Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Thoracic outlet syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353988

  Thoracic outlet syndrome is a condition where irritation or compression of nerves and vessel can happen within the thoracic outlet. […] Common causes of thoracic outlet syndrome include trauma from a car accident, repetitive injuries from a job or sport, and pregnancy. Differences in anatomy, such as having an extra or irregular rib, also can cause TOS. Sometimes the cause of thoracic outlet syndrome is not known. […] Thoracic outlet syndrome is often caused by compression of the nerves or blood vessels in the thoracic outlet, the area between the neck and shoulder. The cause of the compression varies and can include: […] Differences in anatomy. Some people are born with an extra rib in the neck found above the first rib. The extra rib, known as a cervical rib, can compress nerves or blood vessels. There also may be a tight fibrous band connecting the spine to the rib that causes compression. […] Trauma. A traumatic event, such as a car accident, can cause internal changes that then compress the nerves in the thoracic outlet. The onset of symptoms related to a traumatic accident often is delayed.

• #2 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557450/

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) manifests when pressures in the thoracic outlet increase to the point of impinging vessels or nerves. […] These pressures can result from several anatomical abnormalities, such as the thoracic ribs or space-occupying lesions, including tumors or cysts. Fibrous muscular bands from overuse, or in muscular athletes, can cause increased pressures in anatomically normal individuals. Past trauma and neck positioning, a relatively simple explanation, is considered one of the leading causes of TOS symptoms. […] Secondary causes can also result in TOS in patients. If a patient has a trapezius muscle deficiency, it can cause the shoulder to depress, which can cause the outlet to diminish, thus increasing the pressure. Another secondary cause could be a fracture of the clavicle, which could also result in depression of the shoulder, causing the same mechanism as explained earlier.

• #3 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS): Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17553-thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) occurs when theres compression of nerves or blood vessels in your lower neck and upper chest. […] Common causes include vigorous arm movements (especially in sports), traumatic injuries and anatomical variations youre born with. […] Thoracic outlet syndrome happens when bones or muscles in your upper chest press on nerves or blood vessels. […] Certain anatomical variations and injuries can disrupt this passageway and make it too narrow. […] The most common causes are repetitive stress injuries (often from sports) and sudden trauma to your neck (like whiplash). […] Arterial TOS usually happens due to differences in anatomy that youre born with (like a cervical rib). […] Healthcare providers divide the causes of TOS into three main groups: Congenital, Traumatic, and Functional. […] Congenital factors predispose some people to TOS, but they may not feel any symptoms until theres trauma to their neck from a sudden injury or chronic overuse.

• #4 Thoracic outlet syndrome: definition, aetiological factors, diagnosis, management and occupational impact

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3526474/

  Thoracic outlet syndrome is a controversial cause of neck and shoulder pain due to complex mechanisms involving muscular dysfunction and nerve compression. […] The purpose of this study is to review the definitions of TOS, the known risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and management. […] Clinical experience suggests that the main triggering mechanism is more often a muscular dysfunction in the cervicoscapular region than primitive nerve compression. […] Painful forms of TOS can be due to four main causes, sometimes interrelated. […] Congenital abnormalities are often reported and can be associated with traumatic or functional causes. […] Post-traumatic causes, either due to isolated trauma or repeated trauma, account for up to 2/3 of cases in some series. […] Functional acquired causes are the most controversial, although probably the most frequent.

• #5 Thoracic outlet syndrome: definition, aetiological factors, diagnosis, management and occupational impact

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3526474/

  Other acquired causes are rare but must be systematically considered: tumours, hyperostosis, osteomyelitis, etc. […] The diagnosis is based on clinical examination and medical imaging (CT and MRI). […] The management of work-related TOS presents a number of specificities that should be known by physicians and occupational therapists. […] A multidisciplinary approach with medical care and workplace prevention is essential. […] Despite the low level of evidence, there is a possible link between the workplace and the individual in the pathogenesis and course of this disease.

• #6 Thoracic outlet syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353988

  Thoracic outlet syndrome is a condition where irritation or compression of nerves and vessel can happen within the thoracic outlet. […] Common causes of thoracic outlet syndrome include trauma from a car accident, repetitive injuries from a job or sport, and pregnancy. Differences in anatomy, such as having an extra or irregular rib, also can cause TOS. Sometimes the cause of thoracic outlet syndrome is not known. […] Thoracic outlet syndrome is often caused by compression of the nerves or blood vessels in the thoracic outlet, the area between the neck and shoulder. The cause of the compression varies and can include: […] Differences in anatomy. Some people are born with an extra rib in the neck found above the first rib. The extra rib, known as a cervical rib, can compress nerves or blood vessels. There also may be a tight fibrous band connecting the spine to the rib that causes compression. […] Trauma. A traumatic event, such as a car accident, can cause internal changes that then compress the nerves in the thoracic outlet. The onset of symptoms related to a traumatic accident often is delayed.

• #7 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS): Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17553-thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) occurs when theres compression of nerves or blood vessels in your lower neck and upper chest. […] Common causes include vigorous arm movements (especially in sports), traumatic injuries and anatomical variations youre born with. […] Thoracic outlet syndrome happens when bones or muscles in your upper chest press on nerves or blood vessels. […] Certain anatomical variations and injuries can disrupt this passageway and make it too narrow. […] The most common causes are repetitive stress injuries (often from sports) and sudden trauma to your neck (like whiplash). […] Arterial TOS usually happens due to differences in anatomy that youre born with (like a cervical rib). […] Healthcare providers divide the causes of TOS into three main groups: Congenital, Traumatic, and Functional. […] Congenital factors predispose some people to TOS, but they may not feel any symptoms until theres trauma to their neck from a sudden injury or chronic overuse.

• #8 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/pulmonary/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/causes-and-diagnoses

  Thoracic outlet syndrome occurs when your collarbone and upper rib are close together, compressing important nerves and blood vessels. This can occur for a number of reasons: […] Congenital (present at birth) condition: […] Trauma to the neck, collarbone or first rib […] Repetitive stress injury, such as from lifting, typing or other repetitive movement […] Poor posture […] Extra pressure on joints from obesity […] Extra looseness of joints because of pregnancy. […] Your risk for thoracic outlet syndrome may also be higher if you have: […] A sleep disorder […] Stress […] Depression […] Injury to the back […] Tumor or enlarged lymph nodes in the upper chest or underarm.

• #9 Thoracic outlet syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_outlet_syndrome

  Thoracic outlet syndrome can be attributed to one or more of the following factors: […] Trauma (e.g., whiplash injuries) or repetitive strain is frequently implicated. […] Rarer acquired causes include tumors (especially pancoast tumor), hyperostosis, and osteomyelitis. […] TOS may result from trauma, repetitive arm movements, tumors, pregnancy, or anatomical variations such as a cervical rib. […] Congenital abnormalities are frequently found in persons with TOS. Bone abnormalities include the presence of a cervical rib and a prolonged transverse process. […] Injury, such as first rib fracture or clavicle fracture.

• #10 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome – 3 Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.chiropractic-in-malaysia.com/blog/thoracic-outlet-syndrome-cause

  Thoracic outlet syndrome causes range from posture and injury to congenital bone and muscle issues – early evaluation leads to better recovery. […] Thoracic Outlet Syndrome causes involve a range of structural, muscular, and postural issues that lead to compression of nerves and blood vessels between the neck and upper chest. Understanding the origin of this condition is vital for proper diagnosis and non-surgical management. […] Outlet Syndrome (TOS) arises when nerves or blood vessels are compressed as they pass through the thoracic outlet – the narrow space between the collarbone and first rib. There are three primary forms of compression: neurogenic, venous, and arterial. Neurogenic TOS is the most common, accounting for more than 90% of cases. […] Congenital causes include cervical ribs, elongated transverse processes, and fibrous bands. A cervical rib occurs in about 0.5% to 1% of the population, and while not all cause symptoms, they can significantly reduce thoracic outlet space when combined with repetitive motion or poor posture.

• #11 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome – 3 Causes & Risk Factors

  https://www.chiropractic-in-malaysia.com/blog/thoracic-outlet-syndrome-cause

  Postural and muscular causes include poor scapular positioning, muscle tightness (especially of the scalene and pectoralis minor), and forward head posture. These changes increase pressure on the neurovascular bundle and can trigger TOS symptoms, especially during overhead tasks. […] Acquired causes include trauma to the clavicle or rib, repetitive occupational or athletic strain, and callus formation after fractures. These factors narrow the thoracic outlet space, particularly in individuals engaged in sports or jobs requiring overhead activity. […] Congenital factors in the neck area may contribute to compression in the thoracic outlet, resulting in discomfort in the chest, neck, upper back, or shoulders. […] Cervical Rib: A complete or incomplete cervical rib may develop around the transverse process of the lower cervical spine, often accompanied by a fibrous band.

• #12 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  The thoracic outlet is the space between the lower neck and upper chest. Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) consists of a group of disorders that occur when the nerves and/or blood vessels of the thoracic outlet become compressed and irritated causing pain in the shoulder, neck and arm. This compression occurs between the collarbone and first rib or between the muscles of your neck and shoulder. […] An extra cervical rib or fractured collarbone can reduce the space available for nerves and blood vessels, resulting in thoracic outlet syndrome. Factors that may increase risk of developing thoracic outlet syndrome include: […] Thoracic outlet syndrome can affect men or women of any age from 20 to 80. However, TOS occurs more frequently in women around 40 years of age.

• #13 Thoracic outlet syndrome | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/thoracic-outlet-syndrome?lang=us

  Thoracic outlet syndrome refers to a group of clinical syndromes caused by congenital or acquired compression of the brachial plexus or subclavian vessels as they pass through the superior thoracic aperture. […] Etiology includes: scalenus anticus syndrome: abnormal insertion of scalenus anterior onto 1st rib (commonest cause), congenital cervical rib, bony abnormality of 1st rib or clavicle (congenital anomaly, malunited fracture, callus, Paget disease, tumor), elongated C7 transverse process, muscle hypertrophy, fibrous bands, supraclavicular tumor or lymphadenopathy.

• #14 Thoracic outlet syndrome: definition, aetiological factors, diagnosis, management and occupational impact

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3526474/

  Thoracic outlet syndrome is a controversial cause of neck and shoulder pain due to complex mechanisms involving muscular dysfunction and nerve compression. […] The purpose of this study is to review the definitions of TOS, the known risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and management. […] Clinical experience suggests that the main triggering mechanism is more often a muscular dysfunction in the cervicoscapular region than primitive nerve compression. […] Painful forms of TOS can be due to four main causes, sometimes interrelated. […] Congenital abnormalities are often reported and can be associated with traumatic or functional causes. […] Post-traumatic causes, either due to isolated trauma or repeated trauma, account for up to 2/3 of cases in some series. […] Functional acquired causes are the most controversial, although probably the most frequent.

• #15 Thoracic outlet syndrome – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353988

  Thoracic outlet syndrome is a condition where irritation or compression of nerves and vessel can happen within the thoracic outlet. […] Common causes of thoracic outlet syndrome include trauma from a car accident, repetitive injuries from a job or sport, and pregnancy. Differences in anatomy, such as having an extra or irregular rib, also can cause TOS. Sometimes the cause of thoracic outlet syndrome is not known. […] Thoracic outlet syndrome is often caused by compression of the nerves or blood vessels in the thoracic outlet, the area between the neck and shoulder. The cause of the compression varies and can include: […] Differences in anatomy. Some people are born with an extra rib in the neck found above the first rib. The extra rib, known as a cervical rib, can compress nerves or blood vessels. There also may be a tight fibrous band connecting the spine to the rib that causes compression. […] Trauma. A traumatic event, such as a car accident, can cause internal changes that then compress the nerves in the thoracic outlet. The onset of symptoms related to a traumatic accident often is delayed.

• #16 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/vascular/venous/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) refers to the clinical features that arise from compression of the neurovascular bundle within the thoracic outlet. […] It usually occurs in the setting of hyperextension injuries, repetitive stress injuries (e.g. work-related, particularly when working over the head), or external compressing factors (e.g. poor posture), but can also be secondary to anatomical abnormalities, including that of the 1st rib, an anomalous cervical rib, or bands within the thoracic outlet. […] Hypertrophy of the scalene muscles, abnormality in the first rib, or the presence of a cervical rib can all lead to compression on the brachial plexus or subclavian artery. […] Recent trauma, repetitive motion occupations, athletes, or anatomical variations are potential risk factors for TOS. […] Commonly occurs due to hyperextension injuries, repetitive stress injuries, or anatomical abnormalities.

• #17 Is TOS a serious condition? | Top Doctors

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/is-thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos-serious

  The compression on the nerves could be due to congenital causes due to abnormal muscle structure of the neck, an extra rib from the lowest neck vertebra, abnormal fibrous band between the spine and the first rib or narrow space under the first rib. […] Another cause could be a neck or upper arm injury that has caused a muscle spasm or scarring. […] Some jobs that require prolonged elevation of both upper limbs above the head, for example, the mechanics or stocking shelves, can cause repeated prolonged narrowing of the thoracic outlet space leading to repeated prolonged compression of the nerves or the vascular structures. […] Chronic repetitive compression of the subclavian vein can cause narrowing and scarring of the vein with the development of small veins (collaterals) to divert the blood flow.

• #18 What Causes Thoracic Outlet Syndrome? | Jason R. Schultz P.C.

  https://www.jasonschultzpc.com/library/what-causes-thoracic-outlet-syndrome-.cfm

  If your shoulders and neck hurt and your fingers are numb or weak after a car accident, you might have thoracic outlet syndrome. While a car accident is a common cause of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS), there could be other causes of those symptoms, such as whiplash, so your doctor will need to run tests to determine the actual cause. […] Physical trauma from an accident (e.g., hitting the steering wheel, being restrained by your seatbelt, or another type of blunt force trauma) can crush the nerves or blood vessels in this space. […] Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome occurs when the trauma from a crash compresses the cluster of motor and sensory nerves (called the brachial plexus) that supply your shoulder and arm. […] If the car accident trauma compressed the blood vessels instead of the nerves that travel through the thoracic outlet, you will have this type of thoracic outlet syndrome. Your veins, arteries, or both can suffer damage.

• #19 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatment, Tests

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/thoracic-outlet-syndrome-2549654

  Thoracic outlet syndrome refers to a group of conditions caused by compression of the nerves or the blood vessels in the area around the collarbone. […] TOS tends to occur after a traumatic injury, although the symptoms may not start until weeks after an injury. Car accidents are one main cause of TOS. […] Another cause of TOS is repetitive stress. It is sometimes seen in athletes who perform repetitive overhead motions and those who lift heavy weights repetitively. The nerve or blood vessel may become pinched either by the bone or the soft tissues between the clavicle and the first rib.

• #20 Thoracic outlet syndrome: definition, aetiological factors, diagnosis, management and occupational impact

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3526474/

  Thoracic outlet syndrome is a controversial cause of neck and shoulder pain due to complex mechanisms involving muscular dysfunction and nerve compression. […] The purpose of this study is to review the definitions of TOS, the known risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and management. […] Clinical experience suggests that the main triggering mechanism is more often a muscular dysfunction in the cervicoscapular region than primitive nerve compression. […] Painful forms of TOS can be due to four main causes, sometimes interrelated. […] Congenital abnormalities are often reported and can be associated with traumatic or functional causes. […] Post-traumatic causes, either due to isolated trauma or repeated trauma, account for up to 2/3 of cases in some series. […] Functional acquired causes are the most controversial, although probably the most frequent.

• #21 Thoracic outlet syndrome

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/t/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/?section=Causes

  Thoracic outlet syndrome is a group of disorders that occur when blood vessels or nerves in the space between your collarbone and your first rib (thoracic outlet) are compressed. This can cause pain in your shoulders and neck and numbness in your fingers. […] Common causes of thoracic outlet syndrome include physical trauma from a car accident, repetitive injuries from job- or sports-related activities, certain anatomical defects (such as having an extra rib), and pregnancy. Sometimes doctors can’t determine the cause of thoracic outlet syndrome. […] In general, the cause of thoracic outlet syndrome is compression of the nerves or blood vessels in the thoracic outlet, just under your collarbone (clavicle). The cause of the compression varies and can include: […] Anatomical defects. Inherited defects that are present at birth (congenital) may include an extra rib located above the first rib (cervical rib) or an abnormally tight fibrous band connecting your spine to your rib.

• #22 Thoracic outlet syndrome

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/t/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/?section=Causes

  Poor posture. Drooping your shoulders or holding your head in a forward position can cause compression in the thoracic outlet area. […] Trauma. A traumatic event, such as a car accident, can cause internal changes that then compress the nerves in the thoracic outlet. The onset of symptoms related to a traumatic accident often is delayed. […] Repetitive activity. Doing the same thing repeatedly can, over time, wear on your body’s tissue. You may notice symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome if your job requires you to repeat a movement continuously, such as typing on a computer, working on an assembly line or lifting things above your head, as you would if you were stocking shelves. Athletes, such as baseball pitchers and swimmers, also can develop thoracic outlet syndrome from years of repetitive movements. […] Pressure on your joints. Obesity can put an undue amount of stress on your joints, as can carrying around an oversized bag or backpack. […] Pregnancy. Because joints loosen during pregnancy, signs of thoracic outlet syndrome may first appear while you’re pregnant.

• #23 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/RSI/comments/1i73sng/how_to_know_if_you_have_thoracic_outlet_syndrome/

  8% of the cases of RSI in the arm actually end up being thoracic outlet syndrome, so I wanted to put this megathread together to help people know what to look out for. […] This space is formed by two neck muscles (the anterior and middle scalenes) and your first rib, creating a tunnel where a traffic jam can occur. When these muscles become tight from prolonged forward head posture, they can compress the important nerves and blood vessels passing through this space. […] Poor posture, especially rounded shoulders and tight pecs, can narrow this space further and increase compression on these vital structures. […] When this muscle shortens, it can create a pressing force on the neurovascular bundle passing underneath it. […] If you have the double whammy of forward head and rounded shoulders, its called upper crossed syndrome and is the biggest predisposing factor for developing TOS in people that play or work in a seated position.

• #24 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome – Jenkins Neurospine

  https://jenkinsneurospine.com/conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  Thoracic outlet syndrome has multiple causes and risk factors. […] It is common among athletes involved in sports that require repetitive arm or shoulder movement such as baseball, swimming, and volleyball. […] Trauma or injury to the neck or back can also cause thoracic outlet syndrome. […] It can also be caused by a cervical rib, which is an extra first rib that attaches to the 7th cervical vertebra. […] Additionally, thoracic outlet syndrome is more common in women than men.

• #25 Overcoming Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Step-by-Step Guide – Part 1

  https://www.motionspecificrelease.com/post/resolving-thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos-part-1

  Many individuals experience hand numbness or tingling during computer usage, driving, or upon awakening. […] These symptoms are often accompanied by neck stiffness, shoulder tension, chest constriction, and pain radiating down the arms and hands. […] While various conditions can cause these symptoms, Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is a notable potential cause. […] TOS involves the compression of neurovascular bundles, which are groups of nerves, veins, or arteries surrounded by connective tissues to facilitate coordinated movement. […] Specifically, TOS affects the bundle that includes the brachial plexus, the subclavian artery, and the subclavian vein. […] TOS may result from various factors, such as prior trauma, such as a motor vehicle accident, a fall, sports injury, surgery, poor posture, repetitive arm and shoulder movements, or individual anatomical differences.

• #26 Overcoming Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Step-by-Step Guide – Part 1

  https://www.motionspecificrelease.com/post/resolving-thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos-part-1

  Many cases can be linked to myofascial restrictions in the neck (scalene muscles), shoulder, and upper chest (subclavius, pectoralis minor), which can lead to nerve entrapment, muscle imbalances, and dysfunction. […] Poor posture is another frequent contributing factor. […] Generally, poor posture (anterior posture) tends to pull the shoulder forward, causing imbalances throughout the chest, upper back, and shoulder girdle. […] Furthermore, joint restrictions in the cervical and thoracic spine, between the collarbone (clavicle) and chest bone (sternum), and between the first rib and first thoracic vertebra can all result in reduced mobility and compensatory movement patterns in the neck, shoulders, and chest further contributing to the development of TOS syndrome. […] The precise cause of TOS is often uncertain, with symptoms typically developing gradually and sometimes of unknown origin.

• #27 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/pulmonary/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/causes-and-diagnoses

  Thoracic outlet syndrome occurs when your collarbone and upper rib are close together, compressing important nerves and blood vessels. This can occur for a number of reasons: […] Congenital (present at birth) condition: […] Trauma to the neck, collarbone or first rib […] Repetitive stress injury, such as from lifting, typing or other repetitive movement […] Poor posture […] Extra pressure on joints from obesity […] Extra looseness of joints because of pregnancy. […] Your risk for thoracic outlet syndrome may also be higher if you have: […] A sleep disorder […] Stress […] Depression […] Injury to the back […] Tumor or enlarged lymph nodes in the upper chest or underarm.

• #28 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | TOS | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/thoracicoutletsyndrome.html

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) causes pain in the shoulder, arm, and neck. It happens when the nerves or blood vessels just below your neck are compressed, or squeezed. The compression can happen between the muscles of your neck and shoulder or between the first rib and collarbone. […] There are many causes of TOS, including: Injury, Anatomical defects, Tumors that press on nerves, Poor posture that causes nerve compression, Pregnancy, Repetitive arm and shoulder movements and activity, such as from playing certain sports. […] Treatment depends on what caused your TOS.

• #29 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  A group of disorders in which nerves, veins, or arteries between the neck and upper chest are compressed. […] Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a term used for a group of disorders caused by the compression of nerves, veins, or arteries as they pass through a tight passageway between the collarbone and topmost rib to the arms. […] TOS can be caused by the following: Anatomical abnormalities, which can press against blood vessels and/or nerves in the thoracic outlet. […] Injury, for instance, from a car accident or fall, can damage bones and other structures in and around the thoracic outlet, resulting in the compression of blood vessels and/or nerves. […] A tumor in or around the thoracic outlet can physically press against other structures in the thoracic outlet. […] Swollen lymph nodes, for instance, from Hodgkin lymphoma, may press against nerves or blood vessels in the thoracic outlet.

• #30 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Causes and Risk Factors […] There are several causes: […] Injuries: Whiplash, a broken collarbone, or other injury can leave scar tissue and inflammation. […] Poor posture: When your shoulders slump, your collarbones can move out of place and press on your nerves. Weak shoulder muscles can cause bad posture. […] Repetitive stress: It can affect people who move their arms in a certain way over and over again. […] Physical defects: Some people are born with an extra rib or a thoracic outlet that’s smaller than normal. […] Obesity: Extra weight can put stress on the muscles that support your collarbones. […] Pregnancy: TOS can happen as your joints begin to get looser. […] Sleep disorders […] Tumors, especially in your upper chest or under your arm […] Stress or depression. […] TOS is found more often in women than in men and primarily in young people, mostly ages 20-40. Athletes who move their arms in the same way a lot, like swimmers or baseball pitchers, also can be more likely to have it.

• #31 Thoracic outlet syndrome Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Thoracic outlet syndrome is a rare condition that involves: […] Nerves coming from the spine and major blood vessels of the body pass through a narrow space near your shoulder and collarbone on the way to the arms. Sometimes, there is not enough space for the nerves to pass by through the collarbone and upper ribs. […] Pressure (compression) on these blood vessels or nerves can cause symptoms in the arms or hands. […] Pressure may happen if you have: […] People with this syndrome often have injured the area in the past or overused the shoulder. […] People with long necks and droopy shoulders may be more likely to develop this condition because of extra pressure on the nerves and blood vessels.

• #32 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  The thoracic outlet is the space between the lower neck and upper chest. Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) consists of a group of disorders that occur when the nerves and/or blood vessels of the thoracic outlet become compressed and irritated causing pain in the shoulder, neck and arm. This compression occurs between the collarbone and first rib or between the muscles of your neck and shoulder. […] An extra cervical rib or fractured collarbone can reduce the space available for nerves and blood vessels, resulting in thoracic outlet syndrome. Factors that may increase risk of developing thoracic outlet syndrome include: […] Thoracic outlet syndrome can affect men or women of any age from 20 to 80. However, TOS occurs more frequently in women around 40 years of age.

• #33 Thoracic outlet syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353994

  Very broadly speaking, it can be divided into neurogenic thoracic outlet, if the nerves are compressed or irritated. The other type is vascular thoracic outlet, if the artery or the veins are compressed. And I would like to add a third type where both nerve and vessels are compressed, and that can be called non-specific TOS. […] Treatment options for TOS varies based on the underlying cause and the type of the TOS neurogenic, vascular or non-specific. It’s crucial to customize the treatment based on the underlying cause and to have it tailored through a multidisciplinary approach. […] The treatment for TOS varies based on the type of TOS, the severity of symptoms, and the underlying cause. […] Surgery can provide definitive treatment, long term result and can be tailored to the specific underlying cause in addressing the structural abnormalities.

• #34

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40122-019-0124-2

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) constitutes a group of diverse disorders that result in compression of the neurovascular bundle exiting the thoracic outlet. […] TOS classifications are based on the pathophysiology of symptoms with subgroups consisting of neurogenic (nTOS), venous (vTOS), and arterial (aTOS) etiologies. […] Furthermore, each one of these subgroups can be related to either congenital, traumatic, or functionally acquired causes. […] Examples of congenital etiologies include the presence of a cervical rib or an anomalous first rib. […] Traumatic causes most commonly include whip-lash injuries and falls. […] Functional acquired causes can be related to vigorous, repetitive activity associated with sports or work. […] Numerous mechanisms elicit the characteristic pathology of TOS, including trauma, repetitive motions, and anatomic variations.

• #35 Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome-Most common TOS type

  https://www.tosmri.com/what-is-thoracic-outlet-syndrome/types-of-thoracic-outlet-syndrome/neurogenic-thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  Neurogenic TOS is by far the most common type of thoracic outlet syndrome. […] The brachial plexus arises from five nerve roots leaving the spinal cord of the neck. […] Compression or tension on the brachial plexus causes the symptoms of neurogenic TOS. […] When compression of the brachial plexus occurs, patients experience pain, sensory loss and weakness. […] The clinical diagnosis of neurogenic TOS challenges even the best thoracic outlet syndrome specialists, as clinical examination is based on unreliable non-anatomic provocative tests. […] As a result of the above challenges, modern imaging plays a vital role in confirming the diagnosis of neurogenic TOS and in demonstrating the underlying causes of neurogenic TOS.

• #36 Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) | Center for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | Washington University in St. Louis

  https://tos.wustl.edu/for-patients/neurogenic-thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos/

  From 85-95% of all patients with TOS are affected by neurogenic TOS […] Frequently develops following various types of injury to the head, neck or upper extremity (e.g., a motor vehicle collision or a fall upon the outstretched arm) […] May also develop in patients with no apparent predisposition because of congenital anatomical variations or a history of trauma […] The presence of a cervical rib is often cited as a predisposing factor in the development of neurogenic TOS. However, few patients with neurogenic TOS actually exhibit a definable cervical rib or first rib anomaly. The development of neurogenic TOS is also rare, even in patients with known cervical ribs, in the absence of additional injury. […] There are no known disease conditions that specifically predispose an individual to neurogenic TOS, and most patients have been otherwise healthy and physically active before the onset of symptoms.

• #37 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | Frankel Cardiovascular Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umcvc.org/conditions-treatments/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) describes a group of disorders involving compression of the nerves or blood vessels between the muscles of the neck and shoulder or between the first rib and collarbone (clavicle). […] TOS often afflicts otherwise healthy, young, active individuals and symptoms are specific to nerve compression (neurogenic or NTOS), arterial compression (ATOS) or venous compression (VTOS). […] This is the most common form of TOS and is due to compression of the nerves between the first rib, collarbone (clavicle) and scalene muscles. NTOS can result from a combination of a congenitally narrow thoracic outlet with trauma (for example, falls, motor vehicle accidents, first rib fractures) or repetitive trauma from work-related activity (for example, typing, administrative work or manual labor) or recreational activities (baseball, football, swimming, volleyball).

• #38 Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: When to consider the diagnosis and current management options

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2023/september/neurogenic-thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) refers to a group of compressive disorders that occur in the thoracic outlet and can affect the brachial plexus, subclavian artery and vein. […] Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (nTOS) is a condition involving chronic compression of the brachial plexus. It is the most common of all thoracic outlet syndromes (TOS), accounting for approximately 97% of cases. […] nTOS is a compressive brachial plexopathy, often caused by the combination of predisposing anatomical features and triggered by the abnormal sequelae of neck trauma. […] Patients with nTOS often have anatomical characteristics that make them more susceptible to crowding of the brachial plexus within this triangle. […] These predisposing anatomical features are often insufficient to cause nTOS, but appear to lower the threshold towards developing nTOS in patients who experience neck trauma.

• #39 Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: When to consider the diagnosis and current management options

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2023/september/neurogenic-thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Neck trauma can result in injury and inflammation of the scalene muscles, leading to adaptive changes. […] These changes culminate in brachial plexus compression in an already crowded thoracic outlet. The result is temporary or permanent neurological dysfunction. […] Affected patients often have predisposing anatomical factors, with the onset of symptoms following an inciting neck trauma.

• #40 Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) | Center for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | Washington University in St. Louis

  https://tos.wustl.edu/for-patients/neurogenic-thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos/

  From 85-95% of all patients with TOS are affected by neurogenic TOS […] Frequently develops following various types of injury to the head, neck or upper extremity (e.g., a motor vehicle collision or a fall upon the outstretched arm) […] May also develop in patients with no apparent predisposition because of congenital anatomical variations or a history of trauma […] The presence of a cervical rib is often cited as a predisposing factor in the development of neurogenic TOS. However, few patients with neurogenic TOS actually exhibit a definable cervical rib or first rib anomaly. The development of neurogenic TOS is also rare, even in patients with known cervical ribs, in the absence of additional injury. […] There are no known disease conditions that specifically predispose an individual to neurogenic TOS, and most patients have been otherwise healthy and physically active before the onset of symptoms.

• #41 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment – AIRROSTI

  https://www.airrosti.com/injuries-we-treat/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  Some TOS cases are caused by a congenital variation, such as having an extra rib. These anatomical abnormalities can limit the space in the thoracic outlet and put pressure on your nerves and arteries. […] The three main types of thoracic outlet syndrome are neurogenic, venous, and arterial TOS. Each type of TOS is slightly different, with causes and treatment options varying slightly for each. […] This condition develops when the subclavian vein is compressed between the clavicle and first rib. A blood clot will form in the compressed vein, leading to arm swelling, discoloration, numbness, and pain. This syndrome is also known as Paget-Schroetter disease. Its not as common as neurogenic TOS, but it is one of the most common vascular disorders in competitive athletes and should be treated swiftly to avoid worsening symptoms.

• #42 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | Frankel Cardiovascular Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umcvc.org/conditions-treatments/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Some patients are born with an extra cervical rib or bands of muscle which can further narrow the thoracic outlet and result in significant symptoms due to nerve compression. […] This is the second most common form of TOS and is due to compression of the subclavian vein between the collarbone (clavicle), first rib, subclavius muscle and the costoclavicular ligament (a ligament located in the upper chest in the area of the first rib and the collarbone). VTOS can result from a combination of a congenitally costoclavicular space with frequent, repetitive overhead activity that results in compression of the subclavian vein with progressive injury and thrombosis (clotting). […] This is the least common form of TOS and is due to compression of the subclavian artery between the first rib, collarbone (clavicle) and scalene muscles. Patients with ATOS can have atypical bands of muscle or a cervical rib that cause significant compression and injury to the subclavian artery. ATOS results from repetitive injury to the subclavian artery from anatomic compression that can result in narrowing (stenosis) of the artery, an aneurysm or formation of a clot that can embolize distally to the arm, forearm, hand or brain.

• #43 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a group of disorders that puts pressure on the arteries, veins, or nerves in the upper chest. […] An extra rib at the top of the rib cage or an abnormal first rib may cause this type of TOS. […] In VTOS, a vein in the thoracic outlet becomes compressed and damaged. The most common cause is repetitive, strenuous shoulder and arm use. […] In NTOS, the brachial plexus the bundle of nerves in the thoracic outlet compresses, often from: A prior injury, Repetitive forces from exertional movements, Trauma. […] Compressed blood vessels or nerves in the tight corridor of the thoracic outlet get irritated and can cause TOS. Causes of compression may be: Bony and soft tissue abnormalities, such as an extra rib or an old collarbone injury, Heavy weightlifting, Injury to the neck or back, such as whiplash, Playing sports that involve repetitive arm or shoulder movement, such as golf, baseball, swimming, volleyball, tennis, etc., Poor posture, Repetition injuries from carrying heavy shoulder loads, Tumors or enlarged lymph nodes in the upper chest or armpit.

• #44 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Treatment – Scripps Health

  https://www.scripps.org/services/vascular-disease-care/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Scripps Health in San Diego provides expert diagnosis and treatment for an uncommon group of disorders known as thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). […] TOS can be caused by many different things, including: […] Back or neck injury, including whiplash […] Frequent heavy lifting that strains the shoulder or arms […] Fractured collarbone […] Bone or soft tissue abnormalities in the lower neck or cervical rib area […] Participation in sports that require constant repetitive motion in the arms or shoulders, including baseball and swimming […] An extra first rib since birth, which reduces the amount of space available within the thoracic outlet. […] Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome is the most common kind of TOS. Its caused when a bundle of nerves called the brachial plexus is compressed or irritated.

• #45 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Treatment – Scripps Health

  https://www.scripps.org/services/vascular-disease-care/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Venous thoracic outlet syndrome is caused by damage or obstruction of major veins that lead to the arms. […] Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome, while rare, is the most serious form of TOS. Its caused by damage to the artery that runs from the thoracic outlet into the arm, and is usually found in someone who was born with an extra rib.

• #46 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment – AIRROSTI

  https://www.airrosti.com/injuries-we-treat/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  Some TOS cases are caused by a congenital variation, such as having an extra rib. These anatomical abnormalities can limit the space in the thoracic outlet and put pressure on your nerves and arteries. […] The three main types of thoracic outlet syndrome are neurogenic, venous, and arterial TOS. Each type of TOS is slightly different, with causes and treatment options varying slightly for each. […] This condition develops when the subclavian vein is compressed between the clavicle and first rib. A blood clot will form in the compressed vein, leading to arm swelling, discoloration, numbness, and pain. This syndrome is also known as Paget-Schroetter disease. Its not as common as neurogenic TOS, but it is one of the most common vascular disorders in competitive athletes and should be treated swiftly to avoid worsening symptoms.

• #47 THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME – Longhorn Brain and Spine

  https://longhornbrainandspine.com/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) refers to a group of three related conditions, where the nerves, and/or blood vessels passing through the thoracic outlet, are compressed leading to pain in the arm, shoulder, and neck. […] The etiology of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is multifactorial and can encompass anatomical abnormalities, postural imbalances, and trauma. […] Neurogenic TOS is the most common form and is observed in almost 90% of all cases and arises when the nerves that connect the neck to the arm (the brachial plexus) becomes compressed. […] Venous TOS occurs in almost 5% of the population and is observed when the veins in the thoracic region is compressed and damaged, leading to upper body thrombosis (Blood clots). […] Arterial TOS occurs in only 1% of the population and is observed when the arteries passing through the thoracic region becomes compressed, resulting in a bulge, known as an aneurysm.

• #48 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment – AIRROSTI

  https://www.airrosti.com/injuries-we-treat/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  This is the rarest form of TOS, affecting only about 5% of all patients with TOS. Arterial TOS happens when the subclavian artery is compressed. This can lead to aneurysms and blood clotting. Symptoms of arterial TOS include: hand pain, coldness, paleness, and tingling sensations in the hand, chronic arm weakness and cramping when in use.

• #49 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/heart-vascular/vascular-care/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Thoracic outlet syndrome is most commonly caused by the compression of the nerves to the arm. […] Thoracic outlet syndrome can be caused by a variety of factors. Each type of thoracic outlet syndrome has a different cause: […] Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome often has no specific cause but develops gradually over time. […] Venous thoracic outlet syndrome may be caused by repetitive or strenuous use of the arm and shoulder. […] Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome is caused by a narrowing of the main artery to the arm. Almost all arterial thoracic outlet syndrome cases occur as a secondary effect of being born with an extra rib (cervical rib) or an abnormal first rib.

• #50 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://georgiauppercervical.com/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) describes a group of disorders caused by compressed nerves or blood vessels in the thoracic outlet. […] The most common causes of thoracic outlet syndrome are physical trauma and repetitive use injuries. […] Common physical trauma includes whiplash injuries from car accidents. Repetitive use injuries from carrying heavy loads or simply performing repetitive tasks with your arms can result in TOS symptoms. […] Less common causes of TOS include structural or congenital abnormalities: Patients born with an extra rib, or cervical rib, are at a higher risk of nerve compression in the upper chest. […] Poor posture: Sitting with your head and shoulders hunched over or a lack of ergonomic support can cause symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome over time. […] Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome (ATOS) is the least common but most serious type of TOS. Its caused by congenital abnormalities like the cervical rib. That extra rib compresses the subclavian artery, which can cause an aneurysm if left untreated.

• #51 Is TOS a serious condition? | Top Doctors

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/is-thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos-serious

  The compression on the nerves could be due to congenital causes due to abnormal muscle structure of the neck, an extra rib from the lowest neck vertebra, abnormal fibrous band between the spine and the first rib or narrow space under the first rib. […] Another cause could be a neck or upper arm injury that has caused a muscle spasm or scarring. […] Some jobs that require prolonged elevation of both upper limbs above the head, for example, the mechanics or stocking shelves, can cause repeated prolonged narrowing of the thoracic outlet space leading to repeated prolonged compression of the nerves or the vascular structures. […] Chronic repetitive compression of the subclavian vein can cause narrowing and scarring of the vein with the development of small veins (collaterals) to divert the blood flow.

• #52 Is TOS a serious condition? | Top Doctors

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/is-thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos-serious

  That narrowing scarring can eventually lead to the development of blood clot (DVT). […] Left untreated, this can cause symptoms of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the form of weakness of the arm muscles with manual activity or exercise, pale and cold hand, pain in the hand at rest and non-healing wounds or ulcerations in the fingers. […] Sudden embolization (blocking of the arteries due to shower of clots) can cause gangrene and loss of the hand if not treated.

• #53 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome — Rayner & Smale

  https://www.raynersmale.com/blog/2013/12/20/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a syndrome/condition that encompasses cluster of upper extremity symptoms which are due to compression of the neurovascular bundle by various structures in the area just above the first rib and behind the clavicle. The three most common regions where compressions is thought to occur is the intrascalene triangle, the costoclavicular triangle and the subcoracoid space. […] There are a number of reasons that TOS can occur. Most of the time, regardless of the mechanism, symptoms are caused due to an alteration in the shape of the thoracic outlet. This is referred to in more recent studies as container dysfunction. In the study by Kaczynski and colleagues (2013), which assessed the cause of compression in patients with vascular and true neurological TOS, over 80% were found to have fibrous muscular bands and hypertrophic scalene muscle. Cervical ribs and a broadened first rib only found in 3% of patients. However, in patients with symptomatic TOS these structural anomalies are often not found. It is speculated therefore, that the mechanism of symptoms relates to altered breathing mechanics, postural dysfunction, scapular dyskinesia, muscular imbalances and neural tension.

• #54 Best Treatment for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome -Physio2Health

  https://physio2h.com/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  It is a term that is used for different conditions. Thoracic outlet syndrome occurs when the nerves or blood vessels in the chest outlet are compressed or stimulated. The thoracic outlet is a space between the clavicle and the first rib. This space is essential because important vessels and nerves pass through it. The critical nerves from both sides of the cervical vertebrae join together and create a network called the Brachial plexus. Thoracic outlet syndrome is more common in women aged 20-50 years. […] Sometimes a congenital disorder from birth can cause thoracic outlet syndrome, but it is more likely to develop after an accident or lifestyle. There are many reasons for this compression and can include the following: […] These are the leading causes of this syndrome. Fixed positions, for example, in production line workers, bank or insurance employees, students, etc., can cause shoulders to droop and tilt the head forward. Also, carrying heavy weights such as suitcases, school bags, etc. can be another cause of shoulder drooping and causing disease symptoms. Hanging shoulders make this space narrower.

• #55 Best Treatment for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome -Physio2Health

  https://physio2h.com/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  The most common cause of thoracic outlet syndrome. The cervical rib is a bony appendage next to the transverse appendage of the seventh cervical vertebra, which is usually absent. Still, its presence in some people causes pressure on the nerves and vessels that pass between it and the clavicle. Of course, not everyone who has a cervical rib has these problems. Only one out of ten people with a cervical rib will suffer from thoracic outlet syndrome. […] In some jobs (for example, construction workers, plastering and painting, teachers, university professors, etc.) or sports (such as swimming, javelin or discus throwing, etc.), hands are too much above the head. Goes. In these people, the nerves and vessels in the thoracic outlet space are compressed to the surrounding tissues and cause the symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome.

• #56 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/96412-overview

  Causes of thoracic outlet syndrome can be divided into bony and soft-tissue factors. Bony factors include abnormalities such as anomalous cervical ribs, hypoplastic first thoracic ribs, and exostoses of the first rib or clavicle. […] Soft-tissue factors include congenital anomalies such as anomalous fibrous muscular bands near the brachial plexus and hypertrophic muscles in athletes and weight lifters. […] Trauma or mechanical stress to the neck, shoulders, or upper extremities can lead to thoracic outlet syndrome. In fact, a combination of neck trauma and anatomic predisposition (ie, cervical rib) is considered the main etiology of thoracic outlet syndrome. […] Thoracic outlet syndrome can be secondary to malunion of a clavicle fracture.

• #57 Best Treatment for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome -Physio2Health

  https://physio2h.com/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  The most common cause of thoracic outlet syndrome. The cervical rib is a bony appendage next to the transverse appendage of the seventh cervical vertebra, which is usually absent. Still, its presence in some people causes pressure on the nerves and vessels that pass between it and the clavicle. Of course, not everyone who has a cervical rib has these problems. Only one out of ten people with a cervical rib will suffer from thoracic outlet syndrome. […] In some jobs (for example, construction workers, plastering and painting, teachers, university professors, etc.) or sports (such as swimming, javelin or discus throwing, etc.), hands are too much above the head. Goes. In these people, the nerves and vessels in the thoracic outlet space are compressed to the surrounding tissues and cause the symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome.

• #58 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | Frankel Cardiovascular Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umcvc.org/conditions-treatments/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Some patients are born with an extra cervical rib or bands of muscle which can further narrow the thoracic outlet and result in significant symptoms due to nerve compression. […] This is the second most common form of TOS and is due to compression of the subclavian vein between the collarbone (clavicle), first rib, subclavius muscle and the costoclavicular ligament (a ligament located in the upper chest in the area of the first rib and the collarbone). VTOS can result from a combination of a congenitally costoclavicular space with frequent, repetitive overhead activity that results in compression of the subclavian vein with progressive injury and thrombosis (clotting). […] This is the least common form of TOS and is due to compression of the subclavian artery between the first rib, collarbone (clavicle) and scalene muscles. Patients with ATOS can have atypical bands of muscle or a cervical rib that cause significant compression and injury to the subclavian artery. ATOS results from repetitive injury to the subclavian artery from anatomic compression that can result in narrowing (stenosis) of the artery, an aneurysm or formation of a clot that can embolize distally to the arm, forearm, hand or brain.

• #59 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557450/

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) manifests when pressures in the thoracic outlet increase to the point of impinging vessels or nerves. […] These pressures can result from several anatomical abnormalities, such as the thoracic ribs or space-occupying lesions, including tumors or cysts. Fibrous muscular bands from overuse, or in muscular athletes, can cause increased pressures in anatomically normal individuals. Past trauma and neck positioning, a relatively simple explanation, is considered one of the leading causes of TOS symptoms. […] Secondary causes can also result in TOS in patients. If a patient has a trapezius muscle deficiency, it can cause the shoulder to depress, which can cause the outlet to diminish, thus increasing the pressure. Another secondary cause could be a fracture of the clavicle, which could also result in depression of the shoulder, causing the same mechanism as explained earlier.

• #60 Thoracic outlet syndrome – Heart Conditions – Cardiovascular Conditions | Cardiology Consultants of Philadelphia

  https://www.ccpdocs.com/specialties-conditions/conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  Thoracic outlet syndrome is a group of disorders caused by pressure or compression against the nerves or blood vessels in the space behind and below the collarbone (the thoracic outlet). […] Ninety-five percent of thoracic outlet syndrome cases are due to compression of nerves to the arm. […] Thoracic outlet syndrome can be caused by various things, such as: Pregnancy, Poor posture, Tumors that press on nerves, An acute injury causing trauma such as whiplash or a fall, A chronic injury, such as repetitive arm and shoulder movements, An anatomical defect, such as an extra rib or an abnormal first rib.

• #61 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/RSI/comments/1i73sng/how_to_know_if_you_have_thoracic_outlet_syndrome/

  8% of the cases of RSI in the arm actually end up being thoracic outlet syndrome, so I wanted to put this megathread together to help people know what to look out for. […] This space is formed by two neck muscles (the anterior and middle scalenes) and your first rib, creating a tunnel where a traffic jam can occur. When these muscles become tight from prolonged forward head posture, they can compress the important nerves and blood vessels passing through this space. […] Poor posture, especially rounded shoulders and tight pecs, can narrow this space further and increase compression on these vital structures. […] When this muscle shortens, it can create a pressing force on the neurovascular bundle passing underneath it. […] If you have the double whammy of forward head and rounded shoulders, its called upper crossed syndrome and is the biggest predisposing factor for developing TOS in people that play or work in a seated position.

• #62 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/RSI/comments/1i73sng/how_to_know_if_you_have_thoracic_outlet_syndrome/

  Neurogenic TOS is the most common form, accounting for 90-95% of all cases. […] This occurs when the brachial plexus, which is essentially your arm’s nerve superhighway, becomes compressed at one or more of the thoracic outlet tunnels. […] Venous TOS manifests through visible changes in your arm’s appearance and sensation. […] Arterial TOS, while the least common, can be the most severe form. […] Thoracic outlet at its core is an endurance problem with tight muscle patterns forming as compensation for low endurance. […] If the compression site is at the scalenes these exercises are great for building the postural endurance of the deep neck flexors which will offload the scalene muscles. […] For compression at the pec minor (the costoclavicular or subcorocoid space) building the endurance of the muscles of the upper back is critical.

• #63 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS): Symptoms & Treatments | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos.asp

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is caused by compression of arteries and/or veins (called „vascular thoracic outlet syndrome”), the nerves between the shoulder and neck, known as the brachial plexus (called „neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome”) or a combination of the two. […] The underlying cause of the compression itself can vary. It may be the result of an extra rib (known as a cervical rib), hypertrophic (enlarged) muscle or scar tissue, or abnormality of muscles in the neck. It can also occur from a narrowing of the thoracic outlet space between the clavicle and chest wall or in the region where the nerves and blood vessels pass under muscles as they cross the shoulder. […] Hypermobility (looseness) of the either of the scapula (shoulder blade) or the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder can also create tension or traction on the nerves or blood vessels in the thoracic outlet region. Body position (such as poor posture or certain overhead activities) can also play a role in causing or contributing to symptoms.

• #64 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS): Causes & Treatment Options – Limitless Chiropractic of Austin, TX

  https://www.limitlesschiroatx.com/resources/thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos-causes-treatment-options

  Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is a condition causing symptoms in the neck, shoulder, arm, and hand. It occurs when nerves, arteries, or veins in the thoracic outlet between the collarbone and first rib become compressed. This compression leads to pain, numbness, and discomfort, impacting quality of life. […] The causes of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome are varied and often multifactorial. A combination of factors typically contributes to the compression of nerves and blood vessels in the thoracic outlet. Understanding these causes is crucial for prevention and treatment. […] Anatomical factors play a key role in TOS development. Some people are born with structural abnormalities predisposing them to this condition. Examples include an extra cervical rib above the first rib, a longer-than-average transverse process on the seventh cervical vertebra, and variations in scalene muscle attachment. These structural differences can narrow the space for nerves and blood vessels, increasing compression risk.

• #65 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome — Rayner & Smale

  https://www.raynersmale.com/blog/2013/12/20/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a syndrome/condition that encompasses cluster of upper extremity symptoms which are due to compression of the neurovascular bundle by various structures in the area just above the first rib and behind the clavicle. The three most common regions where compressions is thought to occur is the intrascalene triangle, the costoclavicular triangle and the subcoracoid space. […] There are a number of reasons that TOS can occur. Most of the time, regardless of the mechanism, symptoms are caused due to an alteration in the shape of the thoracic outlet. This is referred to in more recent studies as container dysfunction. In the study by Kaczynski and colleagues (2013), which assessed the cause of compression in patients with vascular and true neurological TOS, over 80% were found to have fibrous muscular bands and hypertrophic scalene muscle. Cervical ribs and a broadened first rib only found in 3% of patients. However, in patients with symptomatic TOS these structural anomalies are often not found. It is speculated therefore, that the mechanism of symptoms relates to altered breathing mechanics, postural dysfunction, scapular dyskinesia, muscular imbalances and neural tension.

• #66 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS): Symptoms & Treatments | HSS

  https://www.hss.edu/condition-list_thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos.asp

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is caused by compression of arteries and/or veins (called „vascular thoracic outlet syndrome”), the nerves between the shoulder and neck, known as the brachial plexus (called „neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome”) or a combination of the two. […] The underlying cause of the compression itself can vary. It may be the result of an extra rib (known as a cervical rib), hypertrophic (enlarged) muscle or scar tissue, or abnormality of muscles in the neck. It can also occur from a narrowing of the thoracic outlet space between the clavicle and chest wall or in the region where the nerves and blood vessels pass under muscles as they cross the shoulder. […] Hypermobility (looseness) of the either of the scapula (shoulder blade) or the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder can also create tension or traction on the nerves or blood vessels in the thoracic outlet region. Body position (such as poor posture or certain overhead activities) can also play a role in causing or contributing to symptoms.

• #67 Thoracic outlet syndrome: definition, aetiological factors, diagnosis, management and occupational impact

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3526474/

  Thoracic outlet syndrome is a controversial cause of neck and shoulder pain due to complex mechanisms involving muscular dysfunction and nerve compression. […] The purpose of this study is to review the definitions of TOS, the known risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and management. […] Clinical experience suggests that the main triggering mechanism is more often a muscular dysfunction in the cervicoscapular region than primitive nerve compression. […] Painful forms of TOS can be due to four main causes, sometimes interrelated. […] Congenital abnormalities are often reported and can be associated with traumatic or functional causes. […] Post-traumatic causes, either due to isolated trauma or repeated trauma, account for up to 2/3 of cases in some series. […] Functional acquired causes are the most controversial, although probably the most frequent.

• #68 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) Information

  https://www.tosinfo.com/

  Migraine, carpal tunnel syndrome, reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) syndrome, dystonia, fibromyalgia, impingement, piriformis syndrome, and thoracic outlet syndrome are clinical diagnoses because what is common to all is a decrease in blood flow. […] The pathological cause is based upon the decrease in blood flow. […] Costoclavicular compression is compression of the bicuspid valves within the draining veins of the neck, supraclavicular fossa with lymphatics, that diminishes the blood supply to and from the brachial plexus and the rest of the circulatory system. […] If costoclavicular compression is not corrected, ischemia with degenerative changes and fibrosis develops, not limited to the brachial plexus, but also involving the brain (i.e. short term memory loss). […] Obstruction to venous return causes dilatation of Batson’s plexus.

• #69 Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome-Most common TOS type

  https://www.tosmri.com/what-is-thoracic-outlet-syndrome/types-of-thoracic-outlet-syndrome/neurogenic-thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  Neurogenic TOS is by far the most common type of thoracic outlet syndrome. […] The brachial plexus arises from five nerve roots leaving the spinal cord of the neck. […] Compression or tension on the brachial plexus causes the symptoms of neurogenic TOS. […] When compression of the brachial plexus occurs, patients experience pain, sensory loss and weakness. […] The clinical diagnosis of neurogenic TOS challenges even the best thoracic outlet syndrome specialists, as clinical examination is based on unreliable non-anatomic provocative tests. […] As a result of the above challenges, modern imaging plays a vital role in confirming the diagnosis of neurogenic TOS and in demonstrating the underlying causes of neurogenic TOS.

• #70 Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: When to consider the diagnosis and current management options

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2023/september/neurogenic-thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) refers to a group of compressive disorders that occur in the thoracic outlet and can affect the brachial plexus, subclavian artery and vein. […] Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (nTOS) is a condition involving chronic compression of the brachial plexus. It is the most common of all thoracic outlet syndromes (TOS), accounting for approximately 97% of cases. […] nTOS is a compressive brachial plexopathy, often caused by the combination of predisposing anatomical features and triggered by the abnormal sequelae of neck trauma. […] Patients with nTOS often have anatomical characteristics that make them more susceptible to crowding of the brachial plexus within this triangle. […] These predisposing anatomical features are often insufficient to cause nTOS, but appear to lower the threshold towards developing nTOS in patients who experience neck trauma.

• #71 Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: When to consider the diagnosis and current management options

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2023/september/neurogenic-thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Neck trauma can result in injury and inflammation of the scalene muscles, leading to adaptive changes. […] These changes culminate in brachial plexus compression in an already crowded thoracic outlet. The result is temporary or permanent neurological dysfunction. […] Affected patients often have predisposing anatomical factors, with the onset of symptoms following an inciting neck trauma.

• #72 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) Information

  https://www.tosinfo.com/

  Migraine, carpal tunnel syndrome, reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) syndrome, dystonia, fibromyalgia, impingement, piriformis syndrome, and thoracic outlet syndrome are clinical diagnoses because what is common to all is a decrease in blood flow. […] The pathological cause is based upon the decrease in blood flow. […] Costoclavicular compression is compression of the bicuspid valves within the draining veins of the neck, supraclavicular fossa with lymphatics, that diminishes the blood supply to and from the brachial plexus and the rest of the circulatory system. […] If costoclavicular compression is not corrected, ischemia with degenerative changes and fibrosis develops, not limited to the brachial plexus, but also involving the brain (i.e. short term memory loss). […] Obstruction to venous return causes dilatation of Batson’s plexus.

• #73 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) Information

  https://www.tosinfo.com/

  Migraine, carpal tunnel syndrome, reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) syndrome, dystonia, fibromyalgia, impingement, piriformis syndrome, and thoracic outlet syndrome are clinical diagnoses because what is common to all is a decrease in blood flow. […] The pathological cause is based upon the decrease in blood flow. […] Costoclavicular compression is compression of the bicuspid valves within the draining veins of the neck, supraclavicular fossa with lymphatics, that diminishes the blood supply to and from the brachial plexus and the rest of the circulatory system. […] If costoclavicular compression is not corrected, ischemia with degenerative changes and fibrosis develops, not limited to the brachial plexus, but also involving the brain (i.e. short term memory loss). […] Obstruction to venous return causes dilatation of Batson’s plexus.

• #74 What Causes Thoracic Outlet Syndrome? | Jason R. Schultz P.C.

  https://www.jasonschultzpc.com/library/what-causes-thoracic-outlet-syndrome-.cfm

  Because thoracic outlet syndrome can cause compression of nerves or blood vessels, the symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome in one person can be quite different than in another person. However, compressed nerves or muscles can cause permanent tissue damage. Untreated nerve compression can lead to progressive nerve damage that can require surgical intervention. […] Vascular involvement can lead to blood clots in your veins or arteries, which can be fatal.

• #75 Is TOS a serious condition? | Top Doctors

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/is-thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos-serious

  The compression on the nerves could be due to congenital causes due to abnormal muscle structure of the neck, an extra rib from the lowest neck vertebra, abnormal fibrous band between the spine and the first rib or narrow space under the first rib. […] Another cause could be a neck or upper arm injury that has caused a muscle spasm or scarring. […] Some jobs that require prolonged elevation of both upper limbs above the head, for example, the mechanics or stocking shelves, can cause repeated prolonged narrowing of the thoracic outlet space leading to repeated prolonged compression of the nerves or the vascular structures. […] Chronic repetitive compression of the subclavian vein can cause narrowing and scarring of the vein with the development of small veins (collaterals) to divert the blood flow.

• #76 Is TOS a serious condition? | Top Doctors

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/is-thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos-serious

  That narrowing scarring can eventually lead to the development of blood clot (DVT). […] Left untreated, this can cause symptoms of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the form of weakness of the arm muscles with manual activity or exercise, pale and cold hand, pain in the hand at rest and non-healing wounds or ulcerations in the fingers. […] Sudden embolization (blocking of the arteries due to shower of clots) can cause gangrene and loss of the hand if not treated.

• #77 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | Frankel Cardiovascular Center | Michigan Medicine

  https://www.umcvc.org/conditions-treatments/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Some patients are born with an extra cervical rib or bands of muscle which can further narrow the thoracic outlet and result in significant symptoms due to nerve compression. […] This is the second most common form of TOS and is due to compression of the subclavian vein between the collarbone (clavicle), first rib, subclavius muscle and the costoclavicular ligament (a ligament located in the upper chest in the area of the first rib and the collarbone). VTOS can result from a combination of a congenitally costoclavicular space with frequent, repetitive overhead activity that results in compression of the subclavian vein with progressive injury and thrombosis (clotting). […] This is the least common form of TOS and is due to compression of the subclavian artery between the first rib, collarbone (clavicle) and scalene muscles. Patients with ATOS can have atypical bands of muscle or a cervical rib that cause significant compression and injury to the subclavian artery. ATOS results from repetitive injury to the subclavian artery from anatomic compression that can result in narrowing (stenosis) of the artery, an aneurysm or formation of a clot that can embolize distally to the arm, forearm, hand or brain.

• #78

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40122-019-0124-2

  Traumatic events are typically high velocity, most often in the setting of a motor vehicle accident. […] Whiplash injuries exhibit a known association with TOS, most often of the neurogenic subtype; patients with a cervical rib are reportedly predisposed to this outcome. […] Repetitive motions can lead to muscle hypertrophy that contributes to compression. […] Myriad anatomic variations incite TOS. […] One such variation, the presence of a cervical rib, bears an estimated prevalence of 12% of the general population but remains asymptomatic for most people. […] Presence of a cervical rib is also a predisposing factor in the development of arterial TOS, as it can compress the subclavian artery and cause stenosis or aneurysm. […] Malignancy causing compression is another well-documented etiology of TOS.

• #79 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) Information

  https://www.tosinfo.com/

  Migraine, carpal tunnel syndrome, reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) syndrome, dystonia, fibromyalgia, impingement, piriformis syndrome, and thoracic outlet syndrome are clinical diagnoses because what is common to all is a decrease in blood flow. […] The pathological cause is based upon the decrease in blood flow. […] Costoclavicular compression is compression of the bicuspid valves within the draining veins of the neck, supraclavicular fossa with lymphatics, that diminishes the blood supply to and from the brachial plexus and the rest of the circulatory system. […] If costoclavicular compression is not corrected, ischemia with degenerative changes and fibrosis develops, not limited to the brachial plexus, but also involving the brain (i.e. short term memory loss). […] Obstruction to venous return causes dilatation of Batson’s plexus.

• #80 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) Information

  https://www.tosinfo.com/

  The most common causes of missed diagnosis of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) include non recognition of the clinical symptoms of TOS, lack of routine chest radiographs to rule out osseous and soft tissue landmark abnormalities, and obstruction of venous return triggers complaints of vertebral venous plexus/batson’s plexus radiculopathy/radicular pain. […] The bilateral 3D MRI/MRA has provided anatomic evidence of thoracic outlet syndrome (compression of the bicuspid valves within the internal jugular and subclavian veins) for neurological evaluation and corrective physical therapy and surgery.

• #81 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome — Rayner & Smale

  https://www.raynersmale.com/blog/2013/12/20/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a syndrome/condition that encompasses cluster of upper extremity symptoms which are due to compression of the neurovascular bundle by various structures in the area just above the first rib and behind the clavicle. The three most common regions where compressions is thought to occur is the intrascalene triangle, the costoclavicular triangle and the subcoracoid space. […] There are a number of reasons that TOS can occur. Most of the time, regardless of the mechanism, symptoms are caused due to an alteration in the shape of the thoracic outlet. This is referred to in more recent studies as container dysfunction. In the study by Kaczynski and colleagues (2013), which assessed the cause of compression in patients with vascular and true neurological TOS, over 80% were found to have fibrous muscular bands and hypertrophic scalene muscle. Cervical ribs and a broadened first rib only found in 3% of patients. However, in patients with symptomatic TOS these structural anomalies are often not found. It is speculated therefore, that the mechanism of symptoms relates to altered breathing mechanics, postural dysfunction, scapular dyskinesia, muscular imbalances and neural tension.

• #82 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/RSI/comments/1i73sng/how_to_know_if_you_have_thoracic_outlet_syndrome/

  Neurogenic TOS is the most common form, accounting for 90-95% of all cases. […] This occurs when the brachial plexus, which is essentially your arm’s nerve superhighway, becomes compressed at one or more of the thoracic outlet tunnels. […] Venous TOS manifests through visible changes in your arm’s appearance and sensation. […] Arterial TOS, while the least common, can be the most severe form. […] Thoracic outlet at its core is an endurance problem with tight muscle patterns forming as compensation for low endurance. […] If the compression site is at the scalenes these exercises are great for building the postural endurance of the deep neck flexors which will offload the scalene muscles. […] For compression at the pec minor (the costoclavicular or subcorocoid space) building the endurance of the muscles of the upper back is critical.

• #83 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/RSI/comments/1i73sng/how_to_know_if_you_have_thoracic_outlet_syndrome/

  Stretching the tight muscles entrapping the neurovascular structures is the second strategy for treating TOS effectively. […] Nerve glides can be done for any of the 3 major nerves that branch off from the brachial plexus and run down the arm. […] Persistent numbness or tingling sensations that don’t resolve with rest should prompt immediate medical attention. […] Significant weakness in your arm or hand, particularly if it affects your ability to perform precise mouse movements or keyboard actions, warrants professional evaluation. […] Changes in your hand’s color or temperature that persist even after position changes are concerning signs that require medical assessment. […] Symptoms that don’t improve with basic ergonomic changes and rest require professional evaluation to prevent potential chronic issues.

• #84 Overcoming Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Step-by-Step Guide – Part 1

  https://www.motionspecificrelease.com/post/resolving-thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos-part-1

  Many cases can be linked to myofascial restrictions in the neck (scalene muscles), shoulder, and upper chest (subclavius, pectoralis minor), which can lead to nerve entrapment, muscle imbalances, and dysfunction. […] Poor posture is another frequent contributing factor. […] Generally, poor posture (anterior posture) tends to pull the shoulder forward, causing imbalances throughout the chest, upper back, and shoulder girdle. […] Furthermore, joint restrictions in the cervical and thoracic spine, between the collarbone (clavicle) and chest bone (sternum), and between the first rib and first thoracic vertebra can all result in reduced mobility and compensatory movement patterns in the neck, shoulders, and chest further contributing to the development of TOS syndrome. […] The precise cause of TOS is often uncertain, with symptoms typically developing gradually and sometimes of unknown origin.

• #85 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/RSI/comments/1i73sng/how_to_know_if_you_have_thoracic_outlet_syndrome/

  Neurogenic TOS is the most common form, accounting for 90-95% of all cases. […] This occurs when the brachial plexus, which is essentially your arm’s nerve superhighway, becomes compressed at one or more of the thoracic outlet tunnels. […] Venous TOS manifests through visible changes in your arm’s appearance and sensation. […] Arterial TOS, while the least common, can be the most severe form. […] Thoracic outlet at its core is an endurance problem with tight muscle patterns forming as compensation for low endurance. […] If the compression site is at the scalenes these exercises are great for building the postural endurance of the deep neck flexors which will offload the scalene muscles. […] For compression at the pec minor (the costoclavicular or subcorocoid space) building the endurance of the muscles of the upper back is critical.

• #86 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS): Causes & Treatment Options – Limitless Chiropractic of Austin, TX

  https://www.limitlesschiroatx.com/resources/thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos-causes-treatment-options

  Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is a condition causing symptoms in the neck, shoulder, arm, and hand. It occurs when nerves, arteries, or veins in the thoracic outlet between the collarbone and first rib become compressed. This compression leads to pain, numbness, and discomfort, impacting quality of life. […] The causes of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome are varied and often multifactorial. A combination of factors typically contributes to the compression of nerves and blood vessels in the thoracic outlet. Understanding these causes is crucial for prevention and treatment. […] Anatomical factors play a key role in TOS development. Some people are born with structural abnormalities predisposing them to this condition. Examples include an extra cervical rib above the first rib, a longer-than-average transverse process on the seventh cervical vertebra, and variations in scalene muscle attachment. These structural differences can narrow the space for nerves and blood vessels, increasing compression risk.

• #87 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS): Causes & Treatment Options – Limitless Chiropractic of Austin, TX

  https://www.limitlesschiroatx.com/resources/thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos-causes-treatment-options

  Daily activities and habits influence TOS development. Contributing factors include occupations involving repetitive arm and shoulder movements, especially above shoulder level, poor posture, particularly prolonged slouching or hunching, and trauma from accidents, especially whiplash injuries. These factors can cause muscle imbalances, tightness, inflammation, and scarring that may lead to compression in the thoracic outlet. […] Several factors can increase an individual’s risk of developing TOS: anatomical variations such as an extra cervical rib or elongated transverse process of C7 vertebra, occupational factors like jobs requiring repetitive arm movements or prolonged overhead work, poor posture, especially forward head posture and rounded shoulders, obesity, pregnancy, athletic activities particularly those involving repetitive overhead motions like swimming or baseball pitching, gender, and age. […] Understanding these risk factors can help individuals and healthcare providers identify those at higher risk and implement preventive measures or early interventions when necessary.

• #88 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Tampa General Hospital

  https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  The thoracic outlet is the space between the lower neck and upper chest. Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) consists of a group of disorders that occur when the nerves and/or blood vessels of the thoracic outlet become compressed and irritated causing pain in the shoulder, neck and arm. This compression occurs between the collarbone and first rib or between the muscles of your neck and shoulder. […] An extra cervical rib or fractured collarbone can reduce the space available for nerves and blood vessels, resulting in thoracic outlet syndrome. Factors that may increase risk of developing thoracic outlet syndrome include: […] Thoracic outlet syndrome can affect men or women of any age from 20 to 80. However, TOS occurs more frequently in women around 40 years of age.

• #89 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Causes and Risk Factors […] There are several causes: […] Injuries: Whiplash, a broken collarbone, or other injury can leave scar tissue and inflammation. […] Poor posture: When your shoulders slump, your collarbones can move out of place and press on your nerves. Weak shoulder muscles can cause bad posture. […] Repetitive stress: It can affect people who move their arms in a certain way over and over again. […] Physical defects: Some people are born with an extra rib or a thoracic outlet that’s smaller than normal. […] Obesity: Extra weight can put stress on the muscles that support your collarbones. […] Pregnancy: TOS can happen as your joints begin to get looser. […] Sleep disorders […] Tumors, especially in your upper chest or under your arm […] Stress or depression. […] TOS is found more often in women than in men and primarily in young people, mostly ages 20-40. Athletes who move their arms in the same way a lot, like swimmers or baseball pitchers, also can be more likely to have it.

• #90 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome • TOS Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.tosmri.com/what-is-thoracic-outlet-syndrome/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  Some authorities believe that pregnancy can also be a contributing factor to TOS. […] In some cases, trauma or injuries to the neck or shoulder area can trigger the onset of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). […] While rare, there may be a genetic component to TOS. Some individuals may have an inherited predisposition for anatomical abnormalities or connective tissue disorders that increase their susceptibility to developing this condition, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

• #91 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | Vascular Center | UC Davis Health

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/vascular/diseases/TOS.html

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) occurs when the vessels and/or nerves running from the upper body to the arm become compressed, leading to swelling, reduced blood flow, tingling, weakness, pain and/or numbness in the neck, shoulder, arms or hands. It is caused by trauma, repetitive movements, exertion, anatomic narrowing of the muscles or congenital conditions. […] Musicians, athletes (especially those who train their upper bodies with weights), and employees who continuously use their lower neck and upper chest muscles are particularly at risk of TOS. The disorder is also linked with extra cervical ribs or abnormal ribs that are present from birth, as well as poorly healed whiplash, collarbone or first-rib injuries.

• #92 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome • TOS Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.tosmri.com/what-is-thoracic-outlet-syndrome/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) occurs when there is compression of the nerves or blood vessels due to anatomical abnormalities or repetitive movements. […] Common causes include compression by the anterior scalene muscle, cervical ribs (an extra rib above the normal first rib), trauma, or repetitive motion in non-ergonomic positions, such as many workplace computers. […] One common cause of TOS is anatomical abnormalities in the thoracic outlet region. This includes extra ribs, known as cervical ribs, which can compress nerves and blood vessels in the area. […] Repetitive movements involving the arms and shoulders can increase the risk of developing TOS. […] Certain occupations pose a higher risk for developing TOS due to their repetitive nature or specific demands on the upper body.

• #93 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/t/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  The thoracic outlet is a space in the neck / upper chest where the major blood vessels (subclavian artery and vein) exit the chest and meet up with the major nerves to the arm (brachial plexus). This space can be compressed with repetitive overhead motions during sports such as swimming or volleyball as well as certain job functions. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is caused by a recurring compression of the nerves of the brachial plexus and/or subclavian blood vessels between the first rib, collarbone and scalene muscles. […] TOS may be caused by repetitive use injuries and / or anatomical reasons such as having an extra cervical rib. People with TOS are often elite high school and college athletes, particularly females, who are involved in repetitive overhead activities such as swimming, softball, and volleyball.

• #94 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment | Brigham and Women’s Hospital

  https://www.brighamandwomens.org/heart-and-vascular-center/diseases-and-conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a group of conditions characterized by compression of the nerves, arteries or veins in this space. […] Thoracic outlet syndrome causes range from an injury to poor posture. When the nerves, arteries and veins in the thoracic outlet get compressed, it can lead to TOS. The compression can come from a mix of injury typessudden or repetitiveor be brought upon by several other situations, sometimes genetic and other times environmental. Some of the more common thoracic outlet syndrome causes: Anatomical defects such as an extra rib, Injury to the back or neck, Obesity, Poor posture, Pregnancy, Repetitive injuries from lifting heavy loads, Sports that require repetitive arm motion or heavy lifting, Tumors that press on nerves. […] The ramifications of poor posture extend to the thoracic outlet. Poor body alignment compresses the thoracic outlet between the collarbone and rib cage, limiting the space for nerves, arteries and veins. A drooping shoulder can also result in thoracic outlet syndrome.

• #95 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Causes, Symptoms, Treating & Diagnosing

  https://www.physicianpartnersofamerica.com/medical-services/conditions/symptoms-thoracic-outlet-syndrome/

  Thoracic outlet syndrome causes compression on a nerve or blood vessel underneath your collar bone. Reasons why this may happen can include: […] Anatomical Defects. These are congenital defects which could include things like having an extra rib or having a tight fibrous band between your spine and your rib. […] Bad Posture. If you stick your head out in a forward position, this can cause compression in the thoracic outlet area. […] Injury/Trauma. When you have a sports injury, a work injury, or an automobile accident, these can change the position of your collarbone, leading to nerve or blood vessel compression. […] Repetitive Activities. If you constantly do the same movements over and over again, you are going to wear down your bodys tissue. Things like typing on a computer, constantly lifting things over your head, swimming, or pitching a baseball can lead to nerve and blood vessel compression in the thoracic outlet area. […] Obesity. If youre overweight, you put on pressure on your joints, which in turn can lead to nerve and blood vessel compression. […] Pregnancy. When you are pregnant, your joints loosen up. For many women, pregnancy is the first time that they experience thoracic outlet syndrome.

• #96 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/RSI/comments/1i73sng/how_to_know_if_you_have_thoracic_outlet_syndrome/

  8% of the cases of RSI in the arm actually end up being thoracic outlet syndrome, so I wanted to put this megathread together to help people know what to look out for. […] This space is formed by two neck muscles (the anterior and middle scalenes) and your first rib, creating a tunnel where a traffic jam can occur. When these muscles become tight from prolonged forward head posture, they can compress the important nerves and blood vessels passing through this space. […] Poor posture, especially rounded shoulders and tight pecs, can narrow this space further and increase compression on these vital structures. […] When this muscle shortens, it can create a pressing force on the neurovascular bundle passing underneath it. […] If you have the double whammy of forward head and rounded shoulders, its called upper crossed syndrome and is the biggest predisposing factor for developing TOS in people that play or work in a seated position.

• #97 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/pulmonary/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/causes-and-diagnoses

  Thoracic outlet syndrome occurs when your collarbone and upper rib are close together, compressing important nerves and blood vessels. This can occur for a number of reasons: […] Congenital (present at birth) condition: […] Trauma to the neck, collarbone or first rib […] Repetitive stress injury, such as from lifting, typing or other repetitive movement […] Poor posture […] Extra pressure on joints from obesity […] Extra looseness of joints because of pregnancy. […] Your risk for thoracic outlet syndrome may also be higher if you have: […] A sleep disorder […] Stress […] Depression […] Injury to the back […] Tumor or enlarged lymph nodes in the upper chest or underarm.

• #98

  https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/thoracic.html

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is the general term used to describe a condition caused when the nerves and blood vessels below your neck (between the collarbone and the first rib) are compressed. […] The cause of the compression can vary but include: Poor posture – drooping shoulders or holding the head in a forward position. […] Anatomical defects – how your body is formed at birth may include an extra rib located above the first rib or an abnormally tight fibrous band that connects the spine to the rib. […] Weak shoulder muscles, long necks and sloped shoulders, poor posture and obesity may contribute to thoracic outlet syndrome. […] Repetitive injuries from sports-related activities can also be a cause of this syndrome. […] Trauma, such as from a car accident. […] Pregnancy – as joints loosen during pregnancy, signs of thoracic outlet syndrome can appear.

• #99 Thoracic outlet syndrome

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/t/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/?section=Causes

  Poor posture. Drooping your shoulders or holding your head in a forward position can cause compression in the thoracic outlet area. […] Trauma. A traumatic event, such as a car accident, can cause internal changes that then compress the nerves in the thoracic outlet. The onset of symptoms related to a traumatic accident often is delayed. […] Repetitive activity. Doing the same thing repeatedly can, over time, wear on your body’s tissue. You may notice symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome if your job requires you to repeat a movement continuously, such as typing on a computer, working on an assembly line or lifting things above your head, as you would if you were stocking shelves. Athletes, such as baseball pitchers and swimmers, also can develop thoracic outlet syndrome from years of repetitive movements. […] Pressure on your joints. Obesity can put an undue amount of stress on your joints, as can carrying around an oversized bag or backpack. […] Pregnancy. Because joints loosen during pregnancy, signs of thoracic outlet syndrome may first appear while you’re pregnant.

• #100 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Understanding Symptoms, Causes, and Management

  https://longmoreclinic.org/thoracic-outlet-syndrome-understanding-symptoms-causes-and-management/

  Thoracic Outlet Syndrome refers to a collection of disorders that occur when there is compression, irritation, or damage to the nerves and blood vessels that pass through the thoracic outlet a narrow space between the collarbone (clavicle) and the first rib. […] TOS can be classified into three main types based on the primary cause of compression: […] Neurogenic TOS: This form of TOS involves compression of the brachial plexus nerves. It can be caused by poor posture, trauma, repetitive motions, or anatomical anomalies. […] Vascular TOS: Compression of the blood vessels (subclavian artery or vein) results in vascular TOS. This can occur due to a cervical rib, abnormal muscle development, or trauma. […] Non-Specific TOS: Sometimes, the cause of TOS cannot be clearly identified. This is known as non-specific TOS.

• #101 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Understanding Symptoms, Causes, and Management

  https://longmoreclinic.org/thoracic-outlet-syndrome-understanding-symptoms-causes-and-management/

  Several factors can increase the risk of developing TOS: […] Individuals with certain anatomical variations, such as an extra rib (cervical rib) or an abnormally shaped first rib, are at a higher risk. […] Maintaining poor posture, especially for prolonged periods, can contribute to TOS development. […] Occupations or activities that involve repetitive overhead movements can increase the risk of TOS. […] Accidents, such as car crashes or falls, can lead to TOS by causing damage to the thoracic outlet area. […] A family history of TOS may predispose individuals to the condition.

• #102 Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: When to consider the diagnosis and current management options

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2023/september/neurogenic-thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) refers to a group of compressive disorders that occur in the thoracic outlet and can affect the brachial plexus, subclavian artery and vein. […] Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (nTOS) is a condition involving chronic compression of the brachial plexus. It is the most common of all thoracic outlet syndromes (TOS), accounting for approximately 97% of cases. […] nTOS is a compressive brachial plexopathy, often caused by the combination of predisposing anatomical features and triggered by the abnormal sequelae of neck trauma. […] Patients with nTOS often have anatomical characteristics that make them more susceptible to crowding of the brachial plexus within this triangle. […] These predisposing anatomical features are often insufficient to cause nTOS, but appear to lower the threshold towards developing nTOS in patients who experience neck trauma.

• #103 Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: When to consider the diagnosis and current management options

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2023/september/neurogenic-thoracic-outlet-syndrome

  Neck trauma can result in injury and inflammation of the scalene muscles, leading to adaptive changes. […] These changes culminate in brachial plexus compression in an already crowded thoracic outlet. The result is temporary or permanent neurological dysfunction. […] Affected patients often have predisposing anatomical factors, with the onset of symptoms following an inciting neck trauma.

• #104 Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) | Center for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | Washington University in St. Louis

  https://tos.wustl.edu/for-patients/neurogenic-thoracic-outlet-syndrome-tos/

  From 85-95% of all patients with TOS are affected by neurogenic TOS […] Frequently develops following various types of injury to the head, neck or upper extremity (e.g., a motor vehicle collision or a fall upon the outstretched arm) […] May also develop in patients with no apparent predisposition because of congenital anatomical variations or a history of trauma […] The presence of a cervical rib is often cited as a predisposing factor in the development of neurogenic TOS. However, few patients with neurogenic TOS actually exhibit a definable cervical rib or first rib anomaly. The development of neurogenic TOS is also rare, even in patients with known cervical ribs, in the absence of additional injury. […] There are no known disease conditions that specifically predispose an individual to neurogenic TOS, and most patients have been otherwise healthy and physically active before the onset of symptoms.

• #105 Thoracic outlet syndrome: definition, aetiological factors, diagnosis, management and occupational impact

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3526474/

  Thoracic outlet syndrome is a controversial cause of neck and shoulder pain due to complex mechanisms involving muscular dysfunction and nerve compression. […] The purpose of this study is to review the definitions of TOS, the known risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and management. […] Clinical experience suggests that the main triggering mechanism is more often a muscular dysfunction in the cervicoscapular region than primitive nerve compression. […] Painful forms of TOS can be due to four main causes, sometimes interrelated. […] Congenital abnormalities are often reported and can be associated with traumatic or functional causes. […] Post-traumatic causes, either due to isolated trauma or repeated trauma, account for up to 2/3 of cases in some series. […] Functional acquired causes are the most controversial, although probably the most frequent.

• #106 Thoracic outlet syndrome – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thoracic-outlet-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353994

  Very broadly speaking, it can be divided into neurogenic thoracic outlet, if the nerves are compressed or irritated. The other type is vascular thoracic outlet, if the artery or the veins are compressed. And I would like to add a third type where both nerve and vessels are compressed, and that can be called non-specific TOS. […] Treatment options for TOS varies based on the underlying cause and the type of the TOS neurogenic, vascular or non-specific. It’s crucial to customize the treatment based on the underlying cause and to have it tailored through a multidisciplinary approach. […] The treatment for TOS varies based on the type of TOS, the severity of symptoms, and the underlying cause. […] Surgery can provide definitive treatment, long term result and can be tailored to the specific underlying cause in addressing the structural abnormalities.

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