Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder

  The cause of trichotillomania is not clear. But like many complex disorders, trichotillomania likely results from a combination of genetic and learned factors. […] Genetics may play a role in the development of trichotillomania. You may be more likely to have the condition if you have a close relative with trichotillomania. […] Other conditions, such as depression, anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may occur along with trichotillomania. […] Severely stressful situations or events may trigger trichotillomania in some people. […] Boredom, isolation and privacy often increase the likelihood of hair pulling.

• #2 Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9880-trichotillomania

  Trichotillomania (TTM) is a mental health disorder where a person compulsively pulls out or breaks their own hair. This condition falls under the classification of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). […] While experts suspect several possible factors could lead to TTM, there aren’t any confirmed causes of this condition. Some of the suspected factors include: Genetics. TTM may happen because of certain DNA mutations. More research is needed to confirm this. Changes in brain structure or chemistry. People with TTM often have changes to certain areas in their brains or differences in their brain chemistry. Coping mechanism. Many people with TTM describe it as starting after a stressful time in their life. Others describe it starting because of boredom and that pulling their hair became a habit over time.

• #3 Trichotillomania: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1071854-overview

  Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) is characterized by the persistent and excessive pulling of ones own hair, resulting in noticeable hair loss. The etiology of trichotillomania is largely unknown, though both environmental and genetic causes have been suspected. Explanations that have been proposed for the onset and maintenance of the hair-pulling behavior include the following: […] Serotonin deficiency – A link may exist between a deficiency of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) and trichotillomania; the hypothesized connection is based on the success of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treating some people with trichotillomania. […] Structural brain abnormalities – On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), some individuals with trichotillomania have abnormalities of subcortical regions involved in habit generation, inhibitory control, and regulation of affect.

• #4 Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling) | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/trichotillomania-hair-pulling/

  Trichotillomania is a body-focused repetitive behavior classified as an impulse control disorder (along the lines of pyromania, kleptomania, and pathologic gambling) which involves pulling out one’s hair. […] There is no certain cause of trichotillomania, but the current way of looking at trichotillomania is as a medical illness. One theory on a biological level is that there is some disruption in the system involving one of the chemical messengers between the nerve cells in parts of the brain. There may be also a combination of factors such as a genetic predisposition and an aggravating stress or circumstance; as with many other illnesses. […] A stressful event such as abuse, family conflict, or death may also trigger trichotillomania.

• #5 Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6343418/

  Trichotillomania is characterized by the repetitive pulling out of one’s own hair leading to hair loss and possibly functional impairment. […] Data regarding the pathophysiology of trichotillomania are limited, but there is a familial component. Several family studies have reported elevated rates of trichotillomania in first-degree relatives of probands with trichotillomania, along with elevated rates of mood and anxiety disorders. […] The potential relevance of SAPAP3, in particular, to trichotillomania, is reinforced by the finding that rare variations in the SAPAP3 gene are associated with human disorders such as hair pulling. […] A few small neuroimaging studies have examined possible structural brain findings in trichotillomania, most of which have been region-of-interest. […] These structural abnormalities of subcortical regions appear to be involved in affect regulation, inhibitory control, and habit generation.

• #6 Trichotillomania – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichotillomania

  Trichotillomania is probably due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] The disorder may run in families. […] It occurs more commonly in those with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Episodes of pulling may be triggered by anxiety. […] A neurocognitive model sees trichotillomania as a habit disorder. […] It is likely that a combination of multiple genes confers vulnerability to trichotillomania. […] Mutations in the SLITRK1, 5HT2A, SAPAP3, and FOXP1 genes have been associated with trichotillomania.

• #7 Trichotillomania: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1071854-overview

  Genetic susceptibility – DSM-5 cited some evidence that genetic vulnerability plays a role; trichotillomania occurs more frequently in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and their first-degree relatives. […] Psychological factors – Several psychological theories (eg, psychodynamic, behavioral, and ethologic) have attempted to explain trichotillomania in children; such theories have included stress reduction, emotional regulation, and sensory stimulation. […] Disordered reward processing – Preliminary data have suggested that trichotillomania may represent a disorder of altered reward processing within the central nervous system (CNS); a study of reward processing in trichotillomania patients demonstrated altered nucleus accumbens activations and a decreased functional connection between the dorsal anterior cingulate and nucleus accumbens and basolateral amygdala and reward network. […] Neurodegenerating disease associations – Reports have also suggested a possible association between neurodegenerating diseases (eg, Parkinson disease and dementia) and trichotillomania in older populations.

• #8 Trichotillomania – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493186/

  Trichotillomania is part of OCD and is thought to be largely related to anxiety disorders. There have been twin studies that have demonstrated genetic anomalies associated with trichotillomania and other OCD-related disorders. […] The more recent focus has been on the grey and white matter tracts. One study found the reduced integrity of the white matter within the anterior cingulate, pre-supplementary motor area, and the right and left temporal cortex in people with a diagnosis of TTM. […] Studies focusing on neurochemistry have shown a relationship with the serotonin 2A receptor. […] Other factors in the etiology are neuropsychology and the cognitive components. Many patients with trichotillomania report that there was a stressful situation that occurred before the hair-pulling behavior. […] Currently, it is accepted that behavioral therapy is the mainstay of treatment and that the neuropsychology of TTM is the greater of the etiological components.

• #9 Trichotillomania (TTM): Definition, Symptoms, Traits, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/trichotillomania-2510662

  Trichotillomania (TTM), also known as hair-pulling disorder, is a condition in which hair is repeatedly pulled out, twisted, or broken off from any part of the body for non-cosmetic reasons. […] Explanations for such behavior aren’t clear, but experts believe that genetics and family history play a role. […] While no one knows for sure what causes trichotillomania, biological forces as well as behavioral, learning, and psychological components are thought to play a role. […] Having a family member or relative with trichotillomania increases the risk for the condition, which suggests that there may be a heritable component to the condition. One twin study suggested a heritability estimate of 76.2%, indicating that genetics plays a significant role. Another twin study conducted in the UK estimated that heritability was around 32%. […] Evidence suggests that trichotillomania is highly comorbid with other conditions. As many as 80% of people with hair pulling disorder also have another psychiatric disorder.

• #10 Trichotillomania – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichotillomania

  Trichotillomania is probably due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] The disorder may run in families. […] It occurs more commonly in those with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Episodes of pulling may be triggered by anxiety. […] A neurocognitive model sees trichotillomania as a habit disorder. […] It is likely that a combination of multiple genes confers vulnerability to trichotillomania. […] Mutations in the SLITRK1, 5HT2A, SAPAP3, and FOXP1 genes have been associated with trichotillomania.

• #11 Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder): What to Know

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder-5089316

  Trichotillomania, also known as hair-pulling disorder, is a mental health condition that causes recurrent, irresistible urges to pull hair from the scalp, eyebrows, eyelids, and other areas of the body. […] It’s not clear what causes hair-pulling disorder, but experts have identified a few risk factors for why some people may develop trichotillomania: […] Studies have shown that hair-pulling disorder runs in families. […] Variants of the SAPAP3 gene have been linked to compulsive grooming behaviors, including hair-pulling. […] Imaging tests have shown that people with trichotillomania have certain brain changes that may correlate with the disorder. […] Some studies have suggested that increased hair-pulling behaviors could be linked to decreased feelings of sadness, boredom, and anger. However, research has also shown that hair-pulling is not a means of regulating emotions for everyone with trichotillomania.

• #12 Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder) (F63.3) – PSY 300 Abnormal Psychology

  https://fhsu.pressbooks.pub/abnormalpsych/chapter/trichotillomania-312-39-2/

  There is evidence of a genetic predisposition, in which mutations found in a gene known as SLITRK1 have been linked to trichotillomania as well as to Tourette syndrome, a neurological disorder that causes a person to make unusual movements and sounds […] Neurochemical problems can also play a role in Trichotillomania. Some studies suggest that abnormalities in the natural brain chemicals serotonin and dopamine may play a role in trichotillomania.

• #13 Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6343418/

  Trichotillomania is characterized by the repetitive pulling out of one’s own hair leading to hair loss and possibly functional impairment. […] Data regarding the pathophysiology of trichotillomania are limited, but there is a familial component. Several family studies have reported elevated rates of trichotillomania in first-degree relatives of probands with trichotillomania, along with elevated rates of mood and anxiety disorders. […] The potential relevance of SAPAP3, in particular, to trichotillomania, is reinforced by the finding that rare variations in the SAPAP3 gene are associated with human disorders such as hair pulling. […] A few small neuroimaging studies have examined possible structural brain findings in trichotillomania, most of which have been region-of-interest. […] These structural abnormalities of subcortical regions appear to be involved in affect regulation, inhibitory control, and habit generation.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjpsychiatry/fulltext/2019/61001/trichotillomania__hair_pulling_disorder_.18.aspx

  Trichotillomania is characterized by the repetitive pulling out of one’s own hair leading to hair loss and possibly functional impairment. […] Data regarding the pathophysiology of trichotillomania are limited, but there is a familial component. Several family studies have reported elevated rates of trichotillomania in first-degree relatives of probands with trichotillomania, along with elevated rates of mood and anxiety disorders. […] The potential relevance of SAPAP3, in particular, to trichotillomania, is reinforced by the finding that rare variations in the SAPAP3 gene are associated with human disorders such as hair pulling. […] Control of the hair pulling appears to be critical for maintaining long-term health and quality of life. Based on research findings, NAC in doses of 1200 mg twice a day appears to be the most promising option without significant side effects.

• #15 Trichotillomania – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493186/

  Trichotillomania is part of OCD and is thought to be largely related to anxiety disorders. There have been twin studies that have demonstrated genetic anomalies associated with trichotillomania and other OCD-related disorders. […] The more recent focus has been on the grey and white matter tracts. One study found the reduced integrity of the white matter within the anterior cingulate, pre-supplementary motor area, and the right and left temporal cortex in people with a diagnosis of TTM. […] Studies focusing on neurochemistry have shown a relationship with the serotonin 2A receptor. […] Other factors in the etiology are neuropsychology and the cognitive components. Many patients with trichotillomania report that there was a stressful situation that occurred before the hair-pulling behavior. […] Currently, it is accepted that behavioral therapy is the mainstay of treatment and that the neuropsychology of TTM is the greater of the etiological components.

• #16 Trichotillomania: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1071854-overview

  Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) is characterized by the persistent and excessive pulling of ones own hair, resulting in noticeable hair loss. The etiology of trichotillomania is largely unknown, though both environmental and genetic causes have been suspected. Explanations that have been proposed for the onset and maintenance of the hair-pulling behavior include the following: […] Serotonin deficiency – A link may exist between a deficiency of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) and trichotillomania; the hypothesized connection is based on the success of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treating some people with trichotillomania. […] Structural brain abnormalities – On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), some individuals with trichotillomania have abnormalities of subcortical regions involved in habit generation, inhibitory control, and regulation of affect.

• #17 Trichotillomania – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493186/

  Trichotillomania is part of OCD and is thought to be largely related to anxiety disorders. There have been twin studies that have demonstrated genetic anomalies associated with trichotillomania and other OCD-related disorders. […] The more recent focus has been on the grey and white matter tracts. One study found the reduced integrity of the white matter within the anterior cingulate, pre-supplementary motor area, and the right and left temporal cortex in people with a diagnosis of TTM. […] Studies focusing on neurochemistry have shown a relationship with the serotonin 2A receptor. […] Other factors in the etiology are neuropsychology and the cognitive components. Many patients with trichotillomania report that there was a stressful situation that occurred before the hair-pulling behavior. […] Currently, it is accepted that behavioral therapy is the mainstay of treatment and that the neuropsychology of TTM is the greater of the etiological components.

• #18 Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/mental-health/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder/?utm_source=pubmedlink&utm_campaign=MDS&utm_content=30593

  Trichotillomania is a condition connected to Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), rooted mainly in anxiety disorders. Its believed to be inherited, as evidence has been found in genetic studies. Some research has also discovered brain structure changes linked to Trichotillomania. However, its important to note that research in this area isnt very extensive and conclusive yet. […] More recent research has focused on certain parts of the brain, particularly the grey and white areas. Its been found that people diagnosed with Trichotillomania may have a reduction in the quality of white matter. This is especially seen in areas related to actions and emotions such as the anterior cingulate, the pre-supplementary motor area, and the right and left temporal cortex. It has also been noted that certain brain changes may become even more severe with longer and severe cases of the condition.

• #19 Trichotillomania: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1071854-overview

  Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) is characterized by the persistent and excessive pulling of ones own hair, resulting in noticeable hair loss. The etiology of trichotillomania is largely unknown, though both environmental and genetic causes have been suspected. Explanations that have been proposed for the onset and maintenance of the hair-pulling behavior include the following: […] Serotonin deficiency – A link may exist between a deficiency of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) and trichotillomania; the hypothesized connection is based on the success of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treating some people with trichotillomania. […] Structural brain abnormalities – On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), some individuals with trichotillomania have abnormalities of subcortical regions involved in habit generation, inhibitory control, and regulation of affect.

• #20 Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6343418/

  Trichotillomania is characterized by the repetitive pulling out of one’s own hair leading to hair loss and possibly functional impairment. […] Data regarding the pathophysiology of trichotillomania are limited, but there is a familial component. Several family studies have reported elevated rates of trichotillomania in first-degree relatives of probands with trichotillomania, along with elevated rates of mood and anxiety disorders. […] The potential relevance of SAPAP3, in particular, to trichotillomania, is reinforced by the finding that rare variations in the SAPAP3 gene are associated with human disorders such as hair pulling. […] A few small neuroimaging studies have examined possible structural brain findings in trichotillomania, most of which have been region-of-interest. […] These structural abnormalities of subcortical regions appear to be involved in affect regulation, inhibitory control, and habit generation.

• #21 Trichotillomania (Hairpulling Disorder) | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder/

  Some studies which included neuroimaging showed that individuals with trichotillomania had increased grey matter density in several brain regions involving affect regulation, motor habits, and cognition. […] Environment is a large factor that affects hairpulling. Sedentary activities such as being in a relaxed environment, or bored, are conducive to hairpulling. […] Anxiety, depression, and OCD are more frequently encountered in people with trichotillomania. Trichotillomania also has a high overlap with post-traumatic stress disorder, and some cases of trichotillomania may be triggered by stress. […] A neurocognitive model sees trichotillomania as a habit disorder. […] The most common age of onset of trichotillomania is between ages nine and 13, and a notable peak at ages 12-13.

• #22 Trichotillomania: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://psychcentral.com/disorders/trichotillomania-symptoms

  Trichotillomania, or hairpulling disorder, is a mental health condition that causes a compulsive urge to pull out hair. […] Experts dont know exactly what causes trichotillomania. Like many psychological disorders, its likely a combination of genetics and environment. […] If you have a family member with trichotillomania, you may be more likely to have the condition. […] Research also shows that 79% of people with trichotillomania have additional mental health conditions, including: anxiety, depression, OCD, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). […] In addition, some research suggests that people with trichotillomania have higher gray matter density in some regions of the brain.

• #23 Trichotillomania: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1071854-overview

  Genetic susceptibility – DSM-5 cited some evidence that genetic vulnerability plays a role; trichotillomania occurs more frequently in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and their first-degree relatives. […] Psychological factors – Several psychological theories (eg, psychodynamic, behavioral, and ethologic) have attempted to explain trichotillomania in children; such theories have included stress reduction, emotional regulation, and sensory stimulation. […] Disordered reward processing – Preliminary data have suggested that trichotillomania may represent a disorder of altered reward processing within the central nervous system (CNS); a study of reward processing in trichotillomania patients demonstrated altered nucleus accumbens activations and a decreased functional connection between the dorsal anterior cingulate and nucleus accumbens and basolateral amygdala and reward network. […] Neurodegenerating disease associations – Reports have also suggested a possible association between neurodegenerating diseases (eg, Parkinson disease and dementia) and trichotillomania in older populations.

• #24 Trichotillomania: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1071854-overview

  Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) is characterized by the persistent and excessive pulling of ones own hair, resulting in noticeable hair loss. The etiology of trichotillomania is largely unknown, though both environmental and genetic causes have been suspected. Explanations that have been proposed for the onset and maintenance of the hair-pulling behavior include the following: […] Serotonin deficiency – A link may exist between a deficiency of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) and trichotillomania; the hypothesized connection is based on the success of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treating some people with trichotillomania. […] Structural brain abnormalities – On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), some individuals with trichotillomania have abnormalities of subcortical regions involved in habit generation, inhibitory control, and regulation of affect.

• #25 Trichotillomania – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493186/

  Trichotillomania is part of OCD and is thought to be largely related to anxiety disorders. There have been twin studies that have demonstrated genetic anomalies associated with trichotillomania and other OCD-related disorders. […] The more recent focus has been on the grey and white matter tracts. One study found the reduced integrity of the white matter within the anterior cingulate, pre-supplementary motor area, and the right and left temporal cortex in people with a diagnosis of TTM. […] Studies focusing on neurochemistry have shown a relationship with the serotonin 2A receptor. […] Other factors in the etiology are neuropsychology and the cognitive components. Many patients with trichotillomania report that there was a stressful situation that occurred before the hair-pulling behavior. […] Currently, it is accepted that behavioral therapy is the mainstay of treatment and that the neuropsychology of TTM is the greater of the etiological components.

• #26 Trichotillomania – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493186/

  Trichotillomania is part of OCD and is thought to be largely related to anxiety disorders. There have been twin studies that have demonstrated genetic anomalies associated with trichotillomania and other OCD-related disorders. […] The more recent focus has been on the grey and white matter tracts. One study found the reduced integrity of the white matter within the anterior cingulate, pre-supplementary motor area, and the right and left temporal cortex in people with a diagnosis of TTM. […] Studies focusing on neurochemistry have shown a relationship with the serotonin 2A receptor. […] Other factors in the etiology are neuropsychology and the cognitive components. Many patients with trichotillomania report that there was a stressful situation that occurred before the hair-pulling behavior. […] Currently, it is accepted that behavioral therapy is the mainstay of treatment and that the neuropsychology of TTM is the greater of the etiological components.

• #27 Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/mental-health/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder/?utm_source=pubmedlink&utm_campaign=MDS&utm_content=30593

  When it comes to understanding the chemicals in the brain related to Trichotillomania, researchers have seen a relationship with a specific brain receptor called serotonin 2A receptor. Most of this research is drawn from observing how patients react to therapies that adjust these brain chemicals. […] Besides these biological factors, Trichotillomania is also influenced by psychological aspects. Many patients report going through a stressful situation before they started pulling their hair. Some also say that they felt bored before showing this behavior. This points to a pattern where negative emotions like stress or boredom leads to hair-pulling, which gives relief, reinforcing the hair-pulling behavior. […] Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder) can be inherited and is often connected to Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and anxiety disorders. It can also be influenced by psychological factors such as stress and boredom.

• #28 Trichotillomania: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1071854-overview

  Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) is characterized by the persistent and excessive pulling of ones own hair, resulting in noticeable hair loss. The etiology of trichotillomania is largely unknown, though both environmental and genetic causes have been suspected. Explanations that have been proposed for the onset and maintenance of the hair-pulling behavior include the following: […] Serotonin deficiency – A link may exist between a deficiency of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) and trichotillomania; the hypothesized connection is based on the success of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treating some people with trichotillomania. […] Structural brain abnormalities – On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), some individuals with trichotillomania have abnormalities of subcortical regions involved in habit generation, inhibitory control, and regulation of affect.

• #29 Hair Pulling Disorder (Trichotillomania): What is it?

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/trichotillomania

  Studies have suggested that trichotillomania may be caused by chemical imbalances in the brain, related to levels of the neurotransmitters, serotonin and dopamine. […] Trichotillomania often begins in adolescence or early adulthood, typically emerging after puberty, thereby prompting the theory that changes in hormones can contribute to its development. […] Similarly, studies focused on female hormones have found that symptoms of trichotillomania are worse in the week prior to menstruation and may also be linked to low levels of progesterone. […] Many people with trichotillomania report feelings of stress or tension prior to episodes of hair pulling, followed by a feeling of relief after an episode. […] Research has found that rates of childhood abuse and trauma are considerably higher amongst those diagnosed with trichotillomania than those without a mental health diagnosis, suggesting that traumatic childhood experiences play a significant part in the development of the condition.

• #30 Trichotillomania: Symptoms, Causes, Effects, and Treatment

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/trichotillomania/

  Imbalances in brain chemicals like serotonin and dopamine can influence hair-pulling behaviors. […] Stressful life events and environmental factors can trigger trichotillomania in some individuals. […] Psychological factors like high levels of anxiety, depression, or mental health disorders play a significant role in the development of trichotillomania.

• #31 Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6343418/

  In addition, several years ago, Keuthen et al. found that 53.3% of a sample of 45 adults with trichotillomania reported that they experienced symptom exacerbation of pulling the week before menstruation. […] Control of the hair pulling appears to be critical for maintaining long-term health and quality of life. Based on research findings, NAC in doses of 1200 mg twice a day appears to be the most promising option without significant side effects.

• #32

  https://journals.lww.com/indianjpsychiatry/fulltext/2019/61001/trichotillomania__hair_pulling_disorder_.18.aspx

  Trichotillomania is characterized by the repetitive pulling out of one’s own hair leading to hair loss and possibly functional impairment. […] Data regarding the pathophysiology of trichotillomania are limited, but there is a familial component. Several family studies have reported elevated rates of trichotillomania in first-degree relatives of probands with trichotillomania, along with elevated rates of mood and anxiety disorders. […] The potential relevance of SAPAP3, in particular, to trichotillomania, is reinforced by the finding that rare variations in the SAPAP3 gene are associated with human disorders such as hair pulling. […] Control of the hair pulling appears to be critical for maintaining long-term health and quality of life. Based on research findings, NAC in doses of 1200 mg twice a day appears to be the most promising option without significant side effects.

• #33 Trichotillomania: What you should know about this common hair-pulling disorder | MDedge

  https://medauth2.mdedge.com/content/trichotillomania-what-you-should-know-about-common-hair-pulling-disorder

  The desired goal is zero pulling. The realistic goal is more likely significantly reduced pulling that then leads to greater function in life, greater quality-of-life. […] At this point, there is no drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for trichotillomania. Our best approaches have included N-acetylcysteine, a glutamate modulator, which weve done research in.

• #34 Hair Pulling Disorder (Trichotillomania): What is it?

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/trichotillomania

  Studies have suggested that trichotillomania may be caused by chemical imbalances in the brain, related to levels of the neurotransmitters, serotonin and dopamine. […] Trichotillomania often begins in adolescence or early adulthood, typically emerging after puberty, thereby prompting the theory that changes in hormones can contribute to its development. […] Similarly, studies focused on female hormones have found that symptoms of trichotillomania are worse in the week prior to menstruation and may also be linked to low levels of progesterone. […] Many people with trichotillomania report feelings of stress or tension prior to episodes of hair pulling, followed by a feeling of relief after an episode. […] Research has found that rates of childhood abuse and trauma are considerably higher amongst those diagnosed with trichotillomania than those without a mental health diagnosis, suggesting that traumatic childhood experiences play a significant part in the development of the condition.

• #35 Trichotillomania in Women: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.allaboutwomenmd.com/knowledge-center/trichotillomania-definition-symptoms-treatment.html

  Trichotillomania, also known as compulsive hair-pulling or hair-pulling disorder, is the uncontrollable urge to pull your own hair. The disorder can occur both consciously and unconsciously. It can be triggered by stress, boredom, anxiety and various other circumstances. […] The actual cause of trichotillomania is unclear, according to the Mayo Clinic. However, trichotillomania is considered a complex mental disorder and may be caused by both environmental and genetic factors. […] Studies have also shown that hormonal changes that naturally occur during the menstrual cycle can trigger flare-ups of trichotillomania.

• #36 Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling) (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/trichotillomania.html

  Trichotillomania (hair pulling) is a strong habit that causes people to pull out their own hair. […] It’s not clear why some people do hair pulling but others don’t. Experts think that genes, hormones, and habit learning all play a role. […] People who do hair pulling may have genes that make it more likely. […] Puberty hormones and stress hormones may prompt hair pulling to start in those who have the genes for it. […] Many people with trichotillomania feel an itch, tingling, or an urge to do it. When they pull hair, they get a brief sense of relief. To the brain, this relief is a reward. The brain releases reward hormones, such as dopamine. This links hair pulling with the reward. It causes a hair-pulling habit to form. […] Each time the person pulls hair, the brain releases a small burst of reward hormone. The person feels rewarded with a brief sense of relief. This makes the urge harder to resist. Doing the habit makes it stronger.

• #37 Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder): What to Know

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder-5089316

  The average age of onset for trichotillomania is often between 10 and 13 years old, but it can start younger. Once it starts, hair-pulling disorder has the potential to be lifelong. People who are prone to stress or have high levels of stress in their lives are at a higher risk of developing trichotillomania.

• #38 Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder)

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/t/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder/

  The cause of trichotillomania is unclear. But like many complex disorders, trichotillomania probably results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Genetics may play a role in the development of trichotillomania, and the disorder may occur in those who have a close relative with the disorder. […] Trichotillomania usually develops just before or during the early teens — most often between the ages of 10 and 13 years — and it’s often a lifelong problem. […] Severely stressful situations or events may trigger trichotillomania in some people.

• #39 Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6343418/

  In addition, several years ago, Keuthen et al. found that 53.3% of a sample of 45 adults with trichotillomania reported that they experienced symptom exacerbation of pulling the week before menstruation. […] Control of the hair pulling appears to be critical for maintaining long-term health and quality of life. Based on research findings, NAC in doses of 1200 mg twice a day appears to be the most promising option without significant side effects.

• #40 Trichotillomania in Women: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.allaboutwomenmd.com/knowledge-center/trichotillomania-definition-symptoms-treatment.html

  Trichotillomania, also known as compulsive hair-pulling or hair-pulling disorder, is the uncontrollable urge to pull your own hair. The disorder can occur both consciously and unconsciously. It can be triggered by stress, boredom, anxiety and various other circumstances. […] The actual cause of trichotillomania is unclear, according to the Mayo Clinic. However, trichotillomania is considered a complex mental disorder and may be caused by both environmental and genetic factors. […] Studies have also shown that hormonal changes that naturally occur during the menstrual cycle can trigger flare-ups of trichotillomania.

• #41 Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder)

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6343418/

  In addition, several years ago, Keuthen et al. found that 53.3% of a sample of 45 adults with trichotillomania reported that they experienced symptom exacerbation of pulling the week before menstruation. […] Control of the hair pulling appears to be critical for maintaining long-term health and quality of life. Based on research findings, NAC in doses of 1200 mg twice a day appears to be the most promising option without significant side effects.

• #42 Trichotillomania (Hairpulling Disorder) | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder/

  Trichotillomania (TTM), or human compulsive hairpulling, is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, affecting approximately 3.5% of women, or 3.7 million people in the United States. […] Very little is known about the neurobiological basis of this disorder in humans, but in one study that reviewed available clinical and imaging studies of trichotillomania, previous work suggested an ABC model of trichotillomania, emphasizing the dysfunction of pathways involved in affect regulation, behavioral control, and cognition. […] One study suggests that hormones may be a potential cause. In a study of adolescent girls with trichotillomania, researchers found that lower progesterone was associated with worse hairpulling severity, and that lower levels of all three hormones were associated with greater psychosocial dysfunction.

• #43 Hair Pulling Disorder (Trichotillomania): What is it?

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/trichotillomania

  Studies have suggested that trichotillomania may be caused by chemical imbalances in the brain, related to levels of the neurotransmitters, serotonin and dopamine. […] Trichotillomania often begins in adolescence or early adulthood, typically emerging after puberty, thereby prompting the theory that changes in hormones can contribute to its development. […] Similarly, studies focused on female hormones have found that symptoms of trichotillomania are worse in the week prior to menstruation and may also be linked to low levels of progesterone. […] Many people with trichotillomania report feelings of stress or tension prior to episodes of hair pulling, followed by a feeling of relief after an episode. […] Research has found that rates of childhood abuse and trauma are considerably higher amongst those diagnosed with trichotillomania than those without a mental health diagnosis, suggesting that traumatic childhood experiences play a significant part in the development of the condition.

• #44 Trichotillomania: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1071854-overview

  Genetic susceptibility – DSM-5 cited some evidence that genetic vulnerability plays a role; trichotillomania occurs more frequently in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and their first-degree relatives. […] Psychological factors – Several psychological theories (eg, psychodynamic, behavioral, and ethologic) have attempted to explain trichotillomania in children; such theories have included stress reduction, emotional regulation, and sensory stimulation. […] Disordered reward processing – Preliminary data have suggested that trichotillomania may represent a disorder of altered reward processing within the central nervous system (CNS); a study of reward processing in trichotillomania patients demonstrated altered nucleus accumbens activations and a decreased functional connection between the dorsal anterior cingulate and nucleus accumbens and basolateral amygdala and reward network. […] Neurodegenerating disease associations – Reports have also suggested a possible association between neurodegenerating diseases (eg, Parkinson disease and dementia) and trichotillomania in older populations.

• #45 Trichotillomania – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493186/

  Trichotillomania is part of OCD and is thought to be largely related to anxiety disorders. There have been twin studies that have demonstrated genetic anomalies associated with trichotillomania and other OCD-related disorders. […] The more recent focus has been on the grey and white matter tracts. One study found the reduced integrity of the white matter within the anterior cingulate, pre-supplementary motor area, and the right and left temporal cortex in people with a diagnosis of TTM. […] Studies focusing on neurochemistry have shown a relationship with the serotonin 2A receptor. […] Other factors in the etiology are neuropsychology and the cognitive components. Many patients with trichotillomania report that there was a stressful situation that occurred before the hair-pulling behavior. […] Currently, it is accepted that behavioral therapy is the mainstay of treatment and that the neuropsychology of TTM is the greater of the etiological components.

• #46 Trichotillomania – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493186/

  Trichotillomania is part of OCD and is thought to be largely related to anxiety disorders. There have been twin studies that have demonstrated genetic anomalies associated with trichotillomania and other OCD-related disorders. […] The more recent focus has been on the grey and white matter tracts. One study found the reduced integrity of the white matter within the anterior cingulate, pre-supplementary motor area, and the right and left temporal cortex in people with a diagnosis of TTM. […] Studies focusing on neurochemistry have shown a relationship with the serotonin 2A receptor. […] Other factors in the etiology are neuropsychology and the cognitive components. Many patients with trichotillomania report that there was a stressful situation that occurred before the hair-pulling behavior. […] Currently, it is accepted that behavioral therapy is the mainstay of treatment and that the neuropsychology of TTM is the greater of the etiological components.

• #47 Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/mental-health/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder/?utm_source=pubmedlink&utm_campaign=MDS&utm_content=30593

  When it comes to understanding the chemicals in the brain related to Trichotillomania, researchers have seen a relationship with a specific brain receptor called serotonin 2A receptor. Most of this research is drawn from observing how patients react to therapies that adjust these brain chemicals. […] Besides these biological factors, Trichotillomania is also influenced by psychological aspects. Many patients report going through a stressful situation before they started pulling their hair. Some also say that they felt bored before showing this behavior. This points to a pattern where negative emotions like stress or boredom leads to hair-pulling, which gives relief, reinforcing the hair-pulling behavior. […] Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder) can be inherited and is often connected to Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and anxiety disorders. It can also be influenced by psychological factors such as stress and boredom.

• #48 Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder): Clinical characteristics, psychosocial aspects, treatment approaches, and ethical considerations – University of Miami

  https://scholarship.miami.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder-Clinical-characteristics/991031597592802976

  Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder) is a fairly common but underreported disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of pulling hair from different parts of the body. […] Stress and anxiety are directly correlated to the production of trichotillomania symptoms. […] The psychosocial aspects of trichotillomania are greatly underestimated, but recent literature suggests an increased interest in this neglected area.

• #49 Trichotillomania – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/ocd/trichotillomania

  Trichotillomania (also known as hair-pulling disorder) is an obsessive-compulsive and related disorder characterized by a long term, irresistible urge to pull out one’s hair. The hair pulling occurs to the degree that significant hair loss occurs. […] Data regarding the pathophysiology of trichotillomania are limited. Animal models of trichotillomania show that certain genes may be associated with excessive grooming behaviours. […] From a psychopathology perspective, hair pulling may help regulate emotional states or stressful events. Hair pulling may function as a means of escaping from or avoiding aversive experiences, and provide temporary relief from negative emotions. These behaviours may be maintained through a negative reinforcement cycle. […] Trichotillomania is more common in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and their associated first-degree relatives.

• #50 Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder

  The cause of trichotillomania is not clear. But like many complex disorders, trichotillomania likely results from a combination of genetic and learned factors. […] Genetics may play a role in the development of trichotillomania. You may be more likely to have the condition if you have a close relative with trichotillomania. […] Other conditions, such as depression, anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may occur along with trichotillomania. […] Severely stressful situations or events may trigger trichotillomania in some people. […] Boredom, isolation and privacy often increase the likelihood of hair pulling.

• #51 Trichotillomania – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/ocd/trichotillomania

  Trichotillomania (also known as hair-pulling disorder) is an obsessive-compulsive and related disorder characterized by a long term, irresistible urge to pull out one’s hair. The hair pulling occurs to the degree that significant hair loss occurs. […] Data regarding the pathophysiology of trichotillomania are limited. Animal models of trichotillomania show that certain genes may be associated with excessive grooming behaviours. […] From a psychopathology perspective, hair pulling may help regulate emotional states or stressful events. Hair pulling may function as a means of escaping from or avoiding aversive experiences, and provide temporary relief from negative emotions. These behaviours may be maintained through a negative reinforcement cycle. […] Trichotillomania is more common in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and their associated first-degree relatives.

• #52 Trichotillomania – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-and-related-disorders/trichotillomania

  Patients with trichotillomania repeatedly pull or pluck out their hair for noncosmetic reasons. […] Hair pulling is not triggered by obsessions or concerns about appearance (as in body dysmorphic disorder) but may be preceded by a feeling of tension or anxiety that is relieved by the hair pulling, which is often then followed by a feeling of gratification. […] While alopecia has a range of causes, individuals with trichotillomania typically volunteer that their alopecia is due to hair-pulling. […] In trichotillomania, hair pulling is not triggered by obsessions or concerns about appearance but may be preceded by a feeling of tension or anxiety that is relieved by the hair pulling, often followed by a feeling of gratification.

• #53 Trichotillomania – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-and-related-disorders/trichotillomania

  Patients with trichotillomania repeatedly pull or pluck out their hair for noncosmetic reasons. […] Hair pulling is not triggered by obsessions or concerns about appearance (as in body dysmorphic disorder) but may be preceded by a feeling of tension or anxiety that is relieved by the hair pulling, which is often then followed by a feeling of gratification. […] While alopecia has a range of causes, individuals with trichotillomania typically volunteer that their alopecia is due to hair-pulling. […] In trichotillomania, hair pulling is not triggered by obsessions or concerns about appearance but may be preceded by a feeling of tension or anxiety that is relieved by the hair pulling, often followed by a feeling of gratification.

• #54 Trichotillomania – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichotillomania

  Trichotillomania is probably due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] The disorder may run in families. […] It occurs more commonly in those with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). […] Episodes of pulling may be triggered by anxiety. […] A neurocognitive model sees trichotillomania as a habit disorder. […] It is likely that a combination of multiple genes confers vulnerability to trichotillomania. […] Mutations in the SLITRK1, 5HT2A, SAPAP3, and FOXP1 genes have been associated with trichotillomania.

• #55 Trichotillomania (Hairpulling Disorder) | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder/

  Some studies which included neuroimaging showed that individuals with trichotillomania had increased grey matter density in several brain regions involving affect regulation, motor habits, and cognition. […] Environment is a large factor that affects hairpulling. Sedentary activities such as being in a relaxed environment, or bored, are conducive to hairpulling. […] Anxiety, depression, and OCD are more frequently encountered in people with trichotillomania. Trichotillomania also has a high overlap with post-traumatic stress disorder, and some cases of trichotillomania may be triggered by stress. […] A neurocognitive model sees trichotillomania as a habit disorder. […] The most common age of onset of trichotillomania is between ages nine and 13, and a notable peak at ages 12-13.

• #56 Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling) (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/trichotillomania.html

  Trichotillomania (hair pulling) is a strong habit that causes people to pull out their own hair. […] It’s not clear why some people do hair pulling but others don’t. Experts think that genes, hormones, and habit learning all play a role. […] People who do hair pulling may have genes that make it more likely. […] Puberty hormones and stress hormones may prompt hair pulling to start in those who have the genes for it. […] Many people with trichotillomania feel an itch, tingling, or an urge to do it. When they pull hair, they get a brief sense of relief. To the brain, this relief is a reward. The brain releases reward hormones, such as dopamine. This links hair pulling with the reward. It causes a hair-pulling habit to form. […] Each time the person pulls hair, the brain releases a small burst of reward hormone. The person feels rewarded with a brief sense of relief. This makes the urge harder to resist. Doing the habit makes it stronger.

• #57 Trichotillomania – symptoms and treatment options | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/trichotillomania

  Trichotillomania is a condition where you feel a strong urge to pull out your hair typically from your head and eyelashes. […] The causes of trichotillomania are not well understood. Its likely that your genetics and the environment both play a part. […] Many people with trichotillomania experience other mental health issues, like anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

• #58 Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/trichotillomania/

  Trichotillomania, also known as trich or TTM, is when someone cannot resist the urge to pull out their hair. […] It’s not entirely clear what causes trich. It could be: your way of dealing with stress or anxiety, a chemical imbalance in the brain, changes in hormone levels during puberty, genetic – more than one person in a family may have the condition. […] For some people, hair pulling can be a habit that’s hard to break. The more they pull their hair out, the more they want to keep doing it.

• #59 Trichotillomania: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety/trichotillomania

  Trichotillomania (TTM) is sometimes related to certain mental health conditions, such as anxiety and depression. […] Researchers aren’t sure what causes trichotillomania. There may be a genetic reason why people develop it. Environmental factors may also play a role. […] Trichotillomania is a mental health condition that is sometimes related to other conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, depression, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). […] Symptoms may start for many reasons, including enjoying feeling the thickness of hair on their fingers, enjoying feeling the sensation of pulling hair on the scalp, and emotions like anxiety, boredom, anger, shame, or stress.

• #60 Trichotillomania: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://psychcentral.com/disorders/trichotillomania-symptoms

  Trichotillomania, or hairpulling disorder, is a mental health condition that causes a compulsive urge to pull out hair. […] Experts dont know exactly what causes trichotillomania. Like many psychological disorders, its likely a combination of genetics and environment. […] If you have a family member with trichotillomania, you may be more likely to have the condition. […] Research also shows that 79% of people with trichotillomania have additional mental health conditions, including: anxiety, depression, OCD, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). […] In addition, some research suggests that people with trichotillomania have higher gray matter density in some regions of the brain.

• #61 Trichotillomania: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://psychcentral.com/disorders/trichotillomania-symptoms

  Trichotillomania, or hairpulling disorder, is a mental health condition that causes a compulsive urge to pull out hair. […] Experts dont know exactly what causes trichotillomania. Like many psychological disorders, its likely a combination of genetics and environment. […] If you have a family member with trichotillomania, you may be more likely to have the condition. […] Research also shows that 79% of people with trichotillomania have additional mental health conditions, including: anxiety, depression, OCD, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). […] In addition, some research suggests that people with trichotillomania have higher gray matter density in some regions of the brain.

• #62 What Is Trichotillomania? – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/article/what-is-trichotillomania/

  If left untreated, trichotillomania can lead to hair loss, bald spots, lack of eyebrows or eyelashes, and skin damage at the follicles. […] One study found that 79% of people with trichotillomania also had another mental health condition, most often anxiety, depression, OCD, PTSD, or ADHD. Sometimes it is necessary to first focus on any coexisting conditions before targeting trichotillomania for treatment.

• #63 Trichotillomania (TTM): Definition, Symptoms, Traits, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/trichotillomania-2510662

  Trichotillomania (TTM), also known as hair-pulling disorder, is a condition in which hair is repeatedly pulled out, twisted, or broken off from any part of the body for non-cosmetic reasons. […] Explanations for such behavior aren’t clear, but experts believe that genetics and family history play a role. […] While no one knows for sure what causes trichotillomania, biological forces as well as behavioral, learning, and psychological components are thought to play a role. […] Having a family member or relative with trichotillomania increases the risk for the condition, which suggests that there may be a heritable component to the condition. One twin study suggested a heritability estimate of 76.2%, indicating that genetics plays a significant role. Another twin study conducted in the UK estimated that heritability was around 32%. […] Evidence suggests that trichotillomania is highly comorbid with other conditions. As many as 80% of people with hair pulling disorder also have another psychiatric disorder.

• #64 Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder

  The cause of trichotillomania is not clear. But like many complex disorders, trichotillomania likely results from a combination of genetic and learned factors. […] Genetics may play a role in the development of trichotillomania. You may be more likely to have the condition if you have a close relative with trichotillomania. […] Other conditions, such as depression, anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may occur along with trichotillomania. […] Severely stressful situations or events may trigger trichotillomania in some people. […] Boredom, isolation and privacy often increase the likelihood of hair pulling.

• #65 Trichotillomania (Hairpulling Disorder) | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder/

  Some studies which included neuroimaging showed that individuals with trichotillomania had increased grey matter density in several brain regions involving affect regulation, motor habits, and cognition. […] Environment is a large factor that affects hairpulling. Sedentary activities such as being in a relaxed environment, or bored, are conducive to hairpulling. […] Anxiety, depression, and OCD are more frequently encountered in people with trichotillomania. Trichotillomania also has a high overlap with post-traumatic stress disorder, and some cases of trichotillomania may be triggered by stress. […] A neurocognitive model sees trichotillomania as a habit disorder. […] The most common age of onset of trichotillomania is between ages nine and 13, and a notable peak at ages 12-13.

• #66 Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling) | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/trichotillomania-hair-pulling/

  Trichotillomania is a body-focused repetitive behavior classified as an impulse control disorder (along the lines of pyromania, kleptomania, and pathologic gambling) which involves pulling out one’s hair. […] There is no certain cause of trichotillomania, but the current way of looking at trichotillomania is as a medical illness. One theory on a biological level is that there is some disruption in the system involving one of the chemical messengers between the nerve cells in parts of the brain. There may be also a combination of factors such as a genetic predisposition and an aggravating stress or circumstance; as with many other illnesses. […] A stressful event such as abuse, family conflict, or death may also trigger trichotillomania.

• #67 Trichotillomania: Compulsive hair-pulling | Psychlinks Forum — Archive Only (2004-2022)

  https://forum.psychlinks.ca/threads/trichotillomania-compulsive-hair-pulling.12024/

  Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) is an irresistible urge to pull out hair from your scalp, eyebrows or other areas of your body. […] Possible causes of trichotillomania are being researched, but like most disorders, it probably results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors: Genes. Mutations in a gene called SLITRK1 have been linked to trichotillomania as well as to Tourette syndrome, a neurological disorder that causes a person to make unusual movements and sounds. […] Some studies suggest that abnormalities in the natural brain chemicals serotonin and dopamine may play a role in trichotillomania. […] Trichotillomania tends to run in families. If someone in your family engages in hair pulling, you’re more likely to do it too. […] Trichotillomania usually develops in adolescence – most often around age 12 – and is often a lifelong problem. It may be triggered initially by a stressful event, such as moving, changing schools or the death of a parent.

• #68 Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder

  The cause of trichotillomania is not clear. But like many complex disorders, trichotillomania likely results from a combination of genetic and learned factors. […] Genetics may play a role in the development of trichotillomania. You may be more likely to have the condition if you have a close relative with trichotillomania. […] Other conditions, such as depression, anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may occur along with trichotillomania. […] Severely stressful situations or events may trigger trichotillomania in some people. […] Boredom, isolation and privacy often increase the likelihood of hair pulling.

• #69 Trichotillomania (Hairpulling Disorder) | Abnormal Psychology

  https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-abnormalpsych/chapter/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder/

  Some studies which included neuroimaging showed that individuals with trichotillomania had increased grey matter density in several brain regions involving affect regulation, motor habits, and cognition. […] Environment is a large factor that affects hairpulling. Sedentary activities such as being in a relaxed environment, or bored, are conducive to hairpulling. […] Anxiety, depression, and OCD are more frequently encountered in people with trichotillomania. Trichotillomania also has a high overlap with post-traumatic stress disorder, and some cases of trichotillomania may be triggered by stress. […] A neurocognitive model sees trichotillomania as a habit disorder. […] The most common age of onset of trichotillomania is between ages nine and 13, and a notable peak at ages 12-13.

• #70 Hair Pulling Disorder (Trichotillomania): What is it?

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/trichotillomania

  Studies have suggested that trichotillomania may be caused by chemical imbalances in the brain, related to levels of the neurotransmitters, serotonin and dopamine. […] Trichotillomania often begins in adolescence or early adulthood, typically emerging after puberty, thereby prompting the theory that changes in hormones can contribute to its development. […] Similarly, studies focused on female hormones have found that symptoms of trichotillomania are worse in the week prior to menstruation and may also be linked to low levels of progesterone. […] Many people with trichotillomania report feelings of stress or tension prior to episodes of hair pulling, followed by a feeling of relief after an episode. […] Research has found that rates of childhood abuse and trauma are considerably higher amongst those diagnosed with trichotillomania than those without a mental health diagnosis, suggesting that traumatic childhood experiences play a significant part in the development of the condition.

• #71 Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling) | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/trichotillomania-hair-pulling

  Anxiety is a common trigger for pulling episodes; for many with trich, pulling can be soothing and may provide temporary relief from feelings of anxiety (though such relief is rarely long-lasting). Trichotillomania and diagnosable anxiety disorders also frequently co-occur. Trich is currently classified in the DSM as an obsessive-compulsive or related disorder, which is itself closely related to anxiety. […] The connection between trauma and trichotillomania is not fully understood. Some small studies suggest that people with trichotillomania report a greater number of traumatic events and are more likely to be diagnosed with PTSD than the general population, but experts warn that more longitudinal research is needed to determine if the relationship is causal. Other studies suggest that experiencing trauma may increase the severity of hair-pulling, even if the former doesn’t necessarily cause the latter.

• #72 Trichotillomania Hair Pulling Disorder – Causes, Symptoms & Prevention

  https://chaselodgehospital.com/blog/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder/

  Trauma, emotional distress, or unresolved psychological issues may increase the likelihood of developing TTM. […] Some individuals engage in hair-pulling due to sensory gratification, finding the sensation of pulling or playing with the hair soothing. […] Over time, hair-pulling can become a deeply ingrained habit, making it difficult to stop without professional intervention.

• #73 Trichotillomania: Compulsive hair-pulling | Psychlinks Forum — Archive Only (2004-2022)

  https://forum.psychlinks.ca/threads/trichotillomania-compulsive-hair-pulling.12024/

  For many people with trichotillomania, hair pulling is a way of dealing with negative or uncomfortable feelings, such as stress, anxiety, tension, loneliness, fatigue or frustration. […] Some people find that rubbing pulled hair against their faces or lips feels good, or that pulling out hair feels satisfying. As a result, they continue to pull their hair to maintain these positive feelings.

• #74 Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling Disorder) – trichology

  https://trichology.com/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder/

  Trichotillomania, also known as hair pulling disorder, is a debilitating mental condition characterized by the irresistible urge to pull out ones own hair. […] The disorder may occur due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Trichotillomania is often seen in conjunction with other psychiatric disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorders, and skin picking disorder. This highlights the importance of a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment approach. […] Triggers for trichotillomania can vary from person to person and may include emotional factors like stress, anxiety, and boredom, as well as sensory factors related to the hairs thickness, length, or location.

• #75 Trichotillomania: Compulsive hair-pulling | Psychlinks Forum — Archive Only (2004-2022)

  https://forum.psychlinks.ca/threads/trichotillomania-compulsive-hair-pulling.12024/

  For many people with trichotillomania, hair pulling is a way of dealing with negative or uncomfortable feelings, such as stress, anxiety, tension, loneliness, fatigue or frustration. […] Some people find that rubbing pulled hair against their faces or lips feels good, or that pulling out hair feels satisfying. As a result, they continue to pull their hair to maintain these positive feelings.

• #76 Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/trichotillomania-hair-pulling-disorder

  The cause of trichotillomania is not clear. But like many complex disorders, trichotillomania likely results from a combination of genetic and learned factors. […] Genetics may play a role in the development of trichotillomania. You may be more likely to have the condition if you have a close relative with trichotillomania. […] Other conditions, such as depression, anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may occur along with trichotillomania. […] Severely stressful situations or events may trigger trichotillomania in some people. […] Boredom, isolation and privacy often increase the likelihood of hair pulling.

• #77 Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling): What It Is, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9880-trichotillomania

  Trichotillomania (TTM) is a mental health disorder where a person compulsively pulls out or breaks their own hair. This condition falls under the classification of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). […] While experts suspect several possible factors could lead to TTM, there aren’t any confirmed causes of this condition. Some of the suspected factors include: Genetics. TTM may happen because of certain DNA mutations. More research is needed to confirm this. Changes in brain structure or chemistry. People with TTM often have changes to certain areas in their brains or differences in their brain chemistry. Coping mechanism. Many people with TTM describe it as starting after a stressful time in their life. Others describe it starting because of boredom and that pulling their hair became a habit over time.

• #78 Trichotillomania: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1071854-overview

  Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) is characterized by the persistent and excessive pulling of ones own hair, resulting in noticeable hair loss. The etiology of trichotillomania is largely unknown, though both environmental and genetic causes have been suspected. Explanations that have been proposed for the onset and maintenance of the hair-pulling behavior include the following: […] Serotonin deficiency – A link may exist between a deficiency of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) and trichotillomania; the hypothesized connection is based on the success of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treating some people with trichotillomania. […] Structural brain abnormalities – On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), some individuals with trichotillomania have abnormalities of subcortical regions involved in habit generation, inhibitory control, and regulation of affect.

• #79 Trichotillomania: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1071854-overview

  Genetic susceptibility – DSM-5 cited some evidence that genetic vulnerability plays a role; trichotillomania occurs more frequently in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and their first-degree relatives. […] Psychological factors – Several psychological theories (eg, psychodynamic, behavioral, and ethologic) have attempted to explain trichotillomania in children; such theories have included stress reduction, emotional regulation, and sensory stimulation. […] Disordered reward processing – Preliminary data have suggested that trichotillomania may represent a disorder of altered reward processing within the central nervous system (CNS); a study of reward processing in trichotillomania patients demonstrated altered nucleus accumbens activations and a decreased functional connection between the dorsal anterior cingulate and nucleus accumbens and basolateral amygdala and reward network. […] Neurodegenerating disease associations – Reports have also suggested a possible association between neurodegenerating diseases (eg, Parkinson disease and dementia) and trichotillomania in older populations.

• #80 Trichotillomania – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493186/

  Trichotillomania is part of OCD and is thought to be largely related to anxiety disorders. There have been twin studies that have demonstrated genetic anomalies associated with trichotillomania and other OCD-related disorders. […] The more recent focus has been on the grey and white matter tracts. One study found the reduced integrity of the white matter within the anterior cingulate, pre-supplementary motor area, and the right and left temporal cortex in people with a diagnosis of TTM. […] Studies focusing on neurochemistry have shown a relationship with the serotonin 2A receptor. […] Other factors in the etiology are neuropsychology and the cognitive components. Many patients with trichotillomania report that there was a stressful situation that occurred before the hair-pulling behavior. […] Currently, it is accepted that behavioral therapy is the mainstay of treatment and that the neuropsychology of TTM is the greater of the etiological components.

• #81 Trichotillomania: Symptoms, Causes, Effects, and Treatment

  https://laopcenter.com/mental-health/disorder/trichotillomania/

  Trichotillomania, also known as hair-pulling disorder, is a mental health condition that involves a constant and irresistible urge to pull out hair from your scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other areas of the body. […] The causes of trichotillomania are not fully understood but can be a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Stress, anxiety, and certain personality traits may also contribute to the development of the disorder. […] The causes of trichotillomania are a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. […] Genetic factors play an important role in the development of trichotillomania. Individuals with a family history of trichotillomania or other obsessive-compulsive disorders are more likely to develop the condition.

• #82 Trichotillomania – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493186/

  Trichotillomania is part of OCD and is thought to be largely related to anxiety disorders. There have been twin studies that have demonstrated genetic anomalies associated with trichotillomania and other OCD-related disorders. […] The more recent focus has been on the grey and white matter tracts. One study found the reduced integrity of the white matter within the anterior cingulate, pre-supplementary motor area, and the right and left temporal cortex in people with a diagnosis of TTM. […] Studies focusing on neurochemistry have shown a relationship with the serotonin 2A receptor. […] Other factors in the etiology are neuropsychology and the cognitive components. Many patients with trichotillomania report that there was a stressful situation that occurred before the hair-pulling behavior. […] Currently, it is accepted that behavioral therapy is the mainstay of treatment and that the neuropsychology of TTM is the greater of the etiological components.

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