Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hepatic hemangioma: What internists need to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6952297/

  Hepatic hemangioma (HH) is the most common benign liver tumor and it is usually found incidentally during radiological studies. Symptoms usually correlate with the size and location of the tumor. Less commonly the presence of a large HH may cause life-threatening conditions. […] HH are usually asymptomatic, however symptoms may present when a HH is larger than 5 cm. Symptoms are nonspecific, patients usually describe abdominal pain, discomfort and fullness in the right upper quadrant, secondary to stretching and inflammation of the Glissons capsule. Tumors 10 cm present with abdominal distention. The location of the liver mass may cause pressure and compression of adjacent structures causing other symptoms such as nausea, early satiety, and postprandial bloating. Less commonly associated symptoms include fever, jaundice, dyspnea, high-output cardiac failure, and haemobilia.

• #2 What is changing in indications and treatment of hepatic hemangiomas. A review | Annals of Hepatology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-annals-hepatology-16-articulo-what-is-changing-in-indications-S1665268119308397

  Hepatic cavernous hemangioma accounts for 73% of all benign liver tumors with a frequency of 0.4-7.3% at autopsy and is the second most common tumor seen in the liver after metastases. Patients affected by hemangioma usually have their tumor diagnosed by ultrasound abdominal examination for a not well defined pain, but pain persist after treatment of the hemangioma. […] In many studies reported in the literature pain persist after treatment of the hemangioma. In a study by Farges and colleagues, pain disappeared in 54% of patients after treatment of associated disorders, and in 4 out of 11 patients, pain persisted even after tumor resection. […] The right indications for surgery remain strictly related to the tumor complications. In fact rupture, intratumoral bleeding, Kasabach-Merritt syndrome and organ or vessels compression (gastric outlet obstruction, Budd-Chiari syndrome, etc.) represents the valid indication for surgery and at the same time they are all complications of the tumor itself. The size of the tumor do not represent a valid indication for treatment.

• #3 Hemangioma: Symptoms and Treatment Options by Experts!

  https://northstarir.com/conditions/hemangioma/

  Hemangiomas are benign (non-cancerous) masses in the liver made up of a cluster of blood vessels. Also called hepatic hemangiomas, cavernous hemangiomas and giant hemangiomas, these liver masses occur in about 20% of the population. They tend to appear in those between 30 and 50 years of age. They are also more common in women than men, especially women who have been pregnant or have had hormone replacement therapy. […] Most people with these tumors do not experience and symptoms and do not even know they have them, unless discovered on a diagnostic imaging test. However, some of these tumors can grow large and begin to cause symptoms such as: Pain in the upper portion of the abdomen, Feeling full after eating only a small amount, Nausea or vomiting. […] Experiencing these symptoms doesn’t necessarily mean you have one… it could be another condition and should be properly diagnosed by a physician.

• #4 Real-world data on the clinicopathological traits and outcomes of hospitalized liver hemangioma patients: a multicenter study

  https://atm.amegroups.org/article/view/70525/html

  A total of 5,143 patients hospitalized for hepatic hemangioma were included in the study, of whom 34.42% were male and 65.58% were female. The age distribution was concentrated between 30 and 60 years old, accounting for 87.41% of the patients. […] The treatment motivations and indications mainly included anxiety, obvious clinical symptoms, rapid tumor growth, unclear diagnosis and acute emergency. Anxiety was the most common treatment motivation, accounting for 41.40%. Overall, 30.59% of patients were treated because they presented with obvious clinical symptoms. The most common symptoms were nonspecific abdominal pain and distension, and 71.87%, 23.93% and 4.21% of patients had mild, moderate, or severe symptoms, respectively. Rapid tumor growth was found in 24.69% of the patients, which is generally designated as an annual increase in tumor diameter of greater than 2 cm.

• #5 Liver hemangioma – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/liver-hemangioma/

  Most cases of liver hemangiomas are discovered during an imaging study done for some other condition. People who have a liver hemangioma rarely experience signs and symptoms and typically don’t need treatment. […] In most cases, a liver hemangioma doesn’t cause any signs or symptoms. […] When a liver hemangioma causes signs and symptoms, they may include: Pain in the upper right abdomen, Feeling full after eating only a small amount of food (early satiety), Nausea, Vomiting. […] However, these symptoms are nonspecific and in most instances are due to something else even if you have a liver hemangioma, as these tend to be asymptomatic. […] In most people, a liver hemangioma will never grow and never cause any signs and symptoms. But in a small number of people, a liver hemangioma will grow to cause symptoms and require treatment. It’s not clear why this happens. […] Very rarely, a growing hemangioma can cause signs and symptoms that may require treatment, including pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, abdominal bloating or nausea.

• #6 Liver Hemangioma | Liver Cancer | UPMC Center for Liver Care

  https://www.upmc.com/services/digestive-disorders-center/services/liver-diseases/conditions/liver-cancer/liver-hemangioma

  Between 1% and 5% of people in the U.S. have a liver, or hepatic, hemangioma that doesn’t cause symptoms. […] Most liver hemangiomas don’t cause symptoms or problems. But sometimes, a hemangioma will grow in size. […] But if your tumor grows to larger than 4 centimeters, you might have symptoms such as: Bloating, Feeling full after eating a small amount, Nausea, Pain or discomfort in the stomach. […] Babies with liver hemangioma may have: Anemia, A bloated belly, Heart failure symptoms. […] If the mass is larger than 5 centimeters, your doctor may schedule follow-up exams once or twice a year. […] They may treat liver hemangiomas that are causing symptoms.

• #7

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/Hemangioma

  Seldom does it cause any symptoms. Most hemangiomas are diagnosed during investigation of other conditions. Nonspecific symptoms may be present such as right upper abdominal discomfort or pain, nausea and early satiety. Large haemangioma may occasionally cause bloatedness. […] Hemangioma usually does not cause any symptoms or liver function impairment. The diagnosis is usually incidental with imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan or MRI during the investigation of other problems.

• #8 Hepatic hemangioma: What internists need to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6952297/

  Hepatic hemangioma (HH) is the most common benign liver tumor and it is usually found incidentally during radiological studies. Symptoms usually correlate with the size and location of the tumor. Less commonly the presence of a large HH may cause life-threatening conditions. […] HH are usually asymptomatic, however symptoms may present when a HH is larger than 5 cm. Symptoms are nonspecific, patients usually describe abdominal pain, discomfort and fullness in the right upper quadrant, secondary to stretching and inflammation of the Glissons capsule. Tumors 10 cm present with abdominal distention. The location of the liver mass may cause pressure and compression of adjacent structures causing other symptoms such as nausea, early satiety, and postprandial bloating. Less commonly associated symptoms include fever, jaundice, dyspnea, high-output cardiac failure, and haemobilia.

• #9 What Is a Liver Hemangioma?

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/liver-hemangioma-overview

  You likely wont have any symptoms of a liver hemangioma unless the mass is bigger than 5 centimeters, which is uncommon. Rare hemangiomas that are larger than 10 centimeters may cause such symptoms as: […] Its possible for a liver hemangioma to bleed or to form blood clots that trap fluid. You might feel pain in your belly.

• #10 Hepatic Hemangiomas Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination, Clinical Features

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177106-clinical

  Hepatic hemangiomas are more common in the right lobe of the liver than in the left lobe. These lesions are usually small and asymptomatic and are most often discovered when the liver is imaged for another reason or when the liver is examined at laparotomy or autopsy. […] Larger and multiple lesions may produce symptoms that necessitate surgery. Up to 40% of patients with 4-cm hemangiomas and 90% of those with 10-cm hemangiomas may experience symptoms. […] Typical symptoms include right upper quadrant pain or fullness. […] Up to 40% of hepatic hemangiomas grow over time, at a modest rate of about 2 mm per year in linear dimension and 17.4% per year in volume, based on data from a 10-year retrospective study. […] In a another retrospective study, hemangiomas increased in size in 61.0% of patients, with the highest growth period in those younger than 30 years (0.46 0.41 cm per year) and the slowest growth period in those older than 50 years (0.16 0.42 cm per year).

• #11 Surgical indication and strategy for liver hemangioma in the caudate lobe: a multi-institutional retrospective analysis with 137 patients | World Journal of Surgical Oncology | Full Text

  https://wjso.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12957-020-01901-z

  Of the 137 patients identified, 40 (29.20%) patients were asymptomatic, whereas other 94 patients had clinical symptoms mainly presented as upper abdominal discomfort, epigastric distention, upper abdominal dull pain, nausea, and vomiting. […] Tumor diameter was obviously associated with the presence of clinical symptoms. […] Surgical therapy is not recommended for asymptomatic patients and available for patient who has symptoms. […] Symptoms including upper abdominal discomfort and dull pain appear. Tumors along the Spigelian lobe tend to exert pressure to small curvature of the stomach leading to epigastric distention, nausea, vomiting etc. […] The incidence of symptoms is 6.25% (1/16), 60.9% (28/46), 89.6% (60/67), and 100% (8/8) in patients with caudate lobe hemangioma in groups of D3cm, 3cmD6cm, 6cmD9cm, and D9cm, respectively. Therefore, we believe that the current classification standard is not suitable for liver hemangioma in caudate lobe.

• #12 Surgical indication and strategy for liver hemangioma in the caudate lobe: a multi-institutional retrospective analysis with 137 patients | World Journal of Surgical Oncology | Full Text

  https://wjso.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12957-020-01901-z

  Of the 137 patients identified, 40 (29.20%) patients were asymptomatic, whereas other 94 patients had clinical symptoms mainly presented as upper abdominal discomfort, epigastric distention, upper abdominal dull pain, nausea, and vomiting. […] Tumor diameter was obviously associated with the presence of clinical symptoms. […] Surgical therapy is not recommended for asymptomatic patients and available for patient who has symptoms. […] Symptoms including upper abdominal discomfort and dull pain appear. Tumors along the Spigelian lobe tend to exert pressure to small curvature of the stomach leading to epigastric distention, nausea, vomiting etc. […] The incidence of symptoms is 6.25% (1/16), 60.9% (28/46), 89.6% (60/67), and 100% (8/8) in patients with caudate lobe hemangioma in groups of D3cm, 3cmD6cm, 6cmD9cm, and D9cm, respectively. Therefore, we believe that the current classification standard is not suitable for liver hemangioma in caudate lobe.

• #13 Liver hemangioma – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/liver-hemangioma/

  Most cases of liver hemangiomas are discovered during an imaging study done for some other condition. People who have a liver hemangioma rarely experience signs and symptoms and typically don’t need treatment. […] In most cases, a liver hemangioma doesn’t cause any signs or symptoms. […] When a liver hemangioma causes signs and symptoms, they may include: Pain in the upper right abdomen, Feeling full after eating only a small amount of food (early satiety), Nausea, Vomiting. […] However, these symptoms are nonspecific and in most instances are due to something else even if you have a liver hemangioma, as these tend to be asymptomatic. […] In most people, a liver hemangioma will never grow and never cause any signs and symptoms. But in a small number of people, a liver hemangioma will grow to cause symptoms and require treatment. It’s not clear why this happens. […] Very rarely, a growing hemangioma can cause signs and symptoms that may require treatment, including pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, abdominal bloating or nausea.

• #14 Liver Hemangioma: What it Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17784-liver-hemangioma

  Most liver hemangiomas are small and dont cause symptoms. […] The average size is about 3 centimeters (cm). Tumors that are 10 cm or more are considered giant hemangiomas. These are the most likely to cause symptoms, due to swelling or compression of your stomach. The most common symptoms are: Right upper quadrant abdominal pain, bloated stomach, fullness or lack of appetite, nausea. […] Rare complications include: Compression of your blood vessels or bile ducts, causing edema, thrombosis or jaundice, bleeding from the malformed blood vessels in the tumor into your abdominal cavity, degeneration inside the tumor, such as blood clotting, scarring or calcium deposits, direct trauma to the liver or severe strain can very rarely cause rupture of the tumor and internal bleeding (hemorrhage). This would be an emergency.

• #15 Liver Hemangioma / Hepatic Hemangioma – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment in Mumbai, India

  https://liverandpancreasclinic.com/liver-hemangioma.php

  Hemangiomas of the liver are usually small and hence asymptomatic. However, even large hemangiomas remain asymptomatic most often. Most cases of liver hemangioma are discovered during a test or procedure for some other condition. Most people who have a liver hemangioma never experience symptoms, never show signs and most hemangiomas dont grow even over long periods or have complications and hence may never need treatment. […] But in a small number of people, liver hemangioma will grow, may cause symptoms or complications and require treatment. Its not clear why this happens. Larger, especially more than 10cms and multiple lesions may produce symptoms. […] Dull pain, vague discomfort, which cannot be explained in words or fullness in the right upper abdomen, is the most common complaint especially when it is located in the right lobe of liver. Hepatic hemangiomas are more common in the right lobe of the liver than in the left lobe.

• #16 Liver Hemangioma – Symptoms, Causes and TreatmentLPC

  https://liverandpancreasclinic.com/blog/2018/03/23/liver-hemangioma/

  Hemangiomas of the liver are usually small and hence asymptomatic. However, even large hemangiomas remain asymptomatic most often. […] But in a small number of people, liver hemangioma will grow, may cause symptoms or complications and require treatment. It’s not clear why this happens. Larger, especially more than 10cms and multiple lesions may produce symptoms. […] Dull pain, vague discomfort, which cannot be explained in words or fullness in the right upper abdomen, is the most common complaint especially when it is located in the right lobe of liver. […] Early satiety (feeling full after eating even small amount of food), nausea, and vomiting may occur when large lesions compress the stomach, producing obstruction. […] Rarely, hemangiomas may present as a large abdominal mass. Other atypical presentations include jaundice from compression of the bile ducts, gastrointestinal bleeding, fever of unknown origin or cardiac failure.

• #17 Liver hemangioma – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/liver-hemangioma/

  Most cases of liver hemangiomas are discovered during an imaging study done for some other condition. People who have a liver hemangioma rarely experience signs and symptoms and typically don’t need treatment. […] In most cases, a liver hemangioma doesn’t cause any signs or symptoms. […] When a liver hemangioma causes signs and symptoms, they may include: Pain in the upper right abdomen, Feeling full after eating only a small amount of food (early satiety), Nausea, Vomiting. […] However, these symptoms are nonspecific and in most instances are due to something else even if you have a liver hemangioma, as these tend to be asymptomatic. […] In most people, a liver hemangioma will never grow and never cause any signs and symptoms. But in a small number of people, a liver hemangioma will grow to cause symptoms and require treatment. It’s not clear why this happens. […] Very rarely, a growing hemangioma can cause signs and symptoms that may require treatment, including pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, abdominal bloating or nausea.

• #18 What is changing in indications and treatment of hepatic hemangiomas. A review | Annals of Hepatology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-annals-hepatology-16-articulo-what-is-changing-in-indications-S1665268119308397

  Hepatic cavernous hemangioma accounts for 73% of all benign liver tumors with a frequency of 0.4-7.3% at autopsy and is the second most common tumor seen in the liver after metastases. Patients affected by hemangioma usually have their tumor diagnosed by ultrasound abdominal examination for a not well defined pain, but pain persist after treatment of the hemangioma. […] In many studies reported in the literature pain persist after treatment of the hemangioma. In a study by Farges and colleagues, pain disappeared in 54% of patients after treatment of associated disorders, and in 4 out of 11 patients, pain persisted even after tumor resection. […] The right indications for surgery remain strictly related to the tumor complications. In fact rupture, intratumoral bleeding, Kasabach-Merritt syndrome and organ or vessels compression (gastric outlet obstruction, Budd-Chiari syndrome, etc.) represents the valid indication for surgery and at the same time they are all complications of the tumor itself. The size of the tumor do not represent a valid indication for treatment.

• #19 Hepatic hemangioma: What internists need to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6952297/

  Hepatic hemangioma (HH) is the most common benign liver tumor and it is usually found incidentally during radiological studies. Symptoms usually correlate with the size and location of the tumor. Less commonly the presence of a large HH may cause life-threatening conditions. […] HH are usually asymptomatic, however symptoms may present when a HH is larger than 5 cm. Symptoms are nonspecific, patients usually describe abdominal pain, discomfort and fullness in the right upper quadrant, secondary to stretching and inflammation of the Glissons capsule. Tumors 10 cm present with abdominal distention. The location of the liver mass may cause pressure and compression of adjacent structures causing other symptoms such as nausea, early satiety, and postprandial bloating. Less commonly associated symptoms include fever, jaundice, dyspnea, high-output cardiac failure, and haemobilia.

• #20 Liver Hemangioma – Symptoms, Causes and TreatmentLPC

  https://liverandpancreasclinic.com/blog/2018/03/23/liver-hemangioma/

  Hemangiomas of the liver are usually small and hence asymptomatic. However, even large hemangiomas remain asymptomatic most often. […] But in a small number of people, liver hemangioma will grow, may cause symptoms or complications and require treatment. It’s not clear why this happens. Larger, especially more than 10cms and multiple lesions may produce symptoms. […] Dull pain, vague discomfort, which cannot be explained in words or fullness in the right upper abdomen, is the most common complaint especially when it is located in the right lobe of liver. […] Early satiety (feeling full after eating even small amount of food), nausea, and vomiting may occur when large lesions compress the stomach, producing obstruction. […] Rarely, hemangiomas may present as a large abdominal mass. Other atypical presentations include jaundice from compression of the bile ducts, gastrointestinal bleeding, fever of unknown origin or cardiac failure.

• #21 Hepatic hemangioma: What internists need to know

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v26/i1/11.htm

  Hepatic hemangioma (HH) is the most common benign liver tumor and it is usually found incidentally during radiological studies. […] Symptoms usually correlate with the size and location of the tumor. […] Symptoms are nonspecific, patients usually describe abdominal pain, discomfort and fullness in the right upper quadrant, secondary to stretching and inflammation of the Glissons capsule. Tumors 10 cm present with abdominal distention. […] The natural progression of HH varies, previously these lesions were considered to remain stable. However, multiple studies have shown progression and increase in size when followed throughout the years. […] Most HH are diagnosed incidentally on imaging tests since most patients remain asymptomatic throughout their life. Patients who present with symptoms are usually due to larger lesions. […] Since the natural history of HH is benign and an increase in size progression occurs in less than 40%, most patients can be reassured and only observed.

• #22 Liver Hemangioma / Hepatic Hemangioma – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment in Mumbai, India

  https://liverandpancreasclinic.com/liver-hemangioma.php

  Early satiety (feeling full after eating even small amount of food), nausea, and vomiting may occur when large lesions compress the stomach, producing obstruction. This is more common with lesions located in the left side or those hanging form liver like bunch of grapes. […] Rarely, hemangiomas may present as a large abdominal mass. Other atypical presentations include jaundice from compression of the bile ducts, gastrointestinal bleeding, fever of unknown origin or cardiac failure. […] In some cases, acute abdominal pain occurs due to various complications like clot formation inside the hemangioma (called thrombosis), hemorrhage into the lesion or free intraabdominal cavity, twisting or torsion if there is a stalk for hanging hemangioma or compression of adjacent tissues or organs. […] Consumption of coagulation factors causes an illness that resembles a systematic inflammatory process with findings of fever, weight loss, anemia, thrombocytosis, increased fibrinogen level, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

• #23 Liver Hemangioma – Symptoms, Causes and TreatmentLPC

  https://liverandpancreasclinic.com/blog/2018/03/23/liver-hemangioma/

  In some cases, acute abdominal pain occurs due to various complications like clot formation inside the hemangioma (called thrombosis), hemorrhage into the lesion or free intraabdominal cavity, twisting or torsion if there is a stalk for hanging hemangioma or compression of adjacent tissues or organs. […] Consumption of coagulation factors causes an illness that resembles a systematic inflammatory process with findings of fever, weight loss, anemia, thrombocytosis, increased fibrinogen level, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. […] Overall, a patient with a hepatic hemangioma has an excellent prognosis. Malignant transformation has not been described.

• #24 Hepatic Hemangiomas Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination, Clinical Features

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177106-clinical

  Hemangiomas sized 8-10 cm grew at a rate of 0.800.62cm per year, whereas those larger than 10 cm grew at a slower rate of 0.470.91cm per year. […] Rarely, hepatic hemangiomas may present as a large abdominal mass. Other atypical presentations include cardiac failure from massive arteriovenous shunting, jaundice from compression of the bile ducts, gastrointestinal bleeding from hemobilia, and fever of unknown origin. […] The classic indications for either surgery or minimally invasive therapy are for relief of symptoms due to the hemangioma or treatment of a spontaneously ruptured hemangioma. The latter event is potentially life-threatening. However, emergent surgical resection of the ruptured hemangioma is associated with a high mortality; in one study, the risk of rupture was 3.2% for giant hemangiomas, particularly with exophytic lesions and those located peripherally.

• #25 Hemangioma – Hepatic Tumors – Liver Diseases – Gastroenterology – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.7.30.4.2.

  Liver hemangioma is the most common benign neoplasm of the liver (it occurs in 2%-5% of the population and is several times more frequent in women). It usually manifests as a single focal lesion, rarely as multiple lesions. Most often it has no symptoms and is found incidentally on imaging. If present, most common symptoms include vague right upper quadrant discomfort, fullness, and early satiety. Rarely, in the case of large hemangiomas, thrombosis (associated with acute abdominal pain and fever) as well as KasabachMerritt syndrome (thrombocytopenia and consumption coagulopathy due to clot development in the hemangioma) may occur. Also, symptoms related to the tumor pressing on adjacent organs may sometimes be present, such as early satiety and abdominal pain. Very rare complications of hemangiomas include intraperitoneal rupture and consumption coagulopathy.

• #26 Transarterial embolization for the treatment of complicated liver hemangiomas: A report of two cases and review of the literature

  https://www.e-cmh.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3350/cmh.2017.0075

  Hemangioma is the most common benign liver tumor with a frequency of 0.4-7.3% in autopsy series. It is the second most common tumor seen in the liver after metastases. These lesions are mostly asymptomatic and incidentally diagnosed. However, they can become symptomatic with signs and symptoms varying from abdominal fullness or pain, fatigue, jaundice, disseminated intravascular coagulation, to life-threatening spontaneous rupture. […] In asymptomatic patients with a giant liver hemangioma, observation is an accepted policy. Symptomatic liver hemangiomas are, generally, treated by surgery (hepatic resection or enucleation, open, laparoscopic or robotic). However, surgery of giant liver hemangiomas can cause massive intraoperative hemorrhage, with high mortality rate. […] The management of liver hemangiomas generally consists of counseling and periodic follow-up. Treatment is reserved for special cases and this should be decided based on the size and location of the tumor. Absolute indications for surgery are spontaneous or traumatic rupture with hemoperitoneum, intratumoral bleeding and consumptive coagulopathy (Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome).

• #27 Spontaneous intracapsular hemorrhage of a giant hepatic cavernous hemangioma: a rare case report and literature review | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-021-01666-z

  Intracapsular hemorrhage of hepatic cavernous hemangiomas is very rare, which is difficult for us to distinguish from hepatic cyst masses with an intratumoral hemorrhage or even malignant liver tumors. Due to the high mortality of tumor rupture, appropriate treatments are recommended as soon as possible after diagnosis.

• #28 Hepatic hemangioma overview – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hepatic_hemangioma_overview

  Hepatic hemangioma is a noncancerous liver tumor made of dilated (widened) blood vessels. […] Symptoms of hepatic hemangioma include intermittent right upper quadrant abdominal pain, dyspepsia, early satiety, and vomiting. […] If left untreated, patients with giant hepatic hemangiomas may progress to develop complications. Complications of hepatic hemangioma include spontaneous rupture, acute hemorrhagic shock, and upper abdominal pain. […] Prognosis is generally excellent, and the mortality rate of patients with spontaneous rupture of hepatic hemangioma is approximately 30-40%.

• #29 Cavernous Liver Hemangioma Imaging: Practice Essentials, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/364860-overview

  Cavernous hemangiomas arise from endothelial cells that line the blood vessels and consist of multiple, large vascular channels lined by a single layer of endothelial cells and supported by collagenous walls. These tumors are frequently asymptomatic and incidentally discovered at imaging, surgery, or autopsy. Abdominal pain and palpable mass are the most common presenting symptoms. […] Although most hepatic hemangiomas are asymptomatic, some patients present with pain or compressive symptoms; bleeding/rupture is very rare. […] Surgical resection is the most preferred treatment method, when possible. […] Although rupture and hemorrhage of hepatic hemangiomas are rare complications, they are associated with high mortality. Intracapsular hemorrhage of hepatic cavernous hemangioma is challenging to diagnose, and potential risk of rupture is high.

• #30 Liver Hemangioma: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/liver-hemangioma-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOopcYgxDpCCIIcXBqd-GOtbaMAeghV3mgWzDuEU2ik_BJwghOWgH

  In the majority of situations, no prominent signs are experienced owing to the hepatic hemangioma, which is a rather small growth in the liver. Painful sensations in the stomach similar to abdominal adhesions, nausea, reduced appetite, vomiting and feeling full after consuming very small amounts of food do occur in seldom cases. […] Only in very grave instances, the clump of blood vessels in the liver cracks open, resulting in haemorrhage into the abdomen, rampant formation of blood clots and even lead to loss of life from heart failure.

• #31 Hepatic hemangioma: What internists need to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6952297/

  The natural progression of HH varies, previously these lesions were considered to remain stable. However, multiple studies have shown progression and increase in size when followed throughout the years. In a study of 236 patients with a median follow up of 48 mo (3-26), 61% experienced HH size increase with a peak growth rate when HH was 8-10 cm (0.80 0.62 cm/year) and in patients less than 30 years of age.

• #32 Hepatic hemangioma: What internists need to know

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v26/i1/11.htm

  Hepatic hemangioma (HH) is the most common benign liver tumor and it is usually found incidentally during radiological studies. […] Symptoms usually correlate with the size and location of the tumor. […] Symptoms are nonspecific, patients usually describe abdominal pain, discomfort and fullness in the right upper quadrant, secondary to stretching and inflammation of the Glissons capsule. Tumors 10 cm present with abdominal distention. […] The natural progression of HH varies, previously these lesions were considered to remain stable. However, multiple studies have shown progression and increase in size when followed throughout the years. […] Most HH are diagnosed incidentally on imaging tests since most patients remain asymptomatic throughout their life. Patients who present with symptoms are usually due to larger lesions. […] Since the natural history of HH is benign and an increase in size progression occurs in less than 40%, most patients can be reassured and only observed.

• #33 Hepatic Hemangiomas Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination, Clinical Features

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177106-clinical

  Hepatic hemangiomas are more common in the right lobe of the liver than in the left lobe. These lesions are usually small and asymptomatic and are most often discovered when the liver is imaged for another reason or when the liver is examined at laparotomy or autopsy. […] Larger and multiple lesions may produce symptoms that necessitate surgery. Up to 40% of patients with 4-cm hemangiomas and 90% of those with 10-cm hemangiomas may experience symptoms. […] Typical symptoms include right upper quadrant pain or fullness. […] Up to 40% of hepatic hemangiomas grow over time, at a modest rate of about 2 mm per year in linear dimension and 17.4% per year in volume, based on data from a 10-year retrospective study. […] In a another retrospective study, hemangiomas increased in size in 61.0% of patients, with the highest growth period in those younger than 30 years (0.46 0.41 cm per year) and the slowest growth period in those older than 50 years (0.16 0.42 cm per year).

• #34 Hepatic Hemangiomas Clinical Presentation: History and Physical Examination, Clinical Features

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177106-clinical

  Hemangiomas sized 8-10 cm grew at a rate of 0.800.62cm per year, whereas those larger than 10 cm grew at a slower rate of 0.470.91cm per year. […] Rarely, hepatic hemangiomas may present as a large abdominal mass. Other atypical presentations include cardiac failure from massive arteriovenous shunting, jaundice from compression of the bile ducts, gastrointestinal bleeding from hemobilia, and fever of unknown origin. […] The classic indications for either surgery or minimally invasive therapy are for relief of symptoms due to the hemangioma or treatment of a spontaneously ruptured hemangioma. The latter event is potentially life-threatening. However, emergent surgical resection of the ruptured hemangioma is associated with a high mortality; in one study, the risk of rupture was 3.2% for giant hemangiomas, particularly with exophytic lesions and those located peripherally.

• #35 Hepatic hemangioma: What internists need to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6952297/

  The natural progression of HH varies, previously these lesions were considered to remain stable. However, multiple studies have shown progression and increase in size when followed throughout the years. In a study of 236 patients with a median follow up of 48 mo (3-26), 61% experienced HH size increase with a peak growth rate when HH was 8-10 cm (0.80 0.62 cm/year) and in patients less than 30 years of age.

• #36

  https://homeopathyaajtak.com/diseases/all/liver-hemangioma-809

  In most people, a liver hemangioma will never grow and never cause any signs and symptoms. But in a small number of people, a liver hemangioma will grow to cause complications and require treatment. It’s not clear why this happens. […] Factors that can increase the risk that a liver hemangioma will cause signs and symptoms include: Your age. A liver hemangioma can be diagnosed at any age, but it’s most commonly diagnosed in people ages 30 to 50. Your sex. Women are more likely to be diagnosed with a liver hemangioma than men are. Pregnancy. Women who have been pregnant are more likely to be diagnosed with a liver hemangioma than women who have never been pregnant. It’s believed the hormone estrogen, which rises during pregnancy, may play a role in liver hemangioma growth. Hormone replacement therapy. Women who used hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms may be more likely to be diagnosed with a liver hemangioma than women who did not. […] Women who have been diagnosed with liver hemangiomas face a risk of complications if they become pregnant. The female hormone estrogen, which increases during pregnancy, is believed to cause some liver hemangiomas to grow larger.

• #37

• #38 Liver Hemangioma: What it Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17784-liver-hemangioma

  If your hemangioma appears to be growing, your healthcare provider may suggest interventions to stop it before it becomes a problem. […] If it continues growing, or if it causes any symptoms or complications, they can remove it in surgery. […] Most hemangiomas wont ever change or grow. If they do, it’s usually slow about 2mm a year. […] Estrogen levels do increase during pregnancy, which can cause your hemangioma to grow faster if it grows at all. […] In general, the prognosis is excellent. Most liver hemangiomas wont cause any trouble, and when they do, surgery is a simple solution.

• #39 Liver Hemangioma | American Hospital Dubai

  https://www.ahdubai.com/blogs/liver-hemangioma

  Liver hemangioma is a noncancerous mass in the liver caused by tangled blood vessels. These are also called hepatic hemangiomas, usually diagnosed during an imaging examination done for some other condition. […] People with liver hemangioma may rarely show any symptoms and usually don’t require any treatment. […] Some signs of liver hemangioma are nausea, vomiting, pain and discomfort in the upper right abdomen, and after eating a little food, the person feels full (early satiety). However, these symptoms are nonspecific and may result from other conditions, even when you have a liver hemangioma. […] Typically, a liver hemangioma does not grow or cause any symptoms, but it extends to cause symptoms and require treatment in a few conditions. […] Pregnant women diagnosed with liver hemangiomas face a greater risk of complications. Female hormone estrogen increases during pregnancy, causing some liver hemangiomas to grow larger. However, a growing hemangioma may rarely cause symptoms that require treatment.

• #40 Liver Hemangioma: What You Need to Know About this Benign Tumor | Omar Rashid, Medicus Elite

  https://www.toplinemd.com/omar-rashid/liver-hemangioma-what-you-need-to-know-about-this-benign-tumor/

  On that note, it’s important to remember that increased estrogen levels in the body (during pregnancy, for instance) may induce faster hemangioma growth, but that’s not always the case. Even in these cases, the lesions probably won’t grow that large to cause symptoms. […] While nobody likes to discover that they have growths on their liver, liver hemangiomas are usually harmless and cause no symptoms. Patients who do have them rarely report any hemangioma-related problems.

• #41 Hepatic hemangioma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hepatic-haemangioma-3?lang=us

  Hepatic hemangiomas or hepatic venous malformations are the most common benign vascular liver lesions. They are frequently diagnosed as an incidental finding on imaging, and most patients are asymptomatic. […] Recommendations for patients with no known risk factors for hepatic malignancy can range from center to center from performing confirmatory examinations (MRI, triphasic CT or scintigraphy) to considering follow-up ultrasound in 6 months to confirm stability, to performing no further imaging evaluation. […] Some authors propose surgical resection for patients with progressive abdominal pain in combination with a size greater than 5 cm.

• #42 Liver Hemangioma | Liver Cancer | UPMC Center for Liver Care

  https://www.upmc.com/services/digestive-disorders-center/services/liver-diseases/conditions/liver-cancer/liver-hemangioma

  Between 1% and 5% of people in the U.S. have a liver, or hepatic, hemangioma that doesn’t cause symptoms. […] Most liver hemangiomas don’t cause symptoms or problems. But sometimes, a hemangioma will grow in size. […] But if your tumor grows to larger than 4 centimeters, you might have symptoms such as: Bloating, Feeling full after eating a small amount, Nausea, Pain or discomfort in the stomach. […] Babies with liver hemangioma may have: Anemia, A bloated belly, Heart failure symptoms. […] If the mass is larger than 5 centimeters, your doctor may schedule follow-up exams once or twice a year. […] They may treat liver hemangiomas that are causing symptoms.

• #43 Hemangioma – Hepatic Tumors – Liver Diseases – Gastroenterology – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.7.30.4.2.

  The vast majority of hepatic hemangiomas do not require treatment. Perform ultrasonography periodically, every 12 months (more often in the case of enlarging lesions). […] Indications for surgical treatment: Lesions 10 cm in diameter, clinical symptoms (pain [acute pain in a patient with a large hemangioma may be a symptom of an impending tumor rupture], fever), significant diagnostic uncertainty, rapid enlargement of the hemangioma, consumption coagulopathy, vascular anomalies (arteriovenous shunt causing diversion of blood flow), compression of the bile ducts or adjacent organs.

• #44 Hemangioma of the Liver (Hepatic Hemangioma)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hepatic-hemangioma

  A liver hemangioma is a tangled network of blood vessels in or on the surface of the liver. This tumor is noncancerous and usually doesn’t cause symptoms. […] Most people don’t even know they have a liver hemangioma. It’s usually only discovered during a test or procedure for an unrelated condition. Even when they’re diagnosed, most liver hemangiomas don’t require treatment. […] A larger tumor is more likely to cause symptoms, such as abdominal pain and nausea. […] In most cases, a liver hemangioma doesn’t cause symptoms. However, symptoms can occur if the tumor has been aggravated by an injury or affected by a change in estrogen levels. […] Symptoms may include: pain in the upper right side of the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, a lack of appetite. […] Even if you have a liver hemangioma, these symptoms may be caused by something else. Contact your doctor if you have any symptoms that worry you. […] A liver hemangioma rarely causes future complications. However, a hemangioma may begin to cause problems if it increases in size. […] Pay attention to any symptoms that could be related to an enlarged hemangioma, such as nausea, vomiting, and persistent pain in your upper right abdomen.

• #45 Management of liver hemangiomas according to size and symptoms – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17914976/

  Liver hemangiomas are the most common benign liver tumors. These lesions are usually incidental findings during imaging studies of the abdomen performed for other reasons. […] The most common reason for referral was right upper abdominal pain in 59% (20/34) of patients. […] The indication for treatment was progressive abdominal pain in 78.6% (11/14). […] The indications for surgical resection are progressive abdominal pain in combination with size 5 cm. Observation is justified in patients with minimal or no symptoms, even in patients with giant hemangiomas.

• #46 Transarterial embolization for the treatment of complicated liver hemangiomas: A report of two cases and review of the literature

  https://www.e-cmh.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3350/cmh.2017.0075

  Hemangioma is the most common benign liver tumor with a frequency of 0.4-7.3% in autopsy series. It is the second most common tumor seen in the liver after metastases. These lesions are mostly asymptomatic and incidentally diagnosed. However, they can become symptomatic with signs and symptoms varying from abdominal fullness or pain, fatigue, jaundice, disseminated intravascular coagulation, to life-threatening spontaneous rupture. […] In asymptomatic patients with a giant liver hemangioma, observation is an accepted policy. Symptomatic liver hemangiomas are, generally, treated by surgery (hepatic resection or enucleation, open, laparoscopic or robotic). However, surgery of giant liver hemangiomas can cause massive intraoperative hemorrhage, with high mortality rate. […] The management of liver hemangiomas generally consists of counseling and periodic follow-up. Treatment is reserved for special cases and this should be decided based on the size and location of the tumor. Absolute indications for surgery are spontaneous or traumatic rupture with hemoperitoneum, intratumoral bleeding and consumptive coagulopathy (Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome).

• #47 Hemangioma – Hepatic Tumors – Liver Diseases – Gastroenterology – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.7.30.4.2.

  The vast majority of hepatic hemangiomas do not require treatment. Perform ultrasonography periodically, every 12 months (more often in the case of enlarging lesions). […] Indications for surgical treatment: Lesions 10 cm in diameter, clinical symptoms (pain [acute pain in a patient with a large hemangioma may be a symptom of an impending tumor rupture], fever), significant diagnostic uncertainty, rapid enlargement of the hemangioma, consumption coagulopathy, vascular anomalies (arteriovenous shunt causing diversion of blood flow), compression of the bile ducts or adjacent organs.

• #48 What is changing in indications and treatment of hepatic hemangiomas. A review | Annals of Hepatology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-annals-hepatology-16-articulo-what-is-changing-in-indications-S1665268119308397

  The malignant transformation is practically inexistent and the patients have to be reassured or addressed to the psychiatrist. Patients operated for hemangioma for stress and anxiety due to the awareness of having a benign tumor, continued to have the same symptoms, even after surgery. […] The Kasabach Merritt syndrome (also known as hemangioma thrombocytopenia syndrome) is a rare but life-threatening disease and represents a valid indication for immediate surgery in patients with hepatic hemangioma. […] Giant hemangiomas, larger than 10 cm in diameter are clinically important because they may cause symptoms and may be complicated by hemorrhage, rupture, or intralesional hemolysis.

• #49

  https://journals.lww.com/10.14309/01.ajg.0001046240.69312.ad

  Hepatic hemangiomas or hepatic venous malformations are the most common benign vascular liver lesions. They are usually asymptomatic, but when rapidly enlarging and compressing other organs, symptoms include right upper quadrant pain, early satiety, nausea and vomiting. […] In patients with giant liver hemangioma, observation is justified in the absence of symptoms. Surgical resection is indicated in patients with abdominal (mechanical) complaints or complications, or when diagnosis remains inconclusive. […] Most hemangiomas are small and asymptomatic which require no treatment because they dont have effects or damage adjacent organs. However, giant liver hemangiomas require surgical intervention as they become symptomatic with extensive abdominal discomfort and are at a higher risk for future complications.

• #50 Liver Hemangioma: What it Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17784-liver-hemangioma

  If your hemangioma appears to be growing, your healthcare provider may suggest interventions to stop it before it becomes a problem. […] If it continues growing, or if it causes any symptoms or complications, they can remove it in surgery. […] Most hemangiomas wont ever change or grow. If they do, it’s usually slow about 2mm a year. […] Estrogen levels do increase during pregnancy, which can cause your hemangioma to grow faster if it grows at all. […] In general, the prognosis is excellent. Most liver hemangiomas wont cause any trouble, and when they do, surgery is a simple solution.

• #51 Liver hemangiomas

  https://www.munichre.com/ca-life/en/perspectives/2023/case-clinic/case-clinic-liver-hemangiomas.html

  Hemangiomas are the most common benign tumor of the liver, seen in up to 20% of the general population. […] Most are asymptomatic with excellent prognosis, although a few may have symptoms such as pain. […] Bleeding from a rupture of blood vessels is rare, but can occur. […] the overall prognosis for most patients is excellent, as the majority remain asymptomatic with stable lesions.

• #52

  https://www.cgh.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/Hemangioma

  Liver Hemangioma is a tangle of blood vessels that developed in the liver. It is a noncancerous condition and it does not increase the risk of cancer. It is usually small (less than 4cm) and occurs in isolation. Occasionally there may be more than one and the size may be larger. Generally it will not grow in size. […] Seldom does it cause any symptoms. Most hemangiomas are diagnosed during investigation of other conditions. Nonspecific symptoms may be present such as right upper abdominal discomfort or pain, nausea and early satiety. Large haemangioma may occasionally cause bloatedness. […] Hemangioma usually does not cause any symptoms or liver function impairment. The diagnosis is usually incidental with imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan or MRI during the investigation of other problems.

• #53 Hemangioma Liver Lesions | Docpanel

  https://www.docpanel.com/hemangioma-liver-lesions/

  Hemangiomas in the liver are asymptomatic. […] In rare cases, if a hemangioma grows to be large, it may cause abdominal discomfort. In such instances, an individual might experience pain in the upper right abdomen, feeling of being full without eating, nausea or vomiting. […] There is no evidence that a liver hemangioma can lead to liver cancer.

• #54 Hepatic hemangioma overview – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hepatic_hemangioma_overview

  Hepatic hemangioma is a noncancerous liver tumor made of dilated (widened) blood vessels. […] Symptoms of hepatic hemangioma include intermittent right upper quadrant abdominal pain, dyspepsia, early satiety, and vomiting. […] If left untreated, patients with giant hepatic hemangiomas may progress to develop complications. Complications of hepatic hemangioma include spontaneous rupture, acute hemorrhagic shock, and upper abdominal pain. […] Prognosis is generally excellent, and the mortality rate of patients with spontaneous rupture of hepatic hemangioma is approximately 30-40%.

• #55 Hepatic hemangioma: What internists need to know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6952297/

  Hepatic hemangioma (HH) is the most common benign liver tumor and it is usually found incidentally during radiological studies. Symptoms usually correlate with the size and location of the tumor. Less commonly the presence of a large HH may cause life-threatening conditions. […] HH are usually asymptomatic, however symptoms may present when a HH is larger than 5 cm. Symptoms are nonspecific, patients usually describe abdominal pain, discomfort and fullness in the right upper quadrant, secondary to stretching and inflammation of the Glissons capsule. Tumors 10 cm present with abdominal distention. The location of the liver mass may cause pressure and compression of adjacent structures causing other symptoms such as nausea, early satiety, and postprandial bloating. Less commonly associated symptoms include fever, jaundice, dyspnea, high-output cardiac failure, and haemobilia.

• #56 Hepatic hemangioma: What internists need to know

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v26/i1/11.htm

  Hepatic hemangioma (HH) is the most common benign liver tumor and it is usually found incidentally during radiological studies. […] Symptoms usually correlate with the size and location of the tumor. […] Symptoms are nonspecific, patients usually describe abdominal pain, discomfort and fullness in the right upper quadrant, secondary to stretching and inflammation of the Glissons capsule. Tumors 10 cm present with abdominal distention. […] The natural progression of HH varies, previously these lesions were considered to remain stable. However, multiple studies have shown progression and increase in size when followed throughout the years. […] Most HH are diagnosed incidentally on imaging tests since most patients remain asymptomatic throughout their life. Patients who present with symptoms are usually due to larger lesions. […] Since the natural history of HH is benign and an increase in size progression occurs in less than 40%, most patients can be reassured and only observed.

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