Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Melanoma Epidemiology: Symptoms, Causes, and Preventions | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/83632

  Melanoma arises from melanocyte cells. Melanocyte tumors cause malignant melanoma. Melanoma is a rare kind of skin cancer, although it causes 75% of skin cancer deaths. Melanoma is a severe kind of skin cancer originating in cells called melanocytes. Despite being less prevalent than basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), melanoma is more deadly due to its tendency to migrate to other organs if not treated early rapidly. Melanoma is one of the less prevalent forms of skin cancer, although it is responsible for most (75%) of skin cancer-related fatalities. Melanoma develops when melanocytes incur mutations due to sunburn or tanning-induced DNA damage, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Most experts agree that overexposure to sunlight, especially when young, is a key risk factor for melanoma. Statistics indicate that 86% of melanomas are caused by the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays. The World Health Organization has classified ultraviolet radiation from tanning beds as a carcinogen (a substance that causes cancer). Melanoma is more prevalent among White people; however, all skin types can be affected.

• #2 Melanoma: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000850.htm

  Melanoma is caused by changes (mutations) in skin cells called melanocytes. These cells make a skin color pigment called melanin. Melanin is responsible for skin and hair color. […] The risk for developing melanoma increases with age. However, more and more young people are developing it. […] You are more likely to develop melanoma if you: Have fair skin, blue or green eyes, or red or blond hair; Live in sunny climates or at high altitudes; Spent a lot of time in high levels of strong sunlight because of a job or other activities; Have had one or more blistering sunburns during childhood; Use tanning devices, such as tanning beds. […] Other risk factors include: Having close relatives with melanoma; Certain types of moles (atypical or dysplastic) or many birthmarks; Weakened immune system due to disease or medicines.

• #3

• #4 Risks and causes of melanoma skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/melanoma/risks-causes

  Your risk of developing melanoma depends on many things. This includes lifestyle factors and some medical conditions. In the UK, too much ultraviolet radiation causes around 85 out of 100 melanomas (around 85%). […] Ultraviolet (UV) light is the main environmental factor that increases the risk of developing melanoma. It’s also called ultraviolet radiation. UV light comes from the sun or sunbeds. In the UK, around 85 out of 100 melanomas (around 85%) are caused by too much UV light. […] People who have had sunburn are more likely to get melanoma than those who haven’t. The risk is higher if you’ve had sunburn several times in your life. This increase in risk is seen with sunburn at all ages, not just in childhood. […] Research shows that the type of ultraviolet light used in sunbeds (UVA) can cause melanoma and non melanoma skin cancer. The International Agency for Research into Cancer (IARC) has identified sunbed use as a cause of melanoma.

• #5 Melanoma skin cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/melanoma-skin-cancer/

  Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can spread to other areas of the body. […] The main cause of melanoma is ultraviolet light, which comes from the sun and is used in sunbeds. […] Things that increase your chances of getting melanoma include your age and having pale skin, a large number of moles and a family history of skin cancer.

• #6 What causes melanoma? About melanoma

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/what-causes-melanoma-sunlight

  What causes melanoma? Sunlight! […] In New Zealand, most melanomas are related in some way to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). UVR comes from the sun or from man-made sources such as sunbeds and tanning salons. […] Damage from UVR begins as soon as the sun’s rays reach our skin. UVR causes many visible and invisible changes in skin cells. […] The main cause of melanoma is the sun, but genetic factors are also important.

• #7 Skin cancer (melanoma) causes and prevention – HSE.ie

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/skin-cancer-melanoma/causes/

  Most skin cancers are caused by ultraviolet (UV) light damaging the DNA in skin cells. The main source of UV light is sunlight. […] UVA and UVB damage skin over time, making it more likely for skin cancers to develop. […] Artificial sources of light, such as sunlamps and tanning beds, also increase your risk of developing skin cancer. […] Repeated sunburn increases the risk of melanoma in people of all ages. […] You have a higher risk of melanoma if you have lots of moles on your body. The risk increases if they are large (over 6mm) or an unusual shape. […] You’re also more likely to develop melanoma skin cancer if you have a close relative who’s had melanoma skin cancer. […] The risk of getting skin cancer also increases with age. […] It’s not always possible to prevent melanoma skin cancer. But you can reduce your risk of getting it. […] Protecting your skin from the sun and sunbeds. […] Do not use sunbeds. […] Do not get sunburnt.

• #8 Risk factors for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. The most important risk factor for melanoma skin cancer is ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun and indoor tanning. […] The number of new cases of melanoma skin cancer has increased in both men and women over the past 30 years. More men than women develop it. The chance of developing melanoma skin cancer increases with age, but it is also found in adolescents and young adults (15 to 29 years of age). […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for melanoma skin cancer. […] Being in contact with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the most important risk factor for developing skin cancer. The sun is the main source of UVR. Indoor tanning equipment, such as tanning beds and sun lamps, is also a source of UVR.

• #9 Skin cancer types: Melanoma causesGo to AAD HomeGo to AAD HomeGo to AAD HomeAAD LogoAAD Logo

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/types/common/melanoma/causes

  What causes melanoma? Research indicates that ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun and indoor tanning can: […] Cause melanoma […] Increase the risk of a normal mole turning into melanoma […] UV light is a known carcinogen (cancer-causing substance). Every time UV light hits our skin, it can damage some of the DNA inside. The body tries to repair this damage. […] When the damage becomes more than the body can repair, changes (mutations) develop in our skin’s cells. As the mutations build up, skin cancer can develop. […] Melanoma develops when mutations develop inside cells called melanocytes (meh-lan-oh-cites). These cells give skin its color. […] Spending time outside without protecting your skin from the sun increases your risk of getting melanoma. […] Yes, you have a higher risk of getting melanoma if you:

• #10 Skin Cancer Facts & Statistics

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/skin-cancer-facts/

  Having 5 or more sunburns doubles your risk for melanoma. […] The vast majority of melanomas are caused by the sun. In fact, one UK study found that about 86 percent of melanomas can be attributed to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. […] On average, a person’s risk for melanoma doubles if they have had more than five sunburns. […] Regular daily use of an SPF 15 or higher sunscreen reduces the risk of developing melanoma by 50 percent. […] Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a proven human carcinogen. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer, an affiliate of the World Health Organization, includes ultraviolet (UV) tanning devices in its Group 1, a list of agents that are cancer-causing to humans. […] More than 419,000 cases of skin cancer in the U.S. each year are linked to indoor tanning, including about 245,000 basal cell carcinomas, 168,000 squamous cell carcinomas and 6,200 melanomas.

• #11 Melanoma | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/melanoma

  Melanoma risk increases with exposure to UV radiation from the sun or other sources such as solariums, particularly with episodes of sunburn (especially during childhood). […] Melanoma risk is increased for people who have: unprotected UV radiation exposure, a history of childhood tanning and sunburn, a pattern of short, intense periods of exposure to UV radiation, having a lot of moles (naevi) – more than 50 on the body and more than 10 above the elbows on the arms, increased numbers of unusual moles (dysplastic naevi), depressed immune systems, a family history of melanoma in a first degree relative, fair skin, a tendency to burn rather than tan, freckles, light eye colour (blue or green), light or red hair colour, had a previous melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancer.

• #12 Melanoma (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/melanoma.html

  Melanoma most commonly develops on the trunk, head, and neck for guys, and the lower legs for girls. […] One of the most important contributors to melanoma is ultraviolet (UV) sun damage. Cells that have been damaged — particularly by short bouts of bad, blistering sunburns during childhood or regular tanning bed use as a teen or young adult — are more likely to become cancerous over time. […] Melanoma happens when melanocytes stop working normally. Because of a genetic change (mutation), they begin growing out of control, sticking together to form tumors, crowding out healthy cells, and damaging surrounding tissue.

• #13 Risk factors for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/risks

  Most cases of melanoma skin cancer are caused by contact with UVR from the sun. It could be from being in the sun on and off during your lifetime or being in the sun early in your life. People who have had at least one blistering sunburn as a child or teenager have a higher risk of developing melanoma later in life. The more sunburns you have had, the greater the risk of melanoma. […] But you have a higher risk of developing melanoma skin cancer if you have many moles. […] Having atypical moles increases your risk of developing melanoma skin cancer. This risk increases with the more atypical moles you have. […] The larger the congenital melanocytic nevus, the greater the risk of developing melanoma skin cancer. […] People with FAMMM syndrome have a very high risk of developing melanoma skin cancer.

• #14 Melanoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma

  UV radiation exposure from tanning beds increases the risk of melanoma. The International Agency for Research on Cancer finds that tanning beds are „carcinogenic to humans” and that people who begin using tanning devices before the age of thirty years are 75% more likely to develop melanoma. […] Possible significant elements in determining risk include the intensity and duration of sun exposure, the age at which sun exposure occurs, and the degree of skin pigmentation. Melanoma rates tend to be highest in countries settled by migrants from Europe which have a large amount of direct, intense sunlight to which the skin of the settlers is not adapted, most notably Australia. Exposure during childhood is a more important risk factor than exposure in adulthood. This is seen in migration studies in Australia.

• #15 Malignant Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470409/

  Melanoma is caused by several factors, including environmental, genetic, and immunological. In particular, melanoma research has focused on activating the immune system and understanding various cancer signal transduction pathways, with the successful development of effective immunotherapies and targeted therapies, respectively. The genes associated with melanoma predisposition are CDKN2A, CDK4, MC1R. The genetic disorder xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is also associated with melanoma and results in the improper repair of ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage and, therefore, a high mutation rate. […] Many factors can promote melanoma development, including exposure to UV rays. People of the same ethnicity experience different rates of melanoma depending on their geographical location. Locations differ in terms of atmospheric absorption, latitude, altitude, cloud cover, levels of ozone layer depletion, and seasonality, thus impacting incident UV radiation. Genetic factors also influence the pathogenesis of melanoma. The BRAF mutation was detected in patients with melanoma without chronic sun damage in 2005 by Uhara et al. Several studies have shown that nearly 40% to 50% of cutaneous melanomas have mutations in BRAF, a serine/threonine-protein kinase associated with the RAS-RAF-MEK pathway. The BRAF mutation activates the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, which starts at the cell surface and signals through RAS, then RAF, followed by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). ERK is the final protein in this cascade, which affects the expression of genes within the nucleus and leads to cell proliferation. The most common mutation is the V600E, although a different mutation called V600K has also been found in some cases.

• #16 What Causes Melanoma – AIM at Melanoma Foundation

  https://www.aimatmelanoma.org/melanoma-101/understanding-melanoma/what-causes-melanoma/

  Cancer starts when a gene in a cell mutates (changes). The body can often correct mutations, but if it doesn’t, the mutation creates an abnormal protein or prevents one from forming, which in turn causes a cell to multiply uncontrollably and become cancerous. […] Melanoma develops when melanocytes (the cells that produce pigment), mutate, multiply, and become cancerous. […] In the case of melanoma, overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the most common factor that causes a mutation. UV radiation is a major risk factor for melanoma. […] Germline mutations are less common than acquired mutations, and they occur in a sperm cell or egg cell. This mutation passes directly from parent to child at conception. Cancer caused by germline mutations is called inherited cancer. Inherited, or familial, melanoma is rare; only 1-2% of people are considered to have familial melanoma.

• #17 Risk factors for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/risks

  The following hereditary conditions can also increase the risk of developing melanoma skin cancer. […] People with fair or light-coloured skin have a higher risk of developing melanoma skin cancer than people with other skin types. […] People who have already had melanoma skin cancer have a higher risk of developing another primary melanoma. […] Your risk of developing melanoma increases if one or more of your first-degree relatives has been diagnosed with melanoma. […] About 5% to 25% of families with a higher risk for melanoma have an inherited mutation in the CDKN2A gene. […] People with a weakened immune system have a higher risk of developing melanoma skin cancer.

• #18 What Causes Melanoma? | Causes of Melanoma Skin Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Less often, people inherit gene changes from a parent that clearly raise their risk of melanoma. […] Familial (inherited) melanomas most often have changes in tumor suppressor genes, such as CDKN2A (also known as p16), CDK4, or BAP1, that prevent these genes from doing their normal job of controlling cell growth. This could eventually lead to cancer. […] Some people, such as those with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), inherit a change in one of the XP (ERCC) genes, which normally help to repair damaged DNA inside the cell. Changes in one of these genes can lead to skin cells that have trouble repairing DNA damaged by UV rays, so these people are more likely to develop melanoma, especially on sun-exposed parts of the body.

• #19 What Causes Melanoma? | Causes of Melanoma Skin Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Less often, people inherit gene changes from a parent that clearly raise their risk of melanoma. […] Familial (inherited) melanomas most often have changes in tumor suppressor genes, such as CDKN2A (also known as p16), CDK4, or BAP1, that prevent these genes from doing their normal job of controlling cell growth. This could eventually lead to cancer. […] Some people, such as those with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), inherit a change in one of the XP (ERCC) genes, which normally help to repair damaged DNA inside the cell. Changes in one of these genes can lead to skin cells that have trouble repairing DNA damaged by UV rays, so these people are more likely to develop melanoma, especially on sun-exposed parts of the body.

• #20 Melanoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/melanoma/melanoma-causes-and-risk-factors/

  If you have hereditary risk factors as well as many atypical moles, your risk of developing melanoma is even higher. […] In the case of some familial melanomas, researchers have discovered DNA changes in tumor suppressor genes, including CDKN2A (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A) and BAP1 (BRCA1 associated protein-1).

• #21 Malignant Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470409/

  Melanoma is caused by several factors, including environmental, genetic, and immunological. In particular, melanoma research has focused on activating the immune system and understanding various cancer signal transduction pathways, with the successful development of effective immunotherapies and targeted therapies, respectively. The genes associated with melanoma predisposition are CDKN2A, CDK4, MC1R. The genetic disorder xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is also associated with melanoma and results in the improper repair of ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage and, therefore, a high mutation rate. […] Many factors can promote melanoma development, including exposure to UV rays. People of the same ethnicity experience different rates of melanoma depending on their geographical location. Locations differ in terms of atmospheric absorption, latitude, altitude, cloud cover, levels of ozone layer depletion, and seasonality, thus impacting incident UV radiation. Genetic factors also influence the pathogenesis of melanoma. The BRAF mutation was detected in patients with melanoma without chronic sun damage in 2005 by Uhara et al. Several studies have shown that nearly 40% to 50% of cutaneous melanomas have mutations in BRAF, a serine/threonine-protein kinase associated with the RAS-RAF-MEK pathway. The BRAF mutation activates the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, which starts at the cell surface and signals through RAS, then RAF, followed by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). ERK is the final protein in this cascade, which affects the expression of genes within the nucleus and leads to cell proliferation. The most common mutation is the V600E, although a different mutation called V600K has also been found in some cases.

• #22 Etiologies of Melanoma Development and Prevention Measures: A Review of the Current Evidence – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8508267/

  Having a type I FST conveys a RR of 2.09 compared to a type IV phenotype. […] Having lighter hair color also harbors increased risk, with red and blonde hair having an RR of 3.64 and 1.96, respectively, compared to dark-haired individuals. […] People with either blue (RR 1.47) or green (RR 1.61) eyes have a greater predisposition toward melanoma when compared to those with “dark” eyes. […] Genetic variants of the melanocortin 1 receptor MC1R are linked to high-risk phenotypic alterations in pigmentation—such as fairer skin, hair, and eye colors—that confer a predisposition to melanoma. […] The evidence surrounding the use of chemopreventive therapeutics for melanoma prevention is varied, and further research is increasingly needed to determine the true clinical efficacy of these agents.

• #23 Skin cancer types: Melanoma causesGo to AAD HomeGo to AAD HomeGo to AAD HomeAAD LogoAAD Logo

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/types/common/melanoma/causes

  If you have received an organ transplant, you have a higher risk of developing melanoma and other skin cancers. […] If you’ve had melanoma or another type of skin cancer, your skin has been badly damaged by UV light. This increases your risk of developing more skin cancers, including melanoma. […] A few other cancers aside from skin cancer can increase your risk of developing melanoma. […] Although rare, melanoma can run in a family. When this happens, some people inherit genes for melanoma. […] This is an extremely rare condition, which makes a person’s skin unable to repair any damage caused by UV light. Because the body cannot repair any UV damage, it’s estimated that XP can raise the risk of getting skin cancer 10,000-fold. […] While some people have a higher risk of developing melanoma, it’s important to know that melanoma develops in people of all skin colors from the palest to the darkest. […] When melanoma develops in a person who has skin of color, the cancer often begins on the bottom of the foot, palm of the hand, or beneath (or around) a nail. UV light isn’t believed to play a role in these melanomas.

• #24 What Causes Melanoma? | Causes of Melanoma Skin Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Less often, people inherit gene changes from a parent that clearly raise their risk of melanoma. […] Familial (inherited) melanomas most often have changes in tumor suppressor genes, such as CDKN2A (also known as p16), CDK4, or BAP1, that prevent these genes from doing their normal job of controlling cell growth. This could eventually lead to cancer. […] Some people, such as those with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), inherit a change in one of the XP (ERCC) genes, which normally help to repair damaged DNA inside the cell. Changes in one of these genes can lead to skin cells that have trouble repairing DNA damaged by UV rays, so these people are more likely to develop melanoma, especially on sun-exposed parts of the body.

• #25 Melanoma skin cancer – Causes – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes/

  Ultraviolet (UV) light is the most common cause of melanoma. It comes from the sun and is used in sunbeds. […] You’re also more likely to get melanoma if you have: pale skin that burns easily in the sun, red or blonde hair, blue or green eyes, a large number of freckles or moles, had a lot of sun exposure and you’ve had sunburn a lot in the past, used sunbeds a lot, a history of skin cancer in your family or you’ve had skin cancer before. […] If you have black or brown skin, you have a lower chance of getting melanoma, but you can still get it. People with black or brown skin most often get melanoma on the soles of the feet, palms of the hands, or under a nail.

• #26 Malignant Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470409/

  Melanoma is a malignancy derived from the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Melanocytes are derived from the neural crest. Therefore, melanomas, although they arise from the skin, can develop in other locations where neural crest cells migrate, such as the gastrointestinal tract and brain. […] Multiple causes have been postulated in the development of malignant melanoma, including: Family history: A positive family history is noted in 5% to 10% of patients with melanoma. There is a 2.2-fold higher risk of developing melanoma with at least 1 affected family member. Personal characteristics: Blue eyes, fair or red hair, pale complexion, history of sunburns, freckled skin, history of benign or dysplastic melanocytic nevi with the number of lesions showing a stronger correlation than size, and immunocompromised state (eg, posttransplant patients, patients with hematologic malignancies) are known high-risk factors. Lifetime sun exposure: High UVB and UVA radiation exposure. Recent evidence has shown that the risk of melanoma is higher in people who use sunscreen. This is because sunscreen primarily blocks UVB, and therefore, people using sunscreen may be exposed to UVA more than the general public, provided those people are exposed to the sun more than the public at large. Risks of melanoma increase with decreasing or increasing latitude.

• #27 Etiologies of Melanoma Development and Prevention Measures: A Review of the Current Evidence – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8508267/

  Having a type I FST conveys a RR of 2.09 compared to a type IV phenotype. […] Having lighter hair color also harbors increased risk, with red and blonde hair having an RR of 3.64 and 1.96, respectively, compared to dark-haired individuals. […] People with either blue (RR 1.47) or green (RR 1.61) eyes have a greater predisposition toward melanoma when compared to those with “dark” eyes. […] Genetic variants of the melanocortin 1 receptor MC1R are linked to high-risk phenotypic alterations in pigmentation—such as fairer skin, hair, and eye colors—that confer a predisposition to melanoma. […] The evidence surrounding the use of chemopreventive therapeutics for melanoma prevention is varied, and further research is increasingly needed to determine the true clinical efficacy of these agents.

• #28 Etiologies of Melanoma Development and Prevention Measures: A Review of the Current Evidence – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8508267/

  Having a type I FST conveys a RR of 2.09 compared to a type IV phenotype. […] Having lighter hair color also harbors increased risk, with red and blonde hair having an RR of 3.64 and 1.96, respectively, compared to dark-haired individuals. […] People with either blue (RR 1.47) or green (RR 1.61) eyes have a greater predisposition toward melanoma when compared to those with “dark” eyes. […] Genetic variants of the melanocortin 1 receptor MC1R are linked to high-risk phenotypic alterations in pigmentation—such as fairer skin, hair, and eye colors—that confer a predisposition to melanoma. […] The evidence surrounding the use of chemopreventive therapeutics for melanoma prevention is varied, and further research is increasingly needed to determine the true clinical efficacy of these agents.

• #29 Etiologies of Melanoma Development and Prevention Measures: A Review of the Current Evidence – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8508267/

  Having a type I FST conveys a RR of 2.09 compared to a type IV phenotype. […] Having lighter hair color also harbors increased risk, with red and blonde hair having an RR of 3.64 and 1.96, respectively, compared to dark-haired individuals. […] People with either blue (RR 1.47) or green (RR 1.61) eyes have a greater predisposition toward melanoma when compared to those with “dark” eyes. […] Genetic variants of the melanocortin 1 receptor MC1R are linked to high-risk phenotypic alterations in pigmentation—such as fairer skin, hair, and eye colors—that confer a predisposition to melanoma. […] The evidence surrounding the use of chemopreventive therapeutics for melanoma prevention is varied, and further research is increasingly needed to determine the true clinical efficacy of these agents.

• #30 Melanoma: Symptoms, stages, and moreMedical News Today

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154322

  Melanoma is a type of skin cancer. Risk factors include overexposure to the sun, having fair skin, and a family history of melanoma, among others. […] The risk of melanoma is much higher for people with lighter skin color, red or blonde hair, blue or green eyes, or skin that burns easily. […] Other risk factors include: a high density of freckles or a tendency to develop freckles following exposure to the sun, a high number of moles, 10 or more atypical moles, the presence of actinic lentigines, also known as liver spots or age spots, giant congenital melanocytic nevi, a type of brown birthmark, high sun exposure, particularly if it produces a blistering sunburn, and if sun exposure is intermittent rather than regular, older age, a family or personal history of melanoma, a previous organ transplant. […] Of these risk factors, only sun exposure and sunburn are avoidable. Avoiding overexposure to the sun and preventing sunburn can significantly lower the risk of skin cancer. Tanning beds are also a source of damaging ultraviolet (UV) rays.

• #31 Melanoma skin cancer – Causes – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes/

  Ultraviolet (UV) light is the most common cause of melanoma. It comes from the sun and is used in sunbeds. […] You’re also more likely to get melanoma if you have: pale skin that burns easily in the sun, red or blonde hair, blue or green eyes, a large number of freckles or moles, had a lot of sun exposure and you’ve had sunburn a lot in the past, used sunbeds a lot, a history of skin cancer in your family or you’ve had skin cancer before. […] If you have black or brown skin, you have a lower chance of getting melanoma, but you can still get it. People with black or brown skin most often get melanoma on the soles of the feet, palms of the hands, or under a nail.

• #32 Skin cancer types: Melanoma causesGo to AAD HomeGo to AAD HomeGo to AAD HomeAAD LogoAAD Logo

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/types/common/melanoma/causes

  If you have received an organ transplant, you have a higher risk of developing melanoma and other skin cancers. […] If you’ve had melanoma or another type of skin cancer, your skin has been badly damaged by UV light. This increases your risk of developing more skin cancers, including melanoma. […] A few other cancers aside from skin cancer can increase your risk of developing melanoma. […] Although rare, melanoma can run in a family. When this happens, some people inherit genes for melanoma. […] This is an extremely rare condition, which makes a person’s skin unable to repair any damage caused by UV light. Because the body cannot repair any UV damage, it’s estimated that XP can raise the risk of getting skin cancer 10,000-fold. […] While some people have a higher risk of developing melanoma, it’s important to know that melanoma develops in people of all skin colors from the palest to the darkest. […] When melanoma develops in a person who has skin of color, the cancer often begins on the bottom of the foot, palm of the hand, or beneath (or around) a nail. UV light isn’t believed to play a role in these melanomas.

• #33 Melanoma Skin Cancer: Images, Diagnosis, and Treatment — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/melanoma

  Melanoma is thought to begin as an uncontrolled proliferation of melanin-producing cells (melanocytic stem cells) that have undergone a genetic transformation. […] The most common cause of melanoma is overexposure to UV radiation, eg, sun exposure, sunbed use. […] Germline 'inherited’ mutations are passed down from the parent. Inherited (familial) melanoma is far less common (<10%). [...] Although the presence of a large number of common nevi is a strong risk factor for cutaneous melanoma, the majority of melanomas arise de novo. [...] Melanomas have two growth phases, radial and vertical. [...] Once the melanoma cells have reached the dermis, they may spread to other tissues via the lymphatic system to the local lymph nodes or via the bloodstream to other organs such as the lungs or brain. [...] The risk of spread and ultimate death from invasive melanoma depends on several factors, including anatomic location, pathologic factors, and mutation status. However, the main factor is the Breslow thickness of the melanoma at the time it was surgically removed.

• #34 Melanoma | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/melanoma

  Melanoma risk increases with exposure to UV radiation from the sun or other sources such as solariums, particularly with episodes of sunburn (especially during childhood). […] Melanoma risk is increased for people who have: unprotected UV radiation exposure, a history of childhood tanning and sunburn, a pattern of short, intense periods of exposure to UV radiation, having a lot of moles (naevi) – more than 50 on the body and more than 10 above the elbows on the arms, increased numbers of unusual moles (dysplastic naevi), depressed immune systems, a family history of melanoma in a first degree relative, fair skin, a tendency to burn rather than tan, freckles, light eye colour (blue or green), light or red hair colour, had a previous melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancer.

• #35 Etiologies of Melanoma Development and Prevention Measures: A Review of the Current Evidence – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8508267/

  However, the evidence is mixed surrounding the use of these and other interventions. […] This review discusses the heritable etiologies underlying melanoma development before delving into the data surrounding the preventive methods highlighted above. […] Evidence exists to support population-wide screening programs, the proper use of sunscreen, and community-targeted measures in the prevention of melanoma. […] A number of nonmodifiable heritable traits increase one’s susceptibility to melanoma. […] For example, an increase in the number of either common or atypical nevi confer greater risk for malignancy, with the presence of just one atypical nevus associated with a relative risk (RR) of 1.60. […] The Fitzpatrick classification system assigns skin phototypes based on the response to sun exposure, such as a tendency of skin to burn versus tan.

• #36 Risk factors for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/risks

  Most cases of melanoma skin cancer are caused by contact with UVR from the sun. It could be from being in the sun on and off during your lifetime or being in the sun early in your life. People who have had at least one blistering sunburn as a child or teenager have a higher risk of developing melanoma later in life. The more sunburns you have had, the greater the risk of melanoma. […] But you have a higher risk of developing melanoma skin cancer if you have many moles. […] Having atypical moles increases your risk of developing melanoma skin cancer. This risk increases with the more atypical moles you have. […] The larger the congenital melanocytic nevus, the greater the risk of developing melanoma skin cancer. […] People with FAMMM syndrome have a very high risk of developing melanoma skin cancer.

• #37 Melanoma Skin Cancer: Images, Diagnosis, and Treatment — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/melanoma

  Melanoma is thought to begin as an uncontrolled proliferation of melanin-producing cells (melanocytic stem cells) that have undergone a genetic transformation. […] The most common cause of melanoma is overexposure to UV radiation, eg, sun exposure, sunbed use. […] Germline 'inherited’ mutations are passed down from the parent. Inherited (familial) melanoma is far less common (<10%). [...] Although the presence of a large number of common nevi is a strong risk factor for cutaneous melanoma, the majority of melanomas arise de novo. [...] Melanomas have two growth phases, radial and vertical. [...] Once the melanoma cells have reached the dermis, they may spread to other tissues via the lymphatic system to the local lymph nodes or via the bloodstream to other organs such as the lungs or brain. [...] The risk of spread and ultimate death from invasive melanoma depends on several factors, including anatomic location, pathologic factors, and mutation status. However, the main factor is the Breslow thickness of the melanoma at the time it was surgically removed.

• #38 Melanoma Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Melanoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A person who has already had melanoma has a higher risk of getting melanoma again. […] People with weakened immune systems (from certain diseases or medical treatments) are more likely to develop many types of skin cancer, including melanoma. […] The risk of melanoma increases as people age, but melanoma can also develop in younger people. […] In the United States, men are more likely than women to get melanoma, although this varies by age. […] Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare, inherited condition that lowers skin cells’ ability to repair damage to their DNA. People with XP have a high risk of developing melanoma and other skin cancers when they are young, especially on sun-exposed areas of their skin.

• #39 Risk factors for melanoma skin cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/melanoma-skin/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. The most important risk factor for melanoma skin cancer is ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun and indoor tanning. […] The number of new cases of melanoma skin cancer has increased in both men and women over the past 30 years. More men than women develop it. The chance of developing melanoma skin cancer increases with age, but it is also found in adolescents and young adults (15 to 29 years of age). […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for melanoma skin cancer. […] Being in contact with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the most important risk factor for developing skin cancer. The sun is the main source of UVR. Indoor tanning equipment, such as tanning beds and sun lamps, is also a source of UVR.

• #40 Melanoma Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Melanoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A person who has already had melanoma has a higher risk of getting melanoma again. […] People with weakened immune systems (from certain diseases or medical treatments) are more likely to develop many types of skin cancer, including melanoma. […] The risk of melanoma increases as people age, but melanoma can also develop in younger people. […] In the United States, men are more likely than women to get melanoma, although this varies by age. […] Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare, inherited condition that lowers skin cells’ ability to repair damage to their DNA. People with XP have a high risk of developing melanoma and other skin cancers when they are young, especially on sun-exposed areas of their skin.

• #41 Understanding Melanoma Skin Cancer: Causes and Appearance

  https://miiskin.com/melanoma/understanding-melanoma-causes-appearance/

  Statistics show that there are a range of melanoma risk factors that affect the likelihood of any particular person developing the condition. […] Some of these risk factors are innate but some others can be modified in order to reduce the chances of suffering the condition in the first place. […] Statistics also clearly show that early melanoma detection vastly improves outcomes including survival rates. […] A good knowledge of the main skin cancer risk factors including some specific melanoma risk factors can help patients determine if they are at increased risk and require extra precautions in the sun and to check their skin more often. […] Statistics show that men are at a higher risk of melanoma than women with twice as many men dying from the condition. Increasing age is also a factor as the rates of melanoma increase as we get older. However, there are increasing numbers of young patients under 30 being diagnosed with the condition.

• #42 Melanoma Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/dermatologic-cancers/melanoma/causes-and-diagnoses

  The exact cause of melanoma is unknown, but certain factors can increase your risk of developing melanoma. Risk factors include: […] Age: Melanoma is more common in older individuals, but it is one of the most common cancers in younger individuals […] Gender: Men have a higher overall risk; women are most at risk before age 40 […] Exposure to sunlight’s UV rays […] Tanning bed and sunlamp use: Artificial tanning has been linked to an increased melanoma risk. […] Having abnormal or many moles […] Having light hair and fair skin […] Family history of melanoma […] Personal history of melanoma […] Certain rare, inherited conditions, such as xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) […] A weakened immune system.

• #43 Understanding Melanoma Skin Cancer: Causes and Appearance

  https://miiskin.com/melanoma/understanding-melanoma-causes-appearance/

  Statistics show that there are a range of melanoma risk factors that affect the likelihood of any particular person developing the condition. […] Some of these risk factors are innate but some others can be modified in order to reduce the chances of suffering the condition in the first place. […] Statistics also clearly show that early melanoma detection vastly improves outcomes including survival rates. […] A good knowledge of the main skin cancer risk factors including some specific melanoma risk factors can help patients determine if they are at increased risk and require extra precautions in the sun and to check their skin more often. […] Statistics show that men are at a higher risk of melanoma than women with twice as many men dying from the condition. Increasing age is also a factor as the rates of melanoma increase as we get older. However, there are increasing numbers of young patients under 30 being diagnosed with the condition.

• #44 Melanoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma

  UV radiation exposure from tanning beds increases the risk of melanoma. The International Agency for Research on Cancer finds that tanning beds are „carcinogenic to humans” and that people who begin using tanning devices before the age of thirty years are 75% more likely to develop melanoma. […] Possible significant elements in determining risk include the intensity and duration of sun exposure, the age at which sun exposure occurs, and the degree of skin pigmentation. Melanoma rates tend to be highest in countries settled by migrants from Europe which have a large amount of direct, intense sunlight to which the skin of the settlers is not adapted, most notably Australia. Exposure during childhood is a more important risk factor than exposure in adulthood. This is seen in migration studies in Australia.

• #45 Melanoma Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Melanoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A person who has already had melanoma has a higher risk of getting melanoma again. […] People with weakened immune systems (from certain diseases or medical treatments) are more likely to develop many types of skin cancer, including melanoma. […] The risk of melanoma increases as people age, but melanoma can also develop in younger people. […] In the United States, men are more likely than women to get melanoma, although this varies by age. […] Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare, inherited condition that lowers skin cells’ ability to repair damage to their DNA. People with XP have a high risk of developing melanoma and other skin cancers when they are young, especially on sun-exposed areas of their skin.

• #46 Melanoma Skin Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments | SERO

  https://treatcancer.com/blog/the-abcdes-of-melanoma/

  Melanoma is a type of skin cancer caused by damage to the DNA of melanocyte cells in the skin. […] Long-term exposure to UV rays, or specific incidences of brief, intense exposure resulting in severe, blistering sunburns, are believed to be the most common cause of melanoma. […] The following characteristics may put you at greater risk of developing melanoma: History of severe, blistering sunburn. Fair skin. People with less melanin in their skin, those with light-colored eyes and blonde or red hair, and those with freckles, have less built-in protection from UV radiation and are at greater risk of developing melanoma. Frequent sunburns in early childhood. Family history of skin cancer, especially melanoma. Having a large number of moles (more than 50) or atypical moles. Weakened immune system, caused by medical conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or medical treatments such as chemotherapy.

• #47 Melanoma Risk Factors

  https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/melanoma/melanoma-causes-and-risk-factors/

  If your immune system is weakened as the result of medical treatments, including chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy (commonly used after an organ transplant), or if you have a medical condition such as lymphoma or HIV that compromises the immune system, your risk of developing melanoma is higher. […] Moles, the small brown “beauty marks” that arise on the skin throughout life are not dangerous, but people with many moles are at increased risk for developing melanoma. […] Although anyone can get melanoma, people with fairer skin – especially those with red or blond hair, blue or green eyes, or skin that freckles or easily burns – have a higher risk. […] Previous skin cancer diagnoses also increase your risk for developing melanoma. […] Melanoma can run in families. In fact, about one in every 10 patients diagnosed with melanoma has a family member with a history of the disease.

• #48 Melanoma: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000850.htm

  Melanoma is caused by changes (mutations) in skin cells called melanocytes. These cells make a skin color pigment called melanin. Melanin is responsible for skin and hair color. […] The risk for developing melanoma increases with age. However, more and more young people are developing it. […] You are more likely to develop melanoma if you: Have fair skin, blue or green eyes, or red or blond hair; Live in sunny climates or at high altitudes; Spent a lot of time in high levels of strong sunlight because of a job or other activities; Have had one or more blistering sunburns during childhood; Use tanning devices, such as tanning beds. […] Other risk factors include: Having close relatives with melanoma; Certain types of moles (atypical or dysplastic) or many birthmarks; Weakened immune system due to disease or medicines.

• #49 Malignant Melanoma – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470409/

  Melanoma is a malignancy derived from the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Melanocytes are derived from the neural crest. Therefore, melanomas, although they arise from the skin, can develop in other locations where neural crest cells migrate, such as the gastrointestinal tract and brain. […] Multiple causes have been postulated in the development of malignant melanoma, including: Family history: A positive family history is noted in 5% to 10% of patients with melanoma. There is a 2.2-fold higher risk of developing melanoma with at least 1 affected family member. Personal characteristics: Blue eyes, fair or red hair, pale complexion, history of sunburns, freckled skin, history of benign or dysplastic melanocytic nevi with the number of lesions showing a stronger correlation than size, and immunocompromised state (eg, posttransplant patients, patients with hematologic malignancies) are known high-risk factors. Lifetime sun exposure: High UVB and UVA radiation exposure. Recent evidence has shown that the risk of melanoma is higher in people who use sunscreen. This is because sunscreen primarily blocks UVB, and therefore, people using sunscreen may be exposed to UVA more than the general public, provided those people are exposed to the sun more than the public at large. Risks of melanoma increase with decreasing or increasing latitude.

• #50 Melanoma Skin Cancer Risk Factors | Melanoma Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/melanoma-skin-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A person who has already had melanoma has a higher risk of getting melanoma again. […] People with weakened immune systems (from certain diseases or medical treatments) are more likely to develop many types of skin cancer, including melanoma. […] The risk of melanoma increases as people age, but melanoma can also develop in younger people. […] In the United States, men are more likely than women to get melanoma, although this varies by age. […] Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare, inherited condition that lowers skin cells’ ability to repair damage to their DNA. People with XP have a high risk of developing melanoma and other skin cancers when they are young, especially on sun-exposed areas of their skin.

• #51 Risks and causes of melanoma skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/melanoma/risks-causes

  Your risk of melanoma is higher if you have a close relative who’s also had melanoma. This is probably partly because we tend to share the same colouring and skin type as our close relatives. […] Around 10 out of 100 cases of melanoma (around 10%) might be linked to an inherited gene change. A number of genes can be associated with increased risk. This includes a gene called CDKN2A. […] Research has shown that some medical conditions increase your risk of getting melanoma. […] Inflammatory bowel disease includes illnesses like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The risk of melanoma skin cancer is higher in people with these diseases. […] Chemicals called polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known to increase the risk of melanoma skin cancer. These are found in some old electrical equipment.

• #52 Risks and causes of melanoma skin cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/melanoma/risks-causes

  Your risk of melanoma is higher if you have a close relative who’s also had melanoma. This is probably partly because we tend to share the same colouring and skin type as our close relatives. […] Around 10 out of 100 cases of melanoma (around 10%) might be linked to an inherited gene change. A number of genes can be associated with increased risk. This includes a gene called CDKN2A. […] Research has shown that some medical conditions increase your risk of getting melanoma. […] Inflammatory bowel disease includes illnesses like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The risk of melanoma skin cancer is higher in people with these diseases. […] Chemicals called polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known to increase the risk of melanoma skin cancer. These are found in some old electrical equipment.

• #53 Skin cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/skin-cancer/

  Melanoma skin cancer is the 5th most common cancer in the UK (2021 data), and the 17th most common in the world (2022 data). […] The main cause of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun or from sunbeds. […] The evidence that overexposure to the sun causes skin cancer has been consistent for decades. […] Skin cancer is more common in people who have pale skin that burns without tanning, blue eyes and fair hair. […] The risk of skin cancer increases every time you are sunburnt, during childhood, adolescence or adulthood. […] Drinking water containing arsenic increases the risk of skin cancer. […] Some rare mutations in specific genes can lead to skin cancer. Having a family history of skin cancer also increases the risk. […] Being tall increases the risk of malignant melanoma skin cancer. […] Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls chemicals – used in the plastic and chemical industries – is strongly associated with an increased risk of skin cancer.

• #54 Mucosal Melanoma: What You Need to Know

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/types/mucosal-melanoma

  Potential causes of mucosal melanoma are not yet fully understood. Researchers believe mucosal melanoma to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Unlike cutaneous melanoma, and based on the locations where mucosal melanoma arises, it is not caused by exposure to UV radiation from the sun.

• #55 Acral Melanoma: What You Need to Know

  https://www.curemelanoma.org/about-melanoma/types/acral-melanoma

  Acral melanoma, sometimes called acral lentiginous melanoma, is a rare subtype of melanoma that forms on the palms, soles of feet, or under finger or toe nails. Unlike cutaneous (skin) melanoma, it is not believed to be caused by sun exposure and therefore occurs in areas not typically exposed to the sun. Acral melanoma affects people of all races and ethnicities. […] The potential causes of acral melanoma are not yet fully understood. However, acral melanoma is not believed to be associated with sun exposure. Studies to identify genetic and environmental risk factors contributing to acral melanoma are currently being performed. […] Other factors that may contribute to a worse prognosis include differences in genomics between acral and cutaneous melanoma tumors. However, the exact cause of poorer prognosis in acral melanoma patients is currently unknown and an active area of research.

• #56 Foot Melanoma: Symptoms, Causes, TreatmentsHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/foot-melanoma

  Melanoma, in general, may spread quickly. Multiple factors, including individuality, are at play. […] The most common cause of melanoma is unprotected exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. […] For areas that don’t see the sun often, like the soles of your feet, melanoma may be associated with genetic mutations. […] Other risk factors for melanoma may include having many moles, being of lighter skin color, having a personal history of skin cancer, having a family history of skin cancer, especially melanoma, being immunocompromised, living with xeroderma pigmentosum, being a female under age 30, being a male over age 50. […] Not every person with melanoma has these risk factors, and not all people with one or more risk factors will develop melanoma. […] For example, people with dark skin also develop melanoma and other forms of skin cancer. […] ALM accounts for about 2–3% of all new cases of melanoma and it affects more non-white people compared to other types of melanoma.

• #57 Melanoma: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/melanoma-causes-symptoms-and-treatments

  Melanoma is multifactorial, resulting from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle influences. […] A family history of melanoma increases risk 2-3 times. […] Mutations in genes like CDKN2A and BRAF are associated with an increased risk of melanoma. […] UV radiation (sunlight & tanning beds) damages DNA, leading to cancerous mutations. […] Frequent sunburns in childhood increase melanoma risk later in life. […] Weakened immune system (due to organ transplants, chemotherapy, or autoimmune diseases). […] Certain medications, including immunosuppressants, may be associated with an increased susceptibility to melanoma.

• #58 Melanoma Risk Factors and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/melanoma-risk-factors-and-prevention

  A family history of melanomas confers a greater risk for cancer; according to the Skin Care Foundation, one in every 10 patients diagnosed with melanomas have a family member with a history of this disease. […] Melanoma is a multifactorial disease that can result from environmental factors, family history, and physical characteristics. […] Exposure to UV rays—artificial or natural—can be one of the most pernicious causes of the disease. […] A family history of a high count of melanocytic nevi also serves to increase the risk of developing this cancer. […] Moreover, fair skin, numerous freckles, and blond or red hair are among numerous phenotypic traits that are associated with an increased risk of developing melanomas.

• #59 Melanoma (Skin Cancer): Symptoms & Causes, Stages, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/melanoma-skin-cancer

  Melanoma is a complex disease that develops when pigment-producing cells, known as melanocytes, begin to grow uncontrollably. Genetic predisposition also plays a significant role, with some individuals inheriting mutations that increase their susceptibility to the disease. In many cases, melanoma arises due to a combination of genetic and environmental influences, making it crucial to understand both aspects when assessing risk and taking preventive measures. […] Melanoma has a well-established genetic component, with certain hereditary mutations increasing an individual’s risk of developing the disease. One of the most significant genetic mutations associated with melanoma is in the CDKN2A gene, which encodes proteins responsible for regulating cell growth. Mutations in this gene have been linked to familial melanoma, with studies suggesting that 10-20% of melanoma cases occur in individuals with a family history of the disease.

• #60 Melanoma Risk Factors and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/melanoma-risk-factors-and-prevention

  A family history of melanomas confers a greater risk for cancer; according to the Skin Care Foundation, one in every 10 patients diagnosed with melanomas have a family member with a history of this disease. […] Melanoma is a multifactorial disease that can result from environmental factors, family history, and physical characteristics. […] Exposure to UV rays—artificial or natural—can be one of the most pernicious causes of the disease. […] A family history of a high count of melanocytic nevi also serves to increase the risk of developing this cancer. […] Moreover, fair skin, numerous freckles, and blond or red hair are among numerous phenotypic traits that are associated with an increased risk of developing melanomas.

• #61 Melanoma Causes | What causes melanoma skin cancer?

  https://www.skinvision.com/melanoma/causes

  Melanoma occurs when skin is damaged and the DNA fails to repair. During the process of producing melanin cells, something goes wrong which triggers mutations in those skin cells. These mutated skin cells can multiply rapidly and form malignant tumours. […] Unfortunately, it is unclear exactly what damages DNA in skin cells and how it leads to melanoma, however, it is very likely a combination of multiple factors. These factors include exposure to ultraviolet light, skin type, personal & family history and more. […] The more moles you have, the more risk you have at getting melanoma – unfortunately for most, it’s that simple. […] History with melanoma can play a major role in the cause of melanoma. Occurrences in either personal life or family history increases chances of development.

• #62 Melanoma: Causes and Treatment | Pittsburgh Dermatology | Monroeville, PA

  https://www.pghskincancerctr.com/conditions/melanoma

  Melanoma is primarily caused by the uncontrolled growth of pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) in the skin. […] Melanoma is often triggered by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or tanning beds. […] Genetic factors and a history of severe sunburns also contribute to the development of melanoma. […] The primary cause of melanoma is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, either from sunlight or tanning beds.

• #63 Melanoma: Causes and Treatment | Pittsburgh Dermatology | Monroeville, PA

  https://www.pghskincancerctr.com/conditions/melanoma

  Melanoma is primarily caused by the uncontrolled growth of pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) in the skin. […] Melanoma is often triggered by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or tanning beds. […] Genetic factors and a history of severe sunburns also contribute to the development of melanoma. […] The primary cause of melanoma is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, either from sunlight or tanning beds.

• #64 Melanoma Facts and Causes – Color HealthFacebookLinkedInInstagramTwitter

  https://www.color.com/learn/cancer/melanoma-facts-and-causes

  Melanoma refers to a type of skin cancer that starts in skin cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin, which gives skin its color and protects the deeper layers of skin cells from the harmful effects of the sun. Melanoma is sometimes referred to as cutaneous melanoma or malignant melanoma. […] Mutations are rare, but when they exist, they significantly increase cancer risk. […] People of certain ethnicities have a higher risk to develop melanoma due to a lower amount of melanin that protects their skin. […] Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun, tanning beds or sun lamps increases melanoma risk. […] Limiting exposure to UV light by avoiding excess sun exposure, wearing a hat, sunglasses and long protective clothing, applying sunscreen with SPF of 30 or higher and avoiding tanning beds and sun lamps all reduce the risks of developing melanoma and other forms of skin cancer.

• #65 Environmental factors and the etiology of melanoma | Cancer Causes & Control

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00051715

  In this piece, we have argued that, despite educational programs designed to prevent melanoma, the mortality and incidence rates for the disease have soared steadily. Even on the conventional interpretation of the data, just more than half of the presented cases of melanoma can be explained solely as ‘sun-caused’. The conventional interpretation has little to offer by way of explaining the remainder of these cases, some of which, as we discussed earlier, involve melanomas on parts of the body not exposed to the sun. We have argued that the dominant interpretation in which increasing exposures to sunlight account for the increasing incidence of melanomas is a misleading oversimplification. […] To resolve the melanoma enigma in preventive health terms, it is imperative to acknowledge and to explore the implications of the important associations between the rise in the incidence of melanomas and environmental factors such as our increasing exposure to artificial light, electromagnetic radiation, and photosensitizing chemicals added to many processed foods and a range of medicinal drugs. Our argument has been that these environmental factors contribute to the problem either by altering body chemistry to make it more susceptible to the admittedly harmful effects associated with irregular and excessive exposure to the sun, and/or acting directly, as in the case of electromagnetic radiation, as promoters of melanoma.

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