Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Factors predicting outcome in whiplash injury: a systematic meta-review of prognostic factors | Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology | Full Text

  https://jorthoptraumatol.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s10195-016-0431-x

  Whiplash injuries are among the leading injuries related to car crashes and it is important to determine the prognostic factors that predict the outcome of patients with these injuries. This meta-review aims to identify factors that are associated with outcome after acute whiplash injury. […] Post-injury pain and disability, whiplash grades, cold hyperalgesia, post-injury anxiety, catastrophizing, compensation and legal factors, and early healthcare use were associated with continuation of pain and disability in patients with whiplash injury. […] This meta-review suggests an association between initial pain and anxiety and the outcome of acute whiplash injury, and less evidence for an association with physical factors. […] The most consistent finding of the systematic reviews was the association of post-injury pain and disability with long-term pain and disability.

• #2 A prospective cohort study of health outcomes following whiplash associated disorders in an Australian population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2564458/

  To define health outcomes of whiplash associated disorders (WAD) at three months, six months, and two years after injury and to examine predictors of these outcomes. […] Whiplash injury had a large effect on the health of this Australian cohort of whiplash sufferers, with only 50% of the cohort recovered at two years. […] Predictors of recovery at two years (as defined by global perceived effect) included a lower FRI index at baseline (p=0.001) and closure of the claim at two years (p=0.02). […] Identifying WAD sufferers who are less likely to recover is important, in order to try to address the poor health outcomes of WAD. […] Nonrecovery is highly associated with initial levels of disability, suggesting that early identification of disability is important prognostically. […] Recovery continues for two years.

• #3 A prospective cohort study of health outcomes following whiplash associated disorders in an Australian population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2564458/

  Physical measures of health improve over time, mental health measures do not. […] Predictors of recovery at two years are the initial disability (measured by the FRI) and closure of the claim at two years. […] Chronic disability may be prevented by identifying those who score highly with the FRI at baseline and directing more resources toward them. […] Health outcomes are limited in this cohort of Australian whiplash sufferers. Recovery continues for up to two years, with 50% of the cohort recovered at two years.

• #4 Are physical factors associated with poor prognosis following a whiplash trauma?: a protocol for a systematic review and data synthesis | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/11/e033298

  Mitigating the transition from acute to chronic whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) is fundamental, and this could be achieved through early identification of individuals at risk. […] Therefore, the aim of the current protocol is to outline the protocol for a systematic review that synthesises the current evidence of which physical factors can predict ongoing pain and disability following a whiplash trauma. […] The primary outcome for this review is Neck Disability Index, while all other validated measures will be considered as secondary outcomes. […] The rate of transition from acute to chronic WAD is high. It has been found that 50% of patients with acute WAD develop chronic WAD, a condition that tends to be resistant to treatment with limited evidence of effective interventions. […] Due to this general lack of responsiveness to interventions, mitigating the transition to chronic WAD, in the first place, is fundamental. This could be achieved through early identification of physical factors that increase the risk of developing persistent symptoms, among whom, a better allocation of treatments could be prescribed.

• #5 Whiplash Injury -The science of Prognosis

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/whiplash-injury-the-science-prognosis-dr-sahir-shaikh

  With the Medco now monitoring the medical reporting industry it has become ever so important to understand the science of prognosis, the holy grail of Whiplash! […] Whilst it is true that prognosis is not an exact science, the medical expert is expected to give a Magic Number for recovery period. […] Over the last 46 years there have been over 53 papers published on the long term prognosis of Whiplash Injury. In the studies that followed up patients for at least 6 months post accident, the average of the proportions of the patient who are still symptomatic was between 35% 55%. […] Whilst 45% of cases may recover in 12 weeks, nearly 55% continue to suffer beyond 3 months and some beyond 2 years post accident. More than 50% will have certain level of symptoms beyond the first year and 10% never recover and can be classed as disabled.

• #6 Whiplash Injury -The science of Prognosis

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/whiplash-injury-the-science-prognosis-dr-sahir-shaikh

  With the Medco now monitoring the medical reporting industry it has become ever so important to understand the science of prognosis, the holy grail of Whiplash! […] Whilst it is true that prognosis is not an exact science, the medical expert is expected to give a Magic Number for recovery period. […] Over the last 46 years there have been over 53 papers published on the long term prognosis of Whiplash Injury. In the studies that followed up patients for at least 6 months post accident, the average of the proportions of the patient who are still symptomatic was between 35% 55%. […] Whilst 45% of cases may recover in 12 weeks, nearly 55% continue to suffer beyond 3 months and some beyond 2 years post accident. More than 50% will have certain level of symptoms beyond the first year and 10% never recover and can be classed as disabled.

• #7 A prospective cohort study of health outcomes following whiplash associated disorders in an Australian population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2564458/

  To define health outcomes of whiplash associated disorders (WAD) at three months, six months, and two years after injury and to examine predictors of these outcomes. […] Whiplash injury had a large effect on the health of this Australian cohort of whiplash sufferers, with only 50% of the cohort recovered at two years. […] Predictors of recovery at two years (as defined by global perceived effect) included a lower FRI index at baseline (p=0.001) and closure of the claim at two years (p=0.02). […] Identifying WAD sufferers who are less likely to recover is important, in order to try to address the poor health outcomes of WAD. […] Nonrecovery is highly associated with initial levels of disability, suggesting that early identification of disability is important prognostically. […] Recovery continues for two years.

• #8 Factors predicting outcome in whiplash injury: a systematic meta-review of prognostic factors | Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology | Full Text

  https://jorthoptraumatol.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s10195-016-0431-x

  Whiplash injuries are among the leading injuries related to car crashes and it is important to determine the prognostic factors that predict the outcome of patients with these injuries. This meta-review aims to identify factors that are associated with outcome after acute whiplash injury. […] Post-injury pain and disability, whiplash grades, cold hyperalgesia, post-injury anxiety, catastrophizing, compensation and legal factors, and early healthcare use were associated with continuation of pain and disability in patients with whiplash injury. […] This meta-review suggests an association between initial pain and anxiety and the outcome of acute whiplash injury, and less evidence for an association with physical factors. […] The most consistent finding of the systematic reviews was the association of post-injury pain and disability with long-term pain and disability.

• #9 A prospective cohort study of health outcomes following whiplash associated disorders in an Australian population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2564458/

  To define health outcomes of whiplash associated disorders (WAD) at three months, six months, and two years after injury and to examine predictors of these outcomes. […] Whiplash injury had a large effect on the health of this Australian cohort of whiplash sufferers, with only 50% of the cohort recovered at two years. […] Predictors of recovery at two years (as defined by global perceived effect) included a lower FRI index at baseline (p=0.001) and closure of the claim at two years (p=0.02). […] Identifying WAD sufferers who are less likely to recover is important, in order to try to address the poor health outcomes of WAD. […] Nonrecovery is highly associated with initial levels of disability, suggesting that early identification of disability is important prognostically. […] Recovery continues for two years.

• #10 (PDF) The Risk Assessment Score in Acute Whiplash Injury Predicts Outcome and Reflects Biopsychosocial Factors

  https://www.academia.edu/20786672/The_Risk_Assessment_Score_in_Acute_Whiplash_Injury_Predicts_Outcome_and_Reflects_Biopsychosocial_Factors

  These findings add to the growing body of evidence, indicating that socio-demographic, physical and psychological factors affect short-and long-term outcome after whiplash injury. […] It may therefore be suggested that patients’ confidence in performing daily activities should be reinforced in order to optimize treatment after whiplash injury. […] The relative risk for a 1-year disability increased by 3.5 with initial intense neck pain and headaches, by 4.6 times with reduced CROM and by four times with multiple non-painful complaints. […] Reduced active neck mobility, immediate intense neck pain and headaches and the presence of multiple non-painful complaints are the important prognostic factors for a 1-year handicap after acute whiplash. […] This study suggests that low-grade whiplash patients should be submitted as early as possible after the trauma to neuropsychological and motor control tests in a specialized consultation.

• #11 (PDF) The Risk Assessment Score in Acute Whiplash Injury Predicts Outcome and Reflects Biopsychosocial Factors

  https://www.academia.edu/20786672/The_Risk_Assessment_Score_in_Acute_Whiplash_Injury_Predicts_Outcome_and_Reflects_Biopsychosocial_Factors

  The subjective experience of a notably decreased level of activity because of the neck pain when supplemented by the enhanced score of Neck Disability Index questionnaire predicts well poor outcome in long-term follow-up and can be used as a tool to identify persons who are at risk to suffer long-term health problems after whiplash injury.

• #12 Predicting recovery from whiplash injury in the primary care setting

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2014/august/predicting-recovery-from-whiplash-injury

  In the primary care setting, asking patients with whiplash about their expectations of recovery is a useful predictor of their outcome. […] Initial expectations of recovery predicted recovery. […] Subjects who expected to get better slowly had a recovery rate that was nearly 1.9 times that of subjects with poor recovery expectations. Subjects who expected to get better soon had a recovery rate that was 2.6 times greater than either of those with poor recovery expectations. […] It is important, therefore, to determine how useful it is to ask patients with whiplash about recovery expectations in the primary care setting. […] Patients with whiplash who expect never to get better or don’t know have a much higher likelihood of developing at least one sign of central sensitisation 3 months later.

• #13 Predicting recovery from whiplash injury in the primary care setting

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2014/august/predicting-recovery-from-whiplash-injury

  The initial responses to expectation of recovery were: get better soon; get better slowly; never get better; don’t know. […] Following linear regression analyses with single variables, only expectation was significant in predicting recovery at 3 months. […] Participants who expected to get better slowly had a recovery rate that was 1.9 times faster than those of the two groups with poor recovery expectations. Participants who expected to get better soon had a recovery rate that was 2.6 times faster than those of the two groups with poor recovery expectations. […] This study shows that the previously observed findings from population-based studies, that expectations of recovery predict self-reported recovery from whiplash injury, are also true in the primary care setting. […] Patients who respond get better soon will recover 2.6 times as fast as those who respond never get better or don’t know, or alternatively, are 2.6 times more likely to report recovery at 3 months.

• #14 Do expectations of recovery improve risk assessment for people with whiplash-associated disorders? Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-022-05242-8

  Patient expectations of recovery was not included in the derivation process for WhipPredict although this belief is known to influence outcomes in WAD. […] Expectations of recovery relate to the belief that a particular health outcome will be achieved (self-efficacy), and are thought to be a product of individuals prior health experiences and health literacy, together with the social and cultural contexts within which they exist. […] In WAD, expectations of recovery have been identified to predict pain-related disability, neck pain intensity, and global perceived recovery, and are endorsed in international clinical guidelines for WAD as an indicator of prognosis. […] The identification of individuals likely to experience poor outcome is a priority in the management of WAD, and on inspection of accuracy statistics, WhipPredict+E appeared to offer additional accuracy over WhipPredict for this purpose.

• #15 Do expectations of recovery improve risk assessment for people with whiplash-associated disorders? Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-022-05242-8

  Patient expectations of recovery was not included in the derivation process for WhipPredict although this belief is known to influence outcomes in WAD. […] Expectations of recovery relate to the belief that a particular health outcome will be achieved (self-efficacy), and are thought to be a product of individuals prior health experiences and health literacy, together with the social and cultural contexts within which they exist. […] In WAD, expectations of recovery have been identified to predict pain-related disability, neck pain intensity, and global perceived recovery, and are endorsed in international clinical guidelines for WAD as an indicator of prognosis. […] The identification of individuals likely to experience poor outcome is a priority in the management of WAD, and on inspection of accuracy statistics, WhipPredict+E appeared to offer additional accuracy over WhipPredict for this purpose.

• #16 Factors predicting outcome in whiplash injury: a systematic meta-review of prognostic factors | Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology | Full Text

  https://jorthoptraumatol.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s10195-016-0431-x

  Psychosocial factors are the combination of social factors, for example compensation and legal matters, with psychological factors, such as post-injury anxiety and catastrophizing. […] Factors identified as not being associated with the prognosis of whiplash were post-injury magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or radiological findings; motor dysfunctions; and collision factors. […] Current evidence is conflicting for the association of demographic factors (gender, age and education), three psychological factors (coping behaviour, general psychological distress and depressive mood) and pre-accident pain with the prognosis of whiplash. […] This meta-review, summarising the results of twelve systematic reviews, indicates that the outcome of patients with acute whiplash injury is associated with post-injury symptoms and some psychosocial factors, and not injury-related physical or mechanical factors. […] The predictors of poor outcome after acute whiplash injury are early pain and some psychosocial factors, whereas physical factors are not associated with the outcome of acute whiplash.

• #17 Factors predicting outcome in whiplash injury: a systematic meta-review of prognostic factors | Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology | Full Text

  https://jorthoptraumatol.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s10195-016-0431-x

  Psychosocial factors are the combination of social factors, for example compensation and legal matters, with psychological factors, such as post-injury anxiety and catastrophizing. […] Factors identified as not being associated with the prognosis of whiplash were post-injury magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or radiological findings; motor dysfunctions; and collision factors. […] Current evidence is conflicting for the association of demographic factors (gender, age and education), three psychological factors (coping behaviour, general psychological distress and depressive mood) and pre-accident pain with the prognosis of whiplash. […] This meta-review, summarising the results of twelve systematic reviews, indicates that the outcome of patients with acute whiplash injury is associated with post-injury symptoms and some psychosocial factors, and not injury-related physical or mechanical factors. […] The predictors of poor outcome after acute whiplash injury are early pain and some psychosocial factors, whereas physical factors are not associated with the outcome of acute whiplash.

• #18

  https://journals.lww.com/intjrehabilres/fulltext/2002/09000/prognostic_factors_in_whiplash_associated.3.aspx?generateEpub=Article%7Cintjrehabilres:2002:09000:00003%7C%7C

  Whiplash-associated disorders (WADs) have become an increasing problem over the years and many authors have addressed the issue. […] The results suggest that a linear combination of sex, self-efficacy and WAD grade significantly explains 24% of the variation observed in pain intensity at the one-year follow-up, whereas a linear combination of self-efficacy, sex and age significantly explains 36% of the variation observed in disability at the one-year follow-up. […] It is concluded that WAD patients’ self-efficacy at an early stage after whiplash injury significantly predicts the temporal development of pain intensity and disability. […] It may therefore be suggested that patients’ confidence in performing daily activities should be reinforced in order to optimize treatment after whiplash injury. […] Se lleg a la conclusin de que la eficacia evaluada por los propios pacientes con TAL en una fase precoz tras la lesin predice significativamente la evolucin cronolgica de la intensidad del dolor y de la discapacidad.

• #19 Sick Leave within 5 Years of Whiplash Trauma Predicts Recovery: A Prospective Cohort and Register-Based Study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130298

  Sick leave before the collision strongly predicted prolonged recovery following whiplash trauma. […] Participants with acute whiplash trauma who had received sickness benefit for more than 12 weeks pre-collision had increased odds for negative change in future provisional situation (Odds Ratio (OR) (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 3.8 (2.1;7.1)) and future neck pain (OR (95%CI) = 3.3 (1.8;6.3)), controlling for other known risk factors. […] More than 3 months of sick leave prior to the collision predicted negative change in provisional situation and considerable neck pain one year after the collision. […] Individuals experiencing whiplash trauma had more than tripled the odds for negative change in provisional situation compared with controls (OR (95% CI) = 3.13 (2.25; 4.35), p 0.001) adjusted for remaining predictive variables.

• #20 Sick Leave within 5 Years of Whiplash Trauma Predicts Recovery: A Prospective Cohort and Register-Based Study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130298

  Sick leave before the collision strongly predicted prolonged recovery following whiplash trauma. […] Participants with acute whiplash trauma who had received sickness benefit for more than 12 weeks pre-collision had increased odds for negative change in future provisional situation (Odds Ratio (OR) (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 3.8 (2.1;7.1)) and future neck pain (OR (95%CI) = 3.3 (1.8;6.3)), controlling for other known risk factors. […] More than 3 months of sick leave prior to the collision predicted negative change in provisional situation and considerable neck pain one year after the collision. […] Individuals experiencing whiplash trauma had more than tripled the odds for negative change in provisional situation compared with controls (OR (95% CI) = 3.13 (2.25; 4.35), p 0.001) adjusted for remaining predictive variables.

• #21 A prospective cohort study of health outcomes following whiplash associated disorders in an Australian population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2564458/

  To define health outcomes of whiplash associated disorders (WAD) at three months, six months, and two years after injury and to examine predictors of these outcomes. […] Whiplash injury had a large effect on the health of this Australian cohort of whiplash sufferers, with only 50% of the cohort recovered at two years. […] Predictors of recovery at two years (as defined by global perceived effect) included a lower FRI index at baseline (p=0.001) and closure of the claim at two years (p=0.02). […] Identifying WAD sufferers who are less likely to recover is important, in order to try to address the poor health outcomes of WAD. […] Nonrecovery is highly associated with initial levels of disability, suggesting that early identification of disability is important prognostically. […] Recovery continues for two years.

• #22 (PDF) The Risk Assessment Score in Acute Whiplash Injury Predicts Outcome and Reflects Biopsychosocial Factors

  https://www.academia.edu/20786672/The_Risk_Assessment_Score_in_Acute_Whiplash_Injury_Predicts_Outcome_and_Reflects_Biopsychosocial_Factors

  Study Design. One-year prospective study of 141 acute whiplash patients (WLP) and 40 acute ankle-injured controls. […] The objective of our prospective inception cohort study was to identify prognostic factors for poor recovery in patients with whiplash-associated disorders grade 1 or 2 who still had neck pain and accompanying complaints 2 weeks after the accident. […] The outcomes were assessed at 4, 12 and 52 weeks after the accident. Prognostic factors were identified by logistic regression analyses. […] Factors related to poor recovery were female gender, a low level of education, high initial neck pain, more severe disability, higher levels of somatisation and sleep difficulties. […] Neck pain intensity and work disability proved to be the most consistent predictors for poor recovery.

• #23 (PDF) The Risk Assessment Score in Acute Whiplash Injury Predicts Outcome and Reflects Biopsychosocial Factors

  https://www.academia.edu/20786672/The_Risk_Assessment_Score_in_Acute_Whiplash_Injury_Predicts_Outcome_and_Reflects_Biopsychosocial_Factors

  Study Design. One-year prospective study of 141 acute whiplash patients (WLP) and 40 acute ankle-injured controls. […] The objective of our prospective inception cohort study was to identify prognostic factors for poor recovery in patients with whiplash-associated disorders grade 1 or 2 who still had neck pain and accompanying complaints 2 weeks after the accident. […] The outcomes were assessed at 4, 12 and 52 weeks after the accident. Prognostic factors were identified by logistic regression analyses. […] Factors related to poor recovery were female gender, a low level of education, high initial neck pain, more severe disability, higher levels of somatisation and sleep difficulties. […] Neck pain intensity and work disability proved to be the most consistent predictors for poor recovery.

• #24 Do expectations of recovery improve risk assessment for people with whiplash-associated disorders? Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-022-05242-8

  WhipPredict, which includes prognostic factors of pain-related disability, age and hyperarousal symptoms, was developed and validated for prediction of outcome in people with whiplash associated disorders (WAD). […] The aim of this study was to determine whether the addition of expectations of recovery could improve the accuracy of WhipPredict. […] Expectations of recovery improved or maintained the accuracy of predictions of poor outcome (6-months: sensitivity 78 to 83%, specificity maintained at 79.5%; 12-months: sensitivity maintained at 80%, specificity 69 to 73%). […] The sensitivity of predictions of full recovery improved (6-months: 68 to 76%; 12-months: 57 to 81%), though specificity did not change appreciably at 6months (80 to 81%) and declined at 12 (83 to 76%). […] The addition of expectations of recovery may improve the accuracy of WhipPredict, though further validation is required.

• #25 Do expectations of recovery improve risk assessment for people with whiplash-associated disorders? Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-022-05242-8

  WhipPredict, which includes prognostic factors of pain-related disability, age and hyperarousal symptoms, was developed and validated for prediction of outcome in people with whiplash associated disorders (WAD). […] The aim of this study was to determine whether the addition of expectations of recovery could improve the accuracy of WhipPredict. […] Expectations of recovery improved or maintained the accuracy of predictions of poor outcome (6-months: sensitivity 78 to 83%, specificity maintained at 79.5%; 12-months: sensitivity maintained at 80%, specificity 69 to 73%). […] The sensitivity of predictions of full recovery improved (6-months: 68 to 76%; 12-months: 57 to 81%), though specificity did not change appreciably at 6months (80 to 81%) and declined at 12 (83 to 76%). […] The addition of expectations of recovery may improve the accuracy of WhipPredict, though further validation is required.

• #26 Do expectations of recovery improve risk assessment for people with whiplash-associated disorders? Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-022-05242-8

  WhipPredict, which includes prognostic factors of pain-related disability, age and hyperarousal symptoms, was developed and validated for prediction of outcome in people with whiplash associated disorders (WAD). […] The aim of this study was to determine whether the addition of expectations of recovery could improve the accuracy of WhipPredict. […] Expectations of recovery improved or maintained the accuracy of predictions of poor outcome (6-months: sensitivity 78 to 83%, specificity maintained at 79.5%; 12-months: sensitivity maintained at 80%, specificity 69 to 73%). […] The sensitivity of predictions of full recovery improved (6-months: 68 to 76%; 12-months: 57 to 81%), though specificity did not change appreciably at 6months (80 to 81%) and declined at 12 (83 to 76%). […] The addition of expectations of recovery may improve the accuracy of WhipPredict, though further validation is required.

• #27 Do expectations of recovery improve risk assessment for people with whiplash-associated disorders? Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-022-05242-8

  Patient expectations of recovery was not included in the derivation process for WhipPredict although this belief is known to influence outcomes in WAD. […] Expectations of recovery relate to the belief that a particular health outcome will be achieved (self-efficacy), and are thought to be a product of individuals prior health experiences and health literacy, together with the social and cultural contexts within which they exist. […] In WAD, expectations of recovery have been identified to predict pain-related disability, neck pain intensity, and global perceived recovery, and are endorsed in international clinical guidelines for WAD as an indicator of prognosis. […] The identification of individuals likely to experience poor outcome is a priority in the management of WAD, and on inspection of accuracy statistics, WhipPredict+E appeared to offer additional accuracy over WhipPredict for this purpose.

• #28 Prognosis of patients with whiplash-associated disorders consulting physiotherapy: development of a predictive model for recovery | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2474-13-264

  Patients with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) have a generally favourable prognosis, yet some develop longstanding pain and disability. […] Predicting who will recover from WAD shortly after a traffic collision is very challenging for health care providers such as physical therapists. […] We developed a model predicting recovery from WAD, in a cohort of patients who consulted physical therapists. Our model has adequate predictive ability. […] The final prediction model included: age, number of days to reporting the collision, neck pain intensity, low back pain intensity, pain other than neck and back pain, headache before collision and recovery expectations. […] The predictive ability (c-index) increased for each model and reached an acceptable level of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.71) for the final model.

• #29 Prognosis of patients with whiplash-associated disorders consulting physiotherapy: development of a predictive model for recovery | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2474-13-264

  We developed and internally validated a predictive model for recovery among patients with WAD consulting physical therapists within six weeks after the injury. The model has acceptable predictive ability. […] Our final predictive model includes seven prognostic factors. […] This predictive model for recovery from WAD among patients consulting physical therapy has an acceptable predictive ability, is robust and has a good fit.

• #30 Prognosis of patients with whiplash-associated disorders consulting physiotherapy: development of a predictive model for recovery | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2474-13-264

  Patients with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) have a generally favourable prognosis, yet some develop longstanding pain and disability. […] Predicting who will recover from WAD shortly after a traffic collision is very challenging for health care providers such as physical therapists. […] We developed a model predicting recovery from WAD, in a cohort of patients who consulted physical therapists. Our model has adequate predictive ability. […] The final prediction model included: age, number of days to reporting the collision, neck pain intensity, low back pain intensity, pain other than neck and back pain, headache before collision and recovery expectations. […] The predictive ability (c-index) increased for each model and reached an acceptable level of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.71) for the final model.

• #31 Prognosis of patients with whiplash-associated disorders consulting physiotherapy: development of a predictive model for recovery

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3544579/

  Patients with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) have a generally favourable prognosis, yet some develop longstanding pain and disability. […] Predicting who will recover from WAD shortly after a traffic collision is very challenging for health care providers such as physical therapists. […] We developed a model predicting recovery from WAD, in a cohort of patients who consulted physical therapists. Our model has adequate predictive ability. […] The final prediction model included: age, number of days to reporting the collision, neck pain intensity, low back pain intensity, pain other than neck and back pain, headache before collision and recovery expectations. The model had an acceptable level of predictive ability with a c-index of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.71). […] To date, predicting the outcome of WAD remains challenging and few clinical prediction tools exists to assist health care providers in establishing the prognosis for patients.

• #32 Prognosis of patients with whiplash-associated disorders consulting physiotherapy: development of a predictive model for recovery | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2474-13-264

  We developed and internally validated a predictive model for recovery among patients with WAD consulting physical therapists within six weeks after the injury. The model has acceptable predictive ability. […] Our final predictive model includes seven prognostic factors. […] This predictive model for recovery from WAD among patients consulting physical therapy has an acceptable predictive ability, is robust and has a good fit.

• #33

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s005860000220

  Whiplash, a common injury following motor vehicle crashes, is associated with high costs and a prognosis that is variable and difficult to predict. […] We conclude that whiplash patients presenting with several specific musculoskeletal and neurological signs and symptoms will have a longer recovery period. […] Together, these factors in older females (age 60) predicted a median recovery time of 262 days, compared with 17 days for younger males (age 20) who do not have this profile.

• #34 Factors predicting outcome in whiplash injury: a systematic meta-review of prognostic factors | Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology | Full Text

  https://jorthoptraumatol.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s10195-016-0431-x

  Psychosocial factors are the combination of social factors, for example compensation and legal matters, with psychological factors, such as post-injury anxiety and catastrophizing. […] Factors identified as not being associated with the prognosis of whiplash were post-injury magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or radiological findings; motor dysfunctions; and collision factors. […] Current evidence is conflicting for the association of demographic factors (gender, age and education), three psychological factors (coping behaviour, general psychological distress and depressive mood) and pre-accident pain with the prognosis of whiplash. […] This meta-review, summarising the results of twelve systematic reviews, indicates that the outcome of patients with acute whiplash injury is associated with post-injury symptoms and some psychosocial factors, and not injury-related physical or mechanical factors. […] The predictors of poor outcome after acute whiplash injury are early pain and some psychosocial factors, whereas physical factors are not associated with the outcome of acute whiplash.

• #35 Factors predicting outcome in whiplash injury: a systematic meta-review of prognostic factors | Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology | Full Text

  https://jorthoptraumatol.springeropen.com/articles/10.1007/s10195-016-0431-x

  Psychosocial factors are the combination of social factors, for example compensation and legal matters, with psychological factors, such as post-injury anxiety and catastrophizing. […] Factors identified as not being associated with the prognosis of whiplash were post-injury magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or radiological findings; motor dysfunctions; and collision factors. […] Current evidence is conflicting for the association of demographic factors (gender, age and education), three psychological factors (coping behaviour, general psychological distress and depressive mood) and pre-accident pain with the prognosis of whiplash. […] This meta-review, summarising the results of twelve systematic reviews, indicates that the outcome of patients with acute whiplash injury is associated with post-injury symptoms and some psychosocial factors, and not injury-related physical or mechanical factors. […] The predictors of poor outcome after acute whiplash injury are early pain and some psychosocial factors, whereas physical factors are not associated with the outcome of acute whiplash.

• #36 A prospective cohort study of health outcomes following whiplash associated disorders in an Australian population

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2564458/

  Physical measures of health improve over time, mental health measures do not. […] Predictors of recovery at two years are the initial disability (measured by the FRI) and closure of the claim at two years. […] Chronic disability may be prevented by identifying those who score highly with the FRI at baseline and directing more resources toward them. […] Health outcomes are limited in this cohort of Australian whiplash sufferers. Recovery continues for up to two years, with 50% of the cohort recovered at two years.

• #37 Are physical factors associated with poor prognosis following a whiplash trauma?: a protocol for a systematic review and data synthesis | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/11/e033298

  Mitigating the transition from acute to chronic whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) is fundamental, and this could be achieved through early identification of individuals at risk. […] Therefore, the aim of the current protocol is to outline the protocol for a systematic review that synthesises the current evidence of which physical factors can predict ongoing pain and disability following a whiplash trauma. […] The primary outcome for this review is Neck Disability Index, while all other validated measures will be considered as secondary outcomes. […] The rate of transition from acute to chronic WAD is high. It has been found that 50% of patients with acute WAD develop chronic WAD, a condition that tends to be resistant to treatment with limited evidence of effective interventions. […] Due to this general lack of responsiveness to interventions, mitigating the transition to chronic WAD, in the first place, is fundamental. This could be achieved through early identification of physical factors that increase the risk of developing persistent symptoms, among whom, a better allocation of treatments could be prescribed.

• #38 Are physical factors associated with poor prognosis following a whiplash trauma?: a protocol for a systematic review and data synthesis | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/11/e033298

  Mitigating the transition from acute to chronic whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) is fundamental, and this could be achieved through early identification of individuals at risk. […] Therefore, the aim of the current protocol is to outline the protocol for a systematic review that synthesises the current evidence of which physical factors can predict ongoing pain and disability following a whiplash trauma. […] The primary outcome for this review is Neck Disability Index, while all other validated measures will be considered as secondary outcomes. […] The rate of transition from acute to chronic WAD is high. It has been found that 50% of patients with acute WAD develop chronic WAD, a condition that tends to be resistant to treatment with limited evidence of effective interventions. […] Due to this general lack of responsiveness to interventions, mitigating the transition to chronic WAD, in the first place, is fundamental. This could be achieved through early identification of physical factors that increase the risk of developing persistent symptoms, among whom, a better allocation of treatments could be prescribed.

• #39 (PDF) The Risk Assessment Score in Acute Whiplash Injury Predicts Outcome and Reflects Biopsychosocial Factors

  https://www.academia.edu/20786672/The_Risk_Assessment_Score_in_Acute_Whiplash_Injury_Predicts_Outcome_and_Reflects_Biopsychosocial_Factors

  These findings add to the growing body of evidence, indicating that socio-demographic, physical and psychological factors affect short-and long-term outcome after whiplash injury. […] It may therefore be suggested that patients’ confidence in performing daily activities should be reinforced in order to optimize treatment after whiplash injury. […] The relative risk for a 1-year disability increased by 3.5 with initial intense neck pain and headaches, by 4.6 times with reduced CROM and by four times with multiple non-painful complaints. […] Reduced active neck mobility, immediate intense neck pain and headaches and the presence of multiple non-painful complaints are the important prognostic factors for a 1-year handicap after acute whiplash. […] This study suggests that low-grade whiplash patients should be submitted as early as possible after the trauma to neuropsychological and motor control tests in a specialized consultation.

• #40 Predicting recovery from whiplash injury in the primary care setting

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2014/august/predicting-recovery-from-whiplash-injury

  For patients with whiplash, those who expect to get better soon will have negative central sensitisation testing. […] The extent to which this physical finding reflects recovery is not clear. […] The use of straightforward, easily applied single-question approaches in the patient with acute whiplash is more likely to be of value to busy primary care practitioners than more complicated measures, and may help to predict which patients are likely to do well and which may not. […] Confirming the prognostic value of expectations in this way in the primary care setting will help aid in the rapid and effective assessment of which patients with whiplash can be expected to have a poor outcome. […] The purpose of this study was to determine whether expectations in the acute phase after whiplash injury predicted recovery 3 months post-whiplash injury, adjusting for age, gender and initial whiplash disability scores.

• #41

  https://journals.lww.com/intjrehabilres/fulltext/2002/09000/prognostic_factors_in_whiplash_associated.3.aspx?generateEpub=Article%7Cintjrehabilres:2002:09000:00003%7C%7C

  Whiplash-associated disorders (WADs) have become an increasing problem over the years and many authors have addressed the issue. […] The results suggest that a linear combination of sex, self-efficacy and WAD grade significantly explains 24% of the variation observed in pain intensity at the one-year follow-up, whereas a linear combination of self-efficacy, sex and age significantly explains 36% of the variation observed in disability at the one-year follow-up. […] It is concluded that WAD patients’ self-efficacy at an early stage after whiplash injury significantly predicts the temporal development of pain intensity and disability. […] It may therefore be suggested that patients’ confidence in performing daily activities should be reinforced in order to optimize treatment after whiplash injury. […] Se lleg a la conclusin de que la eficacia evaluada por los propios pacientes con TAL en una fase precoz tras la lesin predice significativamente la evolucin cronolgica de la intensidad del dolor y de la discapacidad.

• #42 (PDF) The Risk Assessment Score in Acute Whiplash Injury Predicts Outcome and Reflects Biopsychosocial Factors

  https://www.academia.edu/20786672/The_Risk_Assessment_Score_in_Acute_Whiplash_Injury_Predicts_Outcome_and_Reflects_Biopsychosocial_Factors

  These findings add to the growing body of evidence, indicating that socio-demographic, physical and psychological factors affect short-and long-term outcome after whiplash injury. […] It may therefore be suggested that patients’ confidence in performing daily activities should be reinforced in order to optimize treatment after whiplash injury. […] The relative risk for a 1-year disability increased by 3.5 with initial intense neck pain and headaches, by 4.6 times with reduced CROM and by four times with multiple non-painful complaints. […] Reduced active neck mobility, immediate intense neck pain and headaches and the presence of multiple non-painful complaints are the important prognostic factors for a 1-year handicap after acute whiplash. […] This study suggests that low-grade whiplash patients should be submitted as early as possible after the trauma to neuropsychological and motor control tests in a specialized consultation.

• #43 Prognosis of patients with whiplash-associated disorders consulting physiotherapy: development of a predictive model for recovery

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3544579/

  Our study is the first step (derivation) in the development of a prediction rule. We recommend that our model be tested in different WAD populations (external validation). Similarly, the model needs to be tested in clinical settings to determine its impact on practice pattern, outcome and costs of care for patients with WAD (impact analysis).

• #44 Predicting recovery from whiplash injury in the primary care setting

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2014/august/predicting-recovery-from-whiplash-injury

  Although it is not likely to be the only prognostic factor, expectation of recovery seems to also be useful in predicting various outcomes, suggesting that it is a belief that leads either to certain behaviours or is associated with other factors portending a poor outcome. […] Further research will now be required to determine what measures to take, if any, for patients with whiplash who have poor prognoses.

• #45 Do expectations of recovery improve risk assessment for people with whiplash-associated disorders? Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-022-05242-8

  The overall effect of adding expectations of recovery to the pathway predictive of full recovery was mixed. […] The improved performance of WhipPredict+E supports previous studies endorsing the prognostic utility of this variable for prediction of pain and disability outcomes and highlights the significance of future work to externally validate our findings.

• #46 Prognosis of patients with whiplash-associated disorders consulting physiotherapy: development of a predictive model for recovery

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3544579/

  Patients with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) have a generally favourable prognosis, yet some develop longstanding pain and disability. […] Predicting who will recover from WAD shortly after a traffic collision is very challenging for health care providers such as physical therapists. […] We developed a model predicting recovery from WAD, in a cohort of patients who consulted physical therapists. Our model has adequate predictive ability. […] The final prediction model included: age, number of days to reporting the collision, neck pain intensity, low back pain intensity, pain other than neck and back pain, headache before collision and recovery expectations. The model had an acceptable level of predictive ability with a c-index of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.71). […] To date, predicting the outcome of WAD remains challenging and few clinical prediction tools exists to assist health care providers in establishing the prognosis for patients.

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