Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Astigmatism – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582142/

  The prognosis of cases with astigmatism is usually good if treated on time, as there are multiple options available to correct astigmatism. Untreated patients, especially during childhood, may result in a permanent reduction in visual acuity and amblyopia. […] Astigmatism is subject to change with time and will require new glasses and contact lenses. Refractive correction can often eliminate or reduce astigmatism in most cases. Patients with keratoconus can develop loss of visual acuity due to high astigmatism; hence timely and regular screening is mandated.

• #2 Astigmatism Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/astigmatism

  Astigmatism may change with time, requiring new glasses or contact lenses. […] Laser vision correction can most often eliminate, or greatly reduce astigmatism.

• #3 Predicting Residual Astigmatism in Cataract Surgery

  https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5150/6/4/70

  The purpose of this review is to evaluate the prediction of postoperative residual astigmatism and to determine the best prediction method for astigmatism correction. […] In predicting residual astigmatism, the with-the-rule (WTR) and against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism components can now be almost predicted. […] However, there are still issues with the oblique astigmatism component. […] In addition, corneal astigmatism is the most important predictor of postoperative residual astigmatism, and other predictors, such as refractive astigmatism, age, and lens thickness, have also been mentioned. […] Total corneal astigmatism is more accurate in predicting residual astigmatism than anterior corneal astigmatism. […] Several predictions of residual astigmatism have been reported, but complete prediction has not been possible.

• #4 Predicting Residual Astigmatism in Cataract Surgery

  https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5150/6/4/70

  However, I emphasize that the accuracy of predicting WTR and ATR astigmatism has improved considerably and can be predicted using regression equations with total corneal astigmatism. […] The only definitive predictor of residual astigmatism is and always has been corneal astigmatism, but prediction using total corneal astigmatism measured by anterior segment OCT is preferable. […] Recent technological advances have made it almost possible to predict WTR/ATR astigmatism by using regression equations, but the prediction of oblique astigmatism is still incomplete and requires further study. […] At present, it is best to perform a preoperative vector analysis of astigmatism and predict residual astigmatism by regression equation when there is little or no oblique astigmatism component.

• #5 Astigmatism and maternal myopia as important factors affecting success rate of DIMS lens treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10921505/

  At the 12-month mark, myopia progression in patients (meanSE: 0.400.05) mirrored findings from prior European DIMS studies, but with 50% of patients showing no progression. […] A multivariate analysis of covariance model revealed that baseline astigmatism and younger age adversely affected therapy outcomes in both SER and AL, while severe maternal myopia led to greater SER progression. […] In the European population, astigmatism, young age and severe maternal myopia are risk factors for suboptimal outcomes following DIMS therapy. […] Efficacy of DIMS lenses is negatively affected by the presence of astigmatism and high maternal myopia. […] Further research into DIMS therapy should consider the degree and angle of astigmatism of patients when evaluating treatment outcome. […] Taken together, our results underline the importance of paying special attention to young children with myopic astigmatism, especially those with a family history of severe maternal myopia as our results suggest that in the European population, astigmatism, young age and severe maternal myopia are risk factors for suboptimal outcomes following DIMS therapy. Further research is necessary to elucidate the impact of astigmatism on myopic defocus therapy.

• #6 CRSToday | Adjunct Devices for Correcting Astigmatism

  https://crstoday.com/articles/2017-oct/adjunct-devices-for-correcting-astigmatism

  Astigmatic correction with toric IOLs has proven to be one of the most effective strategies by which to improve the refractive outcomes of cataract surgery. Selecting an appropriate lens for an individual patient, however, requires accurate methods to predict the required toric cylinder power and axis as well as alignment of the IOL with the desired meridian at the time of surgery. […] Improved methods have been introduced to measure the corneal surface, and the use of multiple instruments for keratometry is now widely practiced. […] The results of this study support the concept that multiple devices are helpful in predicting astigmatic outcome. […] The requirements for using toric IOLs effectively are relatively modest. Using multiple instruments to measure the cornea and image-guided alignment are helpful, but surgeons can achieve excellent astigmatic outcomes without investing in additional adjunctive technology.

• #7 Comparison of Astigmatism Prediction Accuracy for Toric Lens Implantat | OPTH

  https://www.dovepress.com/comparison-of-astigmatism-prediction-accuracy-for-toric-lens-implantat-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH

  Purpose: To compare the astigmatism prediction accuracy for toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation between two swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) devices: Argos (Movu, a Santec Company) and the IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec). […] Conclusion: The prediction accuracies were similar between the devices, except for spherical equivalent, where a higher percentage of eyes were 0.5 D or less of the prediction with the Argos compared to the IOLMaster. […] The primary endpoint of this study was the astigmatism prediction error for the Argos and IOLMaster 700 biometers. We did not find any clinically significant differences between the devices for astigmatism prediction error. […] Nor did we observe any significant differences in the percentage of eyes that were within 0.5 D or less of cylinder prediction. […] However, the same is not true when the devices were compared for the percentage of eyes with prediction error less than or equal to 0.5 D. Here, the differences were not only statistically significant (80% for Argos and 61% for IOLMaster 700) but also appear clinically significant.

• #8 Prediction of residual astigmatism in cataract surgery at different diameter zones using optical biometry measurement | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08253-6

  The studies for astigmatism prediction error at different diameters using optical biometry are scant. […] The overall centroid prediction error a 3.3 mm (0.090.58 D@25) was significantly lower than that at 2.4 mm (0.090.68 D@87) on the X-axis (P=0.003). […] The 3.3-mm measurement provided a more accurate CA estimation than the 2.4-mm did, particularly for ATR astigmatism. […] Diameter zone and astigmatism type should be considered crucial to precise astigmatism calculation. […] In summary, the 3.3-mm diameter zone measurement in optical biometry produced a more accurate estimation of astigmatism than for 2.4-mm, particularly for ATR astigmatism, regardless of age, sex, axial length, IOL power, preoperative astigmatism, and corneal irregularity. […] The accuracy of residual astigmatism prediction may be influenced by different measuring methods and diameter zones. […] For diameter zones, using AL-Scan, we obtained smaller centroid prediction errors in 3.3-mm K readings than in 2.4-mm readings, particularly in eyes with ATR astigmatism.

• #9 Influences of the three-dimensional parameters of pterygium on corneal astigmatism and the intraocular lens power calculation | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-61959-3

  Pterygium morphology had great effect on corneal astigmatism and intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in cataract patients. […] We studied the effect of three-dimensional parameters of pterygium on corneal astigmatism and IOL power prediction. […] After pterygium surgery, corneal astigmatism decreased from 4.354.24 to 1.070.95 D and total corneal refractive power increased from 43.021.96 to 43.950.95 D (both P0.001). […] The predicted IOL power decreased from 22.872.82 to 21.712.85 D (P0.001) after surgery. […] Notably, 34 eyes (41.98%) had 3.0 D of pterygium induced astigmatism (PIA), and 33 eyes (40.74%) had 1.0 D of predicted IOL power change. […] Cataract surgeons could evaluate the effects of a pterygium according to its three-dimensional parameters and prepare an optimal surgical strategy for cataract combined pterygium patients.

• #10 Influences of the three-dimensional parameters of pterygium on corneal astigmatism and the intraocular lens power calculation | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-61959-3

  A large pterygium can induce significant corneal astigmatism and consequently affect the accuracy of the intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation. […] Previous studies have indicated a significant correlation between pterygium-induced astigmatism (PIA) and its size, and the predicted IOL power would increase in eyes with a pterygium. […] Our study found out that the pterygium surface area was an independent predictor of PIA (P0.001), which was in consistency with these previous studies. […] Our study also showed that the presence of pterygium increased the predicted IOL power. […] The mean predicted IOL power decrease after pterygium surgery was 1.17 D, and a predicted IOL power change 1 D was found in 40.74% of the eyes. […] Thus, we recommend that surgeons comprehensively take the PIA and predicted IOL power change into consideration. […] In conclusion, the presence of a pterygium induces significant corneal astigmatism, flattens the cornea, and increases the predicted IOL power.

• #11 Astigmatism: Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8576-astigmatism

  If you have a small degree of astigmatism that doesn’t affect your vision, you might not need any treatment. […] If you have a significant astigmatism that makes it hard to see clearly, there are lots of ways your eye care specialist can treat it. Many people with astigmatism only need glasses or contact lenses. […] Most people who have vision correction surgery have permanently improved vision. Some people need an enhancement procedure as they get older. This follow-up procedure will correct any changes in the astigmatism that happen after your eyes naturally change shape as you age.

• #12 Effect of postoperative ocular residual astigmatism | OPTH

  https://www.dovepress.com/effect-of-postoperative-ocular-residual-astigmatism-ora-on-treatment-o-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH

  Purpose: To analyze the impact of postoperative ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) on refraction, visual acuity and subjective satisfaction after myopic laser-in-situ-keratomileusis (LASIK) by a comprehensive analysis, which includes clinically relevant data and patient-reported outcomes. […] Conclusion: Patients with postoperatively high ORA report on higher satisfaction with treatment results than patients with postoperatively low ORA. This did not correlate with differences in the refractive nor visual outcome. As a matter of fact, there is a discrepancy between the objective analysis results and the subjective satisfaction of patients. […] In conclusion, the results of the current study show that preop high ORA remained postop high(er) ORA compared to low ORA eyes. Postoperatively high ORA individuals reported lower scoring and thus better satisfaction with treatment results. Individuals from the postoperative high ORA group reported on statistically significant higher satisfaction, even though they still had a significant amount of ORA left in the optical system. In conclusion, though postoperative high ORA is associated with less predictable and efficient refractive results after myopic LASIK compared to low ORA eyes, patients with postoperative high ORA report on higher satisfaction with treatment results and experience more side effects.

• #13 Comparison of astigmatism prediction error taken with the Pentacam measurements, Baylor nomogram, and Barrett formula for toric intraocular lens implantation | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-017-0550-z

  To evaluate and compare the astigmatism prediction errors taken with the Pentacam measurements, Baylor nomogram, and Barrett formula for toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. […] The centroid errors in prediction error with IOLMaster, SimK, Baylor-IOLMaster, Baylor-SimK, Barrett-IOLMaster, Barrett-SimK, wavefront, true net power, total corneal refractive power, and vector were 0.59@103, 0.61 @103, 0.37@161, 0.41@162, 0.24@171, 0.36@162, 0.42@106, 0.04@8, 0.07@82, and 0.03@82, respectively, in with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism eyes at postoperative 3-month. […] Vector summation using anterior and posterior corneal surface power taken with the Pentacam yields the least astigmatism prediction error and is a promising tool for determining toric IOL cylinder power. […] Several factors can contribute to residual refractive astigmatism error, including surgical induced corneal astigmatism (SICA), errors in toric IOL alignment, and methodologic error in predicting the toricity of IOL power.

• #14 Comparison of astigmatism prediction error taken with the Pentacam measurements, Baylor nomogram, and Barrett formula for toric intraocular lens implantation | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-017-0550-z

  The Baylor nomogram and Barret toric calculation considering predicting values of posterior corneal astigmatism have been suggested. […] The centroid mean values of SICA at postoperative 1- and 3- month were 0.25 @ 89 (0.44 0.20 D) and 0.24 @ 81 (0.51 0.28 D), respectively, in WTR eyes, and 0.65 @ 94 (0.74 0.60 D) and 0.45 @ 81 (0.68 0.27 D), respectively, in ATR eyes. […] The vector in ATR eyes displayed the lowest WTR/ATR prediction error (range: 0.08 to 0.04 D). Overall, a trend toward overcorrection in WTR eyes, and undercorrection of corneal astigmatism in ATR eyes, was found in anterior surface-based modalities including IOLMaster and SimK but undercorrection in WTR and overcorrection in ATR in nomogram or formula-based modalities including Baylor-IOLMaster, Baylor-SimK, Barrett-IOLMaster, and Barrett-SimK. […] Among the ten modalities, only vector showed lesser mean prediction error than the minimum allowed astigmatism value (0.3 D) simultaneously with substantial agreement index (both WTR/ATR and oblique ICC 0.6) on both WTR and ATR eyes.

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