Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Clinical manifestations and evaluation of gallstone disease in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-evaluation-of-gallstone-disease-in-adults

  Gallstones are common, particularly in Western populations. Globally, the prevalence is 6.1 percent; approximately 5.4 percent of men and 7.6 percent of women have gallstones. […] The epidemiology of and risk factors for gallstones, the complications of gallstone disease, and the management of gallstone disease in pregnant women are discussed separately: […] (See „Gallstones: Epidemiology, risk factors and prevention”.)

• #2 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Gallstones | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63884-3_3

  The prevalence of cholelithiasis or gallstones is highly variable throughout the world with a much higher prevalence well published in several ethnicities. Gallstones are common in the adult population affecting over 1015% of the Caucasian adult population in developed countries. However in certain ethnicities, such as North American Indians including Pima Indians, Chippewa Indians, Canadian Micmac Indians and other American Indian tribes in Arizona/Oklahoma/Dakotas, prevalence can be as high as 6070% of the population. […] Stinton LM, Myers RP, Shaffer EA. Epidemiology of gallstones. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2010;39(2):15769. […] Everhart JE, Khare M, Hill M, Maurer KR. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States. Gastroenterology. 1999;117:6329. […] Everhart JE, Yeh F, Lee ET, Hill MC, Fabsitz R, Howard BV, Welty TK. Prevalence of gallbladder disease in American Indian populations: findings from the strong heart study. Hepatology. 2002;35:150712.

• #3 Epidemiology – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/en-IE/pages/gastroenterology/gallstones/epidemiology

  Gallstones are commonly seen in the Western world with approximately 5-25% of adults being affected (1). […] in the UK around 10-15% of the adult population are estimated to have gallstones (2) […] a higher prevalence is also seen amongst women, and older age group (1) […] they are found in about 20% of women and 10% of men at the age of 60 (3). […] Most patients with gallstones are asymptomatic and only about 10% will develop symptoms five years after discovery (2). […] Approximately one million new patients present with the symptoms of gallstones each year in the USA. […] Cholesterol or mixed stones are more common in the USA and Europe (around 80%) while in Asia, 80% are pigment stones (4)

• #4 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459370/

  In the United States, approximately 14 million women and 6 million men between the ages of 20 and 74 have gallstones. […] The prevalence of gallstones increases with age, and the need for intervention secondary to gallstones has been growing amongst older adults, Hispanics, and women. Indigenous Americans also have a high prevalence of gallstones, cited as 70% by some sources. […] Cholesterol gallstones are increasing worldwide, particularly in Westernized nations, and are believed to impact 20% of the European population. […] Approximately 10% of individuals with gallstones develop symptoms within 5 years of diagnosis, 20% within 20 years, at a rate of 1% to 2% per year. […] Of those with symptomatic gallstones, 1% to 2% experience complications, often due to common duct stones. […] Common duct stones are discovered during 5% to 15% of cholecystectomies, increasing with age.

• #5 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175667-overview

  In the United States, about 20 million people (10%-20% of adults) have gallstones. Every year 1%-3% of people develop gallstones and about 1%-3% of people become symptomatic. Each year, in the United States, approximately 500,000 people develop symptoms or complications of gallstones requiring cholecystectomy. […] Gallstone disease is responsible for about 10,000 deaths per year in the United States. About 7000 deaths are attributable to acute gallstone complications, such as acute pancreatitis. About 2000-3000 deaths are caused by gallbladder cancers (80% of which occur in the setting of gallstone disease with chronic cholecystitis). […] The prevalence of cholesterol cholelithiasis in other Western cultures is similar to that in the United States, but it appears to be somewhat lower in Asia and Africa.

• #6 Gallstone disease epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Gallstone_disease_epidemiology_and_demographics

  The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey found that 630 per 100,000 and 1420 per 100,000 men and women aged 20 to 74 respectively in the United States had gallstone disease. […] In the United States, every year about 1-3% (3 to 9 million people/year) of the population develop gallstones. […] Gallstone disease has an overall higher incidence in females than males of the Caucasian, Hispanic and Native American nations. […] The incidence of choledocholithiasis is higher internationally, mainly because of parasitic infestation with liver flukes such as Clonorchis sinensis not found in the United States. […] Patients of age groups between 20 – 74 develop gallstone disease. […] The most common age group is between 40-69 years of age. […] Gallstone disease usually affects individuals of the Western Caucasian, Hispanic and Native American races.

• #7 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175667-overview

  In the United States, about 20 million people (10%-20% of adults) have gallstones. Every year 1%-3% of people develop gallstones and about 1%-3% of people become symptomatic. Each year, in the United States, approximately 500,000 people develop symptoms or complications of gallstones requiring cholecystectomy. […] Gallstone disease is responsible for about 10,000 deaths per year in the United States. About 7000 deaths are attributable to acute gallstone complications, such as acute pancreatitis. About 2000-3000 deaths are caused by gallbladder cancers (80% of which occur in the setting of gallstone disease with chronic cholecystitis). […] The prevalence of cholesterol cholelithiasis in other Western cultures is similar to that in the United States, but it appears to be somewhat lower in Asia and Africa.

• #8

  https://journals.lww.com/njos/fulltext/2013/19020/gallstones.1.aspx

  Gallstone disease is a worldwide medical problem, but the incidence rates show substantial geographical variation, with the lowest rates reported in African populations. […] Gallstones occur worldwide, however it is commonest among North American Indians and Hispanics but low in Asian and African populations. […] Epidemiological studies have suggested a marked variation in overall prevalence between different populations. Gallstone is one of the diseases prevalent in developed nations, but it is less prevalent in the developing populations that still consume traditional diets. […] Its prevalence is especially high in the Scandinavian countries and Chile and among Native Americans. […] Gallstones are more common in North America, Europe, and Australia, and are less prevalent in Africa, India, China, Japan, Kashmir, and Egypt.

• #9 Epidemiology of gallstones – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20478480/

  Gallstones are common with prevalences as high as 60% to 70% in American Indians and 10% to 15% in white adults of developed countries. […] Ethnic differences abound with a reduced frequency in black Americans and those from East Asia, while being rare in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Certain risk factors for gallstones are immutable: female gender, increasing age, and ethnicity/family (genetic traits). Others are modifiable: obesity, the metabolic syndrome, rapid weight loss, certain diseases (cirrhosis and Crohn disease), gallbladder stasis (from spinal cord injury or drugs, such as somatostatin), and lifestyle.

• #10 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Gallstones | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63884-3_3

  The prevalence of cholelithiasis or gallstones is highly variable throughout the world with a much higher prevalence well published in several ethnicities. Gallstones are common in the adult population affecting over 1015% of the Caucasian adult population in developed countries. However in certain ethnicities, such as North American Indians including Pima Indians, Chippewa Indians, Canadian Micmac Indians and other American Indian tribes in Arizona/Oklahoma/Dakotas, prevalence can be as high as 6070% of the population. […] Stinton LM, Myers RP, Shaffer EA. Epidemiology of gallstones. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 2010;39(2):15769. […] Everhart JE, Khare M, Hill M, Maurer KR. Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States. Gastroenterology. 1999;117:6329. […] Everhart JE, Yeh F, Lee ET, Hill MC, Fabsitz R, Howard BV, Welty TK. Prevalence of gallbladder disease in American Indian populations: findings from the strong heart study. Hepatology. 2002;35:150712.

• #11 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Gallstones | Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO) | US EPA

  https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/7550293

  The prevalence of cholelithiasis or gallstones is highly variable throughout the world with a much higher prevalence well published in several ethnicities. Gallstones are common in the adult population affecting over 10-15% of the Caucasian adult population in developed countries. […] However in certain ethnicities, such as North American Indians including Pima Indians, Chippewa Indians, Canadian Micmac Indians and other American Indian tribes in Arizona/Oklahoma/Dakotas, prevalence can be as high as 60-70% of the population.

• #12

  https://journals.lww.com/njos/fulltext/2013/19020/gallstones.1.aspx

  All epidemiological studies showed that increasing age was associated with an increased prevalence of gallstones. […] Cholesterol gallstone prevalence varies widely, from extremely low (5%) in Asian and African populations, to intermediate (10-30%) in European and Northern American populations, and to extremely high (30-70%) in populations of Native American ancestry (Pima Indians in Arizona, Mapuche Indians in Chile). […] The Pima tribe of Arizona has the highest gallstone prevalence in the world: More than 70% of Pima women older than 25 years had gallstones or a history of cholecystectomy. […] High rates of gallstone prevalence have been also reported in other North American Indian tribes, including the Chippewas, Navajo, Micmacs, and Cree-Ojibwas. […] Certain Hispanic populations in the USA are above average risk for gallbladder disease.

• #13 Epidemiology of gallstones – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20478480/

  Gallstones are common with prevalences as high as 60% to 70% in American Indians and 10% to 15% in white adults of developed countries. […] Ethnic differences abound with a reduced frequency in black Americans and those from East Asia, while being rare in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Certain risk factors for gallstones are immutable: female gender, increasing age, and ethnicity/family (genetic traits). Others are modifiable: obesity, the metabolic syndrome, rapid weight loss, certain diseases (cirrhosis and Crohn disease), gallbladder stasis (from spinal cord injury or drugs, such as somatostatin), and lifestyle.

• #14 Epidemiology of gallstones – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20478480/

  Gallstones are common with prevalences as high as 60% to 70% in American Indians and 10% to 15% in white adults of developed countries. […] Ethnic differences abound with a reduced frequency in black Americans and those from East Asia, while being rare in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Certain risk factors for gallstones are immutable: female gender, increasing age, and ethnicity/family (genetic traits). Others are modifiable: obesity, the metabolic syndrome, rapid weight loss, certain diseases (cirrhosis and Crohn disease), gallbladder stasis (from spinal cord injury or drugs, such as somatostatin), and lifestyle.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/njos/fulltext/2013/19020/gallstones.1.aspx

  All epidemiological studies showed that increasing age was associated with an increased prevalence of gallstones. […] Cholesterol gallstone prevalence varies widely, from extremely low (5%) in Asian and African populations, to intermediate (10-30%) in European and Northern American populations, and to extremely high (30-70%) in populations of Native American ancestry (Pima Indians in Arizona, Mapuche Indians in Chile). […] The Pima tribe of Arizona has the highest gallstone prevalence in the world: More than 70% of Pima women older than 25 years had gallstones or a history of cholecystectomy. […] High rates of gallstone prevalence have been also reported in other North American Indian tribes, including the Chippewas, Navajo, Micmacs, and Cree-Ojibwas. […] Certain Hispanic populations in the USA are above average risk for gallbladder disease.

• #16

  https://journals.lww.com/njos/fulltext/2013/19020/gallstones.1.aspx

  All epidemiological studies showed that increasing age was associated with an increased prevalence of gallstones. […] Cholesterol gallstone prevalence varies widely, from extremely low (5%) in Asian and African populations, to intermediate (10-30%) in European and Northern American populations, and to extremely high (30-70%) in populations of Native American ancestry (Pima Indians in Arizona, Mapuche Indians in Chile). […] The Pima tribe of Arizona has the highest gallstone prevalence in the world: More than 70% of Pima women older than 25 years had gallstones or a history of cholecystectomy. […] High rates of gallstone prevalence have been also reported in other North American Indian tribes, including the Chippewas, Navajo, Micmacs, and Cree-Ojibwas. […] Certain Hispanic populations in the USA are above average risk for gallbladder disease.

• #17 The Growing Global Burden of Gallstone Disease | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/the-growing-global-burden-of-gallstone-disease

  Gallstones are formed in the biliary tract, mainly in the gallbladder. About 10-15% of gallstone patients have simultaneous gallbladder and common bile duct stones, whereas intrahepatic stones occur less frequently. According to the chemical composition, there are three major types of stones: cholesterol, pigment (bilirubin), and mixed stones. […] There is a marked geographic variation in gallstone prevalence. In developed countries, more than 85% of gallstones are cholesterol stones. About 20 million people in the USA (15% of the population) have gallstones. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) indicated a higher prevalence in Mexican-Americans than in non-Hispanic whites, and a lower prevalence in non-Hispanic blacks. An extraordinarily high prevalence was found in American Indians (specifically, the Pima tribe from Arizona). In Europe, ultrasound studies revealed a prevalence of 9 – 21% and an incidence of 0.63/100 persons/year. A trend for increasing gallstone prevalence has been identified in Europe and North America by necroptic and ultrasound studies.

• #18 The Growing Global Burden of Gallstone Disease | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/the-growing-global-burden-of-gallstone-disease

  This trend has also been demonstrated in Japan. Here, a higher gallstone prevalence (10%) than that previously described as well as an increased proportion of cholesterol stones has been documented by the Japan Gallstone Study Group. In South Eastern Asia, the prevalence of gallstones (mostly brown pigment) is low. Gallstone prevalence rates are even lower in Africa. […] Mortality rates for GD decreased between 1979 and 2004 in the United States by 56% for gallstones as the underlying cause and by 71% for GD as the underlying or other cause. This was the greatest rate of decline for any common digestive disease in this time period. The trend is not the same with respect to morbidity rates. Although symptomatic and complicated stones represent only 20% of all gallstones, they lead to clinically relevant morbidity and complications as well as high costs of medical care.

• #19 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Gallstones | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63884-3_3

  Covarrubias C, Valdivieso V, Nervi F. Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Chile. In: Capocaccia L, Ricci G, Angelico F, Angelico M, Attili AF, editors. Epidemiology and prevention of gallstone disease. Netherlands: Springer; 1984. p. 2630. […] Zeng Q, He Y, Qiang D, Wu L. Prevalence and epidemiological pattern of gallstones in urban residents in China. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;24:145960.

• #20 Epidemiology of gallstones – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20478480/

  Gallstones are common with prevalences as high as 60% to 70% in American Indians and 10% to 15% in white adults of developed countries. […] Ethnic differences abound with a reduced frequency in black Americans and those from East Asia, while being rare in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Certain risk factors for gallstones are immutable: female gender, increasing age, and ethnicity/family (genetic traits). Others are modifiable: obesity, the metabolic syndrome, rapid weight loss, certain diseases (cirrhosis and Crohn disease), gallbladder stasis (from spinal cord injury or drugs, such as somatostatin), and lifestyle.

• #21 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459370/

  There are multiple factors associated with an increased prevalence of gallstones. In Western nations, 75% of gallstones are cholesterol stones, associated with metabolic derangements such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance, and diets higher in saturated fats and sugar, and lower in fiber. […] Genetic factors are believed to account for 25% to 30% of the risk of gallstone formation. […] Estrogen levels have been shown to correlate with bile cholesterol and a decrease in gallbladder contractility. Females of reproductive age or taking estrogen-containing birth control medication have a two-fold increase in gallstone formation compared with males.

• #22 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459370/

  There are multiple factors associated with an increased prevalence of gallstones. In Western nations, 75% of gallstones are cholesterol stones, associated with metabolic derangements such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance, and diets higher in saturated fats and sugar, and lower in fiber. […] Genetic factors are believed to account for 25% to 30% of the risk of gallstone formation. […] Estrogen levels have been shown to correlate with bile cholesterol and a decrease in gallbladder contractility. Females of reproductive age or taking estrogen-containing birth control medication have a two-fold increase in gallstone formation compared with males.

• #23 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175667-overview

  Prevalence of gallstones is highest in people of northern European descent, and in Hispanic populations and Native American populations. […] Women are more likely to develop cholesterol gallstones than men, especially during their reproductive years, when the incidence of gallstones in women is 2-3 times that in men. […] Risk of developing gallstones increases with age. Gallstones are uncommon in children in the absence of congenital anomalies or hemolytic disorders. […] Among individuals undergoing cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis, 8%-15% of patients younger than 60 years have common bile duct stones, compared with 15%-60% of patients older than 60 years.

• #24 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175667-overview

  Prevalence of gallstones is highest in people of northern European descent, and in Hispanic populations and Native American populations. […] Women are more likely to develop cholesterol gallstones than men, especially during their reproductive years, when the incidence of gallstones in women is 2-3 times that in men. […] Risk of developing gallstones increases with age. Gallstones are uncommon in children in the absence of congenital anomalies or hemolytic disorders. […] Among individuals undergoing cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis, 8%-15% of patients younger than 60 years have common bile duct stones, compared with 15%-60% of patients older than 60 years.

• #25 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459370/

  There are multiple factors associated with an increased prevalence of gallstones. In Western nations, 75% of gallstones are cholesterol stones, associated with metabolic derangements such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance, and diets higher in saturated fats and sugar, and lower in fiber. […] Genetic factors are believed to account for 25% to 30% of the risk of gallstone formation. […] Estrogen levels have been shown to correlate with bile cholesterol and a decrease in gallbladder contractility. Females of reproductive age or taking estrogen-containing birth control medication have a two-fold increase in gallstone formation compared with males.

• #26 Management of Gallstones | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0815/p637.html

  Gallstone disease affects 12 percent of the population in the United States. Several factors are associated with an increased occurrence of gallstone formation. In a multivariate analysis of more than 900 patients, researchers identified a family history of cholecystectomy in a first-degree relative and obesity (defined as body mass index [BMI] greater than 30 kg per m2) as strong risk factors for symptomatic gallstone disease with a relative risk of 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 3.0) and 3.7 (95% CI, 2.3 to 5.3), respectively. […] According to a 1992 National Institutes of Health consensus conference on gallstones, 10 percent of patients with gallstones will develop symptoms in the first five years after diagnosis. In 1995, the Group for Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis reported that initially asymptomatic patients with gallstones had a 25.8 percent probability of developing symptoms within 10 years.

• #27 Management of Gallstones | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0815/p637.html

  Gallstone disease affects 12 percent of the population in the United States. Several factors are associated with an increased occurrence of gallstone formation. In a multivariate analysis of more than 900 patients, researchers identified a family history of cholecystectomy in a first-degree relative and obesity (defined as body mass index [BMI] greater than 30 kg per m2) as strong risk factors for symptomatic gallstone disease with a relative risk of 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 3.0) and 3.7 (95% CI, 2.3 to 5.3), respectively. […] According to a 1992 National Institutes of Health consensus conference on gallstones, 10 percent of patients with gallstones will develop symptoms in the first five years after diagnosis. In 1995, the Group for Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis reported that initially asymptomatic patients with gallstones had a 25.8 percent probability of developing symptoms within 10 years.

• #28 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459370/

  There are multiple factors associated with an increased prevalence of gallstones. In Western nations, 75% of gallstones are cholesterol stones, associated with metabolic derangements such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance, and diets higher in saturated fats and sugar, and lower in fiber. […] Genetic factors are believed to account for 25% to 30% of the risk of gallstone formation. […] Estrogen levels have been shown to correlate with bile cholesterol and a decrease in gallbladder contractility. Females of reproductive age or taking estrogen-containing birth control medication have a two-fold increase in gallstone formation compared with males.

• #29 Epidemiology of gallstones – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20478480/

  Gallstones are common with prevalences as high as 60% to 70% in American Indians and 10% to 15% in white adults of developed countries. […] Ethnic differences abound with a reduced frequency in black Americans and those from East Asia, while being rare in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Certain risk factors for gallstones are immutable: female gender, increasing age, and ethnicity/family (genetic traits). Others are modifiable: obesity, the metabolic syndrome, rapid weight loss, certain diseases (cirrhosis and Crohn disease), gallbladder stasis (from spinal cord injury or drugs, such as somatostatin), and lifestyle.

• #30 Epidemiology of gallstones – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20478480/

  Gallstones are common with prevalences as high as 60% to 70% in American Indians and 10% to 15% in white adults of developed countries. […] Ethnic differences abound with a reduced frequency in black Americans and those from East Asia, while being rare in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Certain risk factors for gallstones are immutable: female gender, increasing age, and ethnicity/family (genetic traits). Others are modifiable: obesity, the metabolic syndrome, rapid weight loss, certain diseases (cirrhosis and Crohn disease), gallbladder stasis (from spinal cord injury or drugs, such as somatostatin), and lifestyle.

• #31 Epidemiology of gallstones – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20478480/

  Gallstones are common with prevalences as high as 60% to 70% in American Indians and 10% to 15% in white adults of developed countries. […] Ethnic differences abound with a reduced frequency in black Americans and those from East Asia, while being rare in sub-Saharan Africa. […] Certain risk factors for gallstones are immutable: female gender, increasing age, and ethnicity/family (genetic traits). Others are modifiable: obesity, the metabolic syndrome, rapid weight loss, certain diseases (cirrhosis and Crohn disease), gallbladder stasis (from spinal cord injury or drugs, such as somatostatin), and lifestyle.

• #32 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459370/

  There are multiple factors associated with an increased prevalence of gallstones. In Western nations, 75% of gallstones are cholesterol stones, associated with metabolic derangements such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance, and diets higher in saturated fats and sugar, and lower in fiber. […] Genetic factors are believed to account for 25% to 30% of the risk of gallstone formation. […] Estrogen levels have been shown to correlate with bile cholesterol and a decrease in gallbladder contractility. Females of reproductive age or taking estrogen-containing birth control medication have a two-fold increase in gallstone formation compared with males.

• #33 The Growing Global Burden of Gallstone Disease | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/the-growing-global-burden-of-gallstone-disease

  Obesity is a major risk factor for cholesterol GD, due to the increased hepatic cholesterol synthesis and biliary cholesterol excretion. The risk is higher in women and very high in morbidly obese individuals. […] The association between GD and obesity is now recognized as part of the metabolic syndrome, which includes central obesity, high triglyceride and low HDL-cholesterol levels, glucose intolerance, and hypertension. Hepatic insulin resistance stimulates cholesterol secretion into bile and impairs bile acid synthesis, favoring gallstone formation. […] Gallstones are highly prevalent in most developed countries, leading to high health care costs. In developing countries, there also exists a trend toward an increasing prevalence of the metabolic risk factors for GD. As long as the obesity and diabetes epidemics continue to spread around the world, an increase of gallstone prevalence rates is to be expected; and will parallel the aging populations in these countries.

• #34 Relationship of triglyceride-glucose index to gallstone prevalence and age at first gallstone surgery in American adults | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-67883-0

  The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a novel marker of insulin resistance that has been strongly associated with many diseases related to metabolic disorders, such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and stroke. However, whether the TyG index is associated with the prevalence of gallstones has not been determined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the TyG index and the prevalence of gallstones in American adults, as well as the age at which adults in America undergo their first gallstone surgery. […] A total of 3905 participants aged 20 years were included in our study, of whom 421 had a self-reported history of gallstones. […] After confounders adjustment, it was found single-unit increases in the TyG index were linked with a 25.0% increase in gallstone prevalence (odds ratio [OR]=1.25, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.04, 1.51).

• #35 Relationship of triglyceride-glucose index to gallstone prevalence and age at first gallstone surgery in American adults | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-67883-0

  The crude, minimally adjusted, and fully adjusted multiple regression models all showed that the TyG index was positively associated with gallstone prevalence, with varying adjustments made to the impact of variables on the correlation. […] The fully adjusted model showed that a single-unit increase in the TyG index was associated with a 25.0% greater likelihood of gallstone development (odds ratio [OR]=1.25, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.51). […] It was found that the TyG index and gallstones were linked, with unit increases in the index associated with 25.0% increases in gallstone incidence (OR=1.25, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.51). […] It was also observed that when TyG > 9.26, the higher the TyG index, the younger the age at first gallstone surgery.

• #36 The association between hypertension and the risk of gallstone disease: a cross-sectional study | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-022-02149-5

  To explore the association between hypertension and the risk of gallstone disease. […] A total of 318,403 people were included in the study and 171,276 (53.8%) of them were men and 147,127 (46.2%) were women. Among them, 27,463 (8.6%) were diagnosed with gallstone disease on ultrasound examination, with 12,452 (3.9%) cases of gallstones and 15,017 (4.7%) cases of cholecystectomy. Multivariable logistic regression showed that hypertension was significantly associated with the risk of gallstone disease (OR=1.05; 95% CI: 1.021.10; P=0.03) and gallstones (OR=1.12; 95% CI: 1.061.19; P0.01) and the association between hypertension and gallstone disease was stronger in women than in men. […] The gallstone disease was prevalent and hypertension is significantly associated with the gallstone disease risk with a significant doseresponse association.

• #37 Gallstones: Epidemiology, risk factors and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gallstones-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-prevention

  Gallstones are highly prevalent and the majority are asymptomatic. However, symptoms due to gallstone disease are a leading gastrointestinal cause for hospitalization and health care utilization. This topic will review the epidemiology, risk factors, and strategies for prevention of gallstones. […] […] Gallstones are composed of a mixture of cholesterol, calcium salts of bilirubinate or palmitate, proteins, and mucin. Based upon the predominant constituents, gallstones are broadly classified into the following: Cholesterol stones usually form in individuals with a genetic or environmental predisposition to bile that is supersaturated with cholesterol. […] […] Black pigment stones result from hemolysis and consist primarily of calcium bilirubinate. […] […] Brown pigment stones are associated with a bacterial infection or parasitic infestation of the biliary system. They are also often found in the bile ducts in association with prior biliary manipulation.

• #38 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459370/

  There are multiple factors associated with an increased prevalence of gallstones. In Western nations, 75% of gallstones are cholesterol stones, associated with metabolic derangements such as dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, insulin resistance, and diets higher in saturated fats and sugar, and lower in fiber. […] Genetic factors are believed to account for 25% to 30% of the risk of gallstone formation. […] Estrogen levels have been shown to correlate with bile cholesterol and a decrease in gallbladder contractility. Females of reproductive age or taking estrogen-containing birth control medication have a two-fold increase in gallstone formation compared with males.

• #39 Epidemiology – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/en-IE/pages/gastroenterology/gallstones/epidemiology

  Gallstones are commonly seen in the Western world with approximately 5-25% of adults being affected (1). […] in the UK around 10-15% of the adult population are estimated to have gallstones (2) […] a higher prevalence is also seen amongst women, and older age group (1) […] they are found in about 20% of women and 10% of men at the age of 60 (3). […] Most patients with gallstones are asymptomatic and only about 10% will develop symptoms five years after discovery (2). […] Approximately one million new patients present with the symptoms of gallstones each year in the USA. […] Cholesterol or mixed stones are more common in the USA and Europe (around 80%) while in Asia, 80% are pigment stones (4)

• #40 Gallstones: Epidemiology, risk factors and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gallstones-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-prevention

  Gallstones are highly prevalent and the majority are asymptomatic. However, symptoms due to gallstone disease are a leading gastrointestinal cause for hospitalization and health care utilization. This topic will review the epidemiology, risk factors, and strategies for prevention of gallstones. […] […] Gallstones are composed of a mixture of cholesterol, calcium salts of bilirubinate or palmitate, proteins, and mucin. Based upon the predominant constituents, gallstones are broadly classified into the following: Cholesterol stones usually form in individuals with a genetic or environmental predisposition to bile that is supersaturated with cholesterol. […] […] Black pigment stones result from hemolysis and consist primarily of calcium bilirubinate. […] […] Brown pigment stones are associated with a bacterial infection or parasitic infestation of the biliary system. They are also often found in the bile ducts in association with prior biliary manipulation.

• #41 Gallstones: Epidemiology, risk factors and prevention – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gallstones-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-prevention

  Gallstones are highly prevalent and the majority are asymptomatic. However, symptoms due to gallstone disease are a leading gastrointestinal cause for hospitalization and health care utilization. This topic will review the epidemiology, risk factors, and strategies for prevention of gallstones. […] […] Gallstones are composed of a mixture of cholesterol, calcium salts of bilirubinate or palmitate, proteins, and mucin. Based upon the predominant constituents, gallstones are broadly classified into the following: Cholesterol stones usually form in individuals with a genetic or environmental predisposition to bile that is supersaturated with cholesterol. […] […] Black pigment stones result from hemolysis and consist primarily of calcium bilirubinate. […] […] Brown pigment stones are associated with a bacterial infection or parasitic infestation of the biliary system. They are also often found in the bile ducts in association with prior biliary manipulation.

• #42 Epidemiology – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/en-IE/pages/gastroenterology/gallstones/epidemiology

  Gallstones are commonly seen in the Western world with approximately 5-25% of adults being affected (1). […] in the UK around 10-15% of the adult population are estimated to have gallstones (2) […] a higher prevalence is also seen amongst women, and older age group (1) […] they are found in about 20% of women and 10% of men at the age of 60 (3). […] Most patients with gallstones are asymptomatic and only about 10% will develop symptoms five years after discovery (2). […] Approximately one million new patients present with the symptoms of gallstones each year in the USA. […] Cholesterol or mixed stones are more common in the USA and Europe (around 80%) while in Asia, 80% are pigment stones (4)

• #43 Pigment Gallstones : Epidemiology

  https://www.webpathology.com/images/gastrointestinal/gallbladder/cholelithiasis/43203

  Pigment gallstones are much more common in Asia and Africa. In the US, they make up only 20% to 25% of gallstones, of which the majority are black pigment gallstones and the remainder are brown pigment gallstones. Like cholesterol gallstones, they develop more frequently in women and with advancing age.

• #44 Clinico-epidemiology and aetiopathogenesis of gallstone disease in the South Asian region: a scoping review protocol | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/6/e057808

  South Asians are one of the communities showing an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. […] According to a recent review by Lammert et al, even the records on the prevalence of GS disease are available only for few South Asian countries. […] In contrast to the west, the prevalence of pigment and mixed cholesterol GS are high in South Asians. […] This warrants the obligation of exploring the aetiopathogenic factors specific to this population. […] Comprehensive knowledge on GS disease specific to a given community is the key to discover preventive and control strategies. […] This protocol is for a scoping review of literature reporting the prevalence, clinical presentations, physiochemical properties, pathogenesis and risk factors of GS among South Asians. […] The proposed scoping review will be an important knowledge base in finding out the disease burden and strategies towards reducing the GS prevalence in South Asian countries.

• #45 Pediatric Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927522-overview

  Gallbladder disease is one of the most common and costly digestive diseases that requires hospitalization in the United States. […] The prevalence has been rising in the pediatric population. A population-based study estimated the prevalence of gallstones and biliary sludge in children at 1.9% and 1.46%, respectively. […] Although no racial predilection is noted, individuals of certain ethnic heritage have been identified to be at higher risk for developing gallstones, particularly the Pima Indians of North America and Scandinavians. […] Prior to puberty, the sex ratio of cholelithiasis in children appears to be equal. However, after puberty, the frequency of cholelithiasis is significantly greater in females than in males and is comparable to the adult ratio of 4:1 female predominance.

• #46 Pediatric Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927522-overview

  Gallbladder disease is one of the most common and costly digestive diseases that requires hospitalization in the United States. […] The prevalence has been rising in the pediatric population. A population-based study estimated the prevalence of gallstones and biliary sludge in children at 1.9% and 1.46%, respectively. […] Although no racial predilection is noted, individuals of certain ethnic heritage have been identified to be at higher risk for developing gallstones, particularly the Pima Indians of North America and Scandinavians. […] Prior to puberty, the sex ratio of cholelithiasis in children appears to be equal. However, after puberty, the frequency of cholelithiasis is significantly greater in females than in males and is comparable to the adult ratio of 4:1 female predominance.

• #47 Pediatric Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927522-overview

  Factors affecting the increasing incidence of cholelithiasis in children include increased detection with increased use of ultrasonography, as well as the growing obesity epidemic. […] The increasing incidence of pediatric gallbladder disease parallels the rise in obesity in children. […] The frequency of cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell disease is almost double that of the general population.

• #48 Cholelithiasis (Gallstones) | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617297/all/Cholelithiasis__Gallstones_

  Cholelithiasis is relatively uncommon in childhood and adolescence. However, the incidence is increasing secondary to improved diagnostic modalities and the rise in pediatric obesity. […] The incidence of cholecystectomy for gallstones in children appears to be rising, especially in association with nonhemolytic or cholesterol gallstones. […] The prevalence of cholelithiasis in children and adolescents reported in the literature is ~1.94.0%. […] In children with sickle cell disease (SCD), the prevalence of gallstones has been reported to be anywhere between 15% and 36%. […] Pediatric obesity is estimated to increase the risk of gallstones by over 5-fold.

• #49 The Growing Global Burden of Gallstone Disease | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/the-growing-global-burden-of-gallstone-disease

  This trend has also been demonstrated in Japan. Here, a higher gallstone prevalence (10%) than that previously described as well as an increased proportion of cholesterol stones has been documented by the Japan Gallstone Study Group. In South Eastern Asia, the prevalence of gallstones (mostly brown pigment) is low. Gallstone prevalence rates are even lower in Africa. […] Mortality rates for GD decreased between 1979 and 2004 in the United States by 56% for gallstones as the underlying cause and by 71% for GD as the underlying or other cause. This was the greatest rate of decline for any common digestive disease in this time period. The trend is not the same with respect to morbidity rates. Although symptomatic and complicated stones represent only 20% of all gallstones, they lead to clinically relevant morbidity and complications as well as high costs of medical care.

• #50 The Growing Global Burden of Gallstone Disease | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/the-growing-global-burden-of-gallstone-disease

  In the United States, GD is the second most expensive digestive disease only surpassed by gastroesophageal reflux disease. In 2000, GD was the most common inpatient diagnosis, with 262,411 hospitalizations and in 2004, there were 1.8 million ambulatory care visits with GD diagnosis. Every year about 700,000 cholecystectomies are performed in the United States, and 190,000 patients with GD undergo surgery in Germany. The health care costs of GD (~ 6.5 billion dollars/year) increased by 20% over the last three decades in the United States. […] The GD prevalence is rising in the industrialized countries in Europe and America due to the changes in life style. A similar trend appears to be present in some developing countries. Apart from the aging of the population, key risk factors accounting for the increasing GD prevalence are environmental.

• #51

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11894-005-0051-8

  Gallstone disease is common and costly, creating over 700,000 cholecystectomies annually. Its complications consume approximately $6.5 billion in the United States. Surveys using noninvasive ultrasonography have identified its true prevalence and the associated risk factors. In developed countries, at least 10% of white adults harbor cholesterol gallstones; women have twice the risk, and age further increases the prevalence in both sexes. […] Gallstones reach epidemic proportions in the North and South American Indian populations, accompanied by an increased risk for gallbladder cancer. In contrast, the rate in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia is quite low. […] The general rise in obesity in many countries raises the specter of heightened disease, best identified by epidemiologic studies.

• #52 The Growing Global Burden of Gallstone Disease | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/the-growing-global-burden-of-gallstone-disease

  In the United States, GD is the second most expensive digestive disease only surpassed by gastroesophageal reflux disease. In 2000, GD was the most common inpatient diagnosis, with 262,411 hospitalizations and in 2004, there were 1.8 million ambulatory care visits with GD diagnosis. Every year about 700,000 cholecystectomies are performed in the United States, and 190,000 patients with GD undergo surgery in Germany. The health care costs of GD (~ 6.5 billion dollars/year) increased by 20% over the last three decades in the United States. […] The GD prevalence is rising in the industrialized countries in Europe and America due to the changes in life style. A similar trend appears to be present in some developing countries. Apart from the aging of the population, key risk factors accounting for the increasing GD prevalence are environmental.

• #53 The Growing Global Burden of Gallstone Disease | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/the-growing-global-burden-of-gallstone-disease

  This trend has also been demonstrated in Japan. Here, a higher gallstone prevalence (10%) than that previously described as well as an increased proportion of cholesterol stones has been documented by the Japan Gallstone Study Group. In South Eastern Asia, the prevalence of gallstones (mostly brown pigment) is low. Gallstone prevalence rates are even lower in Africa. […] Mortality rates for GD decreased between 1979 and 2004 in the United States by 56% for gallstones as the underlying cause and by 71% for GD as the underlying or other cause. This was the greatest rate of decline for any common digestive disease in this time period. The trend is not the same with respect to morbidity rates. Although symptomatic and complicated stones represent only 20% of all gallstones, they lead to clinically relevant morbidity and complications as well as high costs of medical care.

• #54 Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Gallstones | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0515/p795.html

  Cholelithiasis, or gallstones, is one of the most common and costly of all the gastrointestinal diseases. The incidence of gallstones increases with age. At-risk populations include persons with diabetes mellitus, persons who are obese, women, rapid weight cyclers, and patients on hormone therapy or taking oral contraceptives. […] Over the past two decades, much has been learned about the epidemiology of this condition and its risk factors. Gallstones are associated with high-calorie diets, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinism, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. […] Gallstones are often discovered incidentally during ultrasonography or computed tomography of the abdomen. Only 10% to 20% of asymptomatic patients will eventually become symptomatic within five to 20 years of diagnosis. The average rate at which patients develop symptomatic gallstones is low, approximately 2% per year.

• #55 Gallstones: Watch and wait, or intervene? | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/85/4/323

  Gallstones are common in the United States, affecting an estimated 1 in 7 adults. […] The prevalence of gallstones is approximately 10% to 15% of the adult US population. […] Most cases are asymptomatic, as gallstones are usually discovered incidentally during routine imaging for other abdominal conditions, and only about 20% of patients with asymptomatic gallstones develop clinically significant complications. […] Nevertheless, gallstones carry significant healthcare costs. […] Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the standard treatment for symptomatic cholelithiasis. […] For asymptomatic cholelithasis, the usual approach is expectant management (watch and wait), but prophylactic cholecystectomy may be an option in certain patients at high risk. […] The management of patients with asymptomatic gallstones typically is based on the risk of developing symptoms or complications.

• #56 Management of Gallstones | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0815/p637.html

  Gallstone disease affects 12 percent of the population in the United States. Several factors are associated with an increased occurrence of gallstone formation. In a multivariate analysis of more than 900 patients, researchers identified a family history of cholecystectomy in a first-degree relative and obesity (defined as body mass index [BMI] greater than 30 kg per m2) as strong risk factors for symptomatic gallstone disease with a relative risk of 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 3.0) and 3.7 (95% CI, 2.3 to 5.3), respectively. […] According to a 1992 National Institutes of Health consensus conference on gallstones, 10 percent of patients with gallstones will develop symptoms in the first five years after diagnosis. In 1995, the Group for Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis reported that initially asymptomatic patients with gallstones had a 25.8 percent probability of developing symptoms within 10 years.

• #57 Gallstones and Cholecystitis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/gallstones-and-cholecystitis

  The prevalence of gallstones is approximately 10-15% of adults in Europe and the US. […] A review of cohort studies that explored the incidence of screen-detected gallstone disease in unselected general populations found that the incidence in European populations was 0.60-1.39% per year. […] Long-term follow-up in subgroups with screen-detected gallstone disease found that the cumulative incidence proportion of symptomatic disease was 18% over 20 years of follow-up. […] Complicated gallstone disease was reported with low incidences of 8% or less depending on the length of follow-up. […] Cholecystectomy rates varied across studies, but the highest cholecystectomy incidence was 25.8% over 10 years. […] In a study that reviewed the records of 40,819 people who had had a cholecystectomy in California in the 1990s, the spectrum of gallstone disease identified from the records included biliary colic (56%), acute cholecystitis (36%), acute pancreatitis (4%), choledocholithiasis (3%), gallbladder cancer (0.3%), and cholangitis (0.2%).

• #58 Management of Gallstones | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2005/0815/p637.html

  Acute cholecystitis develops in up to 10 percent of patients with symptomatic gallstones and is caused by the complete obstruction of the cystic duct. Delayed diagnosis of acute cholecystitis can lead to gangrenous cholecystitis, gallbladder perforation, and biliary peritonitis. Data abstracted from 17 studies identified no individual clinical or laboratory finding with sufficient diagnostic power to rule in or rule out the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis without additional testing. Therefore, the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis must be made using a combination of clinical acumen and diagnostic imaging such as ultrasonography and cholecystoscintigraphy, which have reported sensitivities of 88 and 97 percent, respectively. […] Patients with cirrhosis and asymptomatic gallstones should be monitored closely; when biliary symptoms first become apparent, patients with compensated cirrhosis (i.e., Childs class A or B) should be considered for a cholecystectomy. In a meta-analysis of six studies comparing outcomes after cholecystectomy in patients with and without cirrhosis, patients with cirrhosis had no significant difference in mortality rate. However, overall complications such as liver bleeding and new-onset ascites were higher in patients with cirrhosis compared with those without cirrhosis (21 versus 8 percent, respectively).

• #59 Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Gallstones | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2014/0515/p795.html

  Choledocholithiasis is found in 6% to 12% of patients with gallstones; it increases the risk of recurrent symptoms, pancreatitis, and cholangitis. It should be suspected in any patient with a common bile duct stone on ultrasonography, symptoms of ascending cholangitis, a bilirubin level higher than 4 mg per dL (68.4 mol per L), or dilated common bile duct (greater than 6 mm) on ultrasonography.

• #60 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/175667-overview

  Prevalence of gallstones is highest in people of northern European descent, and in Hispanic populations and Native American populations. […] Women are more likely to develop cholesterol gallstones than men, especially during their reproductive years, when the incidence of gallstones in women is 2-3 times that in men. […] Risk of developing gallstones increases with age. Gallstones are uncommon in children in the absence of congenital anomalies or hemolytic disorders. […] Among individuals undergoing cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis, 8%-15% of patients younger than 60 years have common bile duct stones, compared with 15%-60% of patients older than 60 years.

• #61 Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459370/

  In the United States, approximately 14 million women and 6 million men between the ages of 20 and 74 have gallstones. […] The prevalence of gallstones increases with age, and the need for intervention secondary to gallstones has been growing amongst older adults, Hispanics, and women. Indigenous Americans also have a high prevalence of gallstones, cited as 70% by some sources. […] Cholesterol gallstones are increasing worldwide, particularly in Westernized nations, and are believed to impact 20% of the European population. […] Approximately 10% of individuals with gallstones develop symptoms within 5 years of diagnosis, 20% within 20 years, at a rate of 1% to 2% per year. […] Of those with symptomatic gallstones, 1% to 2% experience complications, often due to common duct stones. […] Common duct stones are discovered during 5% to 15% of cholecystectomies, increasing with age.

• #62 Gallstones and Cholecystitis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/gallstones-and-cholecystitis

  The prevalence of gallstones is approximately 10-15% of adults in Europe and the US. […] A review of cohort studies that explored the incidence of screen-detected gallstone disease in unselected general populations found that the incidence in European populations was 0.60-1.39% per year. […] Long-term follow-up in subgroups with screen-detected gallstone disease found that the cumulative incidence proportion of symptomatic disease was 18% over 20 years of follow-up. […] Complicated gallstone disease was reported with low incidences of 8% or less depending on the length of follow-up. […] Cholecystectomy rates varied across studies, but the highest cholecystectomy incidence was 25.8% over 10 years. […] In a study that reviewed the records of 40,819 people who had had a cholecystectomy in California in the 1990s, the spectrum of gallstone disease identified from the records included biliary colic (56%), acute cholecystitis (36%), acute pancreatitis (4%), choledocholithiasis (3%), gallbladder cancer (0.3%), and cholangitis (0.2%).

• #63 Epidemiology of gall bladder cancer and its prevalence worldwide: a meta-analysis | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-025-03652-0

  Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) accounts for 1.3% of cancer incidence and 1.7% of cancer-related deaths which emphasizes the need for comprehensive research in epidemiological trends. […] The pooled analysis revealed a statistically significant GBC prevalence of 20.35.2% (95% CI 9.331.3%, p=0.001) among at-risk populations, including those with gallstones or cholecystitis. […] The incidence of GBC have been investigating globally in many developed countries including South Korea, United States, Canada, United states, United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia. […] Our comprehensive overview of prevalence, regional variations, and demographic associations serves as a crucial starting point for future targeted investigations. […] The studies in Asia showed a moderately low prevalence [pooled effect=0.240.097 with 95%CI (0.0230.460), p=0.034].

• #64 Epidemiology of gall bladder cancer and its prevalence worldwide: a meta-analysis | Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | Full Text

  https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-025-03652-0

  Studies with small sample sizes (1000) show substantial prevalence of Gallbladder cancer with a statistically significant effect (p=0.018). […] Gallstones demonstrate a moderate effect size of 0.14, significantly associated with higher GBC prevalence (p=0.004). […] The significant dearth of dedicated research in this area underscores the need for increased attention to GBC, and our analysis serves as a crucial starting point.

• #65 Update: Gallbladder Disease and Cholecystectomies, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2014–2018 | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2019/12/01/Gallbladder-Disease-and-Cholecystectomies?page=3

  Update: Gallbladder Disease and Cholecystectomies, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 20142018 […] The term gallbladder disease refers to a variety of conditions of the gallbladder and the biliary tract. The more common of these conditions are cholelithiasis (gallstones) and cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), and these conditions often are treated with cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal). During the 20142018 surveillance period, 8,008 active component service members were identified as incident cases of gallbladder disease. The crude overall incidence rate of gallbladder disease was 1.2 per 1,000 person-years; the crude annual rate decreased very slightly during the period. A total of 6,470 active component service members underwent incident cholecystectomies. Almost all (97.4%) were performed laparoscopically, and the majority were performed in outpatient settings (65.2%). Gallbladder disease and cholecystectomies were more common among service members who were female, American Indian/Alaska Native or Hispanic, older, in the Air Force, and in health care occupations. Clinicians should continue to advocate for lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight and a diet low in fat and cholesterol, that could prevent gallbladder disease. Similarly, continued Department of Defense-wide initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles could also help prevent gallbladder disease and maintain the health of the force. […] Annual rates of gallbladder disease in active component service members during the 20142018 period declined slightly compared to the 20042013 period, when rates increased. About 1,601 new cases of gallbladder disease and 1,294 cholecystectomies occurred annually during the surveillance period. […] Gallbladder disease and cholecystectomy are not rare, affecting approximately 1 out of every 1,000 service members per year. Their availability for duty and deployability are adversely impacted during the evaluation, surgical treatment, and convalescence associated with gallbladder disease. […] The surveillance period was 01 Jan. 2014 through 31 Dec. 2018. The surveillance population included all active component service members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps who served at any time during the surveillance period. […] During the 5-year surveillance period, 8,008 incident diagnoses of gallbladder disease were documented on inpatient or outpatient medical records of active component service members. The crude overall rate of incident gallbladder disease diagnoses was 1.2 per 1,000 person-years (p-yrs). […] From 2014 through 2018, a total of 6,470 active component service members underwent cholecystectomies. The overall incidence rate of cholecystectomy was 1.0 per 1,000 p-yrs. […] The annual rates of gallbladder disease declined very slightly between 2014 and 2018. Gallbladder disease was newly diagnosed in approximately 1,600 active component service members on average each year between 2014 and 2018. A total of 6,470 incident cholecystectomies were performed during this period. […] Although the rates of gallbladder disease and cholecystectomies declined slightly among all active component service members during the study period, gallbladder disease and cholecystectomies are not rare and the rates are higher among those with identified risk factors for gallstone formation. Clinicians should continue to advocate for lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight and a diet low in fat and cholesterol, that could prevent gallbladder disease. Similarly, continued DOD-wide initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles could also help prevent gallbladder disease and maintain the health of the force.

• #66 Update: Gallbladder Disease and Cholecystectomies, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2014–2018 | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2019/12/01/Gallbladder-Disease-and-Cholecystectomies?page=3

  Update: Gallbladder Disease and Cholecystectomies, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 20142018 […] The term gallbladder disease refers to a variety of conditions of the gallbladder and the biliary tract. The more common of these conditions are cholelithiasis (gallstones) and cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), and these conditions often are treated with cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal). During the 20142018 surveillance period, 8,008 active component service members were identified as incident cases of gallbladder disease. The crude overall incidence rate of gallbladder disease was 1.2 per 1,000 person-years; the crude annual rate decreased very slightly during the period. A total of 6,470 active component service members underwent incident cholecystectomies. Almost all (97.4%) were performed laparoscopically, and the majority were performed in outpatient settings (65.2%). Gallbladder disease and cholecystectomies were more common among service members who were female, American Indian/Alaska Native or Hispanic, older, in the Air Force, and in health care occupations. Clinicians should continue to advocate for lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight and a diet low in fat and cholesterol, that could prevent gallbladder disease. Similarly, continued Department of Defense-wide initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles could also help prevent gallbladder disease and maintain the health of the force. […] Annual rates of gallbladder disease in active component service members during the 20142018 period declined slightly compared to the 20042013 period, when rates increased. About 1,601 new cases of gallbladder disease and 1,294 cholecystectomies occurred annually during the surveillance period. […] Gallbladder disease and cholecystectomy are not rare, affecting approximately 1 out of every 1,000 service members per year. Their availability for duty and deployability are adversely impacted during the evaluation, surgical treatment, and convalescence associated with gallbladder disease. […] The surveillance period was 01 Jan. 2014 through 31 Dec. 2018. The surveillance population included all active component service members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps who served at any time during the surveillance period. […] During the 5-year surveillance period, 8,008 incident diagnoses of gallbladder disease were documented on inpatient or outpatient medical records of active component service members. The crude overall rate of incident gallbladder disease diagnoses was 1.2 per 1,000 person-years (p-yrs). […] From 2014 through 2018, a total of 6,470 active component service members underwent cholecystectomies. The overall incidence rate of cholecystectomy was 1.0 per 1,000 p-yrs. […] The annual rates of gallbladder disease declined very slightly between 2014 and 2018. Gallbladder disease was newly diagnosed in approximately 1,600 active component service members on average each year between 2014 and 2018. A total of 6,470 incident cholecystectomies were performed during this period. […] Although the rates of gallbladder disease and cholecystectomies declined slightly among all active component service members during the study period, gallbladder disease and cholecystectomies are not rare and the rates are higher among those with identified risk factors for gallstone formation. Clinicians should continue to advocate for lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight and a diet low in fat and cholesterol, that could prevent gallbladder disease. Similarly, continued DOD-wide initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles could also help prevent gallbladder disease and maintain the health of the force.

• #67 Update: Gallbladder Disease and Cholecystectomies, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2014–2018 | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2019/12/01/Gallbladder-Disease-and-Cholecystectomies?page=3

  Update: Gallbladder Disease and Cholecystectomies, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 20142018 […] The term gallbladder disease refers to a variety of conditions of the gallbladder and the biliary tract. The more common of these conditions are cholelithiasis (gallstones) and cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), and these conditions often are treated with cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal). During the 20142018 surveillance period, 8,008 active component service members were identified as incident cases of gallbladder disease. The crude overall incidence rate of gallbladder disease was 1.2 per 1,000 person-years; the crude annual rate decreased very slightly during the period. A total of 6,470 active component service members underwent incident cholecystectomies. Almost all (97.4%) were performed laparoscopically, and the majority were performed in outpatient settings (65.2%). Gallbladder disease and cholecystectomies were more common among service members who were female, American Indian/Alaska Native or Hispanic, older, in the Air Force, and in health care occupations. Clinicians should continue to advocate for lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight and a diet low in fat and cholesterol, that could prevent gallbladder disease. Similarly, continued Department of Defense-wide initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles could also help prevent gallbladder disease and maintain the health of the force. […] Annual rates of gallbladder disease in active component service members during the 20142018 period declined slightly compared to the 20042013 period, when rates increased. About 1,601 new cases of gallbladder disease and 1,294 cholecystectomies occurred annually during the surveillance period. […] Gallbladder disease and cholecystectomy are not rare, affecting approximately 1 out of every 1,000 service members per year. Their availability for duty and deployability are adversely impacted during the evaluation, surgical treatment, and convalescence associated with gallbladder disease. […] The surveillance period was 01 Jan. 2014 through 31 Dec. 2018. The surveillance population included all active component service members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps who served at any time during the surveillance period. […] During the 5-year surveillance period, 8,008 incident diagnoses of gallbladder disease were documented on inpatient or outpatient medical records of active component service members. The crude overall rate of incident gallbladder disease diagnoses was 1.2 per 1,000 person-years (p-yrs). […] From 2014 through 2018, a total of 6,470 active component service members underwent cholecystectomies. The overall incidence rate of cholecystectomy was 1.0 per 1,000 p-yrs. […] The annual rates of gallbladder disease declined very slightly between 2014 and 2018. Gallbladder disease was newly diagnosed in approximately 1,600 active component service members on average each year between 2014 and 2018. A total of 6,470 incident cholecystectomies were performed during this period. […] Although the rates of gallbladder disease and cholecystectomies declined slightly among all active component service members during the study period, gallbladder disease and cholecystectomies are not rare and the rates are higher among those with identified risk factors for gallstone formation. Clinicians should continue to advocate for lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight and a diet low in fat and cholesterol, that could prevent gallbladder disease. Similarly, continued DOD-wide initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles could also help prevent gallbladder disease and maintain the health of the force.

• #68 Burden of gallstone disease in the United States population: Prepandemic rates and trends

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v16/i4/1130.htm

  Gallstone disease is one of the most common digestive disorders in the United States and leads to significant morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization. […] To expand on earlier findings and investigate prepandemic rates and trends in the gallstone disease burden in the United States using national survey and claims databases. […] Gallstone disease prevalence (claims-based, 2019) was 0.70% among commercial insurance enrollees, 1.03% among Medicaid beneficiaries, and 2.09% among Medicare beneficiaries and rose over the previous decade. Recently, in the United States population, gallstone disease contributed to approximately 2.2 million ambulatory care visits, 1.2 million emergency department visits, 625000 hospital discharges, and 2000 deaths annually. […] The gallstone disease burden in the United States is substantial and increasing, particularly among women, Hispanics, and older adults with laparoscopic cholecystectomy as the mainstay treatment. Current practice patterns should be monitored for better health care access.

• #69 Burden of gallstone disease in the United States population: Prepandemic rates and trends

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v16/i4/1130.htm

  The prevalence of symptomatic gallstone disease has doubled in the United States population over the past three decades. […] There were an estimated 1.8 million ambulatory care visits with an all-listed gallstone diagnosis in 2004 and rates were relatively stable over time. […] There were 2155 deaths with gallstones as underlying or other cause in 2004 and mortality rates fell between 1979 and 2004 by 70%. […] Current estimates of the gallstone disease burden in the United States are useful to all multidisciplinary clinicians, researchers, public health professionals, and policy makers for better planning. […] The mortality rate associated with gallstone disease is low, but the economic burden on the health care system is high. […] The data used in this report have limitations. […] The burden of gallstone disease in the United States is considerable and rising.

• #70 The Growing Global Burden of Gallstone Disease | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/the-growing-global-burden-of-gallstone-disease

  In the United States, GD is the second most expensive digestive disease only surpassed by gastroesophageal reflux disease. In 2000, GD was the most common inpatient diagnosis, with 262,411 hospitalizations and in 2004, there were 1.8 million ambulatory care visits with GD diagnosis. Every year about 700,000 cholecystectomies are performed in the United States, and 190,000 patients with GD undergo surgery in Germany. The health care costs of GD (~ 6.5 billion dollars/year) increased by 20% over the last three decades in the United States. […] The GD prevalence is rising in the industrialized countries in Europe and America due to the changes in life style. A similar trend appears to be present in some developing countries. Apart from the aging of the population, key risk factors accounting for the increasing GD prevalence are environmental.

• #71 The Growing Global Burden of Gallstone Disease | World Gastroenterology Organisation

  https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/publications/e-wgn/e-wgn-expert-point-of-view-articles-collection/the-growing-global-burden-of-gallstone-disease

  In the United States, GD is the second most expensive digestive disease only surpassed by gastroesophageal reflux disease. In 2000, GD was the most common inpatient diagnosis, with 262,411 hospitalizations and in 2004, there were 1.8 million ambulatory care visits with GD diagnosis. Every year about 700,000 cholecystectomies are performed in the United States, and 190,000 patients with GD undergo surgery in Germany. The health care costs of GD (~ 6.5 billion dollars/year) increased by 20% over the last three decades in the United States. […] The GD prevalence is rising in the industrialized countries in Europe and America due to the changes in life style. A similar trend appears to be present in some developing countries. Apart from the aging of the population, key risk factors accounting for the increasing GD prevalence are environmental.

• #72 Clinico-epidemiology and aetiopathogenesis of gallstone disease in the South Asian region: a scoping review protocol | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/6/e057808

  Gallstone (GS) disease is one of the most common upper gastrointestinal problems affecting ~20% of the global population. […] Prevalence of GS varies from population to population with the highest among the native Americans. […] Overall, GS disease is common in the West than in Asia and Africa. […] Since GS as a disease of the West, most of the data on disease prevalence, clinical presentations and outcomes, and aetiopathogenesis are generated based on the Western population. […] GS disease is becoming a healthcare burden in many parts of the world in addition to the West hitherto. Prevalence has increased steadily in communities with previously low prevalence rates. […] One identified factor is the increased rates of overweight and obesity, associated with consumption of high-calorie, high-carbohydrate and low-fibre diets with decreased physical activities.

• #73 Clinico-epidemiology and aetiopathogenesis of gallstone disease in the South Asian region: a scoping review protocol | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/6/e057808

  South Asians are one of the communities showing an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. […] According to a recent review by Lammert et al, even the records on the prevalence of GS disease are available only for few South Asian countries. […] In contrast to the west, the prevalence of pigment and mixed cholesterol GS are high in South Asians. […] This warrants the obligation of exploring the aetiopathogenic factors specific to this population. […] Comprehensive knowledge on GS disease specific to a given community is the key to discover preventive and control strategies. […] This protocol is for a scoping review of literature reporting the prevalence, clinical presentations, physiochemical properties, pathogenesis and risk factors of GS among South Asians. […] The proposed scoping review will be an important knowledge base in finding out the disease burden and strategies towards reducing the GS prevalence in South Asian countries.

• #74 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GALL STONE DISEASE IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL–A CHANGING TREND IN CURRENT PERSPECTIVE – Document – Gale Academic OneFile

  https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA510481032&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22784748&p=AONE&sw=w

  The present study revealed that the old known dictum that in a fat fertile female of forty presenting with right hypochondrium pain, always suspects of gall stone disease no more holds true in present scenario. The trend is changing with maximum patients presenting in their thirties with basal metabolic index (BMI) falling in overweight and normal category instead of obese along with narrowing male: female ratio.

• #75 Prevalence and type of biliary stones in India

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v6/iSuppl3/4.htm

  Since it is known generally in the western world that gallbladder stones are uncommon in Asia Pacific region, and the primary bile duct stones (oriental cholangitis) are common, we undertook a systematic study at our center in Northern India to find out the prevalence of gallstones as well as the type of stones in the gallbladder and in the bile duct. […] A gallstones survey limited to railroad workers conducted in 1966 utilizing oral cholecystography had suggested that gallbladder stones occurred 7 times more commonly in North Indian workers than in South Indian workers. […] Of a total of 1104 subjects examined, 48 (4.3%) were found to have gallbladder stones. […] This prevalence is about half of that in the western world (10%). […] The most interesting feature, however, was that the gallstone prevalences varied tremendously between our different ethnic groups, the highest being in Punjabis (North Indians) and the lowest in South Indians.

• #76 Update: Gallbladder Disease and Cholecystectomies, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2014–2018 | Health.mil

  https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2019/12/01/Gallbladder-Disease-and-Cholecystectomies?page=3

  Update: Gallbladder Disease and Cholecystectomies, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 20142018 […] The term gallbladder disease refers to a variety of conditions of the gallbladder and the biliary tract. The more common of these conditions are cholelithiasis (gallstones) and cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), and these conditions often are treated with cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal). During the 20142018 surveillance period, 8,008 active component service members were identified as incident cases of gallbladder disease. The crude overall incidence rate of gallbladder disease was 1.2 per 1,000 person-years; the crude annual rate decreased very slightly during the period. A total of 6,470 active component service members underwent incident cholecystectomies. Almost all (97.4%) were performed laparoscopically, and the majority were performed in outpatient settings (65.2%). Gallbladder disease and cholecystectomies were more common among service members who were female, American Indian/Alaska Native or Hispanic, older, in the Air Force, and in health care occupations. Clinicians should continue to advocate for lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight and a diet low in fat and cholesterol, that could prevent gallbladder disease. Similarly, continued Department of Defense-wide initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles could also help prevent gallbladder disease and maintain the health of the force. […] Annual rates of gallbladder disease in active component service members during the 20142018 period declined slightly compared to the 20042013 period, when rates increased. About 1,601 new cases of gallbladder disease and 1,294 cholecystectomies occurred annually during the surveillance period. […] Gallbladder disease and cholecystectomy are not rare, affecting approximately 1 out of every 1,000 service members per year. Their availability for duty and deployability are adversely impacted during the evaluation, surgical treatment, and convalescence associated with gallbladder disease. […] The surveillance period was 01 Jan. 2014 through 31 Dec. 2018. The surveillance population included all active component service members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps who served at any time during the surveillance period. […] During the 5-year surveillance period, 8,008 incident diagnoses of gallbladder disease were documented on inpatient or outpatient medical records of active component service members. The crude overall rate of incident gallbladder disease diagnoses was 1.2 per 1,000 person-years (p-yrs). […] From 2014 through 2018, a total of 6,470 active component service members underwent cholecystectomies. The overall incidence rate of cholecystectomy was 1.0 per 1,000 p-yrs. […] The annual rates of gallbladder disease declined very slightly between 2014 and 2018. Gallbladder disease was newly diagnosed in approximately 1,600 active component service members on average each year between 2014 and 2018. A total of 6,470 incident cholecystectomies were performed during this period. […] Although the rates of gallbladder disease and cholecystectomies declined slightly among all active component service members during the study period, gallbladder disease and cholecystectomies are not rare and the rates are higher among those with identified risk factors for gallstone formation. Clinicians should continue to advocate for lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight and a diet low in fat and cholesterol, that could prevent gallbladder disease. Similarly, continued DOD-wide initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles could also help prevent gallbladder disease and maintain the health of the force.

• #77 Gallstones: Watch and wait, or intervene? | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/85/4/323

  Standard treatment for these patients is expectant management. Cholecystectomy is not recommended for patients with asymptomatic gallstones. […] Nevertheless, some patients may benefit from prophylactic cholecystectomy. […] Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is recommended for patients who can undergo surgery. […] For patients experiencing acute cholecystitis, laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 72 hours is recommended. […] Early cholecystectomy defined as within 1 week of symptom onset has been found to reduce gallstone-related complications, shorten hospital stays, and lower costs.

• #78 Gallstones: Watch and wait, or intervene? | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/85/4/323

  Standard treatment for these patients is expectant management. Cholecystectomy is not recommended for patients with asymptomatic gallstones. […] Nevertheless, some patients may benefit from prophylactic cholecystectomy. […] Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is recommended for patients who can undergo surgery. […] For patients experiencing acute cholecystitis, laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 72 hours is recommended. […] Early cholecystectomy defined as within 1 week of symptom onset has been found to reduce gallstone-related complications, shorten hospital stays, and lower costs.

• #79 How to Get Rid of Gallstones: 9 Natural Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-get-rid-of-gallstones

  Doctors typically recommend medication or surgery to treat gallstones. […] Surgery is often the recommended treatment for gallstones. Surgery, known as cholecystectomy, involves removing the gallbladder, so gallstones are not able to form again following this treatment. […] Gallstones are most common in: […] A combination of genetics, diet, and lifestyle factors are likely the cause of gallstones formation. […] A 2006 study reported that women who ate more fruits and vegetables had a lower risk for gallbladder removal surgery than women who ate the least fruits and vegetables. […] Obesity increases your risk for developing gallstones. Losing weight can be an important part of preventing gallstones, but the way you lose weight matters. […] Theres little research on the efficacy of natural treatments for gallstones. […] If your doctor has recommended surgery, have an open conversation with them about other options you may be able to try first.

• #80 Top reasons Ozempic users visit the ER — and when you should go

  https://nypost.com/2025/05/01/health/top-reasons-ozempic-users-visit-the-er-and-when-you-should-go/

  A number of Ozempic users have also reported to the emergency room with gallbladder inflammation a side effect that stems from the body failing to adapt quickly enough to rapid weight loss. […] Rapid weight loss causes the liver to pump out more bile and more cholesterol, both of which can lead to the formation of gallstones within the gallbladder, pharmacist Dr. Dan explained in a viral TikTok video. […] Gallbladder inflammation is characterized by enduring pain that originates in the right upper abdomen and radiates around the sides. This inflammation can be life-threatening and patients who experience these symptoms are urged to seek medical care.

• #81 Gallbladder Carcinoma : A Comprehensive Review and Recent Updates | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/1219270

  Patients undergoing radical cholecystectomy for gallbladder cancer should be monitored with imaging studies every 3 to 6 months for the first 2 years, followed by every 6 to 12 months for up to 5 years. Additionally, CEA and CA 199 levels should be assessed as clinically indicated to aid in detecting recurrence. […] Screening for gallbladder cancer (GBC) is not conducted on a population-wide basis due to its low overall incidence and the lack of cost-effective screening tools. However, targeted screening is recommended for high-risk individuals, including those with large gallstones (3 cm), porcelain gallbladder, gallbladder polyps 1 cm, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junction (APBDJ), chronic bacterial infections (Salmonella or Helicobacter), and a family history of GBC.

• #82

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/07120/significance_of_family_history_of_cholelithiasis.25.aspx

  Our study shows that nearly one-third of patients with gallstones may have a family history; however, the age of onset remains above 40 years for the majority of patients. […] Screening individuals with a positive family history may facilitate early detection and preventive measures, ultimately reducing morbidity associated with gallstones.

• #83

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/07120/significance_of_family_history_of_cholelithiasis.25.aspx

  Linkage studies have indicated a potential genetic predisposition to cholelithiasis. This study aims to determine the frequency of positive family history of gallstone disease in patients presenting with gallstones in a Pakistani population. […] The study found that 32.4% (n=33) of participants had a single family member with gallstones, 3.9% (n=4) had 2 family members affected, and 1% (n=1) had 3 family members affected. The attributable risk of genetics from our study was 37.2%. […] A significant percentage of Pakistani population may have gallstone disease due to genetic factors. […] Our study indicates that 37.3% of patients had a positive family history, with up to 5% having more than 1 family member affected by gallstones. This finding raises the possibility that up to one-third of cases of gallstones in Pakistan may be linked to inheritability.

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