Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Muscle Contraction Tension Headache – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562274/

  TTH is the most common type of primary headache disorder and one of the most prevalent conditions and neurologic disorders in the general population, according to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. TTH affects about 1/5 of the world’s population, with a worldwide lifetime prevalence of 46% to 78%. The condition also has a high economic and psychosocial impact. […] Although TTH had an increased prevalence in the Middle East and North Africa from 1990 to 2019, the incidence rate has remained the same. Furthermore, the burden of TTH in these regions was higher than at the global level for both sexes and all age groups. […] A Danish epidemiological study revealed that about 78% of the adult population had at least 1 episode of TTH in their lives. TTH is also more common in women than in men, with a female-to-male ratio of 3:1.

• #2 Tension-type headache in adults: Etiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tension-type-headache-in-adults-pathophysiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis

  Tension-type headache (TTH) is a primary headache disorder characterized by a bilateral, nonthrobbing headache of a mild to moderate intensity, typically without other associated features. TTH is the most common headache and prevalent neurologic disorder in the population. Due to its high prevalence, TTH causes a high burden of disability. […] This topic will review the etiology, epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of TTH in adults.

• #3 Tension headache epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Tension_headache_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Tension headache is one of the most common type of headaches. Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most prevalent headache in the general population. Tension-type headache (TTH) is the second-most prevalent disorder in the world. A Danish Registry showed 1 year prevalances of infrequent episodic, frequent episodic and and chronic TTH were 63.5, 21.6 and 0.9% respectively. A United States study showed that the 1 year prevalences of episodic and chronic TTH were 38.3 and 2.2%. Females have a higher prevalence compared to males. Limited data suggests TTH to be more prevalent in whites compared to black in the US, irrespective of sex. A recent study showed that TTH prevalence peaking in the 4th decade. A Danish study showed decreasing prevalence of TTH with increasing age.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders

  Globally, headache disorders affect approximately 40% of the population, or 3.1 billion people in 2021, and are more common in females compared to males. […] Not only is a headache painful, but it is also disabling. According to Global Health Estimates 2019, headache disorders were found to be third highest cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide, after stroke and dementia. […] Migraines and other headaches can affect people’s ability to work, through decreased productivity, and interpersonal relationships. […] Many of those troubled by headaches do not receive effective diagnosis and care. […] Lack of knowledge among health care providers is the principal clinical barrier. Many people with headache disorders are not diagnosed and treated. […] These evident burdens call for action. WHO recognizes this and partners with multiple non-governmental organizations to address headache.

• #5

  https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/headache-disorders-how-common-are-headaches

  Headaches are extremely common. When they occur repeatedly, they are a symptom of a headache disorder. The most common headache disorder is tension-type headache. In developed countries, tension-type headache affects over one third of men and over one half of women. […] Recent studies suggest the same in developing countries. […] Headache disorders are painful and disabling. They can cause substantial personal suffering, impaired quality of life and high financial cost. […] Despite this, many people including many health care professionals tend to perceive headache as a minor or trivial complaint.

• #6 The global prevalence of headache: an update, with analysis of the influences of methodological factors on prevalence estimates | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01402-2

  According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, headache disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions worldwide. […] Our first aim was to update the documentation of headache epidemiological studies, summarizing global prevalence estimates for all headache, migraine, tension-type headache (TTH) and headache on 15days/month (H15+), comparing these with GBD estimates and exploring time trends and geographical variations. […] From 357 publications, the vast majority from high-income countries, the estimated global prevalence of active headache disorder was 52.0% (95%CI 48.9-55.4), of migraine 14.0% (12.9-15.2), of TTH 26.0% (22.7-29.5) and of H15+ 4.6% (3.9-5.5). […] The review confirms GBD in finding that headache disorders remain highly prevalent worldwide, and it identifies methodological factors explaining some of the large variation between study findings. […] More and better studies are needed in low- and middle-income countries.

• #7 Epidemiology of tension-type headache – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9459472/

  Tension-type headache is a highly prevalent condition. Because few population-based studies have been performed, little is known about its epidemiology. […] The overall prevalence of ETTH in the past year was 38.3%. Women had a higher 1-year ETTH prevalence than men in all age, race, and education groups, with an overall prevalence ratio of 1.16. […] The 1-year period prevalence of CTTH was 2.2%; prevalence was higher in women and declined with increasing education. […] Episodic tension-type headache is a highly prevalent condition with a significant functional impact at work, home, and school. Chronic tension-type headache is much less prevalent than ETTH; despite its greater individual impact, CTTH has a smaller societal impact than ETTH.

• #8 Epidemiology of Tension-Type Headache

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2042835197

  Epidemiology of Tension-Type Headache […] Context. Tension-type headache is a highly prevalent condition. Because few population-based studies have been performed, little is known about its epidemiology. Objectives. To estimate the 1-year period prevalence of episodic tension-type headache (ETTH) and chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) in a population-based study; to describe differences in 1-year period prevalence by sex, age, education, and race; and to describe attack frequency and headache pain intensity. […] Results. The overall prevalence of ETTH in the past year was 38.3%. Women had a higher 1-year ETTH prevalence than men in all age, race, and education groups, with an overall prevalence ratio of 1.16. Prevalence peaked in the 30- to 39-year-old age group in both men (42.3%) and women (46.9%). Whites had a higher 1-year prevalence than African Americans in men (40.1% vs. 22.8%) and women (46.8% vs 30.9%). Prevalence increased with increasing educational levels in both sexes, reaching a peak in subjects with graduate school educations of 48.5% for men and 48.9% for women. The 1-year period prevalence of CTTH was 2.2%; prevalence was higher in women and declined with increasing education. Of subjects with ETTH, 8.3% reported lost workdays because of their headaches, while 43.6% reported decreased effectiveness at work, home, or school. Subjects with CTTH reported more lost workdays (mean of 27.4 days vs 8.9 days for those reporting lost workdays) and reduced-effectiveness days (mean of 20.4 vs 5.0 days for those reporting reduced effectiveness) compared with subjects with ETTH. […] Conclusions. Episodic tension-type headache is a highly prevalent condition with a significant functional impact at work, home, and school. Chronic tension-type headache is much less prevalent than ETTH; despite its greater individual impact, CTTH has a smaller societal impact than ETTH.

• #9 Prevalence and Cost Of Headache – Headache Australia

  https://headacheaustralia.org.au/what-is-headache/prevalence-and-cost-of-headache/

  What is undisputed is that migraine and tension-type headache are the most prevalent headache disorders and, both with disabling potential, they have the greatest impact on public health. […] Tension-type headache is the most widespread of headache disorders. Onset is often in the teenage years and prevalence peaks in the fourth decade and then declines. Overall, one-year prevalence may exceed 60% although it is apparently lower in some countries. […] These common neurological complaints impose a significant health burden, with nearly all migraine sufferers and 60% of those with tension-type headache experiencing reductions in social activities and work capacity.

• #10 Frontiers | Temporal trends of migraine and tension-type headache burden across the BRICS: implications from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2023.1307413/full

  Background: Headache disorders have become a significant global public health issue, with a notably high prevalence observed in developing countries. However, few studies have assessed headache disorders trends in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of headache disorders in individuals across the BRICS, spanning the years 1990 to 2019. […] In 2019, India had the highest prevalence of migraine (213890207.93 cases) and TTH (374,453,700 cases). Brazil had the highest migraine age-standardized prevalence rate (18,331 per 100,000) and incidence rate (1,489 per 100,000). For TTH, India had the highest prevalence (26,160 per 100,000) while Russia had the highest incidence (11,512 per 100,000). From 1990 to 2019, China showed the greatest increase in migraine and TTH prevalence. India had the highest migraine (7,687,692) and TTH (741,392) DALYs in 2019.

• #11 Frontiers | Temporal trends of migraine and tension-type headache burden across the BRICS: implications from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neurology/articles/10.3389/fneur.2023.1307413/full

  Headache disorders, encompassing a spectrum of neurological ailments, are among the most prevalent and incapacitating conditions, affecting nearly half of the global adult population. The most common forms of primary headaches are migraines and tension-type headaches (TTH). […] Recent analyzes highlight the significant societal implications of migraine and TTH within the BRICS countries, rooted in their surging prevalence, notable disability, and substantial economic burdens. […] Our intent is to offer a comprehensive analysis of the epidemiology of migraine and TTH within the context of the BRICS nations, providing public health officials with insights to evaluate the outcomes of prior interventions and to shape subsequent policy directives. […] In BRICS countries, India shouldered the greatest TTH cases in both 1990 and 2019, with over 200 million estimated cases in 1990 rising sharply to over 374 million by 2019.

• #12 Epidemiology of tension-type headache (TTH) in Assuit Governorate

  https://www.itmedicalteam.pl/articles/epidemiology-of-tensiontype-headache-tth-in-assuit-governorate-egypt-107276.html

  This is the first study done in our country on a cohort sample sized population to estimate the prevalence of a tension-type headache (TTH) across age groups. […] We reported a prevalence of primary headaches to be 31.11%, 13.62% for TTH and 1.57% for mixed headache. […] The frequency of TTH was higher among adults and middle aged individuals, females, singles, rural residents and those with low socioeconomic states. […] Several large-scale epidemiological studies, population-based studies, self-report questionnaires, data collected from medical records, hospital-based studies, etc, have found that TTH, although common, has a variable prevalence worldwide. […] In cross-sectional epidemiologic studies, it was observed that the prevalence of TTH peaked between ages 30-39 regardless of gender and decreases slightly with age.

• #13 Clinical-Epidemiology of Tension-Type Headache among the Medical and Dental Undergraduates of King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/12/12/2064

  T.T.H. is a prevalent condition with a significant impingement on academic work, and psychological health. […] The overall prevalence of T.T.H. was 56.1%, and this was greater among females (70.3%) than males (45.2%) with a ratio of 1.18:1, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). [...] The headache prevalence among medical students was 53.78%, and for tension-type headache it was 41.66%. [...] The prevalence of T.T.H.s reported by different studies ranges from 30% to 78%. [...] The headache prevalence in Saudi Arabia ranged from 8% to 12%; T.T.H.s varied from 3.1% to 9.5%, among these headaches. [...] More than half of the students complained of T.T.H. attacks that started after puberty (93.5%). [...] The most commonly reported trigger factors were fatigue and stress.

• #14 Tension-Type Headache in Children and Adolescents

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/3/825

  It should be remembered that up to 10% of headaches in preschool age remain unclassifiable or diagnosed as childhood periodic syndromes. […] As for the gender prevalence ratio, it should be noted that TTH has a slight female preponderance of 1.2:1, much lower than the 3:1 ratio that characterizes migraine.

• #14 Tension-Type Headache in Children and Adolescents

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/3/825

  The estimated worldwide prevalence of TTH and migraine is around 42% in the general adult population. […] Regarding the pediatric age, despite epidemiological data being not homogeneous, the prevalence of primary headaches has significantly increased in childhood and adolescence in recent years. […] In pediatrics, some authors reported a prevalence of primary headaches of around 54.4%. […] As regards TTH specifically, epidemiological data in young subjects suggested highly variable prevalence ranging from 0.9 to 72.3%, according to different studies. […] A recent meta-analysis and systematic review analyzed twenty-three studies reporting the prevalence of TTH in the pediatric age. […] They reported a weighted-pooled prevalence of TTH in females of 11% and 9% in males; the prevalence of episodic TTH ranged from 4 to 29%, while chronic TTH ranged from 0.2 to 12.9%.

• #15

  https://ihs-headache.org/en/resources/tension-type-headache-awareness-campaign/

  Tension-type headache is the most prevalent neurological disorder worldwide with over 2 billion suffering from this headache. Tension-type headache is ranked as the second most common cause of chronic disease and injury globally. Chronic tension-type headache, a subtype of tension-type headache, alone has a global prevalence of 2 to 3%. Tension-type headache is more common in women than men, but with a sex prevalence ratio of 1.2:1, so far lower than the 3:1 ratio that is characteristic for migraine. […] The diagnosis of tension-type headache is made based on criteria from the International Headache Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). The diagnosis of tension-type headache is reached by detailed history of patient symptoms and a normal neurological examination, excluding secondary headaches. Worldwide, physicians receive only minimum education on headache disorders during their medical training. […] By raising awareness within the medical community and increasing educational opportunities across the world, IHS aims to have a real impact on the lives of people with tension-type headache.

• #16 Who Gets Tension Headaches?logo-32logo-40logo-60NEJM Journal WatchnejmJW_1L_RGB-b

  https://www.jwatch.org/jp199804010000015/1998/04/01/who-gets-tension-headaches

  This epidemiological study on the prevalence of tension-type headaches suggests that the question perhaps should be, „Who doesn’t get these headaches?” The data were collected via a telephone survey of 13,345 people in the Baltimore area in 1993 and 1994. The overall prevalence of episodic tension-type headache was 38%, with the highest prevalence in the 30- to 39-year-old age group for both men and women (42% and 47%, respectively). Women had a 16% higher rate of these headaches than did men. Prevalence was higher in whites than in blacks in both men (40% vs. 23%) and women (47% vs. 31%). The highest prevalence was detected in men and women with graduate school educations (49%). Criteria for chronic tension headaches were met by 2.2% of the subjects, but these subjects had less education on average than subjects with episodic headaches. […] These data demonstrate how common episodic tension headache is, but chronic headache is relatively uncommon and appears to have a different epidemiology.

• #17 Epidemiology of tension-type headache (TTH) in Assuit Governorate

  https://www.itmedicalteam.pl/articles/epidemiology-of-tensiontype-headache-tth-in-assuit-governorate-egypt-107276.html

  The average age of onset of TTH was estimated to be 25-30 years. […] The female to male ratio was estimated to be nearly 5:4, which indicates that women were affected only slightly more than men. […] In this study, we reported an overall prevalence of primary headache to be 31.11%, among which 13.62% for TTH. […] In this study, we reported the prevalence of chronic and daily headache to be 10.47%, (7.59% without medication overuse headache and 2.87% with medication overuse headache).

• #18 Tension-type Headache: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/tension-type-headache-pro

  The British Association for the Study of Headache (BASH) guideline states it has a mean global lifetime prevalence of 42%, and chronic tension-type headache has a global prevalence of 0.54.8%. It is slightly more common in women than in men. The average age of headache onset is 2530 years, with prevalence peaking at 3039 years, and then declining slightly. […] TTH is probably overdiagnosed: often what is diagnosed as TTH is in fact migraine. Always consider migraine if the headache had migrainous components.

• #19 Debate: differences and similarities between tension-type headache and migraine | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-023-01614-0

  In a recent review, the prevalence of both migraine (5%) and TTH (5.9%) in children (0-9 years) was reported comparably low, with no difference between boys (~5%) and girls (~6%). […] In adolescents (10-19 years), the prevalence increases, particularly in girls than in boys with migraine (15.3% vs 10.2%). […] The review also showed that the prevalence of migraine declined (7.9%) in individuals above 65 years of age, while the prevalence of TTH further increased (32.2%) at age above 65 years. […] In a 12-year longitudinal Danish population-based study, several risk factors were identified for migraine, including familial disposition, no vocational education, a high workload, and frequent TTH. […] TTH was found to have different risk factors, including young age, female sex, poor self-rated health, not being able to relax after work, and sleeping a few hours per night.

• #20 Muscle Contraction Tension Headache – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562274/

  Current reviews examine the impact of sex-based biological, psychological, emotional, and social differences on TTH. The results showed complex interactions between TTH, emotional stress, and sleep, with these interactions differing between men and women. […] TTH is also the most common headache type in children. A study linked anxiety in children and adolescents with TTH and recommended screening and evaluation of their psychological symptoms. […] A recent report described the rising incidence, prevalence, and disability associated with TTH among adolescents and young adults, particularly in male individuals, older youth, and populations with middle sociodemographic indices. This trend was most notable in East Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, and certain high-income countries, including Singapore, Norway, and Iran. However, a decline in prevalence was observed in countries like Qatar, Thailand, and Ethiopia.

• #21 Debate: differences and similarities between tension-type headache and migraine | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-023-01614-0

  High migraine attack frequency and young age at onset (20 years) were found to be related to poor outcomes in migraine, defined as having 14 migraine days/year either due to increased frequency or persisting high frequency of migraine. […] Poor outcomes in TTH were associated with baseline chronic TTH, coexisting migraine, being unmarried and sleeping problems are associated with poor outcomes in TTH. […] Studies indicate that migraine is associated with higher economic resource use and medical costs in outpatient, inpatient, and emergency admissions compared to TTH. […] The prevalence and characteristics of TTH in individuals with coexistent migraine are similar to the general population, but TTH attacks are more severe in intensity.

• #21 Debate: differences and similarities between tension-type headache and migraine | The Journal of Headache and Pain | Full Text

  https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-023-01614-0

  Tension-type headache (TTH) has a higher prevalence than migraine. The global 1-year prevalence for TTH is estimated to be 26.8%, while the global 1-year prevalence for migraine is 15.2% in the general population. […] It has been observed that there is no difference in the prevalence of TTH among individuals with migraine compared to individuals in the general population. […] The frequency and severity of headache attacks may be higher in individuals with TTH coexistent with migraine when compared to the attacks experienced by individuals with TTH without migraine. […] The onset of migraine is reported by about 75% of individuals before the age of 35 years. […] The prevalence of both migraine and TTH peaks between ages 35-39 years, followed by a decline. […] One population study conducted on school-age children has reported that the 1-year prevalence of migraine was 7%.

• #22

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11916-003-0061-x

  Although tension-type headache is the most prevalent headache and affects 78% of the general population, the substantial societal and individual burden associated with this primary headache has been overlooked. […] Most patients with the chronic form of tension-type headache, which affects 3% of the population, are left virtually without any specific treatment. […] Considerable benefits for the society can be gained by specific strategies leading to reductions in the amount of sickness absence and impaired working abilities. […] The burden on the affected patients and their families quality of life also may be improved by a general acceptance of the disorder and by the development of a specific treatment strategy. […] Schwartz BS, Stewart WF, Simon D, Lipton RB: Epidemiology of tension-type headache. JAMA 1998, 279:381383. The first American study of the epidemiology of tension-type and the socioeconomic impact. An important mainstay in headache epidemiology.

• #23 Frontiers | Cluster headache: an update on clinical features, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pain-research/articles/10.3389/fpain.2024.1373528/full

  CH affects 0.1% of the population and seems more frequent in males, but there is contradictory data on this aspect. […] The incidence has been difficult to estimate due to the relatively low frequency of CH and systematic underdiagnosis. […] Fischera et al. reported in a meta-analysis of 16 studies that examined prevalence frequencies from 3 to 150/100,000 persons, and the combined lifetime prevalence was 124/100,000 (95% CI: 101–151), and the mean annual prevalence was 53/100,000 (95% CI: 26–95). […] Variations can be found in epidemiological data from different series; Stovner et al. determined that Multiple Linear Regression analyses explained less than 30% of the variations; other methodological factors influencing these differences are year of publication, sample size, the inclusion of probable diagnoses, sampling method, screening question, and research setting.

• #24 Tension-type headache in the Emergency Department Diagnosis and misdiagnosis: The TEDDi study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-59171-4

  Headache is a common reason to visit the emergency department (ED). Tension-type headache (TTH) is the commonest headache. The prevalence of TTH is estimated to be between 30 and 70% of the general population according to different studies. The diagnostic criteria proposed by the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) have remained unaltered since the first edition in 1988. In our sample, TTH was overdiagnosed. Only a minority of patients fulfilled the ICHD criteria. Inconsistencies in prior medical history or anamnesis were frequent. […] The main findings of our study were that only a minority of patients, only 2.4% of the whole sample, fulfilled the ICHD criteria for TTH. In over 80% of patients, a discrepancy was found in the anamnesis, and in one-fifth of patients, prior medical history made TTH diagnosis unlikely. […] In our sample, TTH was overdiagnosed in an emergency department, as only 2.4% of the patients fulfilled all ICHD criteria for TTH. Inconsistencies in prior medical history or anamnesis were present in the discharge reports in one-fifth and four-fifths of patients, respectively.

• #25 Global, regional, and national epidemiology of migraine and tension-type headache in youths and young adults aged 15–39 years from 1990 to 2019: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019 | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/global-regional-and-national-epidemiology-of-migraine-and-tensio/26052540

  Despite extensive research into the global and regional disease burden, there has been a noticeable lack of emphasis on the effects of headache disorders in adolescents and young adults aged 15-39 years. […] Our objective is to offer a nuanced understanding of the global distribution of migraines and TTH, potentially shaping subsequent public health strategies. […] In 2019, the global incidence of migraines among individuals aged 15 to 39 years stood at 581,761,847.2, representing a 16% increase from the 1990 figures. Simultaneously, the incidence of TTH in individuals aged 15 to 39 years surged to 964,808,567.1, reflecting a marked 37% increase from the baseline in 1990. […] Our study highlights increased incidence, prevalence, and DALYs of migraine and TTH in individuals aged 15-39.

• #25 Global, regional, and national epidemiology of migraine and tension-type headache in youths and young adults aged 15–39 years from 1990 to 2019: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019 | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/global-regional-and-national-epidemiology-of-migraine-and-tensio/26052540

  In recent years, headache disorders have garnered significant attention as a pressing global health issue. This concern is especially pronounced in low- to middle-income countries and exhibits a notable increase in prevalence among adolescents and young adults. […] Our study endeavored to quantify the global prevalence of headache disorders in individuals between the ages of 15 and 39, over a three-decade span from 1990 to 2019. […] Our study, conducted from 1990 to 2019, evaluated the impact of headache disorders, specifically migraines and tension-type headaches (TTH), in 204 different countries and territories. […] In 2019, there were an estimated 581,761,847.2 migraine cases globally, marking a 16% increase from 1990. Concurrently, TTH cases numbered at 964,808,567.1, reflecting a 37% rise since 1990.

• #26 Research Summary: Headache associated… | American Headache Society

  https://americanheadachesociety.org/research/library/research-summary-headache-associated-with-covid-19-epidemiology-characteristics-pathophysiology-and-management

  Headache is reported in 47.1% (95% CI 35.8-58.6%) of patients in the acute phase of COVID-19. […] Frequency varies with the severity of COVID-19, with higher frequency in outpatients versus hospitalized patients. […] Headache as a symptom of COVID-19 is more common in younger people; in those with previous primary headache or migraine; and in those who present with accompanying anosmia, ageusia, and myalgia. […] Headache is frequently associated with COVID-19 and often has a phenotype similar to tension-type headache or migraine. […] Headaches may persist after the acute phase of COVID-19 but typically improve over time.

• #27 Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of headache among COVID-19 patients in Lebanon: a retrospective cohort study | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text

  https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-024-00830-y

  A confirmed COVID-19 Infection by PCR test was confirmed among 86% of the participants. Tension-like headache was the most common type of headache experienced by participants during COVID-19. […] Headache accompanied with COVID-19 is a common symptom during the early stages of illness. COVID-19 related headache was characterized as mainly involving the whole head region, pressuring, and partially relieved by analgesics. Thus, headache should raise early concern for the probability of being infected by COVID-19. […] In our study, tension headache (62.8%) and migraine (29.5%) were commonly encountered as well. The location of headache in our study shows diffuse involvement (48.7%) predominantly with pressuring character (77%), and only partially relieved with analgesics (54.9%), with a duration of less than 12 h (57%).

• #28 Cognitive performance in patients with chronic tension-type headache and its relation to neuroendocrine hormones | The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery | Full Text

  https://ejnpn.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41983-020-0150-3

  Tension-type headache is the most common headache to be seen in clinical practice. […] In a population-based study in Denmark, the authors reported that about a third of the studied population had episodic TTH, and 2 to 3% of the studied population had CTTH. […] In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 8 to 12% of the Saudi population suffers from TTH. […] Although it is common, TTH has low healthcare and public profile than migraine. […] Moreover, epidemiological studies revealed that depression is highly prevalent in CTTH patients. […] The cognitive impairment reported in CTTH could be the result of neuroendocrine hormones alteration or the effect of associated depression. […] In the present study, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was altered (higher CRH, ACTH, and cortisol) in patient groups compared to control volunteers.

• #29 Increased Risk of Dementia in Patients with Tension-Type Headache: A Nationwide Retrospective Population-Based Cohort Study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0156097

  TTH patients have a future risk of dementia, indicating a potentially linked disease pathophysiology that warrants further study. The association between TTH and dementia is greater in women, older adults, and with comorbidities. Clinicians should be aware of potential dementia comorbidity in TTH patients. […] The relationship between somatic symptoms, such as headache, and the clinical presentation of dementia has been considered more than a simple coincidence, and previous registry and population-based cohort studies have suggested an association between migraine and the occurrence of dementia. However, the association between non-migrainous headache and dementia has rarely been studied, with only two population-based studies in Norway suggesting a potential association between non-migrainous headache and dementia.

• #30 Increased Risk of Dementia in Patients with Tension-Type Headache: A Nationwide Retrospective Population-Based Cohort Study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0156097

  Based on the collective evidence, the association between primary headaches and dementia remains controversial, and the temporal relationship between TTH and dementia is unknown. Therefore, this nationwide, population-based cohort study aimed to explore the possible temporal association between TTH and dementia. […] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first nationwide, population-based, longitudinal study to demonstrate an increased risk of dementia in TTH patients, which was 1.15-fold higher than in the non-TTH group, after adjustment for sex, age, and medical comorbidities. The incidence density rates of dementia increased with age and comorbidities for both TTH and non-TTH groups. Furthermore, TTH patients that were female, aged 65 years, or with medical comorbidities had a higher risk of subsequent dementia than patients with the same characteristics in the non-TTH group. Finally, the TTH group had a higher risk of developing non-VD than the non-TTH group.

• #31 Update on Tension-type Headache

  https://e-hpr.org/journal/view.php?number=913

  Tension-type headache (TTH) is the most common headache disorder. The global prevalence of TTH is approximately 26% of adults, with wide variation between studies and ethnicities, but it is generally estimated that 30% to 80% of the adult population will be affected at some point in their lives. The incidence of TTH is higher in women than in men, and this gender difference may be due to hormonal factors, stress, and psychosocial influences. TTH can occur at any age, but the greatest burden in terms of years of life lived with disability is in the between 15 and 49 age group. The incidence of TTH tends to decrease with age, although it remains a significant health problem in the elderly population. Lower socioeconomic status is often associated with higher levels of stress, poorer access to healthcare, and lower levels of education, all of which may contribute to the prevalence and severity of TTH. Cultural attitudes toward pain and healthcare-seeking behaviors may influence how individuals report and manage their headache symptoms. In some cultures, headache may be underreported due to stigma or misconceptions about headache. In addition, infrequent episodic TTH may be under-reported in epidemiological studies.

• #31 Update on Tension-type Headache

  https://e-hpr.org/journal/view.php?number=913

  Despite its high prevalence, TTH remains under-recognized and under-treated, with significant public health implications. A comprehensive understanding of its epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management is essential to improve patient outcomes. Continued research into the underlying mechanisms and public health efforts are needed to address the diagnostic and treatment gaps and ultimately improve the quality of life for individuals affected by TTH.

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