictive definition for DLB provided was used (mean 6.4%, SD 6.1).

• #8 Lewy Body Dementia: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1135041-overview

  Findings from autopsy studies suggest that DLB accounts for 10-20% of dementias. However, because the sensitivity and specificity of clinical diagnosis are poor, no good epidemiologic data on the incidence or prevalence of DLB are available. […] Autopsy studies in Europe and Japan indicate that the frequency of DLB is comparable with that reported in studies from the United States. A prospective, population-based study in a cohort of persons over the age of 65 years in southwestern France found an incidence of 112 cases per 100,000 person-years for suspected DLB. […] DLB has been described in Asian, African, and European races. Data concerning the relative frequency of DLB in different races are not available. Most studies suggest that DLB is slightly more common in men than in women. […] DLB is a disease of late middle age and old age. The aforementioned study in southwestern France found that the incidence of DLB increased continuously with advancing age, whereas that of Parkinson disease decreased after age 85 years.

• #9 Epidemiology and economic burden of Lewy body dementia in the United States – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35442134/

  Objective: To describe the trends in epidemiology, healthcare resource use (HCRU), and costs associated with Lewy body dementia (LBD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) in the United States. […] From 2010 to 2016, the incidence and prevalence rates of LBD among Medicare beneficiaries ranged from 0.21%-0.18% and 0.90%-0.83%, respectively. […] Our findings highlight the substantial epidemiological and economic burden across the LBD spectrum and underscore a high unmet need for effective treatments to improve patient outcomes.

• #10 Epidemiology and economic burden of Lewy body dementia in the United States – Analysis Group

  https://www.analysisgroup.com/Insights/publishing/epidemiology-and-economic-burden-of-lewy-body-dementia-in-the-united-states/

  To describe the trends in epidemiology, healthcare resource use (HCRU), and costs associated with Lewy body dementia (LBD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) in the United States. […] From 2010 to 2016, the incidence and prevalence rates of LBD among Medicare beneficiaries ranged from 0.21%-0.18% and 0.90%-0.83%, respectively. […] Our findings highlight the substantial epidemiological and economic burden across the LBD spectrum and underscore a high unmet need for effective treatments to improve patient outcomes.

• #11 What is Dementia with Lewy bodies? | Alzheimer’s Research UK

  https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/dementia-information/types-of-dementia/dementia-with-lewy-bodies/

  Dementia with Lewy bodies is the third most common disease that causes dementia. […] For every 100 people who have dementia, about 10-15 will have dementia with Lewy bodies. […] This means that around 100,000 people in the UK have this type of dementia. […] Dementia with Lewy bodies is closely related to Parkinson’s disease (PD). […] People who have Parkinson’s disease are more likely to go on to develop dementia. […] Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease dementia can affect people in very similar ways, and people will receive a diagnosis of one or the other dependent on the timing of certain symptoms. […] Lewy Body Dementia is a term that describes both DLB and PDD and can be useful in these situations.

• #12 Lewy body dementias | Dementia Australia

  https://www.dementia.org.au/about-dementia/lewy-body-dementias

  Lewy body dementias is an umbrella term describing two forms of dementia: dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinsons disease dementia. […] Lewy body dementias cause changes in your thinking, movement, behaviour and bodily functions. […] There is no known cure for Lewy body dementia. But there is medication, treatment and support to help you live the best life you can. […] Anyone can develop Lewy body dementia, but it becomes more common as you get older. More than 100,000 Australians have Lewy body dementia. […] The Lewy body dementias can be hard to diagnose, because there can be a variety of symptoms in the early stages. […] Getting an early diagnosis can also be harder when your physical signs are mild. […] A medical specialist will only make a diagnosis of Lewy body dementia after careful assessment.

• #13 Dementia with Lewy bodies | Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI)

  https://www.alzint.org/about/dementia-facts-figures/types-of-dementia/dementia-with-lewy-bodies/

  Dementia with Lewy bodies is similar to Alzheimer’s disease in that it is caused by abnormal proteins forming in brain cells disrupting the chemistry of the brain and causing nerve cells death. […] Accounting for roughly 10 – 15% of all dementias, it takes its name from the abnormal collections of protein, known as Lewy bodies, which occur in the nerve cells of the brain. […] Lewy bodies dementia is complex and symptoms can include hallucinations, changes in alertness, and sleep disturbances. It often affects the person’s ability to think and move. Memory is usually less affected than in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. […] There are two subtypes of Lewy body dementia, the main difference between them being when symptoms first occur: […] Dementia with Lewy bodies: Changes in thinking, visual perception, and sleep occur initially and problems with movement occur at the same time or later.

• #14 Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of dementia with Lewy bodies – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/5087/print

  Similar to other neurodegenerative diseases, the prevalence of DLB increases with age, with an average age at presentation of 75 years. DLB has been reported to occur more frequently in males, with a male-to-female ratio of 4:1. However, a separate study showed an increased prevalence of Lewy body pathology in females compared with males.

• #15 Dementia with Lewy bodies | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/dementia-with-lewy-bodies?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2525252f%25252540yipuafecsl2jsu8smr5njq%2525252fbnjhjgjghjghjgh&lang=gb

  Dementia with Lewy bodies presents in older patients (onset typically in 50-70 years of age), and is sporadic 1,2,7. […] It is the second most common neurodegenerative cause of dementia in older patients, after Alzheimer disease, accounting for 15-20% of cases 3,4,7.

• #16 Dementia with Lewy Bodies | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/dementia-with-lewy-bodies

  DLB is a common type of dementia which is estimated to affect more than 100,000 people in the UK. It is rare under the age of 65. DLB and dementia in Parkinson’s disease together may be the cause of up to 15% of cases of dementia. […] DLB is progressive, and shortens lifespan. It progresses gradually over the course of years. Average survival from onset is 5-8 years. Rate of cognitive decline appears to be faster than for those with Alzheimer’s disease.

• #17 Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias | LA County Department of Public Health

  http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/healthybrainla/AlzheimersDementias/lewybodydementia.htm

  Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) is a progressive disease marked by brain changes that result in problems with thinking, movement, and behavior. It is the third most common cause of dementia. LBD commonly occurs in people over the age of 50, but it can also impact younger adults too. […] Age is the greatest known risk factor for LBD, mainly affecting people aged 50 or older. LBD is also more common among men than women. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep disorders and a family history of LBD or Parkinsons disease may also increase the risk for LBD. […] LBD primarily affects the parts of the brain responsible for movement, thinking, and behavior. One of the most common signs of LBD are visual hallucinations which occur in more than 80% of cases. Other signs and symptoms can include dizziness, memory loss, trouble concentrating, sleep disorders, bladder control problems, and problems with walking or balance.

• #18 Pulsenotes | Lewy body dementia

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/neurology/notes/lewy-body-dementia

  Dementia with Lewy body is a common form of dementia characterised by the finding of Lewy bodies on pathology. […] DLB accounts for up to 20% of cases of dementia. […] DLB is the third most common cause of dementia and the prevalence of the condition increases with age. The average age of presentation is 75 years old and it is more frequently observed in males with a 4:1 male-to-female ratio.

• #19 Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of dementia with Lewy bodies – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/5087/print

  Similar to other neurodegenerative diseases, the prevalence of DLB increases with age, with an average age at presentation of 75 years. DLB has been reported to occur more frequently in males, with a male-to-female ratio of 4:1. However, a separate study showed an increased prevalence of Lewy body pathology in females compared with males.

• #20 Dementia with Lewy bodies – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies

  The Lewy body dementias are as a group the second most common form of neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as of 2021. DLB itself is one of the three most common types of dementia, along with AD and vascular dementia. The diagnostic criteria for DLB before 2017 were highly specific, but not very sensitive, so that more than half of cases were missed historically. Dementia with Lewy bodies was under-recognized as of 2021, and there is little data on its epidemiology. The incidence and prevalence of DLB are not known accurately, but estimates are increasing with better recognition of the condition since 2017. About 0.4% of those over the age of 65 are affected with DLB, and between 1 and 4 per 1,000 people develop the condition each year. Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 50 and 80 (median 76), and it is not uncommon for it to be diagnosed before the age of 65. DLB is thought to be slightly more common in men than women, but this finding has been challenged and is inconsistent across studies. Women may be over-represented in community samples and under-represented in clinical populations, where REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is more frequently diagnosed in men; the diagnosis appears to have a higher prevalence for men in those under 75, while women appear to be diagnosed later and with greater cognitive impairment. Studies in Japan, France and Britain show a more equal prevalence between men and women than in the US. An estimated 10 to 15% of diagnosed dementias are Lewy body type, but estimates range as high as 23% for those in clinical studies. A French study found an incidence among persons 65 years and older almost four times higher than a US study (32 US vs 112 France per 100,000 person-years), but the US study may have excluded people with only mild or no parkinsonism, while the French study screened for parkinsonism. Neither of the studies assessed systematically for RBD, so DLB may have been underdiagnosed in both studies. A door-to-door study in Japan found a prevalence of 0.53% for persons 65 and older, and a Spanish study found similar results.

• #21 Dementia with Lewy bodies – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies

  The Lewy body dementias are as a group the second most common form of neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as of 2021. DLB itself is one of the three most common types of dementia, along with AD and vascular dementia. The diagnostic criteria for DLB before 2017 were highly specific, but not very sensitive, so that more than half of cases were missed historically. Dementia with Lewy bodies was under-recognized as of 2021, and there is little data on its epidemiology. The incidence and prevalence of DLB are not known accurately, but estimates are increasing with better recognition of the condition since 2017. About 0.4% of those over the age of 65 are affected with DLB, and between 1 and 4 per 1,000 people develop the condition each year. Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 50 and 80 (median 76), and it is not uncommon for it to be diagnosed before the age of 65. DLB is thought to be slightly more common in men than women, but this finding has been challenged and is inconsistent across studies. Women may be over-represented in community samples and under-represented in clinical populations, where REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is more frequently diagnosed in men; the diagnosis appears to have a higher prevalence for men in those under 75, while women appear to be diagnosed later and with greater cognitive impairment. Studies in Japan, France and Britain show a more equal prevalence between men and women than in the US. An estimated 10 to 15% of diagnosed dementias are Lewy body type, but estimates range as high as 23% for those in clinical studies. A French study found an incidence among persons 65 years and older almost four times higher than a US study (32 US vs 112 France per 100,000 person-years), but the US study may have excluded people with only mild or no parkinsonism, while the French study screened for parkinsonism. Neither of the studies assessed systematically for RBD, so DLB may have been underdiagnosed in both studies. A door-to-door study in Japan found a prevalence of 0.53% for persons 65 and older, and a Spanish study found similar results.

• #22 Clinical prevalence of Lewy body dementia | Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://alzres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13195-018-0350-6

  The prevalence of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and dementia in Parkinsons disease (PDD) in routine clinical practice is unclear. Prevalence rates observed in clinical and population-based cohorts and neuropathological studies vary greatly. […] We investigated prevalence in a case series across nine secondary care services over an 18-month period, to determine how commonly DLB and PDD cases are diagnosed and reviewed within two regions of the UK. […] Patients with DLB comprised 4.6% (95% CI 4.05.2%) of all dementia cases. […] DLB was represented in a significantly higher proportion of dementia cases in services in the North East (5.6%) than those in East Anglia (3.3%; 2 = 13.6, p 0.01). […] DLB prevalence in individual services ranged from 2.4 to 5.9%. […] PDD comprised 9.7% (95% CI 8.311.1%) of Parkinsons disease cases.

• #23 Clinical prevalence of Lewy body dementia | Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://alzres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13195-018-0350-6

  Importantly, we observed significant differences in the rates of DLB diagnosis among different regions, and a preponderance of DLB among males and younger patients. […] We found no such regional variations in prevalence amongst our clinical PDD population, but did find that PDD cases in EA were older, with a lower MMSE score, at the point of dementia diagnosis. […] Although our observation of regional variation in diagnosis could be attributed to different patterns of disease prevalence, a more likely explanation is that varying clinical diagnostic practices produce differences in DLB and PDD detection, rather than true disease prevalence.

• #24 Lewy Body Dementias: A Coin with Two Sides?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/11/7/94

  Lewy body dementia is an umbrella term that includes Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), which are two entities on a spectrum of Lewy body disease. […] DLB is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, previous studies have shown a wide prevalence variation, probably due to DLB being underdiagnosed. […] In a systematic review of twenty-two studies addressing the prevalence and incidence of DLB, DLB accounted for 3.2–7.1% of all dementia cases in the incidence studies, and the point and period prevalence estimates increased with age and ranged from 0.02 to 63.5 per 1000 persons. Nevertheless, these numbers probably underestimate the true prevalence and incidence of DLB because misdiagnosis as AD is common. […] The diagnosis of PDD and DLB is challenging because many clinical manifestations and additional findings in the examinations overlap. However, reaching an early and accurate diagnosis is critical to disentangle the heterogeneity of these two entities, and to develop proper and specific clinical trials of neuroprotective therapies, thus providing an early optimal treatment and a correct prognosis to patients and caregivers.

• #25 Dementia with Lewy bodies – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies

  The Lewy body dementias are as a group the second most common form of neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as of 2021. DLB itself is one of the three most common types of dementia, along with AD and vascular dementia. The diagnostic criteria for DLB before 2017 were highly specific, but not very sensitive, so that more than half of cases were missed historically. Dementia with Lewy bodies was under-recognized as of 2021, and there is little data on its epidemiology. The incidence and prevalence of DLB are not known accurately, but estimates are increasing with better recognition of the condition since 2017. About 0.4% of those over the age of 65 are affected with DLB, and between 1 and 4 per 1,000 people develop the condition each year. Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 50 and 80 (median 76), and it is not uncommon for it to be diagnosed before the age of 65. DLB is thought to be slightly more common in men than women, but this finding has been challenged and is inconsistent across studies. Women may be over-represented in community samples and under-represented in clinical populations, where REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is more frequently diagnosed in men; the diagnosis appears to have a higher prevalence for men in those under 75, while women appear to be diagnosed later and with greater cognitive impairment. Studies in Japan, France and Britain show a more equal prevalence between men and women than in the US. An estimated 10 to 15% of diagnosed dementias are Lewy body type, but estimates range as high as 23% for those in clinical studies. A French study found an incidence among persons 65 years and older almost four times higher than a US study (32 US vs 112 France per 100,000 person-years), but the US study may have excluded people with only mild or no parkinsonism, while the French study screened for parkinsonism. Neither of the studies assessed systematically for RBD, so DLB may have been underdiagnosed in both studies. A door-to-door study in Japan found a prevalence of 0.53% for persons 65 and older, and a Spanish study found similar results.

• #26 Lewy Body Dementia

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2019-june/lewy-body-dementia-1

  Lewy body dementia (LBD) is an umbrella term that covers 2 closely related diagnoses, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinsons disease dementia (PDD). LBD is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimers disease (AD) affecting approximately 1.4 million Americans. The precise number of people with LBD remains unclear. The point prevalence of dementia in PD is close to 30%, and the incidence rate is increased at 4 to 6 times relative to controls. The cumulative percentage is very high, with at least 75% of people with PD who survive more than 10 years likely to develop dementia. Prevalence estimates of DLB range from 0% to 5% in the general population and from 0% to 30.5% of all dementia cases. Very few studies have looked at the incidence rates for DLB with reports suggesting incidence rates of 0.1% in the general population, and 3% for all new dementia cases. A recent review examined 22 studies and reported incidence rates between 0.5 to 1.6 per 1,000 person years, accounting for 3% to 7% of dementia cases. There is no single sign or symptom that definitively distinguishes PDD from DLB. Current clinical criteria for DLB distinguish PDD only by the temporal requirement that the dementia manifests more than 12 months after the onset of motor signs; if dementia precedes or is concurrent with parkinsonism, then DLB is diagnosed. There is ongoing debate regarding the validity of the 1-year rule between PDD and DLB researchers. The clinical dementia picture of LBD revolves around the identification of the visuospatial, executive and attentional deficits, rather than marked episodic memory impairment that characterizes AD. Additionally, LBD often demonstrates notable improved with cued recall compared with AD. These cognitive symptoms together with evidence of parkinsonism, cognitive fluctuations, visual hallucinations, and rapid eye movement sleep behavioral disorder (RBD) are core features of LBD. Neuropsychologic evaluation has provided clinicians and researchers with profiles of cognitive strengths and weaknesses that help to define LBD, as well as distinguish LBD from AD. As a general rule, cognitive symptoms in LBD include a combination of cortical and subcortical impairment; this is contrasted with a classic cortical profile of impairment predominant in AD. Autonomic dysfunction is a common clinical sign in LBD. Symptomatic orthostasis is probably the most serious manifestation of autonomic dysfunction, but other features include decreased or increased sweating, excessive salivation (sialorrhea), seborrhea, heat intolerance, urinary dysfunction, constipation or obstipation, erectile dysfunction, impotence, and changes in libido. A diagnostic challenge, particularly outside of expert centers, there are long delays in diagnosing LBD leading to significant burden. Although consensus criteria have excellent specificity, there is no standardized way to assess symptoms, reducing sensitivity. Although there are no biomarkers specific for LBD, revisions to diagnostic criteria recognize the move to incorporate biomarkers to increase specificity of clinical diagnoses. The most common biomarker used in dementia clinical and research evaluations is MRI. The fourth consensus report advances the previous consensus criteria by incorporating biomarker presence along with redefining the core features to allow the diagnosis of probable DLB. Public awareness campaigns, such as those led by the Lewy Body Dementia Association that specifically address LBD may aid in generating increased awareness, foster new research collaborations, and the development of new therapies to benefit people with LBD and their families.

• #27 Incidence and prevalence of Lewy body dementia in India: A systematic review

  https://accscience.com/journal/AN/3/4/10.36922/an.4098

  With increasing life expectancy in India, the prevalence of age-related disorders, such as dementia has also increased. […] Herein, we aimed to systematically review studies investigating the prevalence of the Lewy body dementia (LBD) subtype in India. […] A paucity of research on LBD epidemiology in India is compounded by methodological heterogeneity, poorly representative cohorts, and varying access to biomarkers. […] Consensus guidelines may support data harmonization and the creation of multisite consortia, which could redress the under-representation of Central Asian data in epidemiological and genetic LBD studies.

• #28 The Prevalence and Incidence of Dementia with Lewy Bodies: a Systematic Review | Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-journal-of-neurological-sciences/article/prevalence-and-incidence-of-dementia-with-lewy-bodies-a-systematic-review/5A720B4E79E47546545FCC3B7612A771

  Population-based prevalence and incidence studies are essential for understanding the societal burden of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). […] Twenty-two studies were included. Incidence rates ranged from 0.5 to 1.6 per 1000 person-years. DLB accounted for 3.2-7.1% of all dementia cases in the incidence studies. […] DLB becomes more common with increasing age and accounts for about 5% of all dementia cases in older populations. […] Among those aged 65+ residing in the community, DLB incidence rates ranged from 0.5 to 1.6 per 1000 person-years. […] DLB accounted for 3.2 to 7.1% of incident dementia cases (mean 4.6%, SD 1.5). […] DLB made up between 0.3 and 24.4% of all cases of dementia in the prevalence studies when the most restrictive definition for DLB provided was used (mean 6.4%, SD 6.1).

• #29 Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of dementia with Lewy bodies – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/5087/print

  Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of dementia with Lewy bodies […] Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is one of the most common causes of dementia after Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia. DLB often presents a diagnostic challenge given its clinical heterogeneity and overlap with other neurodegenerative diseases. Further, it was initially often overlooked pathologically because of the difficulty in identifying cortical Lewy bodies with routine histochemical stains. With the advent of immunohistochemical stains for constituents of Lewy bodies, the prevalence of this disorder has been better characterized. However, challenges still remain in defining and diagnosing DLB as an entity distinct from other degenerative dementias. […] DLB, although once considered rare, is recognized as a common cause of neurodegenerative dementia, affecting up to 5 percent of the general population and accounting for as much as 30 percent of all dementia cases. Such prevalence estimates place DLB as one of the most common causes of dementia, superseded only by Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia. Incidence rates have been estimated at 0.1 percent per year in the general population but up to 3.2 percent for new dementia cases.

• #30 Epidemiology and economic burden of Lewy body dementia in the United States – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35442134/

  Objective: To describe the trends in epidemiology, healthcare resource use (HCRU), and costs associated with Lewy body dementia (LBD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) in the United States. […] From 2010 to 2016, the incidence and prevalence rates of LBD among Medicare beneficiaries ranged from 0.21%-0.18% and 0.90%-0.83%, respectively. […] Our findings highlight the substantial epidemiological and economic burden across the LBD spectrum and underscore a high unmet need for effective treatments to improve patient outcomes.

• #31 Clinical prevalence of Lewy body dementia | Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://alzres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13195-018-0350-6

  The prevalence of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and dementia in Parkinsons disease (PDD) in routine clinical practice is unclear. Prevalence rates observed in clinical and population-based cohorts and neuropathological studies vary greatly. […] We investigated prevalence in a case series across nine secondary care services over an 18-month period, to determine how commonly DLB and PDD cases are diagnosed and reviewed within two regions of the UK. […] Patients with DLB comprised 4.6% (95% CI 4.05.2%) of all dementia cases. […] DLB was represented in a significantly higher proportion of dementia cases in services in the North East (5.6%) than those in East Anglia (3.3%; 2 = 13.6, p 0.01). […] DLB prevalence in individual services ranged from 2.4 to 5.9%. […] PDD comprised 9.7% (95% CI 8.311.1%) of Parkinsons disease cases.

• #32 Epidemiology and economic burden of Lewy body dementia in the United States – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35442134/

  Objective: To describe the trends in epidemiology, healthcare resource use (HCRU), and costs associated with Lewy body dementia (LBD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) in the United States. […] From 2010 to 2016, the incidence and prevalence rates of LBD among Medicare beneficiaries ranged from 0.21%-0.18% and 0.90%-0.83%, respectively. […] Our findings highlight the substantial epidemiological and economic burden across the LBD spectrum and underscore a high unmet need for effective treatments to improve patient outcomes.

• #33 Do we need to assess autonomic dysfunction in Lewy body dementia? | Hypertension Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41440-024-02065-z

  Dementia and cognitive impairment are a growing problem around the world. Lewy body dementia (LBD) is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimers disease. The prevalence escalates with age, with persons above 65 years being at greater risk. […] Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction is prevalent and a significant factor in DLB. It needs meticulous oversight due to its influence on patient morbidity and death. […] Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction is a major issue in individuals with Dementia with Lewy Bodies, so, the surveillance of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in individuals with DLB is essential for multiple reasons. […] Regular monitoring facilitates the identification of individuals at increased risk of falls associated with orthostatic hypotension and postprandial hypotension, thereby allowing for the implementation of preventive strategies such as environmental modifications and the utilization of assistive devices.

• #34 Do we need to assess autonomic dysfunction in Lewy body dementia? | Hypertension Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41440-024-02065-z

  Continuous surveillance improves the research on DLB, facilitating the detection of trends and the development of new therapeutic strategies for autonomic dysfunction in affected individuals. […] Therefore, checking situations like OH and PPH, by a thorough cardiovascular evaluation in elderly individuals with DLB seem to be crucial for early detection, efficient management, and complications prevention in those patients, and to reduce, consequently, the dangers associated to autonomic dysfunction. […] We need to assess autonomic dysfunction in DLB, to prevent the consequences. More studies are granted to the have a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in DLB.

• #35 Clinical prevalence of Lewy body dementia | Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy | Full Text

  https://alzres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13195-018-0350-6

  The prevalence of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and dementia in Parkinsons disease (PDD) in routine clinical practice is unclear. Prevalence rates observed in clinical and population-based cohorts and neuropathological studies vary greatly. […] We investigated prevalence in a case series across nine secondary care services over an 18-month period, to determine how commonly DLB and PDD cases are diagnosed and reviewed within two regions of the UK. […] Patients with DLB comprised 4.6% (95% CI 4.05.2%) of all dementia cases. […] DLB was represented in a significantly higher proportion of dementia cases in services in the North East (5.6%) than those in East Anglia (3.3%; 2 = 13.6, p 0.01). […] DLB prevalence in individual services ranged from 2.4 to 5.9%. […] PDD comprised 9.7% (95% CI 8.311.1%) of Parkinsons disease cases.

• #36 Lewy Body Dementia

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2019-june/lewy-body-dementia-1

  Lewy body dementia (LBD) is an umbrella term that covers 2 closely related diagnoses, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinsons disease dementia (PDD). LBD is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimers disease (AD) affecting approximately 1.4 million Americans. The precise number of people with LBD remains unclear. The point prevalence of dementia in PD is close to 30%, and the incidence rate is increased at 4 to 6 times relative to controls. The cumulative percentage is very high, with at least 75% of people with PD who survive more than 10 years likely to develop dementia. Prevalence estimates of DLB range from 0% to 5% in the general population and from 0% to 30.5% of all dementia cases. Very few studies have looked at the incidence rates for DLB with reports suggesting incidence rates of 0.1% in the general population, and 3% for all new dementia cases. A recent review examined 22 studies and reported incidence rates between 0.5 to 1.6 per 1,000 person years, accounting for 3% to 7% of dementia cases. There is no single sign or symptom that definitively distinguishes PDD from DLB. Current clinical criteria for DLB distinguish PDD only by the temporal requirement that the dementia manifests more than 12 months after the onset of motor signs; if dementia precedes or is concurrent with parkinsonism, then DLB is diagnosed. There is ongoing debate regarding the validity of the 1-year rule between PDD and DLB researchers. The clinical dementia picture of LBD revolves around the identification of the visuospatial, executive and attentional deficits, rather than marked episodic memory impairment that characterizes AD. Additionally, LBD often demonstrates notable improved with cued recall compared with AD. These cognitive symptoms together with evidence of parkinsonism, cognitive fluctuations, visual hallucinations, and rapid eye movement sleep behavioral disorder (RBD) are core features of LBD. Neuropsychologic evaluation has provided clinicians and researchers with profiles of cognitive strengths and weaknesses that help to define LBD, as well as distinguish LBD from AD. As a general rule, cognitive symptoms in LBD include a combination of cortical and subcortical impairment; this is contrasted with a classic cortical profile of impairment predominant in AD. Autonomic dysfunction is a common clinical sign in LBD. Symptomatic orthostasis is probably the most serious manifestation of autonomic dysfunction, but other features include decreased or increased sweating, excessive salivation (sialorrhea), seborrhea, heat intolerance, urinary dysfunction, constipation or obstipation, erectile dysfunction, impotence, and changes in libido. A diagnostic challenge, particularly outside of expert centers, there are long delays in diagnosing LBD leading to significant burden. Although consensus criteria have excellent specificity, there is no standardized way to assess symptoms, reducing sensitivity. Although there are no biomarkers specific for LBD, revisions to diagnostic criteria recognize the move to incorporate biomarkers to increase specificity of clinical diagnoses. The most common biomarker used in dementia clinical and research evaluations is MRI. The fourth consensus report advances the previous consensus criteria by incorporating biomarker presence along with redefining the core features to allow the diagnosis of probable DLB. Public awareness campaigns, such as those led by the Lewy Body Dementia Association that specifically address LBD may aid in generating increased awareness, foster new research collaborations, and the development of new therapies to benefit people with LBD and their families.

• #37 Lewy Body Dementia

  https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2019-june/lewy-body-dementia-1

  Lewy body dementia (LBD) is an umbrella term that covers 2 closely related diagnoses, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinsons disease dementia (PDD). LBD is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimers disease (AD) affecting approximately 1.4 million Americans. The precise number of people with LBD remains unclear. The point prevalence of dementia in PD is close to 30%, and the incidence rate is increased at 4 to 6 times relative to controls. The cumulative percentage is very high, with at least 75% of people with PD who survive more than 10 years likely to develop dementia. Prevalence estimates of DLB range from 0% to 5% in the general population and from 0% to 30.5% of all dementia cases. Very few studies have looked at the incidence rates for DLB with reports suggesting incidence rates of 0.1% in the general population, and 3% for all new dementia cases. A recent review examined 22 studies and reported incidence rates between 0.5 to 1.6 per 1,000 person years, accounting for 3% to 7% of dementia cases. There is no single sign or symptom that definitively distinguishes PDD from DLB. Current clinical criteria for DLB distinguish PDD only by the temporal requirement that the dementia manifests more than 12 months after the onset of motor signs; if dementia precedes or is concurrent with parkinsonism, then DLB is diagnosed. There is ongoing debate regarding the validity of the 1-year rule between PDD and DLB researchers. The clinical dementia picture of LBD revolves around the identification of the visuospatial, executive and attentional deficits, rather than marked episodic memory impairment that characterizes AD. Additionally, LBD often demonstrates notable improved with cued recall compared with AD. These cognitive symptoms together with evidence of parkinsonism, cognitive fluctuations, visual hallucinations, and rapid eye movement sleep behavioral disorder (RBD) are core features of LBD. Neuropsychologic evaluation has provided clinicians and researchers with profiles of cognitive strengths and weaknesses that help to define LBD, as well as distinguish LBD from AD. As a general rule, cognitive symptoms in LBD include a combination of cortical and subcortical impairment; this is contrasted with a classic cortical profile of impairment predominant in AD. Autonomic dysfunction is a common clinical sign in LBD. Symptomatic orthostasis is probably the most serious manifestation of autonomic dysfunction, but other features include decreased or increased sweating, excessive salivation (sialorrhea), seborrhea, heat intolerance, urinary dysfunction, constipation or obstipation, erectile dysfunction, impotence, and changes in libido. A diagnostic challenge, particularly outside of expert centers, there are long delays in diagnosing LBD leading to significant burden. Although consensus criteria have excellent specificity, there is no standardized way to assess symptoms, reducing sensitivity. Although there are no biomarkers specific for LBD, revisions to diagnostic criteria recognize the move to incorporate biomarkers to increase specificity of clinical diagnoses. The most common biomarker used in dementia clinical and research evaluations is MRI. The fourth consensus report advances the previous consensus criteria by incorporating biomarker presence along with redefining the core features to allow the diagnosis of probable DLB. Public awareness campaigns, such as those led by the Lewy Body Dementia Association that specifically address LBD may aid in generating increased awareness, foster new research collaborations, and the development of new therapies to benefit people with LBD and their families.

• #38 Incidence and prevalence of Lewy body dementia in India: A systematic review

  https://accscience.com/journal/AN/3/4/10.36922/an.4098

  With increasing life expectancy in India, the prevalence of age-related disorders, such as dementia has also increased. […] Herein, we aimed to systematically review studies investigating the prevalence of the Lewy body dementia (LBD) subtype in India. […] A paucity of research on LBD epidemiology in India is compounded by methodological heterogeneity, poorly representative cohorts, and varying access to biomarkers. […] Consensus guidelines may support data harmonization and the creation of multisite consortia, which could redress the under-representation of Central Asian data in epidemiological and genetic LBD studies.

• #39 Lewy Body Dementias: A Coin with Two Sides?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/11/7/94

  The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the main neuropathological findings, clinical features, current diagnostic criteria, principal biomarkers, and management of DLB and PDD. […] The diagnostic criteria for DLB have recently been updated, with the addition of indicative and supportive biomarker information. […] The time interval of dementia onset relative to parkinsonism remains the major distinction between DLB and PDD, underpinning controversy about whether they are the same illness in a different spectrum of the disease or two separate neurodegenerative disorders. […] Diagnosis in prodromal stages should be of the utmost importance, because implementing early treatment might change the course of the illness if disease-modifying therapies are developed in the future. Thus, the identification of novel biomarkers constitutes an area of active research, with a special focus on α-synuclein markers.

• #40 Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of dementia with Lewy bodies – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/5087/print

  Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of dementia with Lewy bodies […] Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is one of the most common causes of dementia after Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia. DLB often presents a diagnostic challenge given its clinical heterogeneity and overlap with other neurodegenerative diseases. Further, it was initially often overlooked pathologically because of the difficulty in identifying cortical Lewy bodies with routine histochemical stains. With the advent of immunohistochemical stains for constituents of Lewy bodies, the prevalence of this disorder has been better characterized. However, challenges still remain in defining and diagnosing DLB as an entity distinct from other degenerative dementias. […] DLB, although once considered rare, is recognized as a common cause of neurodegenerative dementia, affecting up to 5 percent of the general population and accounting for as much as 30 percent of all dementia cases. Such prevalence estimates place DLB as one of the most common causes of dementia, superseded only by Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia. Incidence rates have been estimated at 0.1 percent per year in the general population but up to 3.2 percent for new dementia cases.

• #41 Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of dementia with Lewy bodies – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/5087/print

  Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of dementia with Lewy bodies […] Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is one of the most common causes of dementia after Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia. DLB often presents a diagnostic challenge given its clinical heterogeneity and overlap with other neurodegenerative diseases. Further, it was initially often overlooked pathologically because of the difficulty in identifying cortical Lewy bodies with routine histochemical stains. With the advent of immunohistochemical stains for constituents of Lewy bodies, the prevalence of this disorder has been better characterized. However, challenges still remain in defining and diagnosing DLB as an entity distinct from other degenerative dementias. […] DLB, although once considered rare, is recognized as a common cause of neurodegenerative dementia, affecting up to 5 percent of the general population and accounting for as much as 30 percent of all dementia cases. Such prevalence estimates place DLB as one of the most common causes of dementia, superseded only by Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia. Incidence rates have been estimated at 0.1 percent per year in the general population but up to 3.2 percent for new dementia cases.

• #42 Dementia with Lewy Bodies: An Emerging Disease | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2006/0401/p1223.html

  Dementia with Lewy bodies is the second most common histopathology found in dementia, exceeded only by Alzheimers disease. At least 5 percent of noninstitutionalized adults 85 years and older are believed to have dementia with Lewy bodies, and the disease represents approximately 22 percent of all patients with dementia. […] The number of cases is expected to increase as the population ages and as dementia with Lewy bodies is increasingly recognized in the differential diagnosis of dementia. […] To date, no specific risk factors for dementia with Lewy bodies have been identified.

• #43 Lewy Body Dementia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482441/

  LBD is an under-diagnosed condition as it is poorly understood, and its clinical features overlap with other more common disorders, like Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Studies have shown, however, that it accounts for up to 20% to 30% of all dementia cases. It is more common in men, and the incidence increases with age. It is prevalent in Asian, African, and European races. A family history of LBD and Parkinson disease increases a patient’s risk. […] It is the third most common type of dementia after Alzheimer disease and Vascular dementia. […] Health professionals need to improve awareness regarding LBD and develop investigative methods to ensure its early diagnosis.

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